Context: Mathematics (from Greek  "máthma", knowledge, study, learning) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics., Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework., In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number  is the non-negative value of  without regard to its sign. Namely, for a positive , for a negative  (in which case is positive), and . For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of 3 is also 3. The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero., In mathematics , convergence tests are methods of testing for the convergence , conditional convergence , absolute convergence , interval of convergence or divergence of an infinite series ., Quantity is a property that can exist as a magnitude or multitude. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more", "less", or "equal", or by assigning a numerical value in terms of a unit of measurement. Quantity is among the basic classes of things along with quality, substance, change, and relation. Some quantities are such by their inner nature (as number), while others are functioning as states (properties, dimensions, attributes) of things such as heavy and light, long and short, broad and narrow, small and great, or much and little. A small quantity is sometimes referred to as a quantulum., A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Definitions can be classified into two large categories, intensional definitions (which try to give the essence of a term) and extensional definitions (which proceed by listing the objects that a term describes). Another important category of definitions is the class of ostensive definitions, which convey the meaning of a term by pointing out examples. A term may have many different senses and multiple meanings, and thus require multiple definitions., In mathematics, an infinite series of numbers is said to converge absolutely (or to be absolutely convergent) if the sum of the absolute value of the summand is finite. More precisely, a real or complex series formula_1 is said to converge absolutely if formula_2 for some real number formula_3. Similarly, an improper integral of a function, formula_4, is said to converge absolutely if the integral of the absolute value of the integrand is finitethat is, if formula_5, INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) is a currently operational space telescope for observing gamma rays. It was launched by the European Space Agency into Earth orbit in 2002, and is designed to detect some of the most energetic radiation that comes from space. It was the most sensitive gamma ray observatory launched before "Fermi"., In mathematical analysis, an improper integral is the limit of a definite integral as an endpoint of the interval(s) of integration approaches either a specified real number or formula_1 or formula_2 or, in some cases, as both endpoints approach limits. Such an integral is often written symbolically just like a standard definite integral, in some cases with "infinity" as a limit of integration., In mathematics, a series or integral is said to be conditionally convergent if it converges, but it does not converge absolutely., Subject: convergence tests, Relation: part_of, Options: (A) astrophysics (B) class (C) continuum (D) earth (E) european space agency (F) infinite (G) learning (H) mathematical analysis (I) mathematics (J) may (K) nature (L) orbit (M) part (N) phrase (O) radiation (P) series (Q) word
Output: mathematical analysis