niryuu/sni-each-converted huggingface dataset:
CONTEXT: Don't most cake recipes require mixing dry ingredients first? Well, what's been done has been done.The standard professional chef way of getting lumps out of anything is to pass it through a fine strainer. In your case a standard metal pasta strainer should work. Put the strainer over a bowl, pour the batter in and use the back of a large spoon or ladle to gentle press the batter through. The lumps of sugar will be left over and you can just crush them then.Whipping the batter might work the gluten proteins in the flour which will make for a tough chewy texture. Some cakes actually take this into account and others it is bad, so be careful.  <sep>  Q: What can I do with batter that has lumpy sugar in it? A: you can just crush them  Q: I already tried beating it on high speed, but there's still lumps, so how can I smash them all? A: In your case a standard metal pasta strainer should work  Q: Is there a way to prevent this altogether? A: mixing dry ingredients first 
Output: I usually do that, but are small enough lumps still a concern?
CONTEXT: Flour (+ water, either directly or from other ingredients such as egg white) gives the pastry structure. As you knead the flour, the gluten network develops and results in elasticity. When cooked, water evaporates from the dough leaving a rigid gluten skeleton. Fat does not mix with water and thus stay in blobs in between the gluten network. This weakens the gluten structure, making the pastry crumble.For this reason, you often see in recipes for shortcrust to avoid overmixing the fat. Buttery biscuits such as shortbread crumble more than crackers, which have more water. The same rationale applies to puff pastry. The thin fat layers are impermeable, so water steam gets trapped and exercise pressure upwards, lifting the pastry up.Quoting @GdD in the comments, the punchline is:more fat = crumblier, less fat has more structure.  <sep>  Q: How does altering the fat-to-flour ratio affect the pastry? A: more fat = crumblier, less fat has more structure 
Output: Is it only crumblier after it bakes?
CONTEXT: Flour (+ water, either directly or from other ingredients such as egg white) gives the pastry structure. As you knead the flour, the gluten network develops and results in elasticity. When cooked, water evaporates from the dough leaving a rigid gluten skeleton. Fat does not mix with water and thus stay in blobs in between the gluten network. This weakens the gluten structure, making the pastry crumble.For this reason, you often see in recipes for shortcrust to avoid overmixing the fat. Buttery biscuits such as shortbread crumble more than crackers, which have more water. The same rationale applies to puff pastry. The thin fat layers are impermeable, so water steam gets trapped and exercise pressure upwards, lifting the pastry up.Quoting @GdD in the comments, the punchline is:more fat = crumblier, less fat has more structure.  <sep>  Q: How does altering the fat-to-flour ratio affect the pastry? A: Fat does not mix with water and thus stay in blobs in between the gluten network. This weakens the gluten structure, making the pastry crumble  Q: Is it better to be dry or gooey? A: As you knead the flour, the gluten network develops and results in elasticity. When cooked, water evaporates from the dough leaving a rigid gluten skeleton 
Output: What is the ratio of fat to flour ratio that is standard?
CONTEXT: In the Caribbean and other Rum producing areas, you find Rum in all sorts of recipesIt is sometimes an unusual flavour pairing, but not necessarily bad. In savoury cooking it adds a semi-burnt sweetness, more like toffee or butterscotch than straight RumCaribbean and Mexican cooking is well blended and harmonious with many common ingredients (chilli, coriander, avocado etc.)Considering the popularity of spicy jerk meat and Rum, the Rum Fajitas would be an interesting experiment  <sep>  Q: What does adding dark rum give to a fajita stir-fry? A: It is sometimes an unusual flavour pairing, but not necessarily bad. In savoury cooking it adds a semi-burnt sweetness, more like toffee or butterscotch than straight Rum  Q: Will Mexican food pair well with dark rum? A: Caribbean and Mexican cooking is well blended and harmonious with many common ingredients (chilli, coriander, avocado etc 
Output: Is rum used in other dishes similar to this?
CONTEXT: Yes, you can definitely use UHT milk in bread. UHT is not usable for some applications, because its proteins have been changed by the heat. But in bread, you don't need the proteins from the milk. Bread recipes include milk to make the dough richer, so it is mostly the fat content that matters. Using UHT won't change anything in the dough structure. I even think that the usual unpleasant taste won't be noticeable, but I am not so sure about that. Still, it gets diluted a lot in dough, so if you can drink UHT as-is, you shouldn't have a problem with the bread taste.  <sep>  Q: Can I bake bread with long-life milk? A: you can definitely use UHT milk in bread  Q: What is UHT milk?###My normal breadmaker recipe uses milk as the main liquid ingredient. Normally I use fresh semi-skimmed milk for this and get great results. A: UHT is not usable for some applications, because its proteins have been changed by the heat. But in bread, you don't need the proteins from the milk  Q: Is this an acceptable substitute on its own? A: Using UHT won't change anything in the dough structure  Q: is there a way I can tweak the recipe to work better with this milk? A: it gets diluted a lot in dough, so if you can drink UHT as-is, you shouldn't have a problem with the bread taste 
Output: Any other suggestions I can try?
