nirantk/geneticsQA-train huggingface dataset:
Question: Which protein is associated with hyperemesis gravidarum during pregrancy?

Context:
Maternal smoking, BMI, parity, ethnicity, fetal gender, placental weight and hyperemesis gravidarum symptoms were associated with total hCG. 
First trimester maternal serum PAPP-A and free β-HCG levels in hyperemesis gravidarum.
HG is associated with elevated levels of PAPP-A and free β-hCG, and such changes are independent of serum indicators of thyroid and liver function.
hCG promotes progesterone production by corpus luteal cells; promotes angiogenesis in uterine vasculature; promoted the fusion of cytotrophoblast cell and differentiation to make syncytiotrophoblast cells; causes the blockage of any immune or macrophage action by mother on foreign invading placental cells; causes uterine growth parallel to fetal growth; suppresses any myometrial contractions during the course of pregnancy; causes growth and differentiation of the umbilical cord; signals the endometrium about forthcoming implantation; acts on receptor in mother's brain causing hyperemesis gravidarum, and seemingly promotes growth of fetal organs during pregnancy. 

Answer: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is associated with hyperemesis gravidarum during pregrancy.
Exact answer: Human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG
Question: Which viruses are best known to cause myocarditis?

Context:
Enteroviruses (EV) are an important cause of neonatal disease including hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, and myocarditis that can lead to death or severe long-term sequelae
Enteroviruses have been considered to be the most common cause of acute myocarditis and possible consequence of dilated cardiomyopathy.
n our study the adenovirus genome was found to be the most frequent virus genome in explanted heart tissues.
Coxsackie B viruses (types 1 to 5) are the most frequent reported cause of acute viral myocarditis.

Answer: The most frequent viruses causing myocarditis are Enterovirus, Adenovirus and Coxsackie B viruses.
Exact answer: Enterovirus, Adenovirus, Coxsackie B virus
Question: Which variables are included in the SPAN-100 score?

Context:
Furthermore, MR-proADM levels significantly improved reclassification of patients in the prediction of outcome by the Stroke Prognostication using Age and NIHSS-100 (SPAN-100; NRI = 0.175; p = 0.04). 
Stroke Prognostication using Age and NIH Stroke Scale: SPAN-100.
METHODS: We created the Stroke Prognostication using Age and NIH Stroke Scale (SPAN) index by combining age in years plus NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ≥100. 
The SPAN-100 index is considered positive if the sum of the age and the NIH Stroke Scale (a 15-item neurological examination scale with scores ranging from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating more severe strokes) score is greater than or equal to 100
The Stroke Prognostication using Age and the NIH Stroke Scale index, created by combining age in years plus a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stroke Scale score of 100 or higher (and hereafter referred to as the SPAN-100 index), is a simple risk score for estimating clinical outcomes for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS)

Answer: SPAN-100 score includes patient's age and NIH Stroke Scale score. SPAN-100 is used for prognostication of stroke patients.
Exact answer: Age, NIH Stroke Scale score
Question: List the main proteases used for sample digestion in proteomics.

Context:
the consecutive use of endoproteinases LysC and trypsin
 Asp-N to trypsin 
 tryptic digestion
tryptic digest
enzymatic digestion is most commonly performed using trypsin
chymotrypsin/trypsin digestion
In this method, chymotrypsin, single or in combination with trypsin, was used, which enabled to obtain proteolytic peptides from the hydrophobic regions and to identify new oil bodies' proteins.
proteins were digested by thermolysin
tryptic digestion
protein digestion by trypsin
Trypsin is an endoprotease commonly used for sample preparation in proteomics experiments
tryptic digestion 
direct tryptic digestion
 trypsin digestion
Tryptic digestion is an important component of most proteomics experiments
We evaluated nine trypsin-based digestion protocols, based on standard in-solution or on spin filter-aided digestion
Getting intimate with trypsin, the leading protease in proteomics.
sample preparation via trypsin digestion
 in-gel digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin, Asp-N, or trypsin plus Asp-N in triplicate. 
In this study, we examined the use of multiple proteases (trypsin, LysC, tandem LysC/trypsin) on both protein identification and quantification 
digested with LysC and trypsin, 
In-gel trypsin digestion
Magnetic bead cellulose activated with divinyl sulfone was used for the immobilization of Staphylococcus aureus endoproteinase Glu-C (EC 3.4.21.19).
protease digestion with AspN or trypsin

