niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
CONTEXT: Anything can spoil eventually, refrigerated or not. Keeping something under a lid and refrigerated restricts the number of airborne colonizers that might get access to it, and the cold temperature means that even if they get there, they will grow much slower than at room temperature.For something to spoil, it needs to be colonized by bacteria or fungus spores, and it needs to contain some nourishment to support their growth, not too much chemicals that prevent their growth, and not too much competing life forms already present. So, things with a high concentration of salt or sugar tend to be unhospitable to bacteria and fungi growth, because they are hygroscopic (they draw the water out of cells). Extreme high or low pH (eg acidic) also retards growth. Think of things like ketchup, mustard, jelly with labels that say "refrigerate after opening" but most people ignore them. Alcohol is unfriendly if the concentration is too high, and of course natural fermented foods are already occupied by human-friendly bacteria.Ketchup is sealed in a bottle, usually with no fingers or utensils inserted into it, so it stays pretty sterile. It is also protected by being hygroscopic (due to high concentration of sugar and salt) and its acidity. Ketchup as a word and concept is descended from an Indonesian fish sauce, and has been around much longer than refrigeration. I think you can leave it out with no worries unless you see obvious mold growth.  <sep>  Q: Does ketchup belong in the fridge, or the cupboard? A: Ketchup is sealed in a bottle, usually with no fingers or utensils inserted into it, so it stays pretty sterile  Q: I tend to think that ketchup should live in the fridge, once opened, shouldn't that protect it from contamination in the air? A: It is also protected by being hygroscopic (due to high concentration of sugar and salt) and its acidity  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Does it matter that the UK version has sugar from beets rather than HFCS that's in the US version?
Output: No
CONTEXT: ...as long as it needs to, depending on a wide variety of factors.You can shape it for baking, put it in the fridge, let it rise, pull it out of the fridge and put it in the oven - no warming up time at all. If you are going to punch down/knead/form after it comes out of the fridge, you can do all that cold, and let it rise as long as it needs to before baking - which will depend on the dough and the room temperature.Or you can let the bulk dough warm a while.  <sep>  Q: How long should bread dough warm up after cold fermentation?###I'm trying to experiment with cold fermentation. I've put dough in the fridge and I see that it slowed down. A: as long as it needs to, depending on a wide variety of factors  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Any other ideas or suggestions I can do?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: As the bacon cooks the meat reduces in size faster than the fat does. Since they are cut into strips this causes the fat to bunch up or even coil if the bacon isn't flipped enough.The fat will eventually reduce as well when it renders but not enough to straighten out the poor bacon.  <sep>  Q: Why does bacon curl? A: As the bacon cooks the meat reduces in size faster than the fat does  Q: Is there a way to slow the process down? A: The fat will eventually reduce as well when it renders  Q: What else can I do to slow it down? A: cut into strips  Q: Can you explain more? A: Since they are cut into strips this causes the fat to bunch up or even coil if the bacon isn't flipped enough  Q: Is there a way to keep it the bacon flat when cooking? A: The fat will eventually reduce as well when it renders but not enough to straighten out the poor bacon  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Any other thing I need to know about bacon curling or how to stop it?
Output: No
CONTEXT: You're right in that you don't want to use oats or flour. Your best alternative is some other form of ground nut. Almond was actually the original macaroon, with coconut coming later.Rather than trying to modify the recipe directly, I'd recommend searching specifically for an 'almond macaroon' or 'amaretti' recipe. Beware of 'macaron' recipes, which is the spelling the French use; it'll work, but they're typically intended as two halves of a sandwich cookie.  <sep>  Q: What is an appropriate substitute for dried coconut? A: Your best alternative is some other form of ground nut. Almond was actually the original macaroon, with coconut coming later  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Does the coconut tend to be more oily?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: If you are fermenting sauerkraut, then you should keep the salt content the same if you add other vegetables. The salt helps keeping undesirable bacteria in check, so you probably don't want to "dilute" it. Increase the amount of salt so the ratio between cabbage/vegetables and salt stays the same.TL;DR: Treat any additional vegetables like cabbage when calculating the amount of salt.  <sep>  Q: Should I add salt to my sauerkraut recipe if I add vegetables? A: If you are fermenting sauerkraut, then you should keep the salt content the same if you add other vegetables  Q: so does that mean that I have to add the salt? A: Increase the amount of salt so the ratio between cabbage/vegetables and salt stays the same  Q: how much salt specifically? A: Treat any additional vegetables like cabbage when calculating the amount of salt  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: so i could use any other vegetables that i want to?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: Traditionally, mozzarella is sold extremely fresh - as in made that day or the day before. If it's held for more than a day or so, it comes packaged in a brine. Most of the American stuff is just too soft to be held for packaging like other shredded cheese in the mega-mart.In the US, being extreme gluttons for convenience, we tend to make do with part-skim shredded mozzarella instead of the good stuff. Slight temperature variations can make the shreds stick together in a globby mass. It's harmless from a safety point of view, and the expiry date can be long after the occurrence of perfectly safe globbiness.Pro-Tip: Put the globby pieces in the freezer for 20 minutes, and then shred it like a block of harder cheese. Upon heating, it will melt (almost) as if the the globbiness had never happened. I have taken advantage of a few good sales that way. Mozzarella will become... ehem... colorful before it becomes unsafe. While this answer is more for mozzerella than for other types of cheese; the last paragraph works for any mega-mart shredded cheese.  <sep>  Q: Why do Unopened shredded cheese gets soggy in the fridge? A: Put the globby pieces in the freezer for 20 minutes, and then shred it like a block of harder cheese  Q: Do you have additional information on shredded cheese? A: Traditionally, mozzarella is sold extremely fresh - as in made that day or the day before  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: In what pack do the mozzarella comes?
