niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
That turns the drive shaft, which then turns the wheels that make your car go.
Output: The turning driveshaft causes the wheels of the car to turn.
Nerve cells transmit a signal when one cell releases a store of neurotransmitter and the next cell in the chain receives it, activating a membrane signal pathway that in turn generates an electrical signal.
Output: An electrical signal along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of neurotransmitter molecules.
As they are social animals, communication is vital for them.
Output: For social animals, communication essential.
Stages of Adulthood Although chronological age may be used to describe the three stages of adulthood, chronological age is not always relevant.
Output: Adulthood is divided into three stages.
14C and 12C are both isotopes of carbon (they each have six protons -- the atomic number is the same), but they have a different number of neutrons (thus the atomic weight is different).
Output: All carbon atoms have six protons.
A DNA molecule consists of two chains of nucleotides woven around each other to form a double helix (like braids).
Output: Dna consists of two long chains of nucleotides.
As temperature decreases, water molecules slow down and there is a greater chance for them to condense on to surfaces.
Output: As the temperature of water decreases, the water molecules slow down.
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature.
Output: If a solution contains so much solute that its solubility limit is reached, the solution is said to be saturated.
By constricting the blood vessels, cold decreases swelling by inhibiting blood flow to the injured area.
Output: Blood flow decrease when blood vessels constrict.
The Sun's gravity is what keeps the planets in orbit.
Output: Gravity is responsible for the orbits of the planets around the sun.
A macromolecule is a giant molecule which is contains a very large number of atoms linked by covalent bonds in a continuous structure.
Output: Any large molecule is referred to as a macromolecule.
How the Thyroid Functions The thyroid gland operates as part of a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
Output: The thyroid gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Viral vectors are a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells.
Output: A viral vector is the name for a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to place genetic material into cells.
The day with the most hours of sunlight in the northern hemisphere (fewest hours of sunlight in the southern hemisphere) occurs when the North Pole is pointing most nearly toward the Sun, on or about June 22 of each year.
Output: The number of daylight hours each day would be greatest during the summer near the north pole.
Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats on all seven continents.
Output: Birds live and breed on seven of the continents.
Skunks spray a stinky oil to protect themselves and their kits from their enemies.
Output: Skunks spray a strong-smelling liquid to defend themselves
An air mass is defined as a large, more or less uniform body of air with nearly the same temperature and moisture conditions.
Output: One of the properties of an air mass is that an air mass has similar temperature and moisture properties throughout it.
And while poison oak and poison ivy do tend to have three-leaf clusters, poison ivy can have up to nine leaves per cluster, poison oak may have as many as five, and poison sumac usually has seven to 13 small leaves.
Output: Poison ivy typically has three groups of leaves.
A carbon atom has four electrons in its outermost valence shell.
Output: Carbon has four valence electrons .
Due to the fusion of the two gametes, a human zygote contains 46 chromosomes (i.e. 23 pairs).
Output: In humans, a zygote has 46 chromosomes.
Earth is the only place in the solar system where liquid water, essential to life as we know it, exists at the surface.
Output: Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has water, which is essential for human life, present in all three of its states.
Catabolism -Decomposition reactions- bonds are broken.
Output: Catabolic reactions involve breaking bonds.
Most reptiles reproduce sexually and have internal fertilization.
Output: Most reptiles reproduce sexually.
Artificial Selection Selective breeding as practiced by humans on domesticated plants and animals.
Output: Humans create different breeds of organisms using artificial selection.
In the earthquake of 1995 in Kobe, Japan, house construction contributed to the high death toll.
Output: Damages and deaths are directly affected by construction in an earthquake.
As the population grows, competition for food also grows.
Output: As the population grows, competition for food grows.
The kinetic theory of gases (also known as kinetic-molecular theory) is a law that explains the behavior of a hypothetical ideal gas.
Output: The behavior of ideal gases is explained by kinetic molecular theory.
For example, the sun transfers heat to the earth through radiation.
Output: Heat energy from the sun is transferred to earth primarily by radiation.
In between we had low pressure systems passing, creating stormy weather and waves up around 8 to 10 meters high.
Output: You can expect stormy if a center of low pressure is moving your way.
Plant in the fall, as they will need to stay dormant during the cold winter before they grow in the spring.
Output: Many plants respond to the days growing shorter in the fall by going dormant.
By comparing the sequence of the genomes of different organisms, we can actually reconstruct a lot of what's happened in evolution.
Output: Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development.
As live coral grows atop the skeletons on dead coral, a coral reef is formed.
Output: Corals build hard exoskeletons that grow to become coral reefs.
Examples of primary pollutants are exhaust fumes (gas) from cars, soot from smoke, dust storms and ash from volcanic eruptions (as seen in the picture on the left).
Output: Ash that enters the air naturally as a result of a volcano eruption is classified as a primary pollutant.
