niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
CONTEXT: Firstly - shop-bought "packet" bread will keep for several days because it contains a lot of preservatives.In his excellent book Bread Matters, Andrew Whitley claims that home-made sourdough breads with very long rises have better keeping properties than home-made bread made with baker's yeast and short rises. This, he claims, is because the sourdough yeast cultivates a culture of friendly bacteria and an acid environment, all of which become natural preservatives. My experience seems to confirm this.Bread recipes containing egg, oil or milk tend to keep for longer than those without.As @SAJ14SAJ says, bread freezes very well. Loss of flavour in the freezer is not a commonly recognised phenomenon.One option is to slice a loaf of bread, bag it and freeze it. Take as many slices as you need at a time. It will defrost very quickly at room temperature, due to its low mass and high surface area.Another option is to make rolls, part-bake, and freeze. When you need them, take as many rolls as you need from the freezer, and place in the oven, to both defrost and complete the baking. You will get fresh baking smells and flavours from this.I suspect that home-made unleavened breads (pita, chapati, tortilla), without added preservatives, will not last long out of the freezer. Their advantage is that with no rise, they are so quick to make that they can be made fresh on-demand.  <sep>  Q: What kind of homemade sandwich bread or wrap lasts longest? A: Firstly - shop-bought "packet" bread will keep for several days because it contains a lot of preservatives  Q: But what lasts best that is homemade? A: In his excellent book Bread Matters, Andrew Whitley claims that home-made sourdough breads  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What can I do to make homemade bread last longer?
Output: Bread recipes containing egg, oil or milk tend to keep for longer than those without
CONTEXT: Oversalting is best dealt with by serious dilution. I'd make a large, not very meaty dish from it, with lots of vegetables, cooked for a while. Fry onions and other veg, add liquid, and stir in the cooked beef. But soaking the meat should help as well. Either soak in plain water and discard the water, or soak in something you might add to the sauce (wine, beer, diluted citrus juice... ). I'd also cut it small before soaking/cooking. Most of the salt will be on the surface but you want to expose add much as possible of the meat to the liquid. Soaking should be done in the fridge, for a few hours.You could go for a tomato-based sauce, a curry using coconut milk, or a sticky orange and chilli sauce, so long as the ratio of beef to everything else (and beef to initial liquid) is small. The initial liquid shouldn't bring any more salt with it, which rules out most cmmercial stock preparations, and possbile home-made stock. These are just ideas, many beef in sauce dishes would adapt. I wouldn't add more meat, but many people would.  <sep>  Q: What can be done with accidentaly oversalted beef? A: Oversalting is best dealt with by serious dilution  Q: How would I dilute it? A: I'd make a large, not very meaty dish from it, with lots of vegetables, cooked for a while  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is there anything else I could do with it?
Output: You could go for a tomato-based sauce, a curry using coconut milk, or a sticky orange and chilli sauce, so long as the ratio of beef to everything else (and beef to initial liquid) is small
CONTEXT: I love capers and add them to different foods when I think it suits it. I'd much rather eat tartar (not tarter) sauce with capers than pickles in it. But them I'm not a fan of tartar sauce (maybe because of the pickles). If you add capers, rinse them first to remove excess salt, pat water off between a paper towel and chop finely. I think a tiny bit of finely grated raw garlic would suit it nicely. Let the flavours meld together in the fridge for a few hours too.  <sep>  Q: Are capers a substitute for pickles in a tartar sauce? A: I'd much rather eat tartar (not tarter) sauce with capers than pickles in it  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is it true that the pickles gives an after taste?