Output: No
CONTEXT: Just an idea... I've had problems making foam because of hard/basic tap water (a lot of chalk in the water) - making frape though, not garlic foam:) Foam will more easily form in soft water as you can easily test with a piece of soap. If you have hard tap water you could try using boiled water (some of the chalk in the water will react and leave a residue on the bottom of the pot) or bottled water with pH 7 (neutral). Another idea would be to add just enough acid for neutralisation but I imagine that could be a bit tricky and you'd risk the milk curdling so I wouldn't recommend it.  <sep>  Q: This is my first time making a foam using soy lecithin but I want to know why there was not enough foam? A: Just an idea... I've had problems making foam because of hard/basic tap water (a lot of chalk in the water  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: I put the foam I did get from my first try in the fridge. Is there any way to salvage this?
Output: No
CONTEXT: You cooked it at too low a temperature. Sous vide is intended for meat where you want the protein to remain tender. It shouldn't have any sinews. Think chicken breasts, or the long filet along the spine of a pig. This meat gets nicely cooked at 60-65Â°C (depends on the animal), and tough and dry above that. Meat marbled with sinews has to be cooked at a temperature where the sinews (collagen) melt into gelatin. This happens at about 70Â°C at least, and takes hours. Since the muscle fibres are already toughened at that temperature, there is no reason to hold it low; you can put it at full boil in a normal pot and cook it there, you just have to wait long enough. In theory, you could do it in a sous vide bath too, but you won't get any of the benefits sous vide gives to tender meat.  <sep>  Q: My sous vide chicken is tough and stringy - did I cook it too long, or too little? A: You cooked it at too low a temperature  Q: What temperature should I cook chicken breast at? A: This meat gets nicely cooked at 60-65Â°C  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is that the same temp you should cook chicken legs and thighs at?
Output: No
CONTEXT: Wooden blocks are ideal for knife storage because they keep the blades dry (the wood absorbs some of the humidity in the air), preventing rusting. The motion of inserting and withdrawing blades over wood will not noticeably dull them, because you're not actually cutting the wood or indeed even applying any pressure as you do so.A good tip is to use a good quality steel to sharpen your knives with just one or two passes on each side before each use. Wash them with hot water by hand, avoiding dishwashers unless you like replacing your knives annually, then return them to the block once they're fully dried.  <sep>  Q: Does putting knives in a wooden block blade down wear out the blade? A: The motion of inserting and withdrawing blades over wood will not noticeably dull them, because you're not actually cutting the wood or indeed even applying any pressure as you do so  Q: Is there anything else I should know about this? A: A good tip is to use a good quality steel to sharpen your knives with just one or two passes on each side before each use  Q: What else can you tell me about my knives? A: Wash them with hot water by hand, avoiding dishwashers unless you like replacing your knives annually, then return them to the block once they're fully dried  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is there a certain type of knife that is better to use than another?
Output: No
CONTEXT: The most common reason for leakage with Cordon Bleu Chicken is that the packets are too thick, which makes it impossible to get a perfect fold; you need to pound the breasts very thin - less than 1/2", maybe a little more than 1/4".The other "trick" is to make a small cut along the folded edge of the breast after you fold and seal the packets, which essentially makes it almost like a sandwich; the top and bottom parts can move independently and you don't have tension trying to pull the top piece away.Just don't cut so deep that you cause an immediate leak; if you've pounded the breast to 1/3" thickness, then your cut should be no more than about 1/8".If you do it this way, you shouldn't even need to use toothpicks; I never do, and I haven't sprung a single leak in my last 20 or so preparations.  <sep>  Q: How can I keep the cheese from leaking out of my cordon bleu during cooking? A: you need to pound the breasts very thin - less than 1/2", maybe a little more than 1/4  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Do I do anything with the pounded breast before filling?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: If you were using supermarket cream, the reason would be very clear: it is not only pasteurized, but also homogenized. This means that it has been mechanically emulsified to prevent the butter from separating. I don't know if the cream for creme fraiche is homogenized too before creme fraiche is made, but with your result, I'd suspect homogenization too. It won't show up on the label as an ingredient, as it is done by forcing the cream through microfilters.  <sep>  Q: Why might I have trouble making butter from CrÃ¨me FraÃ®che?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: For short term freezing they should be just fine as far as texture and taste are concerned. Just make sure you avoid freezer burn by wrapping them tightly in plastic wrap and then either aluminum foil or a freezer bag. If you store them more than a few months then they will start to degrade.  <sep>  Q: If you freeze sliced turkey, how does that affects its texture? A: For short term freezing they should be just fine as far as texture and taste are concerned  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How does freezing affect the nutritional value of the turkey slices?