The eyes, ears, and respiratory system all start to develop at 4 weeks.
Output: The development of the respiratory system in the fetus begins at about 4 weeks.
Vitamins and essential minerals, also called micronutrients, are needed in tiny amounts to promote essential biochemical reactions in your cells.
Output: Micronutrients is the term used to describe the minerals and vitamins that are not needed for providing the body with energy but are still essential for good health.
A diet high in fat may increase the chance of obesity, which in turn increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and other disorders.
Output: High consumption of saturated fats is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Ladybugs have a foul odor which deters some predators from eating them and their   bright colors also help as a deterrent.
Output: Strong odor helps some animals defend themselves against predators.
Antibodies are custom designed to neutralize or disintegrate one specific type of antigen.
Output: An antibody can match one types of antigens.
Classify an element as either a metal or a nonmetal (or an inert gas) from its position on the periodic table.
Output: Elements on the periodic table of the elements are classified into categories such as metals and nonmetals.
An electrical circuit is a network consisting of a closed loop, giving a return path for the current.
Output: Because charges must have an unbroken path to follow, electric current cannot flow through a material unless it forms a closed loop.
Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Output: Catecholamines are a class of amine hormones that when synthesised form the amino acid tyrosine.
Helium is the second most abundant element in the known universe, after hydrogen.
Output: The element hydrogen is the most abundant in the universe.
In a process called nuclear fusion , the intense heat in the sun causes hydrogen atoms to break apart and fuse together to form helium atoms.
Output: Collisions between hydrogen atoms demonstrate one form of nuclear fusion.
One oxygen atom combines with two hydrogen atoms to form a water molecule.
Output: 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen atoms combine to make up a molecule of water.
pH pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in water.
Output: The concentration of the hydrogen ion in a solution can be calculated when the ph is known.
A geyser indicates a spring or body of water that is heated by a geothermal source.
Output: Geysers are created when water is heated beneath the earth's surface.
Fungi play a crucial role in the balance of ecosystems .
Output: Beneficial fungi play a crucial role in balance of ecosystems.
Metabolism is defined as the sum of all chemical processes that take place in the body as they relate to the movement of nutrients in the blood after digestion, resulting in growth, energy, release of wastes, and other bodily functions.
Output: The sum of all chemical reactions that take place within an organism is known as metabolism.
Weather fronts mark the boundary or transition zone between two air masses and have an important impact upon the weather.
Output: In weather terms, the boundary between two air masses is called front.
If we recall that work done is a force times a distance then we can see that multiplying the force of gravity, above, by a distance
Output: Force times distance is the equation for work.
Groups 13 (IIIA) and 14 (IVA) have no unique names but are often called the boron-aluminum and carbon-silicon groups, respectively.
Output: Group 13 of the periodic table is also called the the boron group.
Lacrimal glands located in the superior lateral recesses of each eye secrete the enzyme lysozyme that destroys bacterial cell walls.
Output: A lysozyme destroys bacteria by digesting their cell walls.
METABOLIC Refers to the process of building the body's molecular structures from nutrients (anabolism) and of breaking them down for energy production and excretion (catabolism).
Output: Catabolic and anabolic hormones in the body help regulate metabolic processes.
Food and habitat availability, reproduction, environmental cycles, and temperature change may be causes of migration for some species.
Output: A change of season and less food usually cause certain animals to migrate.
Biomass is a renewable energy resource for power generation using combustion, gasification or co-firing.
Output: Biomass is an example of a renewable energy resource.
A watershed (also called a drainage basin or a catchment) is defined as an area of land that intercepts and drains precipitation through a particular river system or group of river systems.
Output: All of the land drained by a river system is called its basin, or the "wet" term  watershed
The light travel time for the most distant visible galaxies is several billion years, comparable to the age of the universe, so by studying distant galaxies we are also looking back in time.
Output: Due to the time it takes for light to reach us, galaxies at the edge of the universe are distant in terms of space and time.
It is the second law of thermodynamics that explains why chemical reactions occur.
Output: Chemical reactions follow the laws of thermodynamics.
The roots of many trees create a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with an orange-colored sponge-like fungus called mycorrhiza.
Output: A(n) beneficial relationship exists when a certain type of tree’s roots need a fungus present in order to grow normally.
ORGANELLE An organelle is membrane-bound structure within a plant's cell (and all eukaryotic cells) where specialized metabolic tasks occur.
Output: Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that possess special functions.
4 pair of walking legs (spiders have 8 legs) Arachnids are spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy-long-legs Most are carnivorous.
Output: Arachnids have 4 pairs of legs.
A Hydrogen Atom Each hydrogen atom consists of one proton surrounded by one electron.
Output: There are one electrons in the hydrogen atom.
Complete development of the flora was achieved in the presence of Angiosperms, the most evolved plants.
