Context: Sugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are various types of sugar derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose (also known as dextrose), fructose, and galactose. The table or granulated sugar most customarily used as food is sucrose, a disaccharide. (In the body, sucrose hydrolyses into fructose and glucose.) Other disaccharides include maltose and lactose. Longer chains of sugars are called oligosaccharides. Chemically-different substances may also have a sweet taste, but are not classified as sugars. Some are used as lower-calorie food substitutes for sugar, described as artificial sweeteners., Spinach ("Spinacia oleracea") is an edible flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae native to central and western Asia. Its leaves are eaten as a vegetable., Sugar beet is the Altissima Group of cultivars of the common beet ("Beta vulgaris"). It is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and it is grown commercially for sugar production. Sugar beets and other beet cultivars, such as beetroot and chard, are members of "Beta vulgaris" subsp. "vulgaris" and share a common wild ancestor, the Sea beet ("Beta vulgaris" subsp. "maritima")., The sea beet, "Beta vulgaris" subsp. "maritima" ((L.) Arcangeli.), is a member of the family Amaranthaceae, previously of the Chenopodiaceae. Carl Linnaeus first described "Beta vulgaris" in 1753; in the second edition of "Species Plantarum" in 1762, he divided the species into wild and cultivated varieties, giving the name "Beta maritima" to the wild taxon., Sucrose is a common, naturally occurring saccharide found in many plants and plant parts. Saccharose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose. The molecule is a disaccharide combination of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose with the formula CHO., Beta vulgaris (beet) is a plant which is included in Betoideae subfamily in the Amaranthaceae family. It is the economically most important crop of the large order Caryophyllales. It has several cultivar groups, the sugar beet, of greatest importance to produce table sugar; the root vegetable known as the beetroot or garden beet; the leaf vegetables chard and spinach beet; and mangelwurzel, which is a fodder crop. Three subspecies are typically recognised. All cultivars fall into the subspecies "Beta vulgaris" subsp. "vulgaris". The wild ancestor of the cultivated beets is the sea beet ("Beta vulgaris" subsp. "maritima"). , Peronospora farinosa is a plant pathogen . It causes downy mildew on leaves of wild and cultivated Amaranthaceae : Amaranthus , Atriplex , Bassia , Beta , Chenopodium , Halimione , Salsola , Spinacia , etc. In the past , the forms of Peronospora on these different genera , and their species , were given different species names , but these downy mildews are now generally considered to be forms of one species P. farinosa ( see Index Fungorum ) . Some of the forms on important crop plants have been given names as formae speciales , notably f.sp . betae on sugar beet ( = P. schachtii ) and f.sp . spinaciae on spinach . Such host specialization possibly also exists with respect to the various wild amaranthaceous hosts of P. farinosa . Downy mildew is a moderately important disease of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris ) . The pathogen persists as oospores in the soil , or on beet seed crops , or on overwintered volunteer beet plants . Attacks are most important at the seedling stage . The cotyledons are systemically infected , becoming discoloured and distorted . Loss of seedlings causes uneven crop development . Beet leaves are less affected , so a crop can to a substantial effect recover from an attack on seedlings . Control relies on adequate crop rotation , and avoidance of sources of infection ( e.g. adequate control of the disease on beet seed crops ) . Individual infected plants may be removed . It is not generally necessary to apply fungicides . Downy mildew has more direct importance on spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) , since it affects the harvested part ( leaves ) . Yellow lesions appear on the older leaves . Fungicide treatments are effective , and resistant cultivars are available . Oospores survive only 2 -- 3 years in the soil , so crop rotation may be used ., The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approx. 13,164 known genera and a total of c. 295,383 known species. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek composite word ("angeion", "case" or "casing", and "sperma", "seed") meaning "enclosed seeds", after the enclosed condition of the seeds., Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants known as the amaranth family. It now includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae, and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species. making it the most species-rich lineage within the flowering plant order of Caryophyllales., A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in plants that are floral (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit containing seeds., The beetroot is the taproot portion of the beet plant, usually known in North America as the beet, also table beet, garden beet, red beet, or golden beet. It is one of several of the cultivated varieties of "Beta vulgaris" grown for their edible taproots and their leaves (called beet greens). These varieties have been classified as "B. vulgaris" subsp. "vulgaris" Conditiva Group., Chard ("Beta vulgaris" subsp. "vulgaris", Cicla-Group and Flavescens-Group) is a leafy green vegetable often used in Mediterranean cooking. In the Flavescens-Group-cultivars, the leaf stalks are large and are often prepared separately from the leaf blade. The leaf blade can be green or reddish in color; the leaf stalks also vary in color, usually white, yellow, or red. Chard has highly nutritious leaves making it a popular addition to healthful diets (like other green leafy vegetables). Chard has been around for centuries, but because of its similarity to other beets and some other vegetables such as cardoon, the common names used by cooks over the centuries may be confusing., Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia. The concept is in limited use, as it significantly overlaps with the Middle East (or Near East), the main difference being the exclusion of Egypt (which would be counted as part of North Africa). The term is sometimes used for the purposes of grouping countries in statistics., Subject: peronospora farinosa, Relation: instance_of, Options: (A) addition (B) color (C) combination (D) concept (E) condition (F) cooking (G) cultivar (H) family (I) flower (J) formula (K) fruit (L) garden (M) group (N) limited (O) may (P) member (Q) name (R) order (S) part (T) plant (U) population (V) root vegetable (W) sea (X) seed (Y) statistics (Z) structure ([) subregion (\) sugars (]) table (^) taxon (_) three (`) vegetable
Output: taxon