Output: But them I'm not a fan of tartar sauce (maybe because of the pickles
CONTEXT: If it's refrigerated, it'll last for at least a week, as long as you didn't pre-dairy it. Unrefrigerated, I wouldn't trust it for more than a day. Coffee is a crappy growth medium and it should start out the next best thing to sterile, but, even covered, its going to start to get moldy.Obviously if you add dairy, then you're dealing with that dairy shelf-life, and that isn't very long at all.  <sep>  Q: How long is it safe to drink coffee after brewed? A: Unrefrigerated, I wouldn't trust it for more than a day. Coffee is a crappy growth medium and it should start out the next best thing to sterile, but, even covered, its going to start to get moldy  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Should it be refrigerated?
Output: If it's refrigerated, it'll last for at least a week, as long as you didn't pre-dairy it
CONTEXT: With chicken and turkey, the most important "trick" to cooking it is to make sure the dark meat gets done before the white meat dries out, and to make sure the skin crisps up somewhat.Duck is all dark meat, and has a thick layer of fat that must be rendered out. There is not a lot of danger in drying out the breast meat like with a chicken.Like Martha said, it's best to make a few shallow cuts in the skin over the breast (don't go all the way through to the meat) to help the fat render out. A simple (western) roasted bird would be cooked at 350Â°F for about 1 hour 45 min, with the oven turned up to 500Â°F for another 15 minutes to crisp up the skin. There is a LOT of fat rendered out, so it's best to roast in a sturdy roasting pan, on a rack (so it doesn't sit in the fat), and drain the fat about an hour into cooking (save the fat, though; it's delicious).Personally, I think duck is easier to cook, but it's definitely different from roasting a chicken.  <sep>  Q: Differences between cooking a whole duck vs chicken or turkey? A: With chicken and turkey, the most important "trick" to cooking it is to make sure the dark meat gets done before the white meat dries out, and to make sure the skin crisps up somewhat  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: what other things should be considered when cooking duck?
Output: A simple (western) roasted bird would be cooked at 350Â°F for about 1 hour 45 min, with the oven turned up to 500Â°F for another 15 minutes to crisp up the skin
CONTEXT: I recently found a different sauce that had a similar butterscotch note to it. It turned out this one was a very simple pan sauce built with brandy and beef stock as a deglazing liquid which was allowed to reduce by about 2/3 and then it was finished with a hint of cream.The fond came from a steak cooked in butter so there was probably a little browned butter in there as well.At this point I think the reduced brandy is a big contributor to the flavor I was identifying as butterscotch. This makes sense as brandy is generally somewhat sweet and usually has fairly strong caramel notes.  <sep>  Q: How should I develop a butterscotch flavor in a savory sauce? A: I think the reduced brandy is a big contributor to the flavor  Q: What ingredients can be used to develop these flavors? A: a very simple pan sauce built with brandy and beef stock as a deglazing liquid  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What techniques can be used to develop these flavors?
Output: The fond came from a steak cooked in butter so there was probably a little browned butter in there as well
CONTEXT: I recently found a different sauce that had a similar butterscotch note to it. It turned out this one was a very simple pan sauce built with brandy and beef stock as a deglazing liquid which was allowed to reduce by about 2/3 and then it was finished with a hint of cream.The fond came from a steak cooked in butter so there was probably a little browned butter in there as well.At this point I think the reduced brandy is a big contributor to the flavor I was identifying as butterscotch. This makes sense as brandy is generally somewhat sweet and usually has fairly strong caramel notes.  <sep>  Q: How do i develop a butterscotch flavor in a savory sauce? A: think the reduced brandy is a big contributor to the flavor I was identifying as butterscotch  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Which other ingredients is needed in developing this flavor
Output: brandy and beef stock as a deglazing liquid
CONTEXT: You can either bake them in something, and typically be fine (there are lots of cookie recipies out there that use them; search on the internet for 'biscotti ai pinoli'), or you can toast them ahead of time, and then encorporate them. (often, you toast them, then mix in, and bake).But a word of caution on toasting them -- they burn very easily. I've typically done it in a dry skillet, where I can keep an eye on them, and quickly get them off and to a try to cool. I seem to recall an interview with Alton Brown where he mentioned that toasting pine nuts was the number one ruined dish on Iron Chef America, because of chefs leaving them alone for too long.  <sep>  Q: can i bake pine nuts?###I was thinking of adding pine nuts to a caneloni filling, but wasn't too sure if the heat would make the nuts release anything nasty A: You can either bake them in something, and typically be fine  Q: good to know, can I do the same with other nuts? A: But a word of caution on toasting them -- they burn very easily. I've typically done it in a dry skillet, where I can keep an eye on them, and quickly get them off and to a try to cool  Q: how about other nuts? A: Alton Brown where he mentioned that toasting pine nuts was the number  Q: what's are some more add ins for caneloni? A: one ruined dish on Iron Chef America, because of chefs leaving them alone for too long  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: how do you toast coconut?
