Context: Paris (French: ) is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2,229,621 within its administrative limits. The city is both a commune and department, and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12,005,077, comprising 18.2 percent of the population of France., Catholicism (from Greek , "", "universal doctrine") is a term which in its broadest sense refers to the beliefs and practices of Christian churches that describe themselves as "Catholic". The Catholic Church, in it's official teachings and documents does not call itself or any individual Catholic Church (parish, Cathedral, etc.) a "denomination", but as a whole, all Catholic Churches together are part of the original church founded by Jesus Christ, whom all mainline Christian churches teach is "God, who became man". All "officially Catholic" churches and its ministers are obligated to teach and strive to practice the same beliefs in matters of: episcopal polity, sacramental theology, apostolic succession and sacred tradition, among other things (see Catechism of the Catholic Church). , An episcopal polity is a hierarchical form of church governance ("ecclesiastical polity") in which the chief local authorities are called bishops. (The word "bishop" derives, via the British Latin and Vulgar Latin term "*ebiscopus"/"*biscopus", from the Ancient Greek "epískopos" meaning "overseer".) It is the structure used by many of the major Christian Churches and denominations, such as the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East, Anglican and Lutheran churches or denominations, and other churches founded independently from these lineages., Patristics or patrology is the study of the early Christian writers who are designated Church Fathers. The names derive from the combined forms of Latin "pater" and Greek "patr" (father). The period is generally considered to run from the end of New Testament times or end of the Apostolic Age to either AD 451 (the date of the Council of Chalcedon) or to the 8th century Second Council of Nicaea., The University of Paris, metonymically known as the Sorbonne (its historical house), was a university in Paris, France. Appearing around 1150 as a corporation associated with the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral school, it was the second-oldest modern university in Europe. Chartered in 1200 by King Philip II (Philippe-Auguste) of France and recognised in 1215 by Pope Innocent III, it was often nicknamed after its theology collegiate institution, College of Sorbonne, founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon., A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside of either theology or science. The term "philosopher" comes from the Ancient Greek ("philosophos") meaning "lover of wisdom". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC)., Robert de Sorbon (October 9, 1201  August 15, 1274) was a French theologian, the chaplain of Louis IX of France, and founder of the Sorbonne college in Paris., The Sorbonne is an edifice of the Latin Quarter, in Paris, France, which was the historical house of the former University of Paris. Today, it houses part or all of several higher education and research institutions such as Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Sorbonne Nouvelle University, Paris-Sorbonne University, Paris Descartes University, the École Nationale des Chartes and the École pratique des hautes études., Antoine Arnauld (February 6, 1612  August 8, 1694)  "le Grand", as contemporaries called him, to distinguish him from his father  was a French Roman Catholic theologian, philosopher, and mathematician. He was one of the leading intellectuals of the Jansenist group of Port-Royal and had a very thorough knowledge of patristics., Notre-Dame de Paris (meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France. The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture, and is among the largest and most well-known church buildings in the world. The naturalism of its sculptures and stained glass are in contrast with earlier Romanesque architecture., Antoine Arnauld ( August 6 , 1560 , Paris -- 29 December 1619 , Paris ) was a famous lawyer in the Parlement de Paris , and a Counsellor of State under Henry IV. A skilled orator , his most famous speech was in 1594 in favor of the University of Paris and against the Jesuits , decrying their lack of support for Henry IV , newly converted from Protestantism to Catholicism . He wrote a number of political pamphlets which were widely distributed . The best known of his writings is entitled Le franc et véritable discours du Roi sur le rétablissement qui lui est demandé des Jésuites ( 1602 ) . He was married to Catherine Marion de Druy and had twenty children by her , ten of whom survived him ., France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux., The College of Sorbonne was a theological college of the University of Paris, founded in 1253 by Robert de Sorbon (12011274), after whom it was named. With the rest of the Paris colleges, it was suppressed during the French Revolution. It was restored in 1808 but finally closed in 1882. In recent times it came to refer to the group of academic faculties of the University of Paris, as opposed to the professional faculties of law and medicine. It is also used to refer to the main building of the University of Paris in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, which houses several faculties created when the University was divided up into thirteen autonomous universities in 1970., Subject: antoine arnauld , Relation: languages_spoken_or_written, Options: (A) ancient greek (B) french (C) greek (D) latin
Output: french