niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
CONTEXT: A quick and dirty way of achieving this is to microwave them for a bit. Microwave oven powers vary, so try 10 seconds first and add time as necessary. You'll find the right time for the right amount to bring your chips to nearly what they were prior to sitting out.  <sep>  Q: Can I make my chips crunchy again after they have gone soggy? A: eco  Q: For how long does it need to use in the Microwave? A: try 10 seconds first and add time as necessary 
Output: How do I keep it from getting soggy in the first place?
CONTEXT: The enamel is brittle, especially when scratched. cast iron is often cheaper. They clean differently: stainless is initially a little harder to clean, but polishes with use making cleaning easier. Food initially sticks less to enamel, but scratches and cracks change this. using steel wool to clean stainless improves the finish, using it to clean enamel scratches the finish. If you are gentle with enamel it should last decades,stainless will survive children beating on it with almost anything, and can be passed to your grandchildren. thinner metal will heat quicker and cool quicker, but will develop hot spots. Thicker metal will heat more evenly, but heats and cools slower.  <sep>  Q: I'd like to buy myself the best roasting pan and I'm stuck on whether to get an Enameled Cast Iron or a thicker Stainless Steel/tri-ply type pan. I'm looking for the pro/cons of each, and any personal experience with either variety. A: The enamel is brittle, especially when scratched. cast iron is often cheaper. They clean differently: stainless is initially a little harder to clean, but polishes with use making cleaning easier 
Output: Is either one better at creating a fond, making gravy, or cooking down veggies/onions?
CONTEXT: The proteins in a fresh egg are too viscous, even when thoroughly beaten, to wash a baked good.The water thins the proteins so you get a nice glaze instead of a layer of scrambled egg.Older eggs have sometimes degraded enough that they don't need the water but it is easier to always add water than to make a subjective judgement on the state of your egg proteins.  <sep>  Q: What's the purpose of adding water to an egg wash? A: The water thins the proteins so you get a nice glaze instead of a layer of scrambled egg 
Output: Many recipes I've seen call for beating a tablespoon###or so of water in with the egg for an egg wash.###What is the effect of adding the water to the egg wash when baking?
CONTEXT: Personally the only way I've ever achieved a good suspension of vanilla in my BrÃ»lÃ©e's is by cooking the custard over a bain-marie until thick and... custard like. Once it's nice and thick I'll then pour it into my molds and then bake them for 10-15 min at around 110Â°c just to finish off. Be very careful not to over cook them the last thing you want, after all that stirring over the bain-marie, is curdled eggs. The extra thickness of your custard helps stop the vanilla seeds sinking to the bottom. However, you will still get a little sink-age.The trick for Pannacotta, is to stir them as they begin to set. Or to whip them after they have set and then stick them back in their molds and chill again. This also helps make your Pannacotta lighter and aerated.  <sep>  Q: Is there a way to forestall vanilla bean marrow falling to bottom of crÃ¨me? A: Personally the only way I've ever achieved a good suspension of vanilla in my BrÃ»lÃ©e's is by cooking the custard over a bain-marie until thick and... custard like 
Output: Do they fall to the bottom once in the oven?
CONTEXT: Baking turns bicarbonate of soda into a weak form of lye - sodium carbonate, as you said. It basically makes it a stronger alkali. The actual baking process is safe, but the resulting lye is an irritant and you should avoid getting in on your skin, and definitely avoid it getting it in your eyes.The difference in texture and colour is noticeable after baking. The texture will be finer, and it will be whiter.  <sep>  Q: Why should I bake baking soda for making ramen noodles? A: The texture will be finer, and it will be whiter 
Output: Has any company written any articles on baking baking soda?
CONTEXT: Red lentils have no skin and are thus more absorbent. They literally sucked up the wee bit of water clinging to them along with their neighbors. Surface tension of the water couldn't be broken by the light-weight pulses. When crumbled apart, the brick doesn't feel pasty, no? Next time maybe pour lentils into water; either way, no harm to finished dish.  <sep>  Q: What made these red lentils 'brick' together? A: Red lentils have no skin and are thus more absorbent. They literally sucked up the wee bit of water clinging to them along with their neighbors 
Output: How can I clean the pan?
CONTEXT: Red lentils have no skin and are thus more absorbent. They literally sucked up the wee bit of water clinging to them along with their neighbors. Surface tension of the water couldn't be broken by the light-weight pulses. When crumbled apart, the brick doesn't feel pasty, no? Next time maybe pour lentils into water; either way, no harm to finished dish.  <sep>  Q: What made these red lentils 'brick' together? A: Red lentils have no skin and are thus more absorbent. They literally sucked up the wee bit of water clinging to them along with their neighbors  Q: Should the be washed first? A: Next time maybe pour lentils into water; either way, no harm to finished dish  Q: How can I prevent this from happening in the future? A: Next time maybe pour lentils into water 
Output: Once I poured the water in they started to stick together, should I use hot or cold water?
CONTEXT: Red lentils have no skin and are thus more absorbent. They literally sucked up the wee bit of water clinging to them along with their neighbors. Surface tension of the water couldn't be broken by the light-weight pulses. When crumbled apart, the brick doesn't feel pasty, no? Next time maybe pour lentils into water; either way, no harm to finished dish.  <sep>  Q: What made these red lentils 'brick' together? A: Red lentils have no skin and are thus more absorbent 
Output: What happened to the red lentils when water is poured on them?