Output: one ruined dish on Iron Chef America, because of chefs leaving them alone for too long
CONTEXT: All of these are natural colorants but also impart a bit of flavor with them.For the raspberry layer you could use a tiny amount of beet juice to really kick the red.For yellow colors you have a few options. Saffron can work really well though I'm not sure what mango/lime/saffron tastes like. Another organic single ingredient is Achiote, which has an extremely mild sweet flavor. It's used for coloring mac and cheese and most processed cheese.Hope these ideas help.  <sep>  Q: How can I get stronger colors in three part pannacotta? A: For the raspberry layer you could use a tiny amount of beet juice to really kick the red  Q: Are there any fruits that could improve color? A: Another organic single ingredient is Achiote  Q: Would these produce natural colors? A: It's used for coloring mac and cheese and most processed cheese  Q: Is there anything that could improve yellow colors? A: For yellow colors you have a few options  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Are there any options for white colors?
Output: Hope these ideas help.
CONTEXT: All of these are natural colorants but also impart a bit of flavor with them.For the raspberry layer you could use a tiny amount of beet juice to really kick the red.For yellow colors you have a few options. Saffron can work really well though I'm not sure what mango/lime/saffron tastes like. Another organic single ingredient is Achiote, which has an extremely mild sweet flavor. It's used for coloring mac and cheese and most processed cheese.Hope these ideas help.  <sep>  Q: How do i make stronger colors in three part pannacotta? A: Saffron can work really well  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Are there any others?
Output: Another organic single ingredient is Achiote, which has an extremely mild sweet flavor
CONTEXT: There's no reason why you couldn't boil vegetables as you make the stock and then puree them in as a base. It's really about taste and the result you want. Making the stock without vegetables in it will give you a clear broth with a simple pork flavor and the vegetables will be distinct in it. If you add vegetables while cooking the stock and then puree them in your base will be much more vegetable-y, and opaque - the color will be determined by the vegetables added. The pork taste will be a bit more hidden by vegetable flavors. Spices and herbs are 2 separate matters. In general you can overcook herbs very easily but it's hard to overcook spices (although some spices can change during long cooking times). Adding bay (laurel) is one of the exceptions herb-wise. Spice-wise adding at the beginning will make the spice permeate the meat, careful not to overdo it though.Like I said it's all about the look and taste you want.  <sep>  Q: Should I add vegetables and spices in the stock-making stage of pig-knuckle soup? A: There's no reason why you couldn't boil vegetables as you make the stock and then puree them in as a base. It's really about taste and the result you want  Q: Do you think fresh vegetables would be better for soup? A: the vegetables will be distinct in it. If you add vegetables while cooking the stock and then puree them in your base will be much more vegetable-y  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Will the puree make the base thicker?