CONTEXT: One of your possible answers is pretty close to what I think is the correct one. To flavor carnitas all the way through, put them back in the braising liquid that has been reduced since cooking the pork. You can create a kind of glaze out of the braising liquid, and toss the shredded pork in that (defat the braising liquid before reducing it).BTW, I never fry carnitas. I may throw them on a greased grill, but I never deep or shallow fry them.  <sep>  Q: How can I get my flavorings to flavor my carnitas all the way through the pork? A: To flavor carnitas all the way through, put them back in the braising liquid that has been reduced since cooking the pork 
Output: I use cheap meat, so will a better meat work better?
CONTEXT: One of your possible answers is pretty close to what I think is the correct one. To flavor carnitas all the way through, put them back in the braising liquid that has been reduced since cooking the pork. You can create a kind of glaze out of the braising liquid, and toss the shredded pork in that (defat the braising liquid before reducing it).BTW, I never fry carnitas. I may throw them on a greased grill, but I never deep or shallow fry them.  <sep>  Q: How can I get my flavorings to flavor my carnitas all the way through the pork? A: To flavor carnitas all the way through, put them back in the braising liquid that has been reduced since cooking the pork  Q: and then what do i do ? A: You can create a kind of glaze out of the braising liquid, and toss the shredded pork in that (defat the braising liquid before reducing it  Q: are there any other tips for making sure all the flavors are in the pork meat ? A: I never fry carnitas. I may throw them on a greased grill, but I never deep or shallow fry them 
Output: why don't you shallow fry them ?
CONTEXT: Fill a clean bowl with cold water. Place in sink. Place fish in bowl under the tap. Turn on cold water so that it slowly trickles into the bowl. This is safe in the short term, or just until the fish is thawed. Of course, a firmer fleshed fish will handle this better than, say, a skate wing or some thin flounder. A plastic bag is basically irrelevant for safety. It will not keep you from getting sick if the fish remains in the danger zone for enough time...that is, unless your fish is floating in contaminated water, which is probably unlikely in your situation.  <sep>  Q: Can i Defrost Fish without Bag A: A plastic bag is basically irrelevant for safety  Q: So is it safe to place the frozen fish directly under running water? A: This is safe in the short term, or just until the fish is thawed 
Output: How long should it take to thaw under running water?
CONTEXT: Chilis supply 2 things, chili flavor and heat. The flavor comes from the flesh while the heat comes from the seeds and especially the membrane that connects the seeds to the flesh. Ordinarily when someone wants to reduce the heat of a pepper I would suggest cutting it open and removing the seeds and membrane, however that's pretty much impossible with a dried pepper. My recommendation in this case would be to put the chipotles in whole, then remove them after cooking is done. Put the peppers in after all the other ingredients, just before simmering, then try to avoid stirring it if you can avoid it - be gentle so you don't burst the peppers open. Once the cooking is done you fish them out with a spoon and you can serve them as a side to the heat lovers if you like.  <sep>  Q: What effect does removing previously-dried peppers from a sauce have? A: Put the peppers in after all the other ingredients, just before simmering, then try to avoid stirring it if you can avoid it - be gentle so you don't burst the peppers open 
Output: Do I then take the peppers out?
CONTEXT: I don't endorse beef in the microwave, but that said, the best possible way to cook it is going to be on one of the microwave plates that raise your food off the plate. (the ones that look like the inside of a george foreman grill) You are going to have to play with your power settings a bit to achieve a optimium patty. In mine, it's 2:30 at 40 percent power and 1:30 at full power but depending on wattage, your particular times are going to vary.The trick to having an edible patty come out of the microwave is use low power to achieve the desired temp and then hit it at full power to get the outside done. It will always produce a slimy-er patty than cooking it on a stovetop or in an oven. Make sure that you cover the patty during cooking as it is going to spatter like crazy. You don't want to clean that mess up.If you have access to a toaster oven, you can cook a patty in that in about 15 minutes and you will have a much closer to delicious product.  <sep>  Q: Can I cook a frozen hamburger in the microwave? A: the best possible way to cook it is going to be on one of the microwave plates that raise your food off the plate  Q: how much at a time for how long? A: In mine, it's 2:30 at 40 percent power and 1:30 at full power but depending on wattage, your particular times are going to vary 
Output: can I do this in vacuum seal bags?
CONTEXT: As baka has said, more volatile components of the wine will be released with more wine surface exposed.Also, this not only releases aroma but also helps the wine to "breathe" and oxidize, which is why you open the red wine bottle half an hour before serving it (so that this process starts), and why you might pour the wine into a decanter.This process accentuates the flavors and aromas of the wine. It is not very much necessary with younger, colder served wines (e.g. vinho verde).In young, sparkling wine, a larger glass will disperse the bubbles faster, as well as warming it. This is undesireable, hence the smaller, narrower glasses.Aged white wine should behave similarly to aged red wine, although it doesn't need to breathe as much.  <sep>  Q: Why are red wine glasses wider than white wine glasses? A: In young, sparkling wine, a larger glass will disperse the bubbles faster, as well as warming it. This is undesireable, hence the smaller, narrower glasses  Q: that's interesting. What about non sparking white though? A: Aged white wine should behave similarly to aged red wine, although it doesn't need to breathe as much 
Output: how long can you keep red wine after decanting?