Output: Angiosperms are the most successful phylum of plants.
This causes gases to become liquids and liquids to become solids as the temperature decreases.
Output: Gases and liquids become solids at low temperatures.
Unlike Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes may respond to treatment with exercise, diet, or oral medications.
Output: Diabetes is unpreventable in the type one form but may be prevented by diet if it is of the second type.
However, exposure to ultraviolet radiation can  increase the amount of pigment in the skin and make it appear darker.
Output: Exposure to ultraviolet radiation can increase the amount of pigment in the skin and make it appear darker.
The gallbladder is a hollow organ that sits just beneath the right lobe of the liver.
Output: The gallbladder is near the right lobe of the liver.
Newton's Second Law of Motion describes the relationship between force, mass and acceleration.
Output: Newton’s second law of motion is more than a definition; it is a relationship among acceleration, force, and mass.
At present six kinds of leptons (that is, six lepton flavors) and six kinds of quarks (six quark flavors) are known.
Output: There are six types of leptons.
The prokaryotic chromosome (its genome) is a single, circular, double stranded DNA molecule and has bidirectional replication which begins at the origin of replication.
Output: In prokaryotes, a(n) genome is composed of a single, double-stranded dna molecule in the form of a loop or circle.
Phototropism and gravitropism function to differentially adjust the position of the plant's major organ systems so that, regardless of how the seed is orientated in the soil, the shoot grows up into the sunlight and the roots grow down into the soil for water and mineral absorption.
Output: Gravitropism ensures that roots grow into the soil and that shoots grow toward sunlight.
but when the earth s surface reradiates energy back to space, a significant portion of this thermal radiation is absorbed and reradiated by the atmosphere s CO 2 molecules back to the earth s surface, incrementally warming the planet.
Output: Gases such as co2 and methane can trap thermal energy in earth's atmosphere before radiating it into space.
A neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons so that the positive and negative charges exactly balance.
Output: Because atoms have equal numbers of positive protons and negative electrons, they possess a neutral charge.
A neutral N atom will have 5 valence electrons.
Output: Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons.
Fish Reproduction and Development   Nearly all fish reproduce sexually, and most species have separate sexes.
Output: Most fish reproduce with one another sexually.
A medium-energy beta particle travels about one meter in air and one millimeter in body tissue.
Output: Meter much distance can beta particles travel through air.
A honey bee that discovers a new food source will tell other honey bees about its location through the honey bee dance.
Output: A bee will sometimes do a dance to tell other bees in the hive where to find food.
Convergent margins involving oceanic plates form volcanoes on the continent that are parallel to the trench.
Output: At a convergent plate boundary, when one plate is oceanic, there are large volcanoes.
Jet stream (atmosphere) Jet stream is a band of fast-moving air currents that occur at high altitudes.
Output: Jet streams are fast moving rivers of air that are going in opposite directions called.
A population is all the members of one species that live in the same area.
Output: All members of a species living together form a(n) population.
Alone among the planets, the surface temperatures of Earth allow water to exist in all three states, solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).
Output: Water exists on earth in three matter states states.
Gas transport, carried out by the cardiovascular system, is the process of distributing the oxygen throughout the body and collecting CO2 and returning it to the lungs.
Output: One function of the cardiovascular system is to transport gases throughout the body.
Methane is produced through anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of waste in landfills, animal digestion, decomposition of animal wastes, production and distribution of natural gas, oil and coal production and incomplete fossil fuel combustion.
Output: Archaeans produce methane gas as a waste product.
Saliva contains the enzymes salivary amylase and lingual lipase that begin the process of breaking down starch and fat.
Output: Enzymes in saliva help break down and digest starches and fats.
The structural and functional aspects of the human body starting at the level of the cell and continuing to tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Output: The sequence cell → tissue → organ → organ system identifies the levels of organization of body structures in a human from simplest to most complex.
The magnetic field lines of a straight current-carrying wire form concentric circles around the wire.
Output: The magnetic field produced by a  current in a wire moves in concentric circles.
A saturated fatty acid has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms attached to every carbon atom.
Output: Carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible in saturated fatty acids.
Remember that the lungs transfer oxygen to the bloodstream, and most of the actual exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place in the lower lungs.
Output: Diaphragm, lungs, and trachea take air deep into the body and provide oxygen gas to the bloodstream.
Chemical energy is stored in the bonds between the atoms in compounds.
Output: Energy is stored in a chemical substance between atoms.
As are all vascular plants, the dominant generation for the seed plants is the sporophyte generation.
Output: Vascular plants have a dominant sporophyte generation.
Some of these isotopes have half-lives of tens of thousands of years, and therefore require long-term isolation.
Output: The long-lived isotopes require thousands of years to decay to a safe level in a nuclear reactor.
In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics.
