Context: Russia, also officially known as the Russian Empire, was a state that existed from 1721 until it was overthrown by the short-lived liberal February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in world history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. It played a major role in 181214 in defeating Napoleon's ambitions to control Europe, and expanded to the west and south., Zionism ("Tsiyyonut" after "Zion") is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Palestine, Canaan or the Holy Land). Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe as a national revival movement, in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired state in Palestine, then an area controlled by the Ottoman Empire., Religious Zionism (translit. "Tziyonut Datit", or "Dati Leumi" "National Religious", or "Kippah seruga", literally "knitted skullcap") is an ideology that combines Zionism and observant Judaism., Hovevei Zion (lit. "[Those who are] Lovers of Zion"), also known as Hibbat Zion, refers to a variety of organizations which began in 1881 in response to the Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire and were officially constituted as a group at a conference led by Leon Pinsker in 1884., Samuel Mohilever ( 1824 -- 1898 ) , also Shmuel Mohilever , was a rabbi , pioneer of Religious Zionism and one of the founders of the Hovevei Zion movement . Mohilever was born in Gbokie ( now Hlybokaye , Belarus ) and studied in the Volozhin yeshiva . After the pogroms following the May Laws , he helped found the Hovevei Zion in Warsaw , and convinced Baron Edmond James de Rothschild to financially support a settlement called Ekron ( now Qiryat Ekron ) . Mohilever was made the Rabbi of Biaystok in 1883 . He dedicated himself to promote Zionism by convincing Biaystok 's Jews to move to Petah Tikva , then a struggling settlement . In 1884 , Mohilever was elected to the presidency of the Hovevei Zion conference , with Leon Pinsker serving as chairman . Mohilever served as chairman in the 1887 and 1889 conferences . Many of his contributions were of a religious nature - Mohilever insured that Jewish farming in Palestine complied with Jewish laws and tradition by setting up a rabbinical committee to oversee it . In 1893 there were a series of differences between Rabbi Mohilever and the main offices of Chovevei L'Tzion in Odessa , which was largely secularist and directed by Leo Pinsker . This led to a decision for Chovevei L'Tzion to make another Centre under Mohilever 's leadership . This new branch , was named Mizrachi , ( A Hebrew abbreviation of merkaz ruhani -- `` spiritual centre '' ) . Their task was to educate orthodox Jews about the concept of Zionism . But despite the religious differences , Rabbi Mohilever made the wise decision to remain part of the Chovevei L'Tzion movement . Nonetheless , Mohilever put constant pressure on the national movement to meet with the requirements of the Orthodox Jews . In 1897 Mohilever sent a message to the First Zionist Congress : ' It is essential ' , he wrote , ' that the Congress unite all `` Sons of Zion '' who are true to our cause to work in complete harmony and fraternity , even if there be among them differences of opinion regarding religion . ' Rabbi Mohilever and his colleagues continued their work , especially among Orthodox Jews , and as a result , Mizrachi became the foundation of the religious Zionist movement . In 1902 , four years after Rabbi Shmuel 's death , Mizrachi officially joined the Zionist Organization . When in 1901 Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines and other of Mohilever 's disciples re-established the organization , they did so with the same stance , spirit and name . Mohilever had successfully inspired the amalgamation of traditional Jewish orthodoxy with practical Zionism . His last letter to the Jews of Russia before his death urged them to work to achieve a deep attachment to the commandment to settle in Israel , which he said is `` the foundation of the existence of our people . '' The kibbutz Gan Shmuel was named after Mohilever . Mohilever was active in the propagandist and organizational affairs as well as labors on behalf of colonization in Palestine . As early as 1882 , he went to Paris to meet a young Baron Edmond de Rothschild , and convinced him to take an interest in the struggling settlers in Israel . With the help of Rabbi Mohilever , Rothschild stayed and was the single greatest benefactor of Zionist work there ., Leon Pinsker (; 1821, Tomaszów Lubelski, Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire  1891, Odessa, Russian Empire) was a physician, a Zionist pioneer and activist, and the founder and leader of the Hovevei Zion, also known as Hibbat Zion (Lovers of Zion) movement., Judaism (from , derived from Greek , originally from Hebrew , "Yehudah", "Judah"; in Hebrew: , "Yahadut", the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos) encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world., The term "pogrom" in the meaning of large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting, saw its first use in the 19th century, in reference to the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire. Pogroms began occurring after the Russian Empire, which previously had very few Jews, acquired territories with large Jewish populations during 1791-1835. These territories were designated "the Pale of Settlement" by the Russian government, within which Jews were reluctantly permitted to live, and it was within them that the pogroms largely took place. Most Jews were forbidden from moving to other parts of the Empire, unless they converted to the Russian Orthodox state religion., Subject: samuel mohilever, Relation: country_of_citizenship, Options: (A) british (B) jewish people (C) poland (D) russia (E) russian empire
Output: poland