CONTEXT: As baka has said, more volatile components of the wine will be released with more wine surface exposed.Also, this not only releases aroma but also helps the wine to "breathe" and oxidize, which is why you open the red wine bottle half an hour before serving it (so that this process starts), and why you might pour the wine into a decanter.This process accentuates the flavors and aromas of the wine. It is not very much necessary with younger, colder served wines (e.g. vinho verde).In young, sparkling wine, a larger glass will disperse the bubbles faster, as well as warming it. This is undesireable, hence the smaller, narrower glasses.Aged white wine should behave similarly to aged red wine, although it doesn't need to breathe as much.  <sep>  Q: Why are red wine glasses wider than white wine glasses? A: a larger glass will disperse the bubbles faster, as well as warming it 
Output: Will the wine taste different if I don't use the correct glass?
CONTEXT: Mesquite is a very assertive flavor that typically goes with beef, especially fatty beef.Pecan and hickory are stronger than apple, but milder than mesquite, and are great for pork or poultry, and work just fine with beef.Applewood is very flexible, a bit lighter and sweeter. It's the only one of the woods you mentioned that I would consider using with fish.Ultimately, there's no hard and fast rules - taste things and do what works for you!  <sep>  Q: How do these flavors of liquid smoke differ?###When buying liquid smoke I'm generally faced with a choice of: Hickory Apple-tree Mesquite Pecan A: Pecan and hickory are stronger than apple, but milder than mesquite, and are great for pork or poultry, and work just fine with beef  Q: Is there any way to make Apple and Mesquite stronger? A: Mesquite is a very assertive flavor that typically goes with beef, especially fatty beef  Q: I'm interested in knowing things that'd help me decide what to pair them with.###Do the choices work well with Fish? A: Applewood is very flexible, a bit lighter and sweeter. It's the only one of the woods you mentioned that I would consider using with fish  Q: Any other suggestions? A: Ultimately, there's no hard and fast rules - taste things and do what works for you 
Output: Is there a certain temperature the liquid smoke works better in?
CONTEXT: Mesquite is a very assertive flavor that typically goes with beef, especially fatty beef.Pecan and hickory are stronger than apple, but milder than mesquite, and are great for pork or poultry, and work just fine with beef.Applewood is very flexible, a bit lighter and sweeter. It's the only one of the woods you mentioned that I would consider using with fish.Ultimately, there's no hard and fast rules - taste things and do what works for you!  <sep>  Q: How do these flavors of liquid smoke differ? A: Mesquite is a very assertive flavor that typically goes with beef, especially fatty beef  Q: How does it differ from hickory, apple-tree or pecan? A: Pecan and hickory are stronger than apple, but milder than mesquite 
Output: What would you pair with hickory?
CONTEXT: To make you pancakes spread more, and thus be thinner, increase the amount of liquid in the recipe. This will make the batter less viscous, so that it will spread more before beginning to set, thus giving you thinner pancakes. I would start slowly, perhaps a couple of tablespoons extra milk (or just plain water) until you find the consistency that you like.You will also have to experiment to determine the appropriate cooking time, as the additional liquid will somewhat need to be cooked off to get the best texture.Of course, there is nothing wrong with using the bottom of your ladle to help the batter spread out a bit more. This is normal, and will somewhat even out as the pancakes cook.  <sep>  Q: How can I get thinner pancakes? A: To make you pancakes spread more, and thus be thinner, increase the amount of liquid in the recipe  Q: How much milk should I be using? A: I would start slowly, perhaps a couple of tablespoons extra milk (or just plain water) until you find the consistency that you like  Q: How many eggs should I use, if any? A: This will make the batter less viscous, so that it will spread more before beginning to set, thus giving you thinner pancakes 
Output: Is one cup of flour too much?
CONTEXT: Rose petals are edible. If you look for rose petal recipes, you will find many creative uses of them, including rice pudding with roses - so your pudding intuition was correct. During colonial American times they were considered a treat. You can candy rose petals with egg whites and sugar - typical cautions about appropriate raw egg white useage applies.Before using your rose petals in culinary applications, make sure to remember what chemicals you used on them. If they've been sprayed with pesticides, you don't want to be eating them.  <sep>  Q: How can I use roses in cooking? A: ou can candy rose petals with egg whites and sugar 
Output: Do you think I can uses the roses to make rose water?
CONTEXT: Rose petals are edible. If you look for rose petal recipes, you will find many creative uses of them, including rice pudding with roses - so your pudding intuition was correct. During colonial American times they were considered a treat. You can candy rose petals with egg whites and sugar - typical cautions about appropriate raw egg white useage applies.Before using your rose petals in culinary applications, make sure to remember what chemicals you used on them. If they've been sprayed with pesticides, you don't want to be eating them.  <sep>  Q: How can I use roses in cooking? A: Rose petals are edible. If you look for rose petal recipes, you will find many creative uses of them 
Output: What do the rose petals taste like?
CONTEXT: Tender means soft and not brown. Sour cream will curdle if the fat content is not high enough (if it is high, it is called creme fraiche, techniquelly) and if you cook it down too much on too hot heat. Next time, use higher fat content and cook on lower heat. Cream, sour cream and creme freche are not really substitutions, not techniquelly and not taste-wise.Mixing butter and sour cream will work, if you take your time and boil down with hardly any or no bubbles.  <sep>  Q: My sauce made from butter and cream is flaking and curdling, do you know what could be wrong? A: Sour cream will curdle if the fat content is not high enough 
Output: Oh I did use sour cream, I wonder if that was it. It happened after I threw in garlic and shallot, could that have been what caused it?