CONTEXT: Deep dish modifications successful. I ended up cooking in my 10" cast iron skillet at 475 for 20 minutes directly on my preheated pizza stone.On top of this I followed @derobert's advice and sweat the ever loving crap out of my diced tomatoes. Was able to extract a full cup of liquid out of them AFTER draining for an hour.The crust came out golden brown from edge to edge and all along the bottom and the exposed upper rim. There was no pool of liquid pouring through during cutting either. Was great last night and was great today for lunch.  <sep>  Q: How do I ensure my deep dish crust gets cooked? A: I ended up cooking in my 10" cast iron skillet at 475 for 20 minutes directly on my preheated pizza stone 
Output: What can I do to prevent having a soggy crust?
CONTEXT: Bananas are imported unripe and then ripened in the country of sale. This ripening is achieved by forcing ethylene gas through the bananas in special pressurised rooms.Bananas naturally produce ethylene as they ripen, so you could just put them in a sealable plastic bag to contain that gas. Tomatoes also produce ethylene, so you could pop a couple of those in as well, but be aware that they'll also ripen faster too.  <sep>  Q: How can I speed up banana ripening?### A: Bananas naturally produce ethylene as they ripen, so you could just put them in a sealable plastic bag to contain that gas 
Output: How long should I leave them?
CONTEXT: You might try reducing the cooking heat a little, say on medium heat. That way, the middle will finish cooking without the outside being overcooked. And usually when you flip a pancake it should be almost entirely cooked through anyway. You want to flip when the bubbles are pretty set on the top.  <sep>  Q: How to ensure that the Pancakes get cooked evenly? A: You might try reducing the cooking heat a little, say on medium heat  Q: About how long should I wait before flipping? A: You want to flip when the bubbles are pretty set on the top 
Output: Is there a certain temperature to cook at?
CONTEXT: You might try reducing the cooking heat a little, say on medium heat. That way, the middle will finish cooking without the outside being overcooked. And usually when you flip a pancake it should be almost entirely cooked through anyway. You want to flip when the bubbles are pretty set on the top.  <sep>  Q: How to ensure that the Pancakes get cooked evenly? A: You might try reducing the cooking heat a little, say on medium heat. That way, the middle will finish cooking without the outside being overcooked  Q: The last time I made pancakes, while they were nicely cooked on the outside,###they were still a bit "battery" in the middle. A: when you flip a pancake it should be almost entirely cooked through  Q: But do you has a simple solution to try? A: You want to flip when the bubbles are pretty set on the top 
Output: Yes. i want to flip
CONTEXT: The key difference from my perspective is cleaning. Silicone is the easiest material in my kitchen to scrub clean, with the possible exception of stainless steel. Cloth is very far down the list.Also, depending on the texture of the cloth, more food will almost certainly stick to the cloth, unless it's sealed with something, in which case what is it sealed with? And how is it sealing the fiberglass in?I use the kind with a thin grid of fibers inside the silicone. It adds more stability and lets the overall thickness be thinner for better heat transmission, compared to a plain silicone silpat. As long as I don't use it as a cutting board, the fiberglass stays safely inside. It does add a very slight grid texture to the bottom of loaves, but it's barely noticeable and doesn't look bad at all.The pyramid kind, which would reduce food contact and increase drainage and airflow, sounds like it would be good for specific applications, but not something I'd make a batch of cookies on.  <sep>  Q: What are some differences between cloth, fiberglass and silicone baking mats? A: The key difference from my perspective is cleaning. Silicone is the easiest material in my kitchen to scrub clean, with the possible exception of stainless steel. Cloth is very far down the list 
Output: What are some characteristics of the fiberglass baking mat?
CONTEXT: The key difference from my perspective is cleaning. Silicone is the easiest material in my kitchen to scrub clean, with the possible exception of stainless steel. Cloth is very far down the list.Also, depending on the texture of the cloth, more food will almost certainly stick to the cloth, unless it's sealed with something, in which case what is it sealed with? And how is it sealing the fiberglass in?I use the kind with a thin grid of fibers inside the silicone. It adds more stability and lets the overall thickness be thinner for better heat transmission, compared to a plain silicone silpat. As long as I don't use it as a cutting board, the fiberglass stays safely inside. It does add a very slight grid texture to the bottom of loaves, but it's barely noticeable and doesn't look bad at all.The pyramid kind, which would reduce food contact and increase drainage and airflow, sounds like it would be good for specific applications, but not something I'd make a batch of cookies on.  <sep>  Q: What are the differences between cloth, fiberglass and silicone baking mats? A: Silicone is the easiest material in my kitchen to scrub clean, with the possible exception of stainless steel. Cloth is very far down the list 
Output: What would you use the cloth one for?
