Context: Scandinavia is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages., Old Norse was a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during about the 9th to 13th centuries., Mythology refers variously to the collected myths of a group of people or to the study of such myths. Myths are the stories people tell to explain nature, history and customs., In Norse mythology, Gangr or Gang (Old Norse, 'gait') was a giant and a son of Ölvaldi, along with his brothers Þjazi and Iði. According to "Skáldskaparmál", Ölvaldi was very rich in gold, and when he died his three sons divided his inheritance among themselves, measuring it out by each in turn taking a mouthful. For this reason the expressions "speech of Þjazi, Gangr or Iði" and "Iði's shining talk" are kennings for gold., In Norse mythology, Þjazi (anglicized as Thiazi, Thjazi, Tjasse or Thiassi) was a giant. He was a son of the giant Ölvaldi, brother of giants Iði and Gangr, and the father of Skaði. His most notable misdeed was the kidnapping of the goddess Iðunn, which is related in both the "Prose Edda" and the skaldic poem "Haustlöng"., Poetic Edda is the modern attribution for an unnamed collection of Old Norse anonymous poems, which is different from the Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson. Several versions exist, all consisting primarily of text from the Icelandic mediaeval manuscript known as the "Codex Regius". The "Codex Regius" is arguably the most important extant source on Norse mythology and Germanic heroic legends, and from the early 19th century onwards, it has had a powerful influence on later Scandinavian literatures, not merely by the stories it contains but also by the visionary force and dramatic quality of many of the poems. It has also become an inspiring model for many later innovations in poetic meter, particularly in Nordic languages, offering many varied examples of terse, stress-based metrical schemes working without any final rhyme by instead using alliterative devices and strongly-concentrated imagery. Poets who have acknowledged their debt to the Codex Regius include Vilhelm Ekelund, August Strindberg, J.R.R. Tolkien, Ezra Pound, Jorge Luis Borges, and Karin Boye., In Norse mythology, Skaði (sometimes anglicized as Skadi, Skade, or Skathi) is a jötunn and goddess associated with bowhunting, skiing, winter, and mountains. Skaði is attested in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; the "Prose Edda" and in "Heimskringla", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the works of skalds., Germanic mythology consists of the body of myths native to the Germanic peoples. Commonly featuring narratives focused on Germanic deities and a large variety of other entities, Germanic mythology dates from the Proto-Germanic period and reaches beyond the Christianization of the Germanic peoples and into modern Germanic folklore. Germanic mythology includes Norse mythology, Anglo-Saxon mythology, and Continental Germanic mythology., The second part of Snorri Sturluson's "Prose Edda" the Skáldskaparmál ([skaldskaparmal], , "language of poetry"; c. 50,000 words) is effectively a dialogue between Ægir, the Norse god of the sea, and Bragi, the god of poetry, in which both Norse mythology and discourse on the nature of poetry are intertwined. The origin of a number of "kennings" is given; then Bragi delivers a systematic list of "kennings" for various people, places and things. He then goes on to discuss poetic language in some detail, in particular "heiti", the concept of poetical words which are non-periphrastic (like "steed" for "horse"), and again systematises these. This in a way forms an early form of poetic thesaurus., The Prose Edda, also known as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda or, historically, simply as Edda, is an Old Norse work of literature written in Iceland in the early 13th century. The work is often assumed to have been written, or at least compiled, by the Icelandic scholar and historian Snorri Sturluson around the year 1220., In Norse mythology , Alvaldi or Ölvaldi ( Old Norse , ' the all - powerful one ' ) was a giant and the father of Þjazi , Gangr and Iði as well as the grandfather of Skaði . According to Skáldskaparmál , Ölvaldi was very rich in gold , and when he died his three sons divided his inheritance among themselves , measuring it out by each in turn taking a mouthful . For this reason the expressions `` speech of Þjazi , Gangr or Iði '' and `` Iði 's shining talk '' are kennings for gold ., Norse mythology is the body of mythology of the North Germanic people stemming from Norse paganism and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia and into the Scandinavian folklore of the modern period. The northernmost extension of Germanic mythology, Norse mythology consists of tales of various deities, beings, and heroes derived from numerous sources from both before and after the pagan period, including medieval manuscripts, archaeological representations, and folk tradition., Snorri Sturluson (1179  23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the "Prose Edda" or "Younger Edda", which consists of "Gylfaginning" ("the fooling of Gylfi"), a narrative of Norse mythology, the "Skáldskaparmál", a book of poetic language, and the "Háttatal", a list of verse forms. He was also the author of the "Heimskringla", a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material in "Ynglinga saga" and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of "Egil's saga"., The jötunn (anglicized jotunn or jotun, plural jötnar , or ; Old Norse jtunn , Icelandic jötunn ; often glossed as "giant" or "ettin") are a mythological race that live in Jötunheimr, one of the nine worlds of Norse cosmology. They were banished there by the Æsir who refused them entry to their world, Asgard. The Jötnar can be seen throughout Norse mythology. They frequently interact with the Æsir, as well as the Vanir. They are usually in opposition to, or in competition with them, but also interact with them in a non-hostile manner. Some Jötnar even intermarry with the Æsir and Vanir, and many are named as parents or grandparents of Æsir such as Thor and Odin. This very complex relationship between these two comparable races develops most notably in the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda, ultimately making it difficult to distinguish them from the more familiar Norse gods., Haustlöng (Old Norse "autumn-long") is a skaldic poem composed around the beginning of the 10th century. The poem is preserved in the 13th century "Prose Edda", which quotes two groups of stanzas from it, and is attributed to the Norwegian skald Þjóðólfr of Hvinir. The poem describes mythological scenes painted on a shield given to the poet. In the stanzas that have come down to us two such scenes are described:, Subject: alvaldi, Relation: member_of, Options: (A) beyond (B) down (C) europe (D) group (E) jötnar (F) s (G) stress (H) twice
Output: jötnar