Output: opaque - the color will be determined by the vegetables added
CONTEXT: Ok, first of all make sure you are getting French or Italian truffles, not Chinese or Oregon. Some people like the latter but they are quite a bit different. Black truffles do well cooked, while white truffles are usually only used shaved raw over a dish. When I use them, I like to use them in a situation where I will really be able to taste them. A few classic ideas are an omelette, risotto, or pasta with a cream sauce. Those all carry the flavor and aroma of truffles very well. Chop some of it very fine and put it in the dish and then slice the rest paper thin (with a mandoline if possible) over the finished food right before serving.  <sep>  Q: What should I look out for when cooking with truffles? A: Black truffles do well cooked, while white truffles are usually only used shaved raw over a dish  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How should they be handled while cooking with them?
Output: Chop some of it very fine and put it in the dish and then slice the rest paper thin
CONTEXT: Without seeing the recipe and procedure, it is hard to say if the seeds are necessary, there are many recipes for Seville orange marmalade that don't call for the seeds, and some that do. There is a good chance that they aren't essential to the recipe, that being said:There is pectin in the seeds of citrus, but there is no need to grind or chop them for it to be released. Tying them in a cheesecloth bag, that would be easy to remove after cooking, would be fine. (If the recipe uses added pectin, then the seeds shouldn't be needed at all.)  <sep>  Q: Are the citrus seeds necessary when making marmalade? A: Without seeing the recipe and procedure, it is hard to say if the seeds are necessary  Q: Are the seeds necessary when making marmalade to extract pectin? A: Seville orange marmalade that don't call for the seeds, and some that do. There is a good chance that they aren't essential to the recipe  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: This recipe is with Seville oranges and low in sugar, what is the best way to keep the seeds separate?
Output: Tying them in a cheesecloth bag, that would be easy to remove after cooking, would be fine
CONTEXT: If it's cast iron, and you're really paranoid about it, just stick it in the oven, run a clean cycle, then re-season. Cast iron can withstand stupidly large amounts of heat: in traditional Chinese cookery, woks are cleaned by building a big fire, and throwing them in...When the fire burns out, you dig out your wok, re-season, and you're back in business.If it's stainless, just stick it in the dishwasher.  <sep>  Q: How can I clean my filthy cast-iron frying pan? A: If it's cast iron, and you're really paranoid about it, just stick it in the oven, run a clean cycle, then re-season  Q: Wouldn't the heat harm this cast-iron frying pan? A: Cast iron can withstand stupidly large amounts of heat: in traditional Chinese cookery, woks are cleaned by building a big fire, and throwing them in  Q: Can I re-season it? A: then re-season  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Would I clean the frying pan the same way if it were stainless steel?
Output: If it's stainless, just stick it in the dishwasher
CONTEXT: No, it won't work. Michael's comment explains why. Whipping cream is not just fat and water mixed, it is fat and water emulsified. This is a big difference. If you had some special reason to do this on a regular basis, you could get it to work by adding emulsifiers. You can beat any fat with water and lecithine or xanthan and get a creamy result. As far as I know, this is how plant based cream substitutes work. But if the issue is that you just don't have whipping cream right now at home, then it is easier to go buy whipping cream than to go find emulsifiers (I buy mine online, don't know if there are brick-and-mortar B2C stores which sell them). If for some reason you absolutely can't do it in time, I would suggest using a different filling. Pastry cream works well with millefeulle, buttercream can work too, lightened with whipped eggwhites if necessary.  <sep>  Q: Could I add butter to single cream to make whipped/double cream? A: it won't work  Q: If I added butter to single cream and whipped it, would that add enough butterfat to it to make it suitable for whipping? A: Whipping cream is not just fat and water mixed, it is fat and water emulsified  Q: What is the best way to make whipping cream from cream? A: you could get it to work by adding emulsifiers  Q: What are good emulsifiers to add to single cream, if I want to make whipping cream? A: lecithine or xanthan  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What are some sources of lecithine and xanthan?