Output: Selective breeding involves choosing certain organisms to reproduce with one another in order to pass on specific, desirable traits to their offspring.
A herbivore is a animal that only eats plants or grass.
Output: Herbivores are heterotrophs that eat only or mainly plants.
the answer is elusive, because humans have a unique ability to manipulate their environment and expand its supporting capacity through technology and trade.
Output: Humans are unique in their ability to alter their environment with the conscious purpose of increasing carrying capacity, which acts as a limiting factor on populations in general.
Evolutionists claim that the transition from invertebrate to vertebrate passed through a simple chordate (animals with a soft spine or notochord) state.
Output: Chordates include vertebrates and invertebrates that have a notochord.
Isomers (chemistry) Isomers, are two or more chemical compounds that have the same number of each kind of atom, but differ in the way the atoms are arranged.
Output: Alkenes with the same atoms but different shapes are called isomers.
The number of rabbits in a   given area will increase and decrease in a cycle connected with predator   populations and food availability.
Output: A fewer predators is most likely to cause the number of rabbits living in an area to increase.
1) Each sperm has a head (nucleus and acrosome), midpiece (mitochondria), and tail (microtubules).
Output: The head of the sperm contains the nucleus.
Animals depend on trees for food, shelter and protection, while the trees depend on the animals, smaller plants, and microorganisms for nutrients.
Output: Many animals depend on plants for shelter.
100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees F) equals the boiling point of water.
Output: In celsius, the boiling point of water is one hundred degrees.
An amine denotes  an organic compound having a nitrogen atom singly or double bonded to a carbon atom and wherein the carbon atom bonded to the nitrogen atom is devoid of a double bond to oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium or triple bond to nitrogen.
Output: Amines are classified according to the number of carbon atoms bonded directly to a(n) nitrogen atom.
Although tornadoes may occur at any time of the year, peak tornado occurrence in Arkansas is during the spring.
Output: Tornadoes can occur in any.
Amniote Lagerst&auml;tten E xquisite preservation became the rule for many new amniote discoveries (birds, reptiles, mammals or any other group of vertebrates that undergoes embryonic development within a thin membrane forming a closed sac, or amnion).
Output: Because their embryos are surrounded by a thin membrane, reptiles are considered amniotes.
A Human Heart, showing all four chambers
Output: There are four chambers in the heart.
In the Mesozoic era life recovered and familiar forms such as mammals and birds evolved, however the world was dominated by the reptiles, specifically the dinosaurs , which occupied most of the niches now occupied by mammals and some birds.
Output: Dinosaurs filled the niches that mammals fill today during the mesozoic era.
Thus having four limbs is a derived feature that separates tetrapods (mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and some fish) from all other organisms.
Output: Birds have four limbs.
The disorder exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance, requiring only one mutant allele (gene).
Output: A person affected by an autosomal dominant disorder has one mutated allele.
Gradualism is the key to Darwinism.
Output: Darwin believed in gradualism.
Territorial (ter ih TOR ee ul) The description of an animal that claims a particular area of land or water as its range or territory, and defends it against intruders.
Output: Animals that defend their area are generally known as territorial.
3.14) Ocean Tides and the Moon There are two high and two low tides daily.
Output: Two low and high tides occur per day.
Deletion A type of mutation caused by loss of one or more nucleotides from a DNA segment.
Output: Deletions remove one or more nucleotides from the dna
All primates have five flexible digits at the end of their hands and feet.
Output: Primates have five digits on each extremity.
All living cells have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents.
Output: All types of cells are enclosed by a membrane.
Fluorescence of a substance is seen when the molecule is exposed to a specific wavelength of light (excitation wavelength or spectrum) and the light it emits ( the emission wavelength or spectrum) is always of a higher wavelength.
Output: When exposed to ultraviolet, some substances, such as minerals, glow in characteristic visible wavelengths, in a process called fluorescence.
Most ecosystems on Earth derive their energy either directly or indirectly through the Sun and the process of photosynthesis.
Output: Most of the energy used by living things comes either directly or indirectly from the sun.
A solution contains a mixture of two or more substances which cannot easily be distinguished from one another.
Output: All solutions contain at least two substances.
Birds evolved from reptiles some 60 million years ago, and in that time the humble scales of the lizard-like ancestor of the bird (archaeopteryx) have been transformed into the staggering diversity and beauty that we now know as the plumage of modern birds.
Output: Birds evolved from reptile ancestors.
The Lithosphere and Asthenosphere The lithosphere consists of the outer earth layer or shell of rigid, brittle rock .
Output: The thin layer of rock on earth's surface is the lithosphere.
When these      animals eat these plant products, food energy and organic compounds are transferred      from the plants to the animals.
Output: Animals need plants for food and energy.
Vertebrates are named for vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the vertebral column or backbone.
Output: Backbone is another name for the vertebral column.
