Context: A duke (male) (British English: or American English: ) or duchess (female) can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch. The title comes from French "duc", itself from the Latin "dux", 'leader', a term used in republican Rome to refer to a military commander without an official rank (particularly one of Germanic or Celtic origin), and later coming to mean the leading military commander of a province., France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux., The Duchy of Mantua was a duchy in Lombardy, Northern Italy, subject to the Holy Roman Empire., Nièvre is a department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the centre of France named after the River Nièvre., Paris (French: ) is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2,229,621 within its administrative limits. The city is both a commune and department, and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12,005,077, comprising 18.2 percent of the population of France., Nivernais is a former province of France, around the city of Nevers, which forms the modern department of Nièvre., Charles II Gonzaga ( 1609 -- 1631 ) was the son of Charles I , Duke of Mantua and Catherine de Lorraine - Guise ( also known as Catherine de Mayenne ) , he was the Duke of Nevers and Rethel , together with his father . In 1621 , he succeeded his uncle Henri de Lorraine - Guise as Duke of Mayenne ., Rethel is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture and third-most important city and economic center in the department. It is situated on the river Aisne, near the northern border of Champagne and 37 km from Reims., Reims (also spelt Rheims), a city in the Grand Est region of France, lies east-northeast of Paris. The 2013 census recorded 182,592 inhabitants ("Rémoises" (feminine) and "Rémois" (masculine)) in the city of Reims proper (the "commune"), and 317,611 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ("aire urbaine")., The Duke of Mantua was the ruler of the Lombard Duchy of Mantua, held by the Gonzaga family from 1328 to 1708. The Gonzaga family ruled initially as "Captains General of the People" until 1433, when Gianfrancesco Gonzaga assumed the title of "Marquis of Mantua". In 1530, Federico II received the title of Duke of Mantua. In 1531, the family acquired the vacant Marquisate of Montferrat through marriage., Nevers (Latin: "Noviodunum", later "Nevirnum" and "Nebirnum") is the prefecture of the Nièvre department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in central France. It was the principal city of the former province of Nivernais. It is south-southeast of Paris., Subject: charles gonzaga, Relation: country_of_citizenship, Options: (A) british (B) france (C) french republic (D) italy (E) lombardy (F) roman empire
Output: italy