Output: No
CONTEXT: Every Kitchen needs a meat thermometer. Little too late in this case but it would have saved you here. I never used one at home until after I started working in a restaurant that only had a flat top and a convection oven with burgers on the menu. I got a relatively cheap one for $5-10 at Wal-mart and it does the job. Another option for next time is to check your meat often and poke it with a spoon, once it feels firm throughout, like the skin on the back of your hand when you make a fist, it's done.  <sep>  Q: How long is a pork fillet cooking time? A: Another option for next time is to check your meat often and poke it with a spoon, once it feels firm throughout, like the skin on the back of your hand when you make a fist, it's done  Q: Do you have any other suggestion? A: Every Kitchen needs a meat thermometer  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Would keeping it about 20 minutes in the oven be sufficient?
Output: No
CONTEXT: Foor food safety, the recommendation means that the coolest part of the meat should reach the target temperature. For something like a beef or pork roast, the coolest point will be generally in the very center of the roast. For chicken or turkey, it will often be where the leg joins the body. You may need to probe more than one more place to find the coolest reading.Now, because the meat surrounding that coolest point is at a higher temperature, the meat will continue to cook after it is removed from the oven. How much of an increase will depend on how big the roast is. In other words, a large roast will have a greater thermal mass â more meat towards the outside will be at a higher temperature, and the heat will transfer into the coolest point, raising its ultimate temperature.So, the practical answer to your question is that you need to anticipate when the target temperature will be attained. To err on the side of food safety, keep the meat in the oven until it reaches or is very close to the target temperature. With a little experience, you'll be able to gauge how much of a temperature increase occurs with various roasts, and remove it from the oven earlier.The bottom line however, is that the roast needs to ultimately reach the target temperature.  <sep>  Q: In what stage should the temperature of meat be taken? A: Foor food safety, the recommendation means that the coolest part of the meat should reach the target temperature  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: At what stage is that?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: I'm not sure I've ever seen chipotle paste called for in recipes; I searched around a bit and what I found was consistent with my experience. I saw chipotle en adobo, ground chipotle, and even whole dried chipotle. I also easily found recipes for chipotle en adobo. I don't think you'll have any trouble figuring out what to do with them.The most common way I've seen chipotles, both in grocery stores and in recipes, is chipotle en adobo. You can make your own by simmering dried chipotles in tomato paste with vinegar, garlic, onion (search for recipes if that's not specific enough). I suspect that most chipotle pastes you might find are something like this, but pureed, and possibly cooked until thicker.The other common way to use chipotles is as a powder; that's as easy as grinding them in a spice grinder. If you're using them in something that gets cooked for a decent amount of time, I'd just do this and add them, instead of making chipotle en adobo or a paste out of them. Just think of them as a spice.  <sep>  Q: What can I do with dried chipotle chillies? A: The most common way I've seen chipotles, both in grocery stores and in recipes, is chipotle en adobo  Q: Ok, how do I use them? A: The other common way to use chipotles is as a powder; that's as easy as grinding them in a spice grinder  Q: What can I use the powder in? A: If you're using them in something that gets cooked for a decent amount of time, I'd just do this and add them, instead of making chipotle en adobo or a paste out of them  Q: Can I use dry chilis Only to make a paste? A: I saw chipotle en adobo, ground chipotle, and even whole dried chipotle. I also easily found recipes for chipotle en adobo  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What is Chipotle in adobo?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: There is not really a turning point. The way that wine goes bad is the process of making vinegar. From wikipedia:The word "vinegar" derives from the Old French vin aigre, meaning "sour wine".The Canadian government limits things that can be sold as 'vinegar' to something with an acetic acid content of 4-12%, so you could do the technical-bureaucratic thing and wait for the acetic acid to get up to 4%.If you aren't hung up on technicalities, then you can use it as soon as it gets sour enough. It is done when all the alcohol has been changed to acetic acid, but it is a bit hard to taste since the acetic flavor dominates.  <sep>  Q: When is homemade wine-based vinegar simply bad wine? A: There is not really a turning point. The way that wine goes bad is the process of making vinegar  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Does heat have anything to do with the shelf life?
Output: No
CONTEXT: Yes, you can freeze parmesan cheese. Even without freezing, Parmesan is very durable since the low water and high salt content prevents mould from growing. The younger varieties may be more prone to mould growth (having a higher water content), but I've kept ripe Parmesan (30-36 months) for at least a year in the fridge without problems (and it would probably have stayed good much longer). Just remember to keep it wrapped in paper, not in a sealed plastic container to prevent a buildup of condensation.  <sep>  Q: Can I freeze Parmesan? A: you can freeze parmesan cheese  Q: How long can I keep it for? A: I've kept ripe Parmesan (30-36 months) for at least a year in the fridge without problems  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How is the taste/texture affected?