CONTEXT: Wooden blocks are ideal for knife storage because they keep the blades dry (the wood absorbs some of the humidity in the air), preventing rusting. The motion of inserting and withdrawing blades over wood will not noticeably dull them, because you're not actually cutting the wood or indeed even applying any pressure as you do so.A good tip is to use a good quality steel to sharpen your knives with just one or two passes on each side before each use. Wash them with hot water by hand, avoiding dishwashers unless you like replacing your knives annually, then return them to the block once they're fully dried.  <sep>  Q: Does putting knives in a wooden block blade down wear out the blade? A: The motion of inserting and withdrawing blades over wood will not noticeably dull them, because you're not actually cutting the wood or indeed even applying any pressure as you do so 
Output: But I know that when I whittle, cutting the wood wears the blade of a knife down very, very quickly...I wonder why this is different?
CONTEXT: Most turkeys sold in the United States for Thanksgiving are frozen. It simply is not feasible for meat processors to process the huge spike in turkeys for the holiday and provide everyone a fresh turkey. Expect to pay a premium for a fresh turkey over a frozen one. If you buy a frozen turkey, from a quality standpoint it does not matter whether you buy a turkey a month out from Thanksgiving (now) or wait to buy the turkey later. You will basically get the same product.  <sep>  Q: When's the best time to buy a Thanksgiving turkey? A: If you buy a frozen turkey, from a quality standpoint it does not matter whether you buy a turkey a month out from Thanksgiving (now) or wait to buy the turkey later 
Output: Should I worry about it getting frostburn in the intervening month?
CONTEXT: Most turkeys sold in the United States for Thanksgiving are frozen. It simply is not feasible for meat processors to process the huge spike in turkeys for the holiday and provide everyone a fresh turkey. Expect to pay a premium for a fresh turkey over a frozen one. If you buy a frozen turkey, from a quality standpoint it does not matter whether you buy a turkey a month out from Thanksgiving (now) or wait to buy the turkey later. You will basically get the same product.  <sep>  Q: When's the best time to buy a Thanksgiving turkey? A: If you buy a frozen turkey, from a quality standpoint it does not matter whether you buy a turkey a month out from Thanksgiving (now) or wait to buy the turkey later  Q: It won't get frostbitten if it is in the freezer for over a month? A: Most turkeys sold in the United States for Thanksgiving are frozen. It simply is not feasible for meat processors to process the huge spike in turkeys for the holiday 
Output: What if I wanted a fresh turkey, when is the best time to purchase one of them?
CONTEXT: It is true, in my experience. However, if your recipe does not require salt, you should not be adding it, of course. Removing moisture from onion with the aid of salt helps it reach its desired state (brown or translucent, as desired) faster.I am most familiar with the use of onion in Indian cooking. I generally add a pinch or two of salt to onion when I start sauteing it. Onion starts sweating as soon as you add salt and start stirring. The reason that salt draws out moisture from onion is osmotic pressure. The surface of the onion acts as a semipermeable membrane barrier. Since the solution outside the onion is more concentrated with respect to salt, water moves out of the onion to the general liquid side, to balance the osmotic pressure on either side of the onion surface.  <sep>  Q: Is there any advantage to adding salt to onion while frying? A: Removing moisture from onion with the aid of salt helps it reach its desired state (brown or translucent, as desired) faster  Q: What is the right about of salt to add? A: I generally add a pinch or two of salt to onion when I start sauteing it  Q: Why is removing moisture from onion important? A: Removing moisture from onion with the aid of salt helps it reach its desired state (brown or translucent, as desired) faster 
Output: What do you mean by translucent?
CONTEXT: It is true, in my experience. However, if your recipe does not require salt, you should not be adding it, of course. Removing moisture from onion with the aid of salt helps it reach its desired state (brown or translucent, as desired) faster.I am most familiar with the use of onion in Indian cooking. I generally add a pinch or two of salt to onion when I start sauteing it. Onion starts sweating as soon as you add salt and start stirring. The reason that salt draws out moisture from onion is osmotic pressure. The surface of the onion acts as a semipermeable membrane barrier. Since the solution outside the onion is more concentrated with respect to salt, water moves out of the onion to the general liquid side, to balance the osmotic pressure on either side of the onion surface.  <sep>  Q: Is there any advantage to adding salt to onion while frying? A: Removing moisture from onion with the aid of salt helps it reach its desired state (brown or translucent, as desired) faster  Q: Why is removing moisture from onion important, for texture? A: helps it reach its desired state (brown or translucent, as desired) faster  Q: So, timing - Is there any advantage to adding salt to onion while frying itself rather than adding it the last? A: Onion starts sweating as soon as you add salt and start stirring 
Output: My friends say the salt removes moisture from onion, and that's best, although can you think of different methods for the same effect?
CONTEXT: Chocolate and cocoa powder are two different thingsFor drinks go with cocoa powder (Dutch process). Emulsifying the fat in chocolate is pointless and not particularly tasty. Chocolate is about 40% to 60% fat, cocoa powder is 10% to 20% fatFor the chocolate milk taste you generally want the milk fat favours, not the cocoa fatIf your cocoa powder is not bright enough, adding a little coffee will help, as will a little more roasting of the cocoa powder, but be careful, it burns quickly. I think many commercial chocolate milks use a little salt (Sodium or Ammonium) as a brightener**In some countries you can buy "extra" or "premium dutch process" cocoa powder, it is very dark in colour, and has a lot more of that dark chocolate style flavour** The "that tastes nice and different" reaction  <sep>  Q: Any suggestions for making belgian chocolate milk? A: In some countries you can buy "extra" or "premium dutch process" cocoa powder, it is very dark in colour, and has a lot more of that dark chocolate style flavour  Q: Should I go for 6% or so fat content, or should I go with whole fat milk and a little cream? A: For drinks go with cocoa powder (Dutch process). Emulsifying the fat in chocolate is pointless and not particularly tasty. Chocolate is about 40% to 60% fat, cocoa powder is 10% to 20% fat  Q: Are there any ways besides espresso powder to enhance the chocolate flavor in my drink? A: I think many commercial chocolate milks use a little salt (Sodium or Ammonium) as a brightener 
Output: Are cane sugar and honey the best way of giving the chocolate a caramely flavor?