Answer: Trypsin is the main protease used in proteomics followed by Asp-N, chymotrypsin, LysC, GluC and thermolysin.
Exact answer: trypsin, Asp-N, chymotrypsin, LysC, Glu-C, thermolysin
Question: What was the purpose of the FANTOM5 project?

Context:
The FANTOM5 and ENCODE projects represent two independent large scale efforts to map regulatory and transcriptional features to the human genome.
The functional annotation of the mammalian genome 5 (FANTOM5) project provides comprehensive expression profiles and functional annotation of mammalian cell-type-specific transcriptomes with wide applications in biomedical research
The functional annotation of the mammalian genome 5 (FANTOM5) project provides comprehensive expression profiles and functional annotation of mammalian cell-type-specific transcriptomes with wide applications in biomedical research.
The online FANTOM5 enhancer atlas represents a unique resource for studies on cell-type-specific enhancers and gene regulation.
The FANTOM5 and ENCODE projects represent two independent large scale efforts to map regulatory and transcriptional features to the human genome.
The functional annotation of the mammalian genome 5 (FANTOM5) project provides comprehensive expression profiles and functional annotation of mammalian cell-type-specific transcriptomes with wide applications in biomedical research.
The FANTOM5 and ENCODE projects represent two independent large scale efforts to map regulatory and transcriptional features to the human genome. 
The online FANTOM5 enhancer atlas represents a unique resource for studies on cell-type-specific enhancers and gene regulation.
Here we use the FANTOM5 panel of samples, covering the majority of human tissues and cell types, to produce an atlas of active, in vivo-transcribed enhancers. 
The FANTOM5 and ENCODE projects represent two independent large scale efforts to map regulatory and transcriptional features to the human genome. Here we investigate chromatin features around a comprehensive set of transcription start sites in four cell lines by integrating data from these two projects. 
The functional annotation of the mammalian genome 5 (FANTOM5) project provides comprehensive expression profiles and functional annotation of mammalian cell-type-specific transcriptomes with wide applications in biomedical research.
The FANTOM5 and ENCODE projects represent two independent large scale efforts to map regulatory and transcriptional features to the human genome.

Answer: The functional annotation of the mammalian genome 5 (FANTOM5) project provides comprehensive expression profiles and functional annotation of mammalian cell-type-specific transcriptomes with wide applications in biomedical research. The FANTOM5 and ENCODE projects represent two independent large scale efforts to map regulatory and transcriptional features to the human genome.
Exact answer: To provide comprehensive expression profiles and functional annotation of mammalian cell-type-specific transcriptomes with wide applications in biomedical research.
Question: What fruit causes Jamaican vomiting sickness?