Output: No
CONTEXT: Basmati is classic. I am particularly fond of brown basmati rice, which has more flavor than white basmati, but it takes longer to cook and will go rancid after 6 months. If basmati is not available, any long-grain rice will suffice; short-grain rice tends to be too sticky. As for technique, rinse the rice until the rinse-water runs clear. For every cup of rice, use 2 cups of water and 1/2 tsp salt. Bring the water to a boil; add the rice and salt and reduce the heat to a simmer. Cook covered until the liquid has been absorbed and the texture of the rice is tender.For additions to the rice, you have LOADS of options. You can add a pinch of saffron to the water for a vibrant yellow color and distinctive floral aroma (if you just want color, add 1/2 tsp ground turmeric). You can add chunks of peeled ginger, cracked peppercorns, whole peeled garlic cloves, whole cardamom pods, whole cloves, whole bay leaves, whole kaffir lime leaves, and/or whole stick cinnamon -- amounts and combinations are entirely up to your taste (just remember to remove any bay leaves before serving; remove the others or not as you like, but bay is inedible). You can also add cooked vegetables, such as peas, butter beans, pearl onions, and/or carrots.  <sep>  Q: What kind of rice to serve with Indian Butter Chicken (Murgh Makhani)? A: Basmati is classic. I am particularly fond of brown basmati rice, which has more flavor than white basmati, but it takes longer to cook and will go rancid after 6 months  Q: Do you have a preferred way to cook the rice ? A: As for technique, rinse the rice until the rinse-water runs clear. For every cup of rice, use 2 cups of water and 1/2 tsp salt  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Do you use the stove top or microwave ?
Output: No
CONTEXT: In my experience, rice can be cooked in any pot. I cook quite a lot of Japanese style dishes, and as far as I can tell the rice is cooked in the same way as any other.For myself, I've done it in good "induction-able" steel pots, as well as huge (navy galley) aluminium pots, and a couple of low-quality stainless steel things too. They're all fine.Normally, as soon as the pot is at/near boiling, turn the heat down to a low setting and leave it in the pot until it's ready. Then take it off the heat, but leave it covered (don't peek) for another five minutes.Generally, once you've added the water, you put the lid on. You only start the timer when it's boiled and you turn it down, though. That's probably why a glass lid is better, so you can see the boiling. It's not critical to the process, though.  <sep>  Q: Do I need a specific pot to cook Japanese-style rice? A: In my experience, rice can be cooked in any pot  Q: So how can I cook Japanese Style rice ? A: I cook quite a lot of Japanese style dishes, and as far as I can tell the rice is cooked in the same way as any other  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Should I add any special ingredients to it ?
Output: No
CONTEXT: Poaching is a gentle process - the milk isn't boiling so there is no risk of it burning or the like. It will of course not spoil in the sense of it going off, that's a totally different process.Fresh milk is better because, well, it's fresh. Powdered milk would probably work, but if you have fresh, use that.  <sep>  Q: Would using milk powder better than fresh milk when poaching? A: Fresh milk is better because, well, it's fresh. Powdered milk would probably work, but if you have fresh, use that  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: So powdered milk would make it taste different?
Output: No
CONTEXT: This is something that can happen during the manufacture of porcelain. It is due to iron particles in the clay used to make the porcelain, they get this look after being fired. It is part of the mug itself and cannot be removed. Customers don't like isolated black dots on white porcelain, so high end manufacturers only sell items without these dots. But if you bought something in the mid- or low-price range, or B-ware from the high end brands, these specks are common enough. It is only an optical defect, the mug itself is clean and you don't have to do anything more about it.  <sep>  Q: Black spots in porcelain coffee mug? A: This is something that can happen during the manufacture of porcelain  Q: Why does this happen? A: It is due to iron particles in the clay used to make the porcelain, they get this look after being fired. It is part of the mug itself and cannot be removed  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: When does it happen?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: There are many kitchen utensils which will work. My favorite will be canning jars, filled with some water so they don't float, and sealed. Food safe, can withstand the temperature, easily cleaned. One may be enough, if you find the perfect size. If you don't have them and want to try it with something else first, look in your kitchen for metal or ceramic vessels which can stand upright and are several centimeters taller than the sauce level after displacement. This can be a thermos flask without the cap, or even a tall mug. Just put it there, again fill with some water, and fill the sauce around it. The biggest risk is that it topples over, and you end up with a somewhat watery sauce.  <sep>  Q: I am looking for ways to displace liquids while cooking any ideas? A: There are many kitchen utensils which will work. My favorite will be canning jars, filled with some water so they don't float, and sealed  Q: Will that affect the cooking time of a recipe? A: Just put it there, again fill with some water, and fill the sauce around it  Q: Will the sauce stick to the side of the jars and be wasted? A: The biggest risk is that it topples over, and you end up with a somewhat watery sauce  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: I am worried about the water affecting the sauce if it leacks out of the jar. Do you have any other suggestions?