CONTEXT: Leaving any sort of sugar confection in the fridge (as it will out of the fridge also, but to a lesser extent) will soften the sugar after a prolonged period due to the moisture in the air. However, putting it in the fridge for a short period of time will simply speed up the cooling process as you put in your question.  <sep>  Q: Can I cool my toffee in the fridge? A: Leaving any sort of sugar confection in the fridge (as it will out of the fridge also, but to a lesser extent) will soften the sugar after a prolonged period  Q: is cooling the toffee in the fridge as good as room temperature? A: putting it in the fridge for a short period of time will simply speed up the cooling process 
Output: does putting it in the fridge speed up the cooling process?
CONTEXT: Leaving any sort of sugar confection in the fridge (as it will out of the fridge also, but to a lesser extent) will soften the sugar after a prolonged period due to the moisture in the air. However, putting it in the fridge for a short period of time will simply speed up the cooling process as you put in your question.  <sep>  Q: Can I cool my toffee in the fridge? A: putting it in the fridge for a short period of time will simply speed up the cooling process 
Output: Will that work in a freezer as well?
CONTEXT: Leaving any sort of sugar confection in the fridge (as it will out of the fridge also, but to a lesser extent) will soften the sugar after a prolonged period due to the moisture in the air. However, putting it in the fridge for a short period of time will simply speed up the cooling process as you put in your question.  <sep>  Q: Can I cool my toffee in the fridge? A: Leaving any sort of sugar confection in the fridge (as it will out of the fridge also, but to a lesser extent) will soften the sugar after a prolonged period due to the moisture in the air 
Output: Is there anything I should look out for or take care of before I put it in the fridge ?
CONTEXT: It might be possible to dissolve the candy, and then boil it down again, foaming it with fresh baking soda when it hits the proper stage. The thing is, the candy has already got the full level of baking soda reactants (either sodium carbonate or sodium oxide) from from the first cooking, which may contribute to some off flavors.Instead, if it is enjoyable as is, I would suggest just eating it as a toffee like candy.Otherwise, chalk it up to experience and watch the temperature more closely next time.  <sep>  Q: What can I do with badly cooked honeycomb? A: dissolve the candy, and then boil it down again 
Output: What temperature do I need to bring it to for it to become honeycomb?
CONTEXT: It might be possible to dissolve the candy, and then boil it down again, foaming it with fresh baking soda when it hits the proper stage. The thing is, the candy has already got the full level of baking soda reactants (either sodium carbonate or sodium oxide) from from the first cooking, which may contribute to some off flavors.Instead, if it is enjoyable as is, I would suggest just eating it as a toffee like candy.Otherwise, chalk it up to experience and watch the temperature more closely next time.  <sep>  Q: What can I do with badly cooked honeycomb? A: It might be possible to dissolve the candy, and then boil it down again, foaming it with fresh baking soda when it hits the proper stage 
Output: What do I do then?
CONTEXT: During blending, air is put into the milk mixture. Once you switch it off, not all air is kept inside the milk but makes it's way to the surface. These are the bubbles that make you think your milk is fizzy.Without being a chemist I assume full fat milk has more fat, therefore the emulsion is somewhat "thicker" and thus can hold the air better. There are also bubbles with full fat milk, but less than with skimmed milk. Sort of.  <sep>  Q: Why is the skimmed milk fizzy? A: During blending, air is put into the milk mixture. Once you switch it off, not all air is kept inside the milk but makes it's way to the surface  Q: Why does that not happen when using whole milk? A: Without being a chemist I assume full fat milk has more fat, therefore the emulsion is somewhat "thicker" and thus can hold the air better  Q: Is it normal to hear a fizzing sound coming from the bubbles? A: There are also bubbles with full fat milk, but less than with skimmed milk. Sort of 
Output: Is it ok to drink the bubbles or should I wait until they disperse?
CONTEXT: If it's a small spot you can rub half a lemon on it till it's gone. If the entire inside has darkened you can fill it with water, add several tablespoons of cream of tartar (2 per quart) and boil it for 10 minutes.You can also buy aluminum cleaner, but the do it yourself is typically cheaper.In case you're wondering why I'm suggesting an acid for cleaning. It's actually alkali foods that stained your pot, not acidic. e.g. boiling potatoes. Acid actually cleans the spots put there by alkali foods. The common warning against cooking acidic foods in an aluminum pot is to prevent excessive amounts of aluminum being leeched into your food.  <sep>  Q: How to clean my unanodized aluminium pot? A: You can also buy aluminum cleaner  Q: Does acidic food cause problems with an unanodized aluminium pot? A: It's actually alkali foods that stained your pot, not acidic  Q: How else can I clean it? A: If it's a small spot you can rub half a lemon on it till it's gone  Q: Do you have any other advice for cleaning? A: If the entire inside has darkened you can fill it with water, add several tablespoons of cream of tartar (2 per quart) and boil it for 10 minutes 
Output: Thanks, any mor etips?