1) In writing the formula or in naming the compound, the cation is listed first, and the anion next.
Output: In naming ternary compounds, the cation is stated first.
Carbon is the main element  in organic compounds, so carbon is essential to life on Earth.
Output: Compounds containing the element carbon are the basis of all known life.
If, however, the zeroes only locate the the decimal point and are not significant, the implied uncertainty is 100 and we know the measurement lies between 45,500 and 45,700.
Output: Zeroes that show only where the decimal point falls are not significant.
Normal cells and cancer cells go through the same division cycle, but the controls that regulate the process in normal cells are absent in cancer cells.
Output: All cells undergo cell division during a lifetime, but when this process is out of control, cancer results.
You can help conserve fresh water by taking short showers instead of baths and by turning the water off while brushing your teeth.
Output: It would help conserve water to turn off water while brushing teeth.
17 Pathogen Disease-causing biological agent such as a bacterium, virus, or fungus.
Output: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa are examples of a pathogen, the term for a disease-causing microorganism.
The three tissue types are vascular tissue, including phloem and xylem, which are responsible for conducting materials through the plant;
Output: Modern plants have three types of major tissues.
And, by recording those earthquakes and the different paths that they take through the earth and how they travel, we're going to be able to determine in a much higher resolution the structure of the earth's interior.
Output: Studies of earthquake waves have helped scientists determine the structure of earth's interior.
An ether is an organic compound having the general structure C-O-C wherein the carbon bonded to the oxygen atom cannot be double bonded to oxygen, sulfur, selenium, or tellurium or triple bonded to nitrogen.
Output: An ether is an organic compound in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same  oxygen atom.
Reptiles are cold-blooded, or ectothermic, meaning that their heat come from their environment.
Output: Reptiles are described by the term ectothermic, which means their internal temperature depends on the temperature of their environment.
A haploid gametophyte body produces haploid (n) gametes by mitosis.
Output: The haploid gametophyte produces gametes through mitosis.
As alternating current moves back and forth in a wire, magnetic fields are created around the wire.
Output: Alternative current is produced when a magnet or coil moves back and forth repeatedly.
Accordingly, an increase in pressure will cause an increase in density of the gas and a decrease in its volume .
Output: If a gas in a closed area experiences increases in pressure and decreases in temperatures, the volume of the gas will be affected.
As with all enzymes, pectinases have an optimum temperature and pH at which they are most active.
Output: All enzymes have an optimal temperature and ph.
In the case of insects, this includes the egg, larvae, pupae, and adults.
Output: The sequence egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult shows the life cycle of some insects.
Active galaxies usually fall in three types;
Output: There are three types of galaxies.
Terrestrial biomes are classified by climatic factors and types of primary producers.
Output: Terrestrial biomes are classified by climatic factors and types of primary producers.
The  simplest hydrocarbon is one atom of carbon linked to four atoms of hydrogen.
Output: Hydrocarbons are made of one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
First, it was discovered that the Sun was the center of gravity of the Solar system;
Output: The sun is the center of our solar system.
Along the length of a muscle cell, parallel actin microfilaments are interdigitated with thicker filaments made of the protein myosin ,  a motor
Output: Muscle type of cell function relies on microfilaments, which are the actin components of the cytoskeleton.
organ A structure composed of different tissues, such as root, stem, leaf, or reproductive (e.g., flower) parts.
Output: A(n) organ is a structure that is composed of one or more types of tissues.
Plasmas, considered the fourth state of matter, comprise most of the universe by volume.
Output: Plasma matter makes up most of the universe.
Carbohydrates are starches and sugars.
Output: Carbohydrates are an important group of biological molecules that includes sugars and starches.
3) The solubility of gases typically decreases with increasing temperature.
Output: When the solubility of gases in liquids changes with increasing temperature, it decreases.
Hereditary information is contained in genes, located in the chromosomes of each cell.
Output: A cell’s chromosomes contain genes.
All mammals have four limbs.
Output: All mammals have four limbs.
When you get goosebumps a small muscle at the base of a hair contracts to cause the hair to stand-on-ends .
Output: Goosebumps happen(s) when mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin.
Sublimation is common in several substances, including carbon dioxide and iodine.
Output: Carbon dioxide is an example of a material that easily undergoes sublimation.
3. Decomposers- are in charge of cleaning up the environment by decomposing and freeing dead matter for recycling back into the ecosystem.
Output: A primary role of decomposers in an ecosystem is that they cycle matter by returning carbon and other matter to the ecosystem.
In general there are four major classes of compounds that comprise most biological materials.
Output: There are four classes of biochemical compounds.
An increase in the pressure of the gas might be caused by an increase in temperature (through heating the container of the gas) or by a decrease in volume (through moving a piston connected to the container).
Output: When gas particles heat up, pressure increase.