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: Some crabs are better tasting than others. Ornamental crabs, to my knowledge none are inedible, but tend to be very small, and high skin/seed to flesh so tend to be too much trouble to bother with. Larger crabs though can be very desirable for some applications. They are often blended in mixed ciders, both sweet and fermented. They will be tart to very tart and even bitter, but when blended with other juices add what many people consider a very refreshing bite to the juice. Candied crabs and apple butter are commonly made with them and they can be used for jams other applications especially mixed with other apples to increase tartness.There are a wide variations of varieties, just as with full size apples, and some will seem better than other. If they are wild seedling trees rather than grafter varieties, the quality of the fruit may be hit and miss, and even some of the cultivated named varieties may be astringent, especially some which are marketed for their hard cider characteristics where the astringency is desirable. If the particular ones you have will work will be mostly dependent on your tastes and the variety, and how willing you are to work with the smaller fruit. Even the sweetest crabs are likely to have a lot more tartness than a granny smith.  <sep>  Q: Are crabapples edible? A: Some crabs are better tasting than others. Ornamental crabs, to my knowledge none are inedible, but tend to be very small, and high skin/seed to flesh so tend to be too much trouble to bother with  Q: Are they dangerous to eat? A: to my knowledge none are inedible  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Do you have any advice for cooking with crabapples?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: Our brains are wired to consider food more palatable if the dedicated taste receptors (one of the six basic tastes) for salt are triggered. And in a non-urban world, salt/sodium is a valuable nutrient; the fact we might have it too readily available in the developed world doesn't change that we would DIE on a zero-sodium diet (mind that animal products like meat aren't zero-sodium, and that herbivores tend to love licking salt where they find it!). So our brains have a good evolutionary reason to like salt.Also, salt actively interferes (negatively) with another basic taste receptor - the receptor for bitterness (which can mean poison both in nature and in the developed world, or at least something we have no use for, eg an alkali). Most aromatic food (think green vegetables or spices) is bitter, and salt both attenuates that perception and balances it making the combined food still desirable for our brain. You end up with an even more palatable food since you can use an aromatic (desirable) and shut out the bitterness (not always desirable) response.Umami is a different basic taste, probably related to the presence of protein (glutamate, inosinate, guanylate... trigger it - these are amino acids or salts thereof, and an indicator of easily-digestible protein presence).  <sep>  Q: Why does salt enhance the flavor of food? A: Our brains are wired to consider food more palatable if the dedicated taste receptors (one of the six basic tastes) for salt are triggered  Q: Is salt related to umami? A: Umami is a different basic taste, probably related to the presence of protein  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Are there compounds similar to salt that enhance flavor?
Output: No
CONTEXT: Breads get their structure from glutens--a type of protein formed by the combination of glutenin with gliaten. Kneading and resting the dough helps the formation of glutens--I assume by shifting glutenin and gliatin molecules around, this increases the odds of bindings occurring.Oils can bind to glutenin and gliatin and inhibit these reactions, so fats--oils and butter--definitely play a role in the texture control.It prevents the dough from getting too elastic, which controls texture. This elasticity change would also change the maximum air bubble size. Altering resting times and yeast quantity also change these, but trading off for a different flavor. Oil may play other roles, but these are what I recall reading about off the top of my head. Yes, it does contribute to flavor as well.  <sep>  Q: What is the purpose of oil or butter in bread? A: Oils can bind to glutenin and gliatin and inhibit these reactions, so fats--oils and butter--definitely play a role in the texture control  Q: what is the purpose of adding oil or butter to the dough? A: It prevents the dough from getting too elastic, which controls texture  Q: Is there some background chemical reasons for adding it. A: Oils can bind to glutenin and gliatin  Q: How does it effect the flavor? A: it does contribute to flavor  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What is the best way to incorporate it?
Output: No
CONTEXT: A lot of sourdough recipes don't call for a sponge, per se, because the starter essentially already is a sponge. The purpose of a sponge in a bread with normal yeast is to allow a longer fermentation time and extra time for enzymatic reactions to happen in the flour before adding it to the final batch. This isn't necessary with sourdough the starter is continuously fermenting and reacting. And your guess is about right, if the proportion of starter you add is too high, the waste products and dead yeast cells in it can cause changes in the gluten that make it very slack and unusable.  <sep>  Q: How does a sourdough sponge work? A: The purpose of a sponge in a bread with normal yeast is to allow a longer fermentation time and extra time for enzymatic reactions to happen in the flour before adding it to the final batch  Q: Why is it important to increase the fermentation time ? A: The purpose of a sponge in a bread with normal yeast is to allow a longer fermentation time and extra time for enzymatic reactions to happen in the flour before adding it to the final batch  Q: wouldn't the sourdough break down the gluten in the sponge ? A: if the proportion of starter you add is too high, the waste products and dead yeast cells in it can cause changes in the gluten that make it very slack and unusable  Q: What is the right amount of starter I should use ? A: if the proportion of starter you add is too high, the waste products and dead yeast cells in it can cause changes in the gluten that make it very slack and unusable  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: do you have any other tips for making a perfect sponge ?