CONTEXT: As already mentioned in comments above, this is quite a complex mixture with equally complex set of properties to balance. However, if you are just looking at it as a simple binary system with water as the solvent and various sugars as solutes, one at a time, then there is a very simple answer (not necessarily useful alone).For dilute solutions, freezing point depression is primarily driven by the solvent and not so much the solute, and the relationship is linear. For sugars, Freezing Point Depression (Â°C) = 1.86 * MM is mass/molecular-mass of whichever sugar you use in 1000ml of water. For your example of 10g of sucrose in 100ml water, M is 0.29 and your freezing point is minus 0.5C.For disaccharides like sucrose and lactose, they have identical molecular mass of 342. For simple sugars like glucose and fructose (dextrose is just d-glucose), it is 180. For inverted syrup, you have a mixture. For polyalcohols, you can look up their masses easily.I would still advise against using this sort of tool alone for icecream making.Separately, sweetness is less about just dry mass but molar concentration, which is why inverted syrup is sweeter than sucrose, 1 unit of sucrose in the same amount of water is less sweet than if it was broken into their constituent mono-saccharide glucose and fructose; instead of 1 unit of sucrose, you have 1 unit of glucose and 1 unit of fructose, double the concentration.  <sep>  Q: what impact does a sugar have on ice cream? A: if you are just looking at it as a simple binary system with water as the solvent and various sugars as solutes, one at a time, then there is a very simple answer (not necessarily useful alone  Q: does the type of sugar influence on the freezing point of the mixture? A: For dilute solutions, freezing point depression is primarily driven by the solvent and not so much the solute, and the relationship is linear. For sugars  Q: I am really interested in theoretical fundamentals of ice cream making what is a tip you can give me? A: sweetness is less about just dry mass but molar concentration, which is why inverted syrup is sweeter than sucrose 
Output: what influences the texture the most?
CONTEXT: I don't think you can any better than light brown soft sugar!It has a similar taste, similar moisture content (though palm sugar varies hugely in moisture content from a thick honey texture to a solid block), similar color and caramelizes in a similar way.An ever closer option is jaggery, which is almost identical to palm sugar, just made from sugar cane rather than palms. It is probably more difficult to get hold of though, and the difference is rarely noticeable in a finished dish, so I would say light brown sugar is your best option  <sep>  Q: What can I substitute for palm sugar? A: I don't think you can any better than light brown soft sugar 
Output: Would I use equal parts of brown sugar for palm sugar?
CONTEXT: I don't think you can any better than light brown soft sugar!It has a similar taste, similar moisture content (though palm sugar varies hugely in moisture content from a thick honey texture to a solid block), similar color and caramelizes in a similar way.An ever closer option is jaggery, which is almost identical to palm sugar, just made from sugar cane rather than palms. It is probably more difficult to get hold of though, and the difference is rarely noticeable in a finished dish, so I would say light brown sugar is your best option  <sep>  Q: Substitute for Palm Sugar###What is typically the best substitute for palm sugar?###I've been getting away with brown sugar or molasses if I really have no time to get the actually stuff. Honey, granulated sugar, maple syrup are others I've tried but they don't seem as effective as the main two I use. A: An ever closer option is jaggery, which is almost identical to palm sugar  Q: oh that sounds good A: te 
Output: any other suggestions for me?
CONTEXT: A vegan is not going to eat your pan, just the food that was made on it. As no animals were harmed in the making of your pan (well, probably but how would you know) the pan itself wouldn't be an issue. Of course if a tiny bit of pan seasoning could go into the food, however anything else used in the preparation of the meal like cutting boards could cause a small amount of meat product to go into the food as well. Your kitchen is not vegan, and if a vegan has a problem with that they should not come over for a meal. I'd be extremely surprised if the subject of your pots and pans came up to be honest, vegans I know appreciate people going to the effort of making a vegan meal for them.  <sep>  Q: Is cast iron skillet suitable for vegans? A: A vegan is not going to eat your pan, just the food that was made on it  Q: But if the pan had been seasoned with lard wouldn't it go against a vegan code of ethics to eat food prepared in that pan? A: Your kitchen is not vegan, and if a vegan has a problem with that they should not come over for a meal  Q: Is it ok to trick your vegan friends? A: As no animals were harmed in the making of your pan (well, probably but how would you know) the pan itself wouldn't be an issue  Q: Whether they know what you did or not, don't you run the risk of being a horrible person for serving them something you know was seasoned with dead animal? A: Of course if a tiny bit of pan seasoning could go into the food 
Output: Wouldn't it just be easier to find another pan?