CONTEXT: If it's a small spot you can rub half a lemon on it till it's gone. If the entire inside has darkened you can fill it with water, add several tablespoons of cream of tartar (2 per quart) and boil it for 10 minutes.You can also buy aluminum cleaner, but the do it yourself is typically cheaper.In case you're wondering why I'm suggesting an acid for cleaning. It's actually alkali foods that stained your pot, not acidic. e.g. boiling potatoes. Acid actually cleans the spots put there by alkali foods. The common warning against cooking acidic foods in an aluminum pot is to prevent excessive amounts of aluminum being leeched into your food.  <sep>  Q: How do I clean my unanodized aluminium pot? A: If it's a small spot you can rub half a lemon on it till it's gone  Q: Is acidic food bad for the pot? A: In case you're wondering why I'm suggesting an acid for cleaning. It's actually alkali foods that stained your pot, not acidic. e.g. boiling potatoes 
Output: Does the stain affect the use of the pot?
CONTEXT: you know better than I do, it depends on the orange and type of orange. My mom, an executive chef, used to say that you'd allow 1-2 lb of oranges for 1 drinkable cup of orange juice. I really think, that it's highly dependent on the type of orange. I know naval and blood oranges are the juiciest compared to other varieties.  <sep>  Q: How much juice can you get from an orange? A: My mom, an executive chef, used to say that you'd allow 1-2 lb of oranges for 1 drinkable cup of orange juice 
Output: Is there a certain method I should use?
CONTEXT: you know better than I do, it depends on the orange and type of orange. My mom, an executive chef, used to say that you'd allow 1-2 lb of oranges for 1 drinkable cup of orange juice. I really think, that it's highly dependent on the type of orange. I know naval and blood oranges are the juiciest compared to other varieties.  <sep>  Q: How much juice can you get from an orange? A: t depends on the orange and type of orange. My mom, an executive chef, used to say that you'd allow 1-2 lb of oranges for 1 drinkable cup of orange juice 
Output: How many oranges it takes to make an 8oz glass of juice?
CONTEXT: I would strongly suggest not pouring cold or any other kind of water on pasta; it will rinse the delicious starches off its surface, which would otherwise help your sauce cling to it.To counteract the negative consequences of overcooking due to remaining heat (which, as belisarius suggests in his answer, is the reason other stuff is often rinsed with cold water), just serve it immediately. You want to have the sauce (hot and) ready just before your pasta is, so you can drain the pasta, mix with the sauce, and put it on the table.  <sep>  Q: Can I pour cold water on pasta after cooking it? A: I would strongly suggest not pouring cold or any other kind of water on pasta  Q: What will happen if I do so? A: it will rinse the delicious starches off its surface, which would otherwise help your sauce cling to it 
Output: What is the best procedure to do to a pasta after cooking it?
CONTEXT: I would strongly suggest not pouring cold or any other kind of water on pasta; it will rinse the delicious starches off its surface, which would otherwise help your sauce cling to it.To counteract the negative consequences of overcooking due to remaining heat (which, as belisarius suggests in his answer, is the reason other stuff is often rinsed with cold water), just serve it immediately. You want to have the sauce (hot and) ready just before your pasta is, so you can drain the pasta, mix with the sauce, and put it on the table.  <sep>  Q: Should I pour cold water on pasta after cooking it? A: I would strongly suggest not pouring cold or any other kind of water on pasta  Q: Why is that? A: it will rinse the delicious starches off its surface, which would otherwise help your sauce cling to it 
Output: is this what the professionals do?
CONTEXT: I use two types of cutting boards: wood and [soft] plastic. The plastic is for meat, or anything that could ruin a wood cutting board. Wood is for everything else. If you can afford it, try to get an end-grain wood cutting board.Bamboo is a popular choice right now (it's affordable and sustainable), but I don't have any personal experience with it.Most other materials, especially glass, will ruin your knives.  <sep>  Q: What are some general tips on purchasing and using a cutting board? A: The plastic is for meat, or anything that could ruin a wood cutting board. Wood is for everything else. If you can afford it, try to get an end-grain wood cutting board 
Output: Which type is easier to clean?
CONTEXT: I use two types of cutting boards: wood and [soft] plastic. The plastic is for meat, or anything that could ruin a wood cutting board. Wood is for everything else. If you can afford it, try to get an end-grain wood cutting board.Bamboo is a popular choice right now (it's affordable and sustainable), but I don't have any personal experience with it.Most other materials, especially glass, will ruin your knives.  <sep>  Q: Cutting boards: What are some general tips on purchasing and using a cutting board?###Which is better: wood or plastic? A: use two types of cutting boards: wood and [soft] plastic 
Output: How much is the wood board?
CONTEXT: I use two types of cutting boards: wood and [soft] plastic. The plastic is for meat, or anything that could ruin a wood cutting board. Wood is for everything else. If you can afford it, try to get an end-grain wood cutting board.Bamboo is a popular choice right now (it's affordable and sustainable), but I don't have any personal experience with it.Most other materials, especially glass, will ruin your knives.  <sep>  Q: Cutting boards: What are some general tips on purchasing and using a cutting board? A: I use two types of cutting boards: wood and [soft] plastic  Q: Which one is better for food safety? A: The plastic is for meat, or anything that could ruin a wood cutting board. Wood is for everything else 
Output: Which one is cheaper to purchase?