Output: No
CONTEXT: Convection-baking in a "convection microwave" is a bit like conventional baking in a toaster oven; it's more or less the same principle but you really can't expect the same results as a conventional oven (or full-size convection oven).That being said, if you're attempting the recipes in a convection microwave or even a real convection oven without any modifications, you may be using too high a temperature, or cooking for too long. The guideline for conversion (and this is just a guideline, not a rule or guarantee) is to subtract 25-30Â° F / 10-15Â° C from the temperature, and 25-30% from the cooking time.So, for example, if a recipe calls for baking at 350Â° F for 60 minutes, your first attempt in a convection oven should be 325Â° F for 45 minutes.Again, please keep in mind that a convection microwave is still fundamentally a microwave oven. No matter what their marketing claims say, it is not a substitute for a conventional/convection oven and you are not going to see equivalent performance.  <sep>  Q: Can you help with baking using a convection microwave? A: Convection-baking in a "convection microwave" is a bit like conventional baking in a toaster oven  Q: How do I bake things evenly? A: it's more or less the same principle but you really can't expect the same results as a conventional oven (or full-size convection oven  Q: Any other advice for baking in a convection oven? A: if you're attempting the recipes in a convection microwave or even a real convection oven without any modifications, you may be using too high a temperature, or cooking for too long  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What does a lower temperature help with?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: Flour (+ water, either directly or from other ingredients such as egg white) gives the pastry structure. As you knead the flour, the gluten network develops and results in elasticity. When cooked, water evaporates from the dough leaving a rigid gluten skeleton. Fat does not mix with water and thus stay in blobs in between the gluten network. This weakens the gluten structure, making the pastry crumble.For this reason, you often see in recipes for shortcrust to avoid overmixing the fat. Buttery biscuits such as shortbread crumble more than crackers, which have more water. The same rationale applies to puff pastry. The thin fat layers are impermeable, so water steam gets trapped and exercise pressure upwards, lifting the pastry up.Quoting @GdD in the comments, the punchline is:more fat = crumblier, less fat has more structure.  <sep>  Q: How does altering the fat-to-flour ratio affect the pastry? A: more fat = crumblier, less fat has more structure  Q: Is it only crumblier after it bakes? A: The thin fat layers are impermeable, so water steam gets trapped and exercise pressure upwards, lifting the pastry up  Q: Does the type of flour effect the mixture? A: Flour (+ water, either directly or from other ingredients such as egg white) gives the pastry structure. As you knead the flour, the gluten network develops and results in elasticity  Q: Can you knead the dough too much? A: For this reason, you often see in recipes for shortcrust to avoid overmixing the fat. Buttery biscuits such as shortbread crumble more than crackers, which have more water  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Can you undermix the dough?
Output: No
CONTEXT: I'd suggest skinless bone-in chicken thighs, as they have plenty of fat and collagen to keep them moist and tasty. I've cooked them in French-style wine-based stews, not to mention cacciatorre, for 2-3 hours before now and they just fall off the bone. It is virtually impossible to overcook them, unless you boil them mercilessly for hours. Just get a nice gentle simmer going - not only will this make the meat tender, but it will improve the flavour of the tomato sauce as well.Do not use chicken breast - it is far too lean.  <sep>  Q: What would be a Substitution for beef (veal) in a stew? A: I'd suggest skinless bone-in chicken thighs  Q: how will you know if the chicken is cooked too long? A: It is virtually impossible to overcook them, unless you boil them mercilessly for hours  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: how long will i need to cook the chicken?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: Propane and butane are pure alkanes. They don't produce anything nasty when burned. The worst you could possibly get should be carbon monoxide (and I am not even sure it can be produced in a torch, the dioxide ifs much more likely), but it being a gas, it won't stick to your food. The complex molecules you get from heating the food itself have more potential for being harmful than the combustion products of a propane butane torch. Ago yes, it is food safe. Another matter of safety is that it is easier to cause a fire with a hardware store torch, because it has more power than the kitchen ones. But a sensible adult should be able to handle the thing safely.  <sep>  Q: Is it safe to use a propane torch bought at a Hardware store? A: a sensible adult should be able to handle the thing safely  Q: Is there something different about the torches and/or fuel that is sold at a culinary store? A: Propane and butane are pure alkanes  Q: Are there any precautions I should take when using it for culinary type stuff? A: The worst you could possibly get should be carbon monoxide (and I am not even sure it can be produced in a torch, the dioxide ifs much more likely), but it being a gas, it won't stick to your food  Q: I have one of those, but should I have one in the kitchen too? A: it is easier to cause a fire with a hardware store torch, because it has more power than the kitchen ones  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Are they adjustable though?