Context:
The aril of the unripe fruit has high concentrations of HGA, the cause of Jamaican vomiting sickness, which is very often fatal.
In 1976, over 100 years after Jamaican vomiting sickness (JVS) was first reported, the cause of JVS was linked to the ingestion of the toxin hypoglycin A produced by ackee fruit. 
Ackee apple fruit is a native fruit to Jamaica and some parts of west Africa. Its toxicity known as "Jamaican vomiting sickness" dates back to the nineteenth century.
Jamaican Vomiting Sickness is caused by ingestion of the unripe arils of the Ackee fruit, its seeds and husks.
An acute illness (Jamaican vomiting sickness) which affected two adults after eating unripe ackee fruit was investigated.
Jamaican Vomiting Sickness is caused by ingestion of the unripe arils of the Ackee fruit, its seeds and husks.
The aril of the unripe fruit has high concentrations of HGA, the cause of Jamaican vomiting sickness, which is very often fatal.
In 1976, over 100 years after Jamaican vomiting sickness (JVS) was first reported, the cause of JVS was linked to the ingestion of the toxin hypoglycin A produced by ackee fruit.
Hypoglycin A, the toxin found in the ackee fruit, has been reported in the literature as the causative agent in incidences of acute toxicity termed Jamaican vomiting sickness or toxic hypoglycemic syndrome.
Jamaican Vomiting Sickness is caused by ingestion of the unripe arils of the Ackee fruit, its seeds and husks
An acute illness (Jamaican vomiting sickness) which affected two adults after eating unripe ackee fruit was investigated
Hypoglycin A, the toxin found in the ackee fruit, has been reported in the literature as the causative agent in incidences of acute toxicity termed Jamaican vomiting sickness or toxic hypoglycemic syndrome
Hypoglycin A, the toxin found in the ackee fruit, has been reported in the literature as the causative agent in incidences of acute toxicity termed Jamaican vomiting sickness or toxic hypoglycemic syndrome. 
An acute illness (Jamaican vomiting sickness) which affected two adults after eating unripe ackee fruit was investigated. 
In 1976, over 100 years after Jamaican vomiting sickness (JVS) was first reported, the cause of JVS was linked to the ingestion of the toxin hypoglycin A produced by ackee fruit.

Answer: Jamaican Vomiting Sickness is caused by ingestion of the unripe arils of the Ackee fruit, its seeds and husks.
Exact answer: Ackee fruit
Question: What is the name for anorexia in gymnasts?

Context:
Elite Rhythmic Gymnasts (RGs) constitute a unique metabolic model and they are prone to developing Anorexia Athletica.
We studied 13 female juvenile elite gymnasts with anorexia athletica (AA

Answer: Anorexia athletica
Exact answer: Anorexia Athletica
Question: Where is the histone variant CENPA preferentially localized?

Context:
centromere protein A (CENPA),
Centromere activity of the alphoid YAC was suppressed at ectopic locations on the host chromosome, as indicated by the absent or reduced assembly of CENP-A and -C.
Heterozygous and homozygous Cenpa-GFP fusion-protein mouse mutants, generated through targeted insertion of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene into the mouse Cenpa gene locus, show specific localized fluorescence at all the centromeres.
Co-immunoprecipitation assay demonstrates interaction between PARP-2 and its functional homolog PARP-1, constitutive centromere proteins Cenpa and Cenpb, and spindle checkpoint protein Bub3, but not with a third constitutive centromere protein Cenpc.
Here we investigated the interaction of this protein with, and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of, three constitutive centromere proteins, Cenpa, Cenpb, and Cenpc, and a spindle checkpoint protein, Bub3
The evidence is consistent with the proposal of a critical epigenetic function for CENP-A in marking a chromosomal region for centromere formation
CENPA is a member of the histone H3-like proteins and is thought to replace histone H3 in centromeric nucleosomes. CENPC is a DNA-binding protein that is located at the inner kinetochore plate of active mammalian centromeres.
ENPA/Cse4 assembles centromeric chromatin on diverse DNA
constitutive kinetochore proteins such as CENPA
A specific histone H3 variant, CENPA, replaces conventional histone H3 and together with centromere-specific-DNA-binding factors directs the assembly of active kinetochores

Answer: Centromere protein A (Cenpa for mouse, CENP-A for other species) is an essential histone H3-like protein that localizes to the centromeric region of eukaryotic chromosomes, where it replaces conventional histone H3 and together with centromere-specific-DNA-binding factors directs the assembly of active kinetochores.
THe histone variant CENPA is preferentially located at Centromeric chromatin
Exact answer: Centromeres, CENPA is preferentially localized in eukaryotic centromeres
Question: What molecule is targeted by brodalumab?