The significance of these changes lies in the demonstration that they were associated with the release of calcium ion, which as a 'second messenger', was proposed in turn to activate systems that direct development of the early stages of the parasite (94).
Output: Calcium ion is an example of a second messenger.
Because the naturally occurring, silvery liquid expands and contracts evenly with temperature and pressure changes, it is ideal for use in such things as thermometers and vacuum gauges (manometers).
Output: The liquid in a thermometer expands or contracts to respond to heat or cold.
Paper also produces heat when burned, but not as much as plastics.
Output: Heat is produced when paper is burned.
The region above 90 km is the Earth's thermosphere where the absorption of extreme ultraviolet radiation from the Sun results in a very rapid increase in temperature with altitude.
Output: As altitude rises, the temperature increases in the thermosphere.
Blood is pumped through the chambers with the help of four heart valves.
Output: There are four valves in the heart.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION A Pedigree chart is a device used to trace genetic traits through a number of generations.
Output: The pedigree chart model can be used to trace genetic inheritance.
A group of such cells is a tissue, and in animals these occur as four basic types, namely epithelium, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, and connective tissue.
Output: Four types of tissue are found in animals.
Another example of thermal radiation is the heat that comes from the Sun to the Earth.
Output: Heat travels from the sun to the earth thermal radiation from the sun.
Bile acids are produced in the liver from cholesterol and secreted into the small intestine to help with the absorption of dietary fat and cholesterol.
Output: Bile salts produced by the liver assist in breaking apart dietary fats.
Cold-blooded  or ectothermic animals like reptiles or fish have body temperatures that change according to the surrounding temperature.
Output: Ectotherms undergo a variety of changes at the cellular level to acclimatize to shifts in temperature.
Most reptiles reproduce sexually such as this Trachylepismaculilabrisskink
Output: Reptiles typically reproduce sexually.
A triple bond consists of three shared electron pairs, forming one sigma and two pi bonds.
Output: In a carbon triple bond, three pairs of electrons are shared.
A &quot;vector&quot; can be defined as &quot;an organism that carries pathogens from one host to another.
Output: An organism that carries pathogens from one individual to another is called a vector.
Adaptations result from a trait being favored either for survival or reproduction
Output: A(n) favorable trait is an adaptation.
The water molecules are attracted to each other and resist being separated.
Output: Compared with the molecules of many other substances, molecules of water are strongly attracted to each other.
Original Horizontality This principle says that sedimentary rock layers are laid down flat originally and that if you find sedimentary layers which are not flat, they have been deformed since deposition.
Output: If a sedimentary rock layer is not horizontal, it is deformed.
Another word for a consumer is a heterotroph.
Output: Heterotrophs is another name for consumers.
Air enters the nares and is moistened and warmed as it travels through the nasal cavity (which connects with the infraorbital sinus and the cervicocephalic air sacs) and exits the nasal cavity through the choanal slit.
Output: In mammals, air is warmed and humidified in the nasal cavity.
All cells, including immune cells such as lymphocytes, are produced in the bone marrow (the soft, fatty tissue found in bone cavities).
Output: Bone marrow is found inside many bones and produces lymphocytes.
Calories are a measure of energy, and used to measure how much energy foods have.
Output: A calorie is used to express the amount of energy in food.
Fish almost always reproduce sexually.
Output: The vast majority of fish reproduce sexually.
Decomposers, which include organisms like fungi and bacteria, get their nutrients from the breakdown of dead and decaying organic matter.
Output: Mushrooms get their energy from decomposing dead organisms.
Impulse is also described as the change in momentum.
Output: Change in momentum in an object is equivalent to impulse .
Corals, hydra, & sea anemones exist     in the polyp form as adults
Output: Hydras and sea anemones are examples of apolyp.
Solids are in a state of matter that maintains a fixed volume and shape.
Output: A definite shape and a definite volume are properties of the solid, only state(s) of matter.
Gross Alpha/Beta Particle Activity: The total radioactivity due to alpha or beta particle emissions as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
Output: Alpha emission is a type of radioactivity.
During meiosis and gametogenesis, homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material by recombination, leading to the production of sperm or eggs with chromosome haplotypes containing novel genetic variation.
Output: Meiosis is part of the process of gametogenesis, which is the production of sperm and eggs.
An increase in temperature results in a decrease in gas solubility in water, while a decrease in temperature results in an increase in gas solubility.
Output: If a solute is a gas, increasing the temperature will decrease its solubility.
the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.
Output: High per capita use of resources means the ecological footprint of the united states is large.
An ordinary carbon atom has six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus;
Output: Carbon atoms have six neutrons as well as six protons.
During the early Paleozoic, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was much greater than it is today.
Output: During the early paleozoic, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was much greater compared to today.
Air pressure and density continue to decrease as altitude  increases and the atmosphere dwindles into the near vacuum of space.