Output: No
CONTEXT: In my experience, the most likely impact of a gentle boil vs. a furious rolling boil is going to be on texture of starchy foods, such as potatoes or other root vegetables, rather than flavor.I've found that a gentle simmer of potatoes will result in a mostly intact shape and consistent texture, whereas an aggressive boil without perfect timing can result in the outer layers of the potato breaking apart, sometimes before the center has time to cook fully.I've seen similar issues with stuffed parcels of pasta like ravioli or boiled won tons. I've also found that open pot egg poached eggs have much nicer results with a gentle simmer than an aggressive boil, perhaps for related reasons.Since part of how we experience taste is texture, you could say that the "taste" is affected.  <sep>  Q: Can food be boiled "extra fast/hard" in water? A: an aggressive boil without perfect timing can result in the outer layers of the potato breaking apart, sometimes before the center has time to cook fully  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Do you recommend a lighter boil?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: Probably not. Cans are generally marked at point of filling, not at point of manufacturingThe plastic liner looks plastic'y in all cases, it's very hard to tell. Epoxy is harder than other plastics, but there are epoxies that are BPA free anywayAluminium cans are more likely have a epoxy liner that will give off a trace of BPAMany steel cans do not use epoxy or other BPA plasticsHaving said that the tested BPA release from a can is 100's of times lower than the recommended maximum daily dose. So in theory there is nothing to really worry aboutThe common sense answer is, if epoxy dissolved into the cans contents they wouldn't use it would they. The whole reason it's there is to stop the contents 'eating' the can  <sep>  Q: Is there a definitive way to know if a tin can is lined with BPA? A: Probably not. Cans are generally marked at point of filling, not at point of manufacturing  Q: Is there any sign of BPA just from looking at the inside of the can? A: The plastic liner looks plastic'y in all cases, it's very hard to tel  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Why should BPA in cans be avoided?
Output: No
CONTEXT: I often use this technique at home to cook proteins. It shortens cooking time by using steam as a heat transfer medium to cook the top of the item at the same time as the bottom.You can also use this method on frittatas, dumplings, etc.You can also use flavored liquids to impart flavor as well. I particularly like hard cider with chicken and pork.  <sep>  Q: Why do fry cooks use water to cook burgers? A: It shortens cooking time by using steam as a heat transfer medium to cook the top of the item at the same time as the bottom  Q: Should I be doing this at home? A: You can also use this method on frittatas, dumplings, etc  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is it just regular water that they use?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: I'd say it depends. If you are dead-set on observing all food safety rules, the pizzas are probably unsafe to eat. But in the real world, it is possible to bend some of those rules and get by unscathed. But you have to be smart about it--not all rules safely bend as far as others.What was on the pizzas? Shrimp? Chicken? Raw sausage? Those things have a pretty short safety window. Cured meats like pepperoni are safer longer (that's why they're cured in the first place).How hot was your kitchen?How long did they sit out?And then of course it comes down also to how long and how hot you're cooking things. You might well be able to kill off germs in things that aren't outright spoiled. Pizza isn't that long-cooking, so there's risk there.Ultimately, you have to be the arbiter of safety. Check the USDA website about food safety and follow every rule if you want to feel certain.  <sep>  Q: I left homemade pizza out overnight, is it still good? A: I'd say it depends. If you are dead-set on observing all food safety rules, the pizzas are probably unsafe to eat  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Does it matter if they were cooked or uncooked?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: With Olive oils, the more refined they are, the higher their burning point. So you are correct, an Organic Extra Virgin Olive Oil would be a terrible choice for Indian cooking (would cause effect on taste, smell, and nutrition) which has prolonged periods of sauteing on high heat. Lower quality olive oils, or a light olive oil, interestingly, would be a better choice. They are much more refined like vegetable oils, so have a higher burning point. But at that point, you'd consider why are you using Olive oil?Consider using refined butter (ghee) or coconut oil for Indian cooking. Ghee and Coconut oil will rarely smoke or burn and can stand high heat pretty well. I believe traditional Indian cooking uses ghee.  <sep>  Q: What oils are suitable for Indian cooking (i.e. extended frying duration)? A: Lower quality olive oils, or a light olive oil, interestingly, would be a better choice  Q: The oil is on the stove for a long time, I have extra virgin olive oil, will that do? A: With Olive oils, the more refined they are, the higher their burning point. So you are correct, an Organic Extra Virgin Olive Oil would be a terrible choice  Q: Is there another oil I might have, or is olive oil the only one?###the only one to use. A: Consider using refined butter (ghee) or coconut oil for Indian cooking. Ghee and Coconut oil will rarely smoke or burn and can stand high heat pretty well  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Will ghee or coconut oil change the taste of the food?
Output: No
CONTEXT: Although it doesn't explicitly say so, that's allergy information. It's just been processed in a place that also (potentially) processes those things, so it potentially contains a trace amount, which could be bad if you have a really sensitive allergy. It won't contain enough of those things to matter for any other purpose.Often labels like that are written along the lines of "processed in a facility which also processes..." to make it a little more clear. The lists aren't usually that long, either; most facilities don't process everything. But as pointed out in the comments, a grocery store is a lot more likely to just have a single kitchen that possibly handles all kinds of things.  <sep>  Q: Why might packaged pineapple contain egg, soy, peanut, fish, milk, sulphites, tree nuts, sesame, crustaceans, shellfish, mustard seeds, wheat? A: It's just been processed in a place that also (potentially) processes those things, so it potentially contains a trace amount, which could be bad if you have a really sensitive allergy  Q: Is there any way to know if those things are in it? A: Although it doesn't explicitly say so, that's allergy information  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What would happen if I eat it and I'm allergic?