Output: I buy mine online, don't know if there are brick-and-mortar B2C stores which sell them
CONTEXT: Scallions are very touchy. You don't want them to dry out, and yet you don't want them too wet or they will get slimy and disgusting.What works best for me is remove any binding holding them together (e.g. rubber band or twisty-tie), (and certainly trim off any parts of the scallions that are already damaged and/or slimy), don't wash until you are ready to use them, wrap the bunch of scallions loosely (but completely covered) in a paper towel, and then store that wrapped bundle in a flimsy plastic bag (maybe the one you brought them home from the supermarket in) in your refrigerator. Sounds "fussy" when you lay out all the steps like that, but really, it's not a whole lot of work. Removing the rubber band etc. prevents damage where it would cut into the veg. flesh, paper towel absorbs condensation & liquid water which will rot the scallions (paper towel will prob. become slightly damp after a while in the fridge, but this is OK), plastic bag prevents evaporation of moist air.I find this works well for lots of greens, esp. cilantro - the worst offender in the demanding vegetables category.P.S. If you aren't too squeamish, you can even remove the very outermost layer of a scallion which has begun to "slime-out", wash the remainder right before using - & it's fine!  <sep>  Q: How do I preserve scallions? A: Scallions are very touchy. You don't want them to dry out, and yet you don't want them too wet or they will get slimy and disgusting  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Is there a good way to prevent the green part from drying out?
Output: don't wash until you are ready to use them
CONTEXT: I'm an American cornbread lover living in the UK, so I have some experience with this. In the UK and commonwealth corn flour = US cornstarch, and in the UK corn meals are coarser then their US counterparts. Coarse polenta is like ball bearings, fine polenta is still too coarse for decent cornbread and fritters. You can get fine corn meal in the UK now, which is slightly finer than your average US cornmeal, but not as fine as US corn flour. So if I'm in the US using an American recipe that calls for fine corn meal I'd just use regular corn meal, if I'm in the US using a UK recipe and it calls for fine corn meal it would probably mean fine polenta, which is what you generally get in the US.  <sep>  Q: What is "fine ground cornmeal"? A: I'd just use regular corn meal, if I'm in the US  Q: What is the difference between "regular corn meal" in the US and other places? A: a UK recipe and it calls for fine corn meal it would probably mean fine polenta  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What is fine corn meal in the US?
Output: US corn flour
CONTEXT: When I am using skim powdered milk and want more fat, I just replace some of the water in the recipe with heavy cream.Your recipe doesn't have water, it already uses milk and cream. You could replace a little of the milk with cream to make up the difference.However, with all the cream and butter in that recipe, I doubt you would be able to notice the fat missing from the dry milk. I would just use your skim dry milk and not worry about it.  <sep>  Q: What is a good substitute for full cream milk powder? A: When I am using skim powdered milk and want more fat, I just replace some of the water in the recipe with heavy cream  Q: Does that give you good results? A: and not worry about it  Q: I was thinking of adding butter to the skim milk powder, would this be a good substitution? A: However, with all the cream and butter in that recipe, I doubt you would be able to notice the fat missing from the dry milk  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: What will happen if I just use the skim milk powder in this milk bread recipe?
Output: I would just use your skim dry milk and not worry about it
CONTEXT: Without forensics it's hard to tell exactly what happened.However, one possible explanation is sunlight. If the watermelon was in the sun at all, even just a little part of it, that tends to accelerate the growth of all sorts of things.Another possibility is that it was just past its date. There isn't really a way to tell if this is near or not without chemical analysis.In watermelon country (I live near an ancient greek watermelon port) watermelon is generally refrigerated. This is partially because we find it tastier when it's cold, and partially because room temperature easily goes above 30, and even above 34-5 on certain days.  <sep>  Q: What causes watermelon rind to rot? A: Without forensics it's hard to tell exactly what happened.However, one possible explanation is sunlight  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: How should I best store the watermelon so that it doesn't rot?