CONTEXT: Fat doesn't spoil like other foods. No bacteria can live in fat. Going rancid is a chemical reaction in which the fat molecules break down. So "leaving out" is not a problem. The major factors in going rancid are light and air. The more light hits your fat, the sooner it goes rancid. Also, rancidity occurs when the fat is oxidized, meaning that if you prevent contact with air, your fat will last longer. Both factors are minimized by transferring the fat to a tightly closed opaque container. With liquid oils, you use a dark colored bottle. As bottles are impractical for solid fat, just strain your grease into a jar, close it, and put it in a cupboard. The shelf life should be many months, probably more than a year. Also, don't worry that you can get something nasty when the grease goes bad unnoticed. Rancid fat isn't a big safety risk, and ingesting it in small amounts is not problematic. If it stinks, throw it out. Before that, there is no problem eating it. The above assumes pure, well-strained fat. Pieces of fried meat left over in the fat are a safety risk, even tiny ones.  <sep>  Q: How long does grease take to go bad/rancid when sitting out? A: The shelf life should be many months, probably more than a year  Q: is that true for all types of grease? for example is it different for bacon grease versus ground beef grease? A: The above assumes pure, well-strained fat. Pieces of fried meat left over in the fat are a safety risk, even tiny ones 
Output: So, it is the meat particles in the fat that can make it go rancid not the actual fat itself, should I sieve it before storing it?
CONTEXT: Basically, a good stock is fairly concentrated. In general, home cooks use too high a water to bones/veg ratio for a proper result. So, when you leave your stock uncovered you are concentrating everything and, perhaps, getting a good result...at least one you like. However, this is difficult to tell without knowing your recipe. With respect to adding water back later, it is not an uncommon practice to reduce a well-made stock further, by half or more, simply for storage purposes. Then when ready to use, water is added to bring it back to the original strength.  <sep>  Q: Should I reduce my stock and then add water? A: Basically, a good stock is fairly concentrated  Q: What would happen if I add the water and then reduce? A: With respect to adding water back later, it is not an uncommon practice to reduce a well-made stock further, by half or more, simply for storage purposes  Q: How do I get more stock during reduction because I'm usually left with very little? A: Then when ready to use, water is added to bring it back to the original strength  Q: How do I know how strong it is or how strong to make it? A: Basically, a good stock is fairly concentrated 
Output: Is the stock suppose to gel?
CONTEXT: Basically, a good stock is fairly concentrated. In general, home cooks use too high a water to bones/veg ratio for a proper result. So, when you leave your stock uncovered you are concentrating everything and, perhaps, getting a good result...at least one you like. However, this is difficult to tell without knowing your recipe. With respect to adding water back later, it is not an uncommon practice to reduce a well-made stock further, by half or more, simply for storage purposes. Then when ready to use, water is added to bring it back to the original strength.  <sep>  Q: Should I reduce stock and then add water? A: it is not an uncommon practice to reduce a well-made stock further, by half or more, simply for storage purposes. Then when ready to use, water is added to bring it back to the original strength  Q: Does that effect the flavor? A: a good stock is fairly concentrated 
Output: Is there another way to make stock?
CONTEXT: Our brains are wired to consider food more palatable if the dedicated taste receptors (one of the six basic tastes) for salt are triggered. And in a non-urban world, salt/sodium is a valuable nutrient; the fact we might have it too readily available in the developed world doesn't change that we would DIE on a zero-sodium diet (mind that animal products like meat aren't zero-sodium, and that herbivores tend to love licking salt where they find it!). So our brains have a good evolutionary reason to like salt.Also, salt actively interferes (negatively) with another basic taste receptor - the receptor for bitterness (which can mean poison both in nature and in the developed world, or at least something we have no use for, eg an alkali). Most aromatic food (think green vegetables or spices) is bitter, and salt both attenuates that perception and balances it making the combined food still desirable for our brain. You end up with an even more palatable food since you can use an aromatic (desirable) and shut out the bitterness (not always desirable) response.Umami is a different basic taste, probably related to the presence of protein (glutamate, inosinate, guanylate... trigger it - these are amino acids or salts thereof, and an indicator of easily-digestible protein presence).  <sep>  Q: Why does salt enhance the flavor of food? A: Our brains are wired to consider food more palatable if the dedicated taste receptors (one of the six basic tastes) for salt are triggered  Q: What else does salt do? A: in a non-urban world, salt/sodium is a valuable nutrient  Q: Does salt affect taste? A: herbivores tend to love licking salt where they find it 
Output: Does salt affect umami?
CONTEXT: Our brains are wired to consider food more palatable if the dedicated taste receptors (one of the six basic tastes) for salt are triggered. And in a non-urban world, salt/sodium is a valuable nutrient; the fact we might have it too readily available in the developed world doesn't change that we would DIE on a zero-sodium diet (mind that animal products like meat aren't zero-sodium, and that herbivores tend to love licking salt where they find it!). So our brains have a good evolutionary reason to like salt.Also, salt actively interferes (negatively) with another basic taste receptor - the receptor for bitterness (which can mean poison both in nature and in the developed world, or at least something we have no use for, eg an alkali). Most aromatic food (think green vegetables or spices) is bitter, and salt both attenuates that perception and balances it making the combined food still desirable for our brain. You end up with an even more palatable food since you can use an aromatic (desirable) and shut out the bitterness (not always desirable) response.Umami is a different basic taste, probably related to the presence of protein (glutamate, inosinate, guanylate... trigger it - these are amino acids or salts thereof, and an indicator of easily-digestible protein presence).  <sep>  Q: Why does salt enhance the flavor of food? A: Our brains are wired to consider food more palatable if the dedicated taste receptors (one of the six basic tastes) for salt are triggered  Q: Is salt related to umami? A: Umami is a different basic taste, probably related to the presence of protein 
Output: Are there compounds similar to salt that enhance flavor?