Output: No
CONTEXT: There are two safe ways to defrost, one more rapid than the other.First method is to defrost in the refrigerator. This keeps temperature below 40 degrees F, in the safe zone. This will, also, take a while.Second method is to defrost in the sink under cold running water. The water doesn't have to run rapidly, but it should change regularly. This will defrost the fish more rapidly than in the air (water is a better conductor of heat than air) and will keep the fish in the danger zone for the shortest period of time. If you are not going to cook it immediately, then return to the refrigerator.If you are deep frying, there are some techniques that will allow you to go direct from frozen to fried, but that is generally done in a professional kitchen where they have powerful fryers that can take the temperature hit and come back strong.  <sep>  Q: How do you properly defrost frozen fish? A: First method is to defrost in the refrigerator  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is there any other method used to defrost?
Output: No
CONTEXT: No, it won't work. Michael's comment explains why. Whipping cream is not just fat and water mixed, it is fat and water emulsified. This is a big difference. If you had some special reason to do this on a regular basis, you could get it to work by adding emulsifiers. You can beat any fat with water and lecithine or xanthan and get a creamy result. As far as I know, this is how plant based cream substitutes work. But if the issue is that you just don't have whipping cream right now at home, then it is easier to go buy whipping cream than to go find emulsifiers (I buy mine online, don't know if there are brick-and-mortar B2C stores which sell them). If for some reason you absolutely can't do it in time, I would suggest using a different filling. Pastry cream works well with millefeulle, buttercream can work too, lightened with whipped eggwhites if necessary.  <sep>  Q: Could I add butter to single cream to make whipped/double cream? A: it won't work  Q: If I added butter to single cream and whipped it, would that add enough butterfat to it to make it suitable for whipping? A: Whipping cream is not just fat and water mixed, it is fat and water emulsified  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What is the best way to make whipping cream from cream?
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: Most chicken (or turkey) stock recipes are meant to be fairly neutral in flavor so they can be used in almost any dish. In many culinary traditions, especially those of European tradition, black pepper is appropriate in almost any savory dish.Cloves are an extremely strong and aggressive flavor, which is not traditional in these cuisines.While you could certainly use it in your stock, it would give that warm clove aroma, and you would then want to use the stock only in dishes where that is appropriate.Instead, I would stick to neutral flavors, and if you want clove flavoring, do it when preparing the final dish, not he fundamental stock. You can simmer enough stock for the whatever dish you are making with a few cloves while you are doing your prep on the dish to infuse it, if needed.  <sep>  Q: Can I Use cloves in stocks/broths? A: While you could certainly use it in your stock, it would give that warm clove aroma, and you would then want to use the stock only in dishes where that is appropriate  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What types of dishes do you think it would be appropriate?
Output: No
CONTEXT: I'm not a professional fudger, but here is my theory: one should add it to the boiling mixture. The reason is that butter has milk solids that are said to âburnâ at low temperatures (somewhere in the range 120C-150C or 250F-300F) which just above the soft ball stage (113C or 235F) needed for making fudge. I interpret the burning to mean that those milk solids (sugars and proteins) get a chance to contribute to the Maillard reaction that gives caramel (and its grained cousin the fudge) its great and rich flavor. Given how unique and varied the flavors arising from butter are, I would not want to miss their contribution by adding them after the heat is gone.  <sep>  Q: Butter usage in fudge? A: I'm not a professional fudger, but here is my theory: one should add it to the boiling mixture  Q: I have a number of questions relating to fudge. Thank you in advance for your help. A: The reason is that butter has milk solids that are said to âburnâ at low temperatures  Q: My main question here is Why do some recipes put the butter ON the fudge once its hot whereas the professional videos (i.e. youtube mackinac fudge shops) seem to show the butter in the boiling mix? A: I interpret the burning to mean that those milk solids (sugars and proteins) get a chance to contribute to the Maillard reaction that gives caramel  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Commercial fudge recipes
Output: Yes
CONTEXT: You should dry roast the seeds before putting them in bread dough. It will have a really strong flavour. He used the unhulled seeds for the mild flavour. You can either use hulled or unhealed. I believe that you have washed the sesame seeds, dried them, dry roasted them and then ........ WHOOP in the dough. That will of course taste great....  <sep>  Q: Is it better to bake with unhulled sesame seeds or hulled seeds? A: He used the unhulled seeds for the mild flavour  Q: How much stronger is the flavor with hulled seeds? A: You should dry roast the seeds before putting them in bread dough. It will have a really strong flavour. He used the unhulled seeds for the mild flavour  Q: Do they need to be dry roasted for other uses besides bread? A: WHOOP in the dough. That will of course taste great....  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Besides the mild flavor, are there other differences between hulled and unhulled?
Output: Yes