CONTEXT: I use two types of cutting boards: wood and [soft] plastic. The plastic is for meat, or anything that could ruin a wood cutting board. Wood is for everything else. If you can afford it, try to get an end-grain wood cutting board.Bamboo is a popular choice right now (it's affordable and sustainable), but I don't have any personal experience with it.Most other materials, especially glass, will ruin your knives.  <sep>  Q: What are some general tips on purchasing and using a cutting board? A: Bamboo is a popular choice right now (it's affordable and sustainable), but I don't have any personal experience with it  Q: What are the pros and cons of wood vs plastic cutting boards? A: The plastic is for meat, or anything that could ruin a wood cutting board. Wood is for everything else. If you can afford it, try to get an end-grain wood cutting board 
Output: What are the benefits of an end-grain wood cutting board?
CONTEXT: Yes. Water boils at about 212F (100C) and meat is cooked from 140F to 160F. If you left the meat in there for a very long time it would eventually approach 212F and start to get tough.The time that they give you is going to be the time it takes to ensure that the meat is safe to eat. Generally I like it to be closer to the rare side as it is more tender that way.  <sep>  Q: Will meat overcook in a boiling water pot? A: If you left the meat in there for a very long time it would eventually approach 212F and start to get tough 
Output: How long should I cook small cuts of steak to "medium"?
CONTEXT: Garlic will spoil faster in the fridge actually. I don't know how long it will last in the fridge, but I understand that it lasts longer if you leave it in a cool, dark, dry storage. I believe one reason is that your fridge is generally too humid. In my experience, garlic kept in the fridge is also more likely to develop mould (goes soft, and dark discolouration).I keep mine in a ceramic thing in one of my cupboards. It lasts anywhere from a few weeks to a few months depending on the garlic (probably how long it sat before getting to my kitchen). If you store it like that, garlic that goes "bad" will usually start to sprout (green shoots, will come through the top.  <sep>  Q: What is the shelf life of a garlic bulb, with the "skin" still on, left in the fridge? A: Garlic will spoil faster in the fridge actually. I don't know how long it will last in the fridge 
Output: What would the garlic look like if it had indeed spoiled?
CONTEXT: So, just answering the new part of the question:You can simply season "over the top" of the existing seasoning. To do this, you'd go through the normal seasoning process, wiping the pan with oil, heating in a 500F oven, wiping again, heating again. This will fill in the "holes" in your seasoning and you'll be able to use the pan again.However, you will also end up with somewhat rough, uneven seasoning on the bottom. This will make things more likely to stick than if you completely reseasoned the pan. You can improve this by scrubbing the bottom of the pan with a mixture of course salt and oil. This will "sand down" the seasoning without completely removing it.You should also ask yourself if maybe the original seasoning of the pan wasn't faulty, given that some of it already scrubbed off.  <sep>  Q: how do i repair the seasoning on a cast iron pan? A: You can simply season "over the top" of the existing seasoning. To do this, you'd go through the normal seasoning process, wiping the pan with oil, heating in a 500F oven 
Output: Would re seasoning strip the previous existing seasoning?
CONTEXT: So, just answering the new part of the question:You can simply season "over the top" of the existing seasoning. To do this, you'd go through the normal seasoning process, wiping the pan with oil, heating in a 500F oven, wiping again, heating again. This will fill in the "holes" in your seasoning and you'll be able to use the pan again.However, you will also end up with somewhat rough, uneven seasoning on the bottom. This will make things more likely to stick than if you completely reseasoned the pan. You can improve this by scrubbing the bottom of the pan with a mixture of course salt and oil. This will "sand down" the seasoning without completely removing it.You should also ask yourself if maybe the original seasoning of the pan wasn't faulty, given that some of it already scrubbed off.  <sep>  Q: Is there a way to re-season a cast iron pan if I scrubbed it all off? A: You can simply season "over the top" of the existing seasoning  Q: how would I do that? A: To do this, you'd go through the normal seasoning process, wiping the pan with oil, heating in a 500F oven, wiping again, heating again 
Output: For how long do I heat?
CONTEXT: The cause is that the mousse dries out on the surface. It builds a skin of dehydrated mousse. It happens with most cremes, not only your yolk foam. To prevent it, put plastic wrap on the mousse. Don't span it over the bowl, press it on the surface itself, without leaving air between the mousse and wrap. Your mousse will stay soft. This also works for custards and starch-thickened puddings. In general, also cover other things you put in the fridge, or they can get an unpleasant odour.  <sep>  Q: Why is there a rubber like skin on surface of my chocolate mousse? A: The cause is that the mousse dries out on the surface. It builds a skin of dehydrated mousse. It happens with most cremes  Q: Is there a way to prevent it? A: put plastic wrap on the mousse. Don't span it over the bowl, press it on the surface itself, without leaving air between the mousse and wrap. Your mousse will stay soft 
Output: Is it harmful to have the rubber surface?