Output: In watermelon country (I live near an ancient greek watermelon port) watermelon is generally refrigerated
CONTEXT: I make split pea soup (with a hambone, which is an unavoidable source of salt - I don't add any extra salt until the very end) pretty regularly. I don't soak the peas. It takes more like 3 or 4 hours for the peas to dissolve. It's not a gradual process either - for ages and ages there are little peas floating in broth, and you can eat one and it's soft, but they don't lose their shape, and then the next time you stop by the stove, it's a uniform puree without having done anything. Just keep simmering, is my advice.  <sep>  Q: How do I get the peas to dissolve and make a thick broth for split pea soup? A: Just keep simmering, is my advice  Q: How long should I need to simmer the soup? A: It takes more like 3 or 4 hours for the peas to dissolve  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: So if I only simmered for one hour that's not long enough?
Output: ages and ages
CONTEXT: Yes, you can entirely replace water with milk. The main thing to be aware of is how prone it is to boiling over. Milk will eagerly do that on its own, and starchy water will too, so the combination has to be cooked on very low heat to avoid making a huge mess. (I think this is why the original recipe starts with water: less time with potential for boiling over, and more stable temperature when you add the milk.) You'll also probably want to be more careful about stirring the first time; if the heat is a little higher than you realize, you will start accumulating a layer on the bottom of the pan.If you want them to cook faster and have less potential boiling over to worry about, you can always presoak in milk beforehand. I've done this overnight in the fridge, which was enough to let me make (admittedly slightly chewy) steel-cut oats in the microwave the next morning.  <sep>  Q: Steel Cut Oats: cooking in milk vs. water###Most of the recipes I've seen (including Good Eats) recommend simmering the oats in 4 cups of liquid for 1 cup of oats. Alton Brown recommends 3 cups of water for ~25 mins and then (1/2 cup of milk + 1/2 cup of buttermilk) for ~10 mins.###However, I would like to do away with water entirely (just curious). Could I just simmer 1 cup of oats in 4 cups of milk for ~40mins? A: you can entirely replace water with milk. The main thing to be aware of is how prone it is to boiling over. Milk will eagerly do that on its own  Q: is the first ~25mins of simmering in water designed to maximize water absorption? A: the combination has to be cooked on very low heat to avoid making a huge mess. (I think this is why the original recipe starts with water: less time with potential for boiling over  Q: Also, if anyone has cooked oats mostly in milk before, I'd like to hear their opinion as well###Thank you A: If you want them to cook faster and have less potential boiling over to worry about, you can always presoak in milk beforehand  Q: That sounds helpful. Thanks for the tip A: I've done this overnight in the fridge, which was enough to let me make (admittedly slightly chewy) steel-cut oats in the microwave the next morning  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Okay. Anything else that I should know
Output: You'll also probably want to be more careful about stirring the first time; if the heat is a little higher than you realize, you will start accumulating a layer on the bottom of the pan
CONTEXT: Definitely egg white seepage, by the looks of the shape of it you've either over whipped the egg whites OR let them sit for too long before cooking which meant they spilt slightly before going in the oven.Another possibility is the oven wasn't hot enough to begin with OR the environment (kitchen) was too warm. When ever I've cooked meringue I've had the oven on 180 for 10min then turned it off and left the meringue in undisturbed over night. Never had any issue's that way. The only time I've had seepage is when I've beaten my eggs then got disturbed by a check coming on and having to leave the whites for 5-10min before shaping and cooking...  <sep>  Q: What's this odd stuff coming out of my meringue? A: Definitely egg white seepage  Q: What would cause it? A: you've either over whipped the egg whites OR let them sit for too long before cooking which meant they spilt slightly before going in the oven  Q: but I also added some vanilla, probably a bit extra sugar, and baked them at 185 instead of 200 with the door open. A: When ever I've cooked meringue I've had the oven on 180 for 10min then turned it off and left the meringue in undisturbed over night  <sep> FOLLOWUP_Q: Do you have any other tips?
Output: Another possibility is the oven wasn't hot enough to begin with OR the environment (kitchen) was too warm