CONTEXT: Thanks for adding the photo, Ford, as I think I know what it is. Although your photo is nicely focused, it's not the real thing so I can't be 100% sure. It looks to be the built up bits of grease and other residues from the bottom of your cooking pans that have accumulated over the 5 years. Not saying you slopped lots but the smallest amounts of spatter from cooking will add up. I moved 6 months ago into a place with a new stove and I've done my best not to spill food and to always wipe up right away but I've noticed the burners getting marked. It doesn't wash off either. Do you find the elements you cook on the most are more marked?But to answer your original question whether the scratches affect the burners' performance, the answer is no. All they need to be able to do is heat up and even a knick in the metal wouldn't stop it from heating.  <sep>  Q: Do scratches on electric range burner elements affect its performance or function? A: the answer is no 
Output: Is there a way to replace the coating on the heating elements?
CONTEXT: Overly sour yogurt is a sign of inconsistent inoculationCheck the type of culture you are using, and ensure you are keeping the yogurt above 37C for more than six hours. The yogurt should finish as a solid lump that resists pouring, not a thick liquid, or a lumpy pastePouring off the whey and straining the yogurt makes it more creamy and taste sweeterThickeners are not required, just complete inoculationFor sweet yogurt dishes I mostly use sour berries (blackberry, raspberry etc) so it is expected to be somewhat sour anyway  <sep>  Q: How do I reduce the natural sourness of homemade frozen yogurt? A: Overly sour yogurt is a sign of inconsistent inoculation 
Output: So I am not heating it long enough then. If I do that will that affect how well it sets?
CONTEXT: Overly sour yogurt is a sign of inconsistent inoculationCheck the type of culture you are using, and ensure you are keeping the yogurt above 37C for more than six hours. The yogurt should finish as a solid lump that resists pouring, not a thick liquid, or a lumpy pastePouring off the whey and straining the yogurt makes it more creamy and taste sweeterThickeners are not required, just complete inoculationFor sweet yogurt dishes I mostly use sour berries (blackberry, raspberry etc) so it is expected to be somewhat sour anyway  <sep>  Q: How to reduce the natural sourness of homemade frozen yogurt? A: Pouring off the whey and straining the yogurt makes it more creamy and taste sweeter  Q: Do I need to cook it to separate the whey out or just leave it to drain for a certain amount of time? A: Check the type of culture you are using, and ensure you are keeping the yogurt above 37C for more than six hours 
Output: So do I cook it on the stove for that amount of time or leave in a warm oven?
CONTEXT: The recipe calls for ground almonds. This can be done in a food processor. You may wish to remove the almonds' skins beforehand, and you also may wish to toast them. Both of those are very common, even though neither is essential. With this particular recipe, I'd be inclined to toast them but leave the skins on. Once you've made those decisions, measure out the sugar called for in the recipe. Set it aside. Then place the almonds in the processor and add two or three heaping tablespoons of the measured sugar. Pulse until you reach a grind that resembles a meal, or very course flour. The finer you grind the almonds, the more carefully you must watch them. Eventually, the almonds will begin to turn to a paste. The sugar is helping to prevent it, and that's helping you to get a finer grind. However, overprocess and the almonds will turn to paste. If you're carefully watching for it, though, you'll see it begin to happen before it goes too far.  <sep>  Q: How do I grind almonds for making marzipan? A: This can be done in a food processor  Q: How fine should they be ground? A: Pulse until you reach a grind that resembles a meal, or very course flour 
Output: Can I use a coffee grinder to grind them?
CONTEXT: Alton Brown recommends brining pork chops in a salt water solution in one of his Good Eats episodes. I have been brining them before I cook them ever since I saw that and think it makes them juicier.I brine them for a couple hours at most and then just cook them. Never tried the drying in the refrigerator.  <sep>  Q: I want to prepare pork chops by salting them, putting them in a brine, and drying them, but how should I go about this? A: Alton Brown recommends brining pork chops in a salt water solution in one of his Good Eats episodes  Q: Do I still have to cook the meat after all that, or is it ready to eat? A: I have been brining them before I cook them ever since I saw that and think it makes them juicier  Q: Will the brine and/or salt cause issues of bone rot? A: I have been brining them before I cook them ever since I saw that and think it makes them juicier 
Output: How much salt should I add to make the saltwater brine?
CONTEXT: Alton Brown recommends brining pork chops in a salt water solution in one of his Good Eats episodes. I have been brining them before I cook them ever since I saw that and think it makes them juicier.I brine them for a couple hours at most and then just cook them. Never tried the drying in the refrigerator.  <sep>  Q: How do i make Salting Pork Chops? A: Alton Brown recommends brining pork chops in a salt water solution in one of his Good Eats episodes 
Output: How much salt do you think in recommended?