CONTEXT: The most common reason for leakage with Cordon Bleu Chicken is that the packets are too thick, which makes it impossible to get a perfect fold; you need to pound the breasts very thin - less than 1/2", maybe a little more than 1/4".The other "trick" is to make a small cut along the folded edge of the breast after you fold and seal the packets, which essentially makes it almost like a sandwich; the top and bottom parts can move independently and you don't have tension trying to pull the top piece away.Just don't cut so deep that you cause an immediate leak; if you've pounded the breast to 1/3" thickness, then your cut should be no more than about 1/8".If you do it this way, you shouldn't even need to use toothpicks; I never do, and I haven't sprung a single leak in my last 20 or so preparations.  <sep>  Q: How can I keep the cheese from leaking out of my cordon bleu during cooking? A: you need to pound the breasts very thin - less than 1/2", maybe a little more than 1/4  Q: Do I do anything with the pounded breast before filling? A: The other "trick" is to make a small cut along the folded edge of the breast after you fold and seal the packets, which essentially makes it almost like a sandwich 
Output: How do I keep it closed?
CONTEXT: The most common reason for leakage with Cordon Bleu Chicken is that the packets are too thick, which makes it impossible to get a perfect fold; you need to pound the breasts very thin - less than 1/2", maybe a little more than 1/4".The other "trick" is to make a small cut along the folded edge of the breast after you fold and seal the packets, which essentially makes it almost like a sandwich; the top and bottom parts can move independently and you don't have tension trying to pull the top piece away.Just don't cut so deep that you cause an immediate leak; if you've pounded the breast to 1/3" thickness, then your cut should be no more than about 1/8".If you do it this way, you shouldn't even need to use toothpicks; I never do, and I haven't sprung a single leak in my last 20 or so preparations.  <sep>  Q: How do I stop cheese from leaking out of my cordon bleu chicken? A: The most common reason for leakage with Cordon Bleu Chicken is that the packets are too thick, which makes it impossible to get a perfect fold; you need to pound the breasts very thin 
Output: How do I do that?
CONTEXT: The most common reason for leakage with Cordon Bleu Chicken is that the packets are too thick, which makes it impossible to get a perfect fold; you need to pound the breasts very thin - less than 1/2", maybe a little more than 1/4".The other "trick" is to make a small cut along the folded edge of the breast after you fold and seal the packets, which essentially makes it almost like a sandwich; the top and bottom parts can move independently and you don't have tension trying to pull the top piece away.Just don't cut so deep that you cause an immediate leak; if you've pounded the breast to 1/3" thickness, then your cut should be no more than about 1/8".If you do it this way, you shouldn't even need to use toothpicks; I never do, and I haven't sprung a single leak in my last 20 or so preparations.  <sep>  Q: How can I keep the cheese from leaking out of my cordon bleu during cooking? A: you need to pound the breasts very thin - less than 1/2", maybe a little more than 1/4 
Output: What should I use to pound it with?
CONTEXT: I'm afraid you interpret the tables wrong. You aren't destroying calories, you are adding water (=0 cal) to the dry rice. As the rice absorbs the water, you are in fact measuring rice + water for cooked rice.This is true for calorie tables that measure by volume (like here) and by weight.If you are cooking your rice by boiling and straining, you are effectively losing a few calories due to the starch that gets drained with the water, but that's not what you asked here.  <sep>  Q: How to maintain the calories in rice (which were present in it in its raw form) after cooking it? A: You aren't destroying calories, you are adding water (=0 cal) to the dry rice  Q: So to maintain the same calories I just don't drain the water? A: the rice absorbs the water 
Output: Is there a difference in the calories or say white rice compared to brown rice ?
CONTEXT: Eggs are already 3/4 water anyway!By mixing in a small quantity of extra water before you cook the eggs, you are slowing down the cooking process by making more water available that has be evaporated. This keeps the cooking temperature to less than 100Â°C (212Â°F) for longer, therefore increasing the the time for the egg proteins to foam and expand before settingThe amount of water you need to add depends on; personal preference, the type of egg, and how old it is. Older eggs generally require a little more waterAdding skim milk will enhance this process slightly too. Adding extra fat will generally not enhance this processBONUS TIP To make even more spectacular omelettes place a loose fitting lid over the pan to increase the steam exposure all around, and let the egg fully develop  <sep>  Q: Why is water often added to the eggs when making omelettes?###Hello? A: This keeps the cooking temperature to less than 100Â°C (212Â°F) for longer, therefore increasing the the time for the egg proteins to foam and expand before setting 
Output: Doesn't that make it too wet?
CONTEXT: The short answer is yes, you can. We keep a wide variety of cheeses on hand. Quesadilla or Chihuahua Mexican cheeses are a great substitute for Mozzarella or Provolone cheese. The have a light flavor and work well with Italian foods. We always have these on hand, but they are not always easy to find in some areas. I often substitute simply because, while I might have the intended cheese on hand, there may be some that I need to use sooner than others depending on how long I've had them or how long they've been open. With mild cheeses, you don't have to worry about the flavor profile so much - it's more the melting. And the cheeses I mentioned melt well - just like Mozzarella or Provolone.And to let you know, the reason I tried the other cheeses: I asked in a Mexican restaurant what kind of cheese they used and was told that it was "like American Mozzarella". So, I decided to experiment.All said and done, all of these cheeses have a mild flavor and work in many dishes, regardless of the ethnicity. What you do want to stay away from are cheeses that don't melt well and are designed to keep their shape and texture under heat. One example would be quest fresco.  <sep>  Q: Mexican cheeses on otherwise Italian pizza A: The short answer is yes, you can. We keep a wide variety of cheeses on hand. Quesadilla or Chihuahua Mexican cheeses are a great substitute for Mozzarella or Provolone cheese  Q: Does a Mexican cheese change the flavour very much? A: With mild cheeses, you don't have to worry about the flavor profile so much - it's more the melting. And the cheeses I mentioned melt well - just like Mozzarella or Provolone 
Output: can you recommend a mix of cheeses?