Context:
BACKGROUND: Early clinical studies suggested that the anti-interleukin-17 receptor A monoclonal antibody brodalumab has efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis.
METHODS: We reviewed the results of the phase II clinical trials for the anti-IL-17 agents secukinumab, ixekizumab and brodalumab in order to assess the efficacy and safety profile of each agent.
These include the IL-17 antagonists, secukinumab, brodalumab and ixekizumab; the IL-23 antagonists, guselkumab and tildrakizumab; and the oral small molecule therapies, tofacitinib and apremilast. 
RECENT FINDINGS: New drugs that are designed to inhibit steps in this pathway, the IL12/IL23 inhibitor, ustekinumab, the IL17A inhibitors secukinumab and ixekizumab, the IL17A receptor inhibitor, brodalumab, and the IL23 inhibitors guselkumab and tildrakizumab, have demonstrated significant effectiveness in treating these diseases, particularly psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
Brodalumab, an anti-IL17RA monoclonal antibody, in psoriatic arthritis.
Brodalumab, an anti-interleukin-17-receptor antibody for psoriasis.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of brodalumab, a human anti-IL-17 receptor monoclonal antibody, in moderate to severe asthma.
Gene expression profiles normalized in psoriatic skin by treatment with brodalumab, a human anti-IL-17 receptor monoclonal antibody.
The three new therapies with biologic drugs - brodalumab, secukinumab, and ixekizumab - all target the IL-17 signaling pathway. Secukinumab and ixekizumab neutralize IL-17A, while brodalumab blocks its receptor.
Brodalumab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17 receptor A,

Answer: Interleukin-17. Brodalumab is anti interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody.
Exact answer: Interleukin-17
Question: List the classical symptoms of the Moschcowitz syndrome (Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura).

Context:
The combination of neurological symptoms, thrombocytopenia, fever, renal failure and hemolytic anemia in a patient taking ticlopidine points to a diagnosis of TTP.
In addition to the typical manifestations of thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura like thrombocytopenia, haemolysis, fever, coma and renal failure, signs of a beginning DIC could be seen in a patient after abdominal surgery. 
Moschcowitz syndrome or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare disorder with a poor prognosis. This syndrome is characterized by a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with thrombocytopenia, neurologic symptoms and renal disease. 
Moschcowitz's syndrome is a rare condition with poor prognosis. It is characterized by a microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia associated with thrombocytopenia, neurological symptoms and renal involvement.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), in 1924 first described by Moschcowitz, is a clinically heterogeneous syndrome associated with thrombocytopenia, Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia, neurologic changes, renal impairment, and fever.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), in 1924 first described by Moschcowitz, is a clinically heterogeneous syndrome associated with thrombocytopenia, Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia, neurologic changes, renal impairment, and fever
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP, Moschcowitz disease) is characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy leading to microvascular occlusion and ischemic dysfunction of various organs including the brain
Severe deficiency of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS-13) activity (<5% of normal) is specific for classical thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a disorder presenting with thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and often with organ dysfunction such as neurological symptoms, renal failure, and fever.
In a 57-year-old female patient, who was admitted with fluctuating central neurological abnormalities and generalized purpura, was made the diagnosis of a thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP, Moschcowitz' syndrome).
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a syndrome that occurs mainly in adults with multiorgan microvascular thrombosis consisting of thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, neurologic symptoms, renal involvement, and fever.

Answer: The typical manifestations of Moschocowitz syndrome (Thrombotic-thrombocytopenic purpura) are:
1) thrombocytopenia, 
2) haemolysis, 
3) fever, 
4) coma and 
5) renal failure.
Exact answer: thrombocytopenia, thrombotic microangiopathy, haemolysis, hemolytic anemia, fever, coma, neurological symptoms, renal failure
Question: Which software package is available for the analysis of conserved genomic loci?

Context:
PHYLUCE is a software package for the analysis of conserved genomic loci
Prior to downstream inference, data from these types of targeted enrichment studies must undergo preprocessing to assemble contigs from sequence data; identify targeted, enriched loci from the off-target background data; align enriched contigs representing conserved loci to one another; and prepare and manipulate these alignments for subsequent phylogenomic inference. PHYLUCE is an efficient and easy-to-install software package that accomplishes these tasks across hundreds of taxa and thousands of enriched loci.
PHYLUCE is a software package for the analysis of conserved genomic loci.