Output: Air pressure it decreases as altitude increases.
In physics, work is defined as a force acting upon an object to cause a displacement .
Output: In physics, work means the use of force to move an object.
Water lawns early in the morning and avoid watering on windy days to prevent evaporation.
Output: Watering plants and grass in the early morning is a way to conserve water because smaller amounts of water evaporate in the cool morning.
An enzyme is a biological catalyst, i.e., it speeds up the rate of a biochemical reaction without being consumed during the course of that reaction.
Output: Enzymes speed up the rate of a specific chemical reaction and are therefore known as biochemical catalysts.
Average continental crust is about 35 km thick;
Output: The earth's continental crust, on average, is 35 kilometers thick.
1 gram of sugar provides 4 Kcal of energy.
Output: One gram of sugar or starch provides 4 calories of energy.
The constriction of the smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles and the accumulation of mucus cause periods of airway obstruction and subsequent difficulty in moving air in and (to a greater degree) out of the lungs.
Output: Smooth muscle regulates air flow in lungs.
All mammals suckle their young, have three middle-ear bones, and have hair.
Output: The mammalian middle ear has three bones.
Reversible reactions are symbolized in chemical equations by a double-headed arrow, but the standard remains to call the materials on the left the reactants and the materials on the right the products.
Output: Reversible reactions are indicated by opposite-headed kinds of arrows.
A molecule of ozone is formed by the chemical combination of three oxygen atoms.
Output: Three oxygen ions make up an ozone molecule.
The hand is comprised of the wrist (carpals), palm (metacarpals), and fingers (phalanges).
Output: Carpal, metacarpal and phalanx bones comprise the hand.
Nearly 99 percent of the  earth's atmosphere is nitrogen and oxygen.
Output: Oxygen and nitrogen make up most of the earth's atmosphere.
Fins are used by fish to move through the water but also to  steer, stop and maintain their position, the latter in conjunction with  the swim bladder.
Output: Fish use some of their fins to propel themselves through the water and some of their fins to steer.
Carbon Dioxide and water vapour are excreted from the lungs by a combination of exhalation and diffusion (explained on the respiration page).
Output: Ccarbon dioxide and water vapor that is produced by cellular respiration is released through exhalation.
Growth and Development of Bones   Early in the development of a human fetus, the skeleton is made entirely of cartilage.
Output: Early in the development of a human fetus, the skeleton is made entirely of cartilage.
Cancer is the result of genetic alterations that lead to the uninterrupted growth of abnormal cells.
Output: Abnormal cell division may result in cancer.
Fish Larvae   Fish eggs hatch into larvae that are different from the adult form of the species (see Figure 19.7).
Output: Fish hatch into larvae that are different from the adult form of species.
The layers are parallel to each other because they were formed by sediments falling to the bottom of the seas in horizontal layers (see above), but when the continents crashed together at a convergent boundary, the rocks and sediment under the sea were squished and folded.
Output: When sediments settle out of water, they form horizontal layers.
The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine and most of the chemical digestion occurs here.
Output: In the body, chemical digestion mainly takes place in the small intestine.
Because carbon has four valence electrons, one in each of the four pairs, it is more willing to share electrons with another atom (rather than grabbing them or giving them up).
Output: Four valence electrons can be found in a carbon atom.
Niche An organism's niche is its unique role  or &quot;way of making a living&quot; in the environment.
Output: Each species has a particular way of making a living, which is called its niche.
Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls that characterize plant  cells.
Output: A cell wall is found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell.
2 Years Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division in which the cytoplasm of the daughter cells is separated into two by the formation of a new cell wall.
Output: Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into two distinctive cells.
As more and more water vapor cools into the clouds, the water droplets that form the clouds become larger and larger.
Output: Clouds are formed from water droplets.
Weight is measured in newtons, the standard unit for force.
Output: Newton (n) is the si unit for weight.
Glutathione is a potent antioxidant that is produced in the healthy liver where it neutralises oxygen molecules before they can damage cells.
Output: Glutathione is a low-molecular-weight compound found in living cells that is produced naturally by the liver.
Sunlight is the ultimate source of most of the energy we use.
Output: Sunlight is the main source of energy for all of the organisms in most food chains.
The force of magnetism decreases as the magnets are pulled apart.
Output: Increasing the distance between the two magnets will cause a decrease in the force of attraction between two magnets.
(Formic acid is the poison found in the > sting of fire ants.)
Output: Formic acid is found in the secretions of stinging ants.
All objects moving toward the earth do so because of two distinctly different forces, one pushing the object and one pulling the object.
Output: Objects on earth have two forces acting on them at all times.
Oceanic crust consists almost entirely of the mafic rocks basalt (on top) and gabbro (on bottom).
Output: Gabbro is a dark dense rock that can be found in the oceanic crust.
Sperm cells are usually motile, having a single flagellum .