CONTEXT: Breads get their structure from glutens--a type of protein formed by the combination of glutenin with gliaten. Kneading and resting the dough helps the formation of glutens--I assume by shifting glutenin and gliatin molecules around, this increases the odds of bindings occurring.Oils can bind to glutenin and gliatin and inhibit these reactions, so fats--oils and butter--definitely play a role in the texture control.It prevents the dough from getting too elastic, which controls texture. This elasticity change would also change the maximum air bubble size. Altering resting times and yeast quantity also change these, but trading off for a different flavor. Oil may play other roles, but these are what I recall reading about off the top of my head. Yes, it does contribute to flavor as well.  <sep>  Q: What is the purpose of oil or butter in Wheat and potato breads? A: Oils can bind to glutenin and gliatin and inhibit these reactions, so fats--oils and butter--definitely play a role in the texture control 
Output: Do they effect anything else in the breads?
CONTEXT: Breads get their structure from glutens--a type of protein formed by the combination of glutenin with gliaten. Kneading and resting the dough helps the formation of glutens--I assume by shifting glutenin and gliatin molecules around, this increases the odds of bindings occurring.Oils can bind to glutenin and gliatin and inhibit these reactions, so fats--oils and butter--definitely play a role in the texture control.It prevents the dough from getting too elastic, which controls texture. This elasticity change would also change the maximum air bubble size. Altering resting times and yeast quantity also change these, but trading off for a different flavor. Oil may play other roles, but these are what I recall reading about off the top of my head. Yes, it does contribute to flavor as well.  <sep>  Q: What is the purpose of oil or butter in bread? A: Oils can bind to glutenin and gliatin and inhibit these reactions, so fats--oils and butter--definitely play a role in the texture control  Q: what is the purpose of adding oil or butter to the dough? A: It prevents the dough from getting too elastic, which controls texture  Q: Is there some background chemical reasons for adding it. A: Oils can bind to glutenin and gliatin  Q: How does it effect the flavor? A: it does contribute to flavor 
Output: What is the best way to incorporate it?
CONTEXT: Breads get their structure from glutens--a type of protein formed by the combination of glutenin with gliaten. Kneading and resting the dough helps the formation of glutens--I assume by shifting glutenin and gliatin molecules around, this increases the odds of bindings occurring.Oils can bind to glutenin and gliatin and inhibit these reactions, so fats--oils and butter--definitely play a role in the texture control.It prevents the dough from getting too elastic, which controls texture. This elasticity change would also change the maximum air bubble size. Altering resting times and yeast quantity also change these, but trading off for a different flavor. Oil may play other roles, but these are what I recall reading about off the top of my head. Yes, it does contribute to flavor as well.  <sep>  Q: What is the purpose of oil or butter in bread? A: fats--oils and butter--definitely play a role in the texture control 
Output: Is there a purpose to adding oil and butter to potato or wheat dough?
CONTEXT: Surprisingly, an egg is the most difficult thing to cook. McDonalds serves a lot of eggs in their breakfast menus and they haven't found a way yet to mass prefry / prcook these suckers. So I doubt this could be done.I tried half cooking scrambled eggs before and then finishing them off later, and the result was crap at best.I doubt you can do that with non-scrambled eggs, as the yolks and whites will change physical properties when heated / cooled / reheated  <sep>  Q: How far in advance of serving can you fry fried eggs? A: the yolks and whites will change physical properties when heated / cooled / reheated 
Output: So when is the best time to eat the eggs after cooking ?
CONTEXT: Surprisingly, an egg is the most difficult thing to cook. McDonalds serves a lot of eggs in their breakfast menus and they haven't found a way yet to mass prefry / prcook these suckers. So I doubt this could be done.I tried half cooking scrambled eggs before and then finishing them off later, and the result was crap at best.I doubt you can do that with non-scrambled eggs, as the yolks and whites will change physical properties when heated / cooled / reheated  <sep>  Q: Have you tried frying eggs on a large scale? A: Surprisingly, an egg is the most difficult thing to cook  Q: So, can fried eggs be fried in advance? A: I doubt this could be done 
Output: Can you tell me how to make a fried egg?
CONTEXT: In short, using port as a substitute for red wine will not wreck the dish.Though the flavour is different (and richer) and will make your bolognese taste different as a result, the taste should not be bad. I frequently do this as I am not a red wine drinker, and port keeps far better in an open bottle. I would recommend using slightly less than when using red wine, but this is highly subjective.  <sep>  Q: Will swapping the red wine in my spaghetti bolognese with port wreck the dish? A: Though the flavour is different (and richer) and will make your bolognese taste different as a result, the taste should not be bad 
Output: What is the difference in taste between a port and the usual red wines that are used in bolognese?