CONTEXT: There is a significant difference in how the two operate.Turkish coffee works by heating the water to a boil, with no added pressure. The coffee, with gronds, is then transferred into a cup to seethe, before drinking.In a mocha pot, pressure will typically rise to as much as 1.5 bar, and the resulting liquid is free of grounds.Given the radically different extraction methods, the end result of the two are likely to be radically different. My experience, taken from memory, follows:Turkish coffee goes through a sequence of mouth feels, from completely clear, to grainy, almost muddy, with coffee grounds. This also affects the flavour of the coffee. At the beginning, it is much like a strong filter brew, but tends to get bitter towards the end of the cup, which is also, in part, why it is traditionally served in very small cups. In addition, it is often spiced with cardamom, and often sweetened with sugar.Coffee from a mocha pot has a consistent mouth feel all the way through the cup, as the grounds are left in the pot. Due to the pressurised extraction, the flavour notes are closer to an espresso than filter coffee.  <sep>  Q: Is there a significant difference between Turkish coffee and Moka pot coffee? A: Given the radically different extraction methods, the end result of the two are likely to be radically different  Q: Since the Turkish coffee and the Moka pot both work by boiling/steaming the coffee, so assuming they are from the same bean, is there a significant difference between the two? A: Coffee from a mocha pot has a consistent mouth feel all the way through the cup, as the grounds are left in the pot 
Output: How else would you described the difference between the two?
CONTEXT: We have a convection oven and almost always use it. I can't remember the last time we didn't use convection. Our model automatically decreases the temperature, so if you set it for 300, then it will heat to 275. Not sure if that is a magic 25 degree number, but it seems to work. Almost all recipes cook time wise as they would with a non-convection oven. Our also has a single and multi-rack mode, and it circulates the air differently in that case. We have NEVER had any problems with the food drying out more with the air circulation as they say that is a common negative.I am sure the effectiveness varies oven to oven, but in our case, we always use it (except for broiling of course).  <sep>  Q: When should I use convection when baking? A: in our case, we always use it (except for broiling of course 
Output: When is it better to broil?
CONTEXT: We have a convection oven and almost always use it. I can't remember the last time we didn't use convection. Our model automatically decreases the temperature, so if you set it for 300, then it will heat to 275. Not sure if that is a magic 25 degree number, but it seems to work. Almost all recipes cook time wise as they would with a non-convection oven. Our also has a single and multi-rack mode, and it circulates the air differently in that case. We have NEVER had any problems with the food drying out more with the air circulation as they say that is a common negative.I am sure the effectiveness varies oven to oven, but in our case, we always use it (except for broiling of course).  <sep>  Q: When should I use convection when baking? A: We have a convection oven and almost always use it. I can't remember the last time we didn't use convection  Q: what are some benefits? A: Our model automatically decreases the temperature, so if you set it for 300, then it will heat to 275. Not sure if that is a magic 25 degree number, but it seems to work  Q: which circumstances are better for convection, and which are better for regular bake/broil? A: Almost all recipes cook time wise as they would with a non-convection oven 
Output: what does convection mean?
CONTEXT: You cannot keep the texture if you are using that much sugar.  Two tablespoons of sugar per cup of flour is the maximum that you can add without major gluten damage. [...] Too much sugar is also damaging to the yeast. (quotation from Cookwise by S. Corriher). She goes on to explain that certain kinds of bread are made with more sweetness (including the Portuguese sweet bread rfusca mentioned), but they use a combination of many different sugars and malts. It is possible that your bread may become edible texture wise if you cut the amount of total sugar by half and then experiment for a few dozens of batches with different classes of sugar to get a workable texture. But I doubt that it will be worth it. When you bake, don't think of sugar as a sweetener. Baking recipes are always calculated such that the sugar amount is right for the correct texture, not for sweetness. If you want sweet bread, use an existing recipe for a brioche style bread, which is somewhat sweetened. Or if you want it extra sweet, use a recipe for very sweet bread, but be prepared for it to handle a bit weirdly during kneading and to end up with a cakelike texture. But if your brother wants to eat something very sweet, don't bake a bread, bake a cake.  <sep>  Q: Why is my bread dough sticky? A: Too much sugar is also damaging to the yeast  Q: The bread lost its crispiness, what can i do to solve the problem? A: It is possible that your bread may become edible texture wise if you cut the amount of total sugar by half an 
Output: Will adding too much flour effect how the bread turns out?
CONTEXT: I usually don't buy crumbled tofu, but since you have that, I would suggest making tofu burgers. Add another hearty ingredient, like lightly roasted finely chopped walnuts, or baked eggplant cubes. Combine with chopped onions, garlic, grated carrots, and breadcrumbs. Bind with beaten egg. Season with your choice of herbs or spices, such as thyme, oregano, basil. Form into patties, fry lightly in olive oil and sprinkle with tamari (or soy sauce) until both sides are browned. Bake until fully cooked in the oven at 375 degrees. Serve on a bun just like a beef patty.  <sep>  Q: What can I do with tofu? A: I would suggest making tofu burgers  Q: Can I use uncooked crumbled extra-firm tofu for those? A: crumbled tofu  Q: What else will I need for making tofu burgers? A: another hearty ingredient, like lightly roasted finely chopped walnuts, or baked eggplant cubes 
Output: How long do they take to make?
