Context: The Channel Islands (Norman: "Îles d'la Manche", French: "Îles Anglo-Normandes" or "Îles de la Manche") are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two Crown dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, consisting of Jersey, the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark and some smaller islands. They are considered the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, and although they are not part of the United Kingdom, it is responsible for the defence and international relations of the islands. The Crown dependencies are not members of the Commonwealth of Nations nor of the European Union. They have a total population of about 168,000, and the bailiwicks' respective capitals, Saint Helier and Saint Peter Port, have populations of 33,500 and 16,488, respectively. The total area of the islands is 198 km., Guernsey is a jurisdiction within the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a Crown dependency. Situated in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy, the jurisdiction embraces not only all ten parishes on the island of Guernsey, but also the much smaller inhabited islands of Herm, Jethou and Lihou together with many small islets and rocks. The jurisdiction is not part of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, defence and most foreign relations are handled by the British Government., Jersey (; Jèrriais: "Jèrri" [ri]), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey (Jèrriais: "Bailliage dé Jèrri"), is a Crown dependency of the United Kingdom, ruled by the Crown in right of Jersey, off the coast of Normandy, France. Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes went on to become kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey and the other Channel Islands remained attached to the English crown., The Commonwealth of Nations (formerly the British Commonwealth), also known as simply The Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of 52 member states that were mostly territories of the former British Empire. The Commonwealth operates by intergovernmental consensus of the member states, organised through the Commonwealth Secretariat and non-governmental organisations, organised through the Commonwealth Foundation., Philippe Le Sueur Mourant (1848  21 August 1918) was a Jersey writer who wrote in Jèrriais and French., Thomas Alfred Grut ( 1852 - 1933 ) was a Guernsey photographer and author . He published Des lures guernesiaises in 1927 , a collection of newspaper columns in Guernésiais . He also translated some of the Jèrriais stories of Philippe Le Sueur Mourant into Guernésiais . Grut was also one of if not the most noted of all Guernsey photographers in his day . He established his first studio at 2 Victoria Crescent , Victoria Road in St Peter Port in 1879 called the `` Central Studio '' and later moved his studio to 5 ( Le ) Pollet Street in St. Peter Port in 1894 . During Grut 's long and impressive career he captured the portraits of many important citizens and notable persons both of the Channel Islands and other countries . His son Norman Grut took over most of the photography business by 1910 ., France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux., Guernésiais, also known as Dgèrnésiais, Guernsey French, and Guernsey Norman French, is the variety of the Norman language spoken in Guernsey. It is sometimes known on the island simply as "patois". As one of the langues d'oïl it has its roots in Latin, but has had strong influence from both Old Norse and English at different points in its history., Jèrriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, one of the Channel Islands off the coast of France. It has been in decline over the past century as English has increasingly become the language of education, commerce and administration. There are very few people who speak Jèrriais as a mother tongue and, owing to the age of the remaining speakers, their numbers decrease annually. Despite this, efforts are being made to keep the language alive., Patois is speech or language that is considered nonstandard, although the term is not formally defined in linguistics. As such, "patois" can refer to pidgins, creoles, dialects, or vernaculars, but not commonly to jargon or slang, which are vocabulary-based forms of cant., The Bailiwick of Guernsey is one of three Crown dependencies of the United Kingdom., Subject: thomas alfred grut, Relation: occupation, Options: (A) commercial (B) linguistics (C) member (D) saint (E) united kingdom (F) writer
Output: writer