Context: The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a "network of networks" that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing., A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow a sequence of operations, called a "program", make computers very flexible and useful. Such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer assisted design, but also in general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones. The Internet is run on computers and it connects millions of other computers., Push technology, or server push, is a style of Internet-based communication where the request for a given transaction is initiated by the publisher or central server. It is contrasted with pull/get, where the request for the transmission of information is initiated by the receiver or client., A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building and has its network equipment and interconnects locally managed. By contrast, a wide area network (WAN), not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits or Internet links. An even greater contrast is the Internet, which is a system of globally connected business and personal computers., Wireless communication is the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technologies use radio. With radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for television or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of applications of radio "wireless technology" include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones., A LAN Messenger is an instant messaging program designed for use within a single local area network (LAN)., Instant messaging (IM) is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted bi-directionally between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select "send". Some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, or video chat., Electronic mail , most commonly called email or e-mail since around 1993 , is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients . Email operates across the Internet or other computer networks via an email provider 's server facility . Some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both be online at the same time , in common with instant messaging . Today 's email systems are based on a store - and - forward model . Email servers accept , forward , deliver , and store messages . Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously ; they need connect only briefly , typically to a mail server , for as long as it takes to send or receive messages . Historically , the term electronic mail was used generically for any electronic document transmission . For example , several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe fax document transmission . As a result , it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today . An Internet email message consists of three components , the message envelope , the message header , and the message body . The message header contains control information , including , minimally , an originator 's email address and one or more recipient addresses . Usually descriptive information is also added , such as a subject header field and a message submission date / time stamp . Originally an ASCII text - only communications medium , Internet email was extended by Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ( MIME ) to carry text in other character sets and multi-media content attachments . International email , with internationalized email addresses using UTF - 8 , has been standardized , but not yet widely adopted . Electronic mail predates the inception of the Internet and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it , but the history of modern , global Internet email services reaches back to the early ARPANET . Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973 ( RFC 561 ) . Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services . An email message sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today . Email is an information and communications technology . It uses technology to communicate a digital message over the Internet . Users use email differently , based on how they think about it . There are many software platforms available to send and receive . Popular email platforms include Gmail , Hotmail , Yahoo! Mail , Outlook , and many others . Network - based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) , but is now carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) , first published as Internet standard 10 ( RFC 821 ) in 1982 . In the process of transporting email messages between systems , SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message envelope separate from the message ( header and body ) itself ., Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text which the reader can immediately access, or where text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail (also called StretchText). Hyper<wbr>text documents are interconnected by hyperlinks, which are typically activated by a mouse click, keypress sequence or by touching the screen. Apart from text, the term "hyper<wbr>text" is also sometimes used to describe tables, images, and other presentational content forms with integrated hyperlinks. Hyper<wbr>text is one of the key underlying concepts of the World Wide Web, where Web pages are often written in the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). As implemented on the Web, hypertext enables the easy-to-use publication of information over the Internet., File transfer is the transmission of a computer file through a communication channel from one computer system to another. Typically, file transfer is mediated by a communications protocol. In the history of computing, a large number of file transfer protocols have been designed for different contexts., A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet., File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digital media, such as computer programs, multimedia (audio, images and video), documents or electronic books. File sharing may be achieved in a number of ways. Common methods of storage, transmission and dispersion include manual sharing utilizing removable media, centralized servers on computer networks, World Wide Web-based hyperlinked documents, and the use of distributed peer-to-peer networking., Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application. They are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes., Voice over Internet Protocol (Voice over IP, VoIP and IP telephony) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. The terms Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and broadband phone service specifically refer to the provisioning of communications services (voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the public Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network (PSTN)., In computing, a hyperlink, or simply a link, is a reference to data that the reader can directly follow either by clicking, tapping, or hovering. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text with hyperlinks. The text that is linked is called anchor text. A software system that is used for viewing and creating hypertext is a "hypertext system", and to create a hyperlink is "to hyperlink" (or simply "to link"). A user following hyperlinks is said to "navigate" or "browse" the hypertext., The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP because the original protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). It is occasionally known as the Department of Defense (DoD) model, because the development of the networking model was funded by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense., The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser computer program in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland., Subject: email, Relation: instance_of, Options: (A) application (B) area (C) building (D) communication (E) computer (F) conceptual model (G) conductor (H) data (I) device (J) digital media (K) equipment (L) exchange (M) factory (N) file (O) government (P) gps (Q) group (R) history (S) information (T) instant messaging (U) internet (V) key (W) limited (X) mail (Y) model (Z) multimedia ([) network (\) number (]) office building (^) online chat (_) peer (`) practice (a) protocol (b) public (c) radio (d) radio waves (e) range (f) reference (g) satellite television (h) school (i) sequence (j) service (k) set (l) sharing (m) single (n) software (o) software system (p) style (q) suite (r) system (s) technology (t) telecommunications network (u) television (v) text (w) two (x) user (y) variety (z) video ({) voice over internet protocol (|) web browser
Output: digital media