Output: In humans, the sperm cell is the only cell with the  flagella structure that enables motility.
The speed of sound depends only on  the medium through which it travels, not on its frequency, wavelength, or intensity (until the intensity gets so great that a shock wave results).
Output: The speed of sound depends on medium.
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical reaction with their environment.
Output: Gradual degradation of a material due to its exposure to the environment is known as corrosion.
Collisions between molecules are elastic (kinetic energy is conserved);
Output: Because collisions are elastic, energy can be transferred between molecules during them
Blood comes into the right atrium from the body, goes to the right ventricle, then into the pulmonary artery which carries the blood to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Output: Blood from the body enters right atrium of the heart before it is pumped to the right ventricle and then to the lungs.
A significant amount of water is depleted during the growing season due to transpiration, which is the natural uptake of water into the root system of plants for nourishment.
Output: Most growing plant cells expand through water uptake.
Anions are larger in size than their parent atoms because they have one or more additional electrons, but without an additional proton in the nucleus to help moderate the size.
Output: Electrons always result in an anion that is larger than the parent atom.
The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate or boreal climate) is a climate characterized by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool to mild summers.
Output: Exemplified by canada and alaska, a subarctic climate has cool, short summers and long, cold winters, little precipitation, and abundant conifers.
For example, when sugar is dissolved in water, the sugar is the solute, the water is the solvent and the resultant mixture is the solution.
Output: In a glass of sweet tea the sugar is known as the solute and the water is known as the solvent.
For example, the volume of a gas decreases as the pressure of the gas increases, for a constant temperature.
Output: Decreasing the volume of a gas and keeping everything else the same will cause its pressure to increase.
Microevolution is concerned with understanding the mechanisms responsible for imparting evolutionary change within populations over relatively short time periods.
Output: Evolution that occurs over a short period of time is known as microevolution.
A lithium atom has a still heavier nucleus and three electrons.
Output: Lithium has three electrons.
250 million years ago There was just one giant continent on Earth, called Pangaea, and a giant ocean, called Panthalassa.
Output: Pangaea began breaking apart 250 million years ago.
In eukaryotes, cell division involves nuclear divisions ( Mitosis or Meiosis ) followed by cytokinesis .
Output: Eukaryotic cell division involves mitosis and cytokinesis.
The genes are composed of DNA and are located on the chromosomes, with each gene having its own place on its own chromosome.
Output: Genes are composed of dna.
Combined weight of the protons and neutrons gives atomic weight.
Output: To determine the atomic weight of an element, you should add up protons and neutrons.
Amino acid A functional group which consists of a carbon with a carboxylic acid, &quot;-COOH&quot; and an amine, &quot;-NH 2 .
Output: Amino acids contain both a carboxylic acid group and a(n) amine group.
Our digestive system requires that our food is chewed by teeth, go through the esophagus, stomach, intestine and many associate organs.
Output: Esophagus, stomach, intestines are the structures that make up the digestive system in the human body.
Oogenesis results in the formation of one egg and three polar bodies from one meiotic division.
Output: One large eggs are generated during oogenesis.
An example of this type of crystal is sodium chloride (NaCl).
Output: Compounds like sodium chloride form structures called crystals.
The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs, and the pulmonary veins transport oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.
Output: After the blood in the pulmonary capillaries becomes saturated with oxygen, it leaves the lungs and travels to the heart.
A food chain shows how energy and matter flow from producers to consumers.
Output: Food chains carry energy from producers to consumers.
The error (difference between theory and experiment) decreases as the number of measurements increases.
Output: You decrease errors in an experiment by take many measurements.
Most extinctions are thought to have resulted from environmental changes that affected the species in either of two ways.
Output: Environmental changes is most responsible for the extinction of most species of plants and animals that have lived on earth.
Soil provides many of the basic nutrients most plants use in order to grow.
Output: It is important to protect soil because it has nutrients used by plants to grow.
All hormones in the human body are produced by endocrine, or ductless glands.
Output: Most hormones are produced by the endocrine system.
A thin device that can be inserted into the body through natural openings or through a very small incision in the skin, an endoscope is used by physicians for imaging inside the body and for performing diagnostic and surgical procedures without having to make large-scale incisions.
Output: Endoscopes are used to explore the body through various orifices or minor incisions.
Backflow of blood in the heart is prevented by four valves made of flaps of connective tissue.
Output: Heart valves prevent the backflow of blood from happening in the heart.
Conifers -- such as pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces and firs -- are the most common types of gymnosperms with more than 500 species worldwide.
Output: Conifers are the most prevalent type of gymnosperms.
Each water molecule contains 3 atoms, 2 of hydrogen and 1 of oxygen.
Output: Water contains 3 atoms.
Mercury Mercury is the 1st planet to the sun.
Output: Mercury is always closer to the sun than it is to earth.