Answer: PHYLUCE is a software package for the analysis of conserved genomic loci. It identifies targeted, enriched loci from the off-target background data; aligns enriched contigs representing conserved loci to one another; and prepare and manipulate these alignments for subsequent phylogenomic inference. PHYLUCE is an efficient and easy-to-install software package that accomplishes these tasks across hundreds of taxa and thousands of enriched loci
PHYLUCE is a software package for the analysis of conserved genomic loci
Exact answer: PHYLUCE
Question: Which is the prognostic meaning of delayed enhancement documented in patients hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Context:
 It is possible to conclude that there is a high prevalence of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with high-risk or recovered from cardiac sudden death, like those with clinical indication to implantable cardioverter -defibrillator. 
AF in HCM is related with myocardial fibrosis detected by DE-CMR and dilatation of the LA. 
Over the follow-up period, the annualized adverse cardiovascular event rate in patients with DE exceeded that in patients without DE but did not achieve statistical significance (5.5% versus 3.3%; P=0.5). 
Late gadolinium enhancement by CMR has prognostic value in predicting adverse cardiovascular events among HCM patients. There are significant relationships between LGE and cardiovascular mortality, heart failure death, and all-cause mortality in HCM. Additionally, LGE and SCD/aborted SCD displayed a trend toward significance. 
The hyperenhanced apical myocardium had a lower percentage of systolic myocardial thickening, and was associated with serious symptoms (e.g. syncope) and ventricular arrhythmias. 
A semi-quantitative index of DCE is a significant multivariable predictor of both clinical VT/VF and of risk for SCD and may contribute to risk assessment in borderline or controversial cases.
Myocardial scar imaged by CE-CMR is common in patients with HCM, and is predictive of VT. 

Answer: Delayed enhancement by CMR has prognostic value in predicting adverse cardiovascular events among HCM patients, and is associated with cardiovascular mortality, heart failure death, and all-cause mortality in HCM.
Exact answer: Delayed enhancement by CMR has prognostic value in predicting adverse cardiovascular events among HCM patients.
Question: Which is the subcellular localization of the protein angiogenin?

Context:
Under growth conditions, ANG is located in nucleolus where it promotes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription thereby stimulating cell growth. In adverse conditions, ANG is relocated to cytoplasm to promote damage repairs and cell survival. 
Under growth conditions, ANG undergoes nuclear translocation and accumulates in the nucleolus where it stimulates rRNA transcription
Under growth conditions, ANG is located in the nucleus 
Under stress conditions, ANG is localized to the cytoplasm and is concentrated in stress granules
Silencing ANG or inhibiting its nuclear translocation resulted in decreased nuclear LANA-1 and ANG levels,
 results in loss of nuclear translocation activity in ANG mutants
Immunofluorescence staining was applied to investigate co-localization and nuclear translocation.
Recombinant angiogenin was found to mainly concentrate in the pars granulosa of the nucleus, where the protein accumulates to form ribonucleoprotein particles.
Identification of the nucleolar targeting signal of human angiogenin.
Angiogenin is endocytosed by subconfluent endothelial cells, translocated to the nucleus and accumulates in the nucleolus. 
Nuclear translocation of human angiogenin in cultured human umbilical artery endothelial cells is microtubule and lysosome independent.
Exogenous angiogenin undergoes rapid nuclear translocation in cultured human umbilical artery endothelial cells at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees 
the nuclear localization of angiogenin in proliferating endothelial cells 

Answer: Under growth conditions, ANG is located in nucleolus where it promotes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription thereby stimulating cell growth. In adverse conditions, ANG is relocated to cytoplasm to promote damage repairs and cell survival.
Exact answer: Both nucleolar and cytoplasmic