CONTEXT: I usually don't buy crumbled tofu, but since you have that, I would suggest making tofu burgers. Add another hearty ingredient, like lightly roasted finely chopped walnuts, or baked eggplant cubes. Combine with chopped onions, garlic, grated carrots, and breadcrumbs. Bind with beaten egg. Season with your choice of herbs or spices, such as thyme, oregano, basil. Form into patties, fry lightly in olive oil and sprinkle with tamari (or soy sauce) until both sides are browned. Bake until fully cooked in the oven at 375 degrees. Serve on a bun just like a beef patty.  <sep>  Q: What can I do with excess tofu? A: I would suggest making tofu burgers  Q: How do I make tofu burgers? A: Add another hearty ingredient, like lightly roasted finely chopped walnuts, or baked eggplant cubes. Combine with chopped 
Output: Nice. Any other suggestions for excess tofu?
CONTEXT: I usually don't buy crumbled tofu, but since you have that, I would suggest making tofu burgers. Add another hearty ingredient, like lightly roasted finely chopped walnuts, or baked eggplant cubes. Combine with chopped onions, garlic, grated carrots, and breadcrumbs. Bind with beaten egg. Season with your choice of herbs or spices, such as thyme, oregano, basil. Form into patties, fry lightly in olive oil and sprinkle with tamari (or soy sauce) until both sides are browned. Bake until fully cooked in the oven at 375 degrees. Serve on a bun just like a beef patty.  <sep>  Q: How can I utilize Tofu in a dish ? A: I would suggest making tofu burgers  Q: How can I make Tofu Burgers ? A: ombine with chopped onions, garlic, grated carrots, and breadcrumbs. Bind with beaten egg 
Output: Do you have any other dishes with Tofu in mind ?
CONTEXT: Clingwrap works fine for me -- but I don't use a meat tenderizer -- I just use a small but fairly heavy pan (but not my cast iron, as it's not smooth on the bottom).When I was in college, I tried a few things. I can get pretty decent results just hitting it with my cutting board. (with it between saran wrap).Part of it might be technique -- if I'm doing chicken breast I first slice is sort of following the taper of the breast, so it's neither with or across the grain, but kinda of diagonal. You also don't want to hit straight down -- you want to angle the blows, so you're actually pushing the meat out, and not just trying to force it through the counter.And I should mention that I've only ever pounded out poultry and pork -- I assume beef would be the same, but I have no experience to confirm or deny it.  <sep>  Q: If I need to pound chicken, what's the best way to do it that isn't messy? A: Clingwrap works fine for me -- but I don't use a meat tenderizer -- I just use a small but fairly heavy pan 
Output: Does the meat ever stick to the clingwrap?
CONTEXT: It should be about 7 crackers per cup, maybe 8, depending how finely you crush them. One of the inner packages from your 14.4oz box should be plenty (there are probably three packages with 9 in each, or 4.8oz). If you need to go the other way, that's 1/7 to 1/8 cup per cracker, or more simply, 0.5oz or 15g per cracker.I know this from making graham cracker crusts - and you can confirm it by looking at some recipes. You generally need 1.5 cups of crumbs for a pie crust, and it takes 10-12 crackers. I've seen recipes ranging from 9 to 12 crackers (and checked ten or so when writing this), but I don't think I've ever used fewer than 10. One cup is 2/3 of that, 7 or 8 crackers. (Some people do say 20 or 24 squares, but they're clearly half-cracker squares, not the whole crackers.)For what it's worth, the Martha Stewart crust recipe says "6 1/2 ounces graham crackers (12 crackers), finely ground (1 1/2 cups)", and 2/3 of that is 4 1/3 oz, pretty close to 1/3 of your box, maybe a cracker short, so by weight this works out too.  <sep>  Q: How much is a cup of graham cracker crumbs in crackers and weight?###I have a recipe that calls for one cup of graham cracker crumbs. How many crackers am I going to need to crush? A: It should be about 7 crackers per cup, maybe 8, depending how finely you crush them 
Output: It would also be helpful to know what a cup of graham cracker crumbs weighs. My box of crackers is 14.4oz.### I could estimate what portion of the box to use if I know how much a cup of crumbs weighs.
CONTEXT: It really depends on the density of the bottom sponge. If it's too light, you might have a problem. To be doubly sure, take some wide straws (the ones about 1cm across) stick them in the bottom layer, then snip them flush. These will act like columns to support the top cake.  <sep>  Q: Is it possible to stack the top tier cake without using a cake board? A: It really depends on the density of the bottom sponge. If it's too light, you might have a problem 
Output: What can I do to make sure to avoid that problem?
CONTEXT: It really depends on the density of the bottom sponge. If it's too light, you might have a problem. To be doubly sure, take some wide straws (the ones about 1cm across) stick them in the bottom layer, then snip them flush. These will act like columns to support the top cake.  <sep>  Q: Is stacking cakes without bases okay? A: It really depends on the density of the bottom sponge  Q: Can cake sit directly on top of cake? A: really depends on the density of the bottom sponge  Q: How light is too light? A: If it's too light, you might have a problem 
Output: Do different flavors have different densities?