nirantk/geneticsQA-train huggingface dataset:
Question: Does administration of triiodothyronine improve outcome following coronary artery bypass grafting?

Context:
Serum T3 concentrations were significantly higher with fewer patients having T3 concentrations below the normal range in the T3 group than the placebo group throughout the postoperative period. Hemodynamic variables, postoperative inotrope requirement, and outcome variables showed no differences between the groups
We conclude that although widespread interest has been shown on the use of thyroid hormones in the perioperative period, and the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on thyroid hormone metabolism widely studied, there is no substantial evidence to justify routine use of thyroid hormones in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
Treatment with GIK, T3, and GIK/T3 improves hemodynamic performance and results in reduced cTnI release in patients undergoing on-pump CABG surgery.
Perioperative administration of triiodothyronine increased cardiac output slightly and decreased systemic vascular resistance, but it had no effect on operative outcome.
Parenteral triiodothyronine given after crossclamp removal during elective coronary artery bypass grafting significantly improved postoperative ventricular function, reduced the need for treatment with inotropic agents and mechanical devices, and decreased the incidence of myocardial ischemia. The incidence of atrial fibrillation was slightly decreased, and the need for postoperative pacemaker support was reduced.
Perioperative T3 administration decreased the incidence and need for treatment of postoperative atrial fibrillation.
 Intravenous T(3) does not have dramatic effects on hemodynamic variables in this setting as has been previously suggested. 
Raising serum triiodothyronine concentrations in patients undergoing coronary-artery bypass surgery increases cardiac output and lowers systemic vascular resistance, but does not change outcome or alter the need for standard postoperative therapy.
No significant differences were noted in the pre and post CPB hemodynamics between the two groups for the most part of the study except that heart rate was increased in T3 group.
The haemodynamic parameters were no different between the two groups at any postoperative time point. Likewise, density and affinity of lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptors were not significantly different from pre-operative values in either group.

Answer: Perioperative administration of synthetic thyroid hormone therapy have positive hemodynamic effects (consisting of increases cardiac output, lowered systemic vascular resistance) determining improved postoperative ventricular function, reduced the need for treatment with inotropic agents and mechanical devices, in the absence of relevant effects on outcome ad exception of lower incidence of atrial fibrillation.
Exact answer: no
Question: What is the HSP70-HSP110 disaggregase machinery?

Context:
Clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins is central to cell survival.
UBQLN2 acts with the HSP70-HSP110 disaggregase machinery to clear protein aggregates via the 26S proteasome. UBQLN2 recognizes client-bound HSP70 and links it to the proteasome to allow for the degradation of aggregated and misfolded proteins. We further show that this process is active in the cell nucleus, where another system for aggregate clearance, autophagy, does not act. 

Answer: Clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins is central to cell survival. UBQLN2 acts with the HSP70-HSP110 disaggregase machinery to clear protein aggregates via the 26S proteasome. UBQLN2 recognizes client-bound HSP70 and links it to the proteasome to allow for the degradation of aggregated and misfolded proteins. We further show that this process is active in the cell nucleus, where another system for aggregate clearance, autophagy, does not act.
Question: What is the inheritance pattern of Hunter disease or mucopolysaccharidosis II?

Context:
ysosomal diseases (LD) are inherited as autosomal recessive traits, but two important conditions have X-linked inheritance: Fabry disease and Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II).
unter disease, Mucopolysaccharidosis type II, is an X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disorder
unter syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder
X chromosome heterozygosity and confirmed the paternal origin of one of the X chromosomes
 Hunter's disease in a female with an X-chromosome deletion
Chromosome studies on the patient revealed a partial deletion of the long arm of one X-chromosome,
unter disease, an X-linked recessive lethal
X-linked disease
Hunter syndrome in females

Answer: X- linked recessive
Exact answer: X- linked recessive
Question: List variants of the MC1R gene.

Context:
All of the investigated variants showed positive associations with NMSC, with consistent significant results obtained for V60L, D84E, V92M, R151C, R160W, R163Q and D294H: SOR (95%CI) ranged from 1.42 (1.19-1.70) for V60L to 2.66 (1.06-6.65) for D84E variant.
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene encodes for a seven-pass transmembrane receptor primarily expressed on melanocytes and melanoma cells.
for V60L to 2.74 (1.53-4.89) for D84E. 
 We aim to examine the influence of the MC1R variants (RHC: D84E, R151C, R160W; NRHC: V60L, R163Q and the synonymous polymorphism T314T) on the MM risk in a population from the Canary Islands. 

Answer: V60L
D84E
V92M
R151C
R160W
R163Q
D294H
Exact answer: V60L, D84E, V92M, R151C, R160W, R163Q, D294H
Question: Which is the major function of sororin?

Context:
Sororin pre-mRNA splicing is required for proper sister chromatid cohesion in human cells.
ororin accumulation during S phase, and are, therefore, essential to the maintenance of genome stability.
Defective sister chromatid cohesion is a general consequence of dysfunctional pre-mRNA splicing, resulting from the selective downregulation of the cohesion protection factor Sororin
the cohesion protein sororin
sororin, a factor required for the stable association of cohesin with chromatin, 
 sororin, a critical regulator that stabilizes cohesin rings in sister chromatids,
Sister chromatid cohesion depends on Sororin, a protein that stabilizes acetylated cohesin complexes on DNA by antagonizing the cohesin release factor Wings-apart like protein (Wapl). 
Three additional factors Pds5, Wapl, and Sororin bind to cohesin and modulate its dynamic association with chromatin.
Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by cohesin and regulated by Sororin, is essential for chromosome segregation. 
Sororin is a master regulator of sister chromatid cohesion and separation.
The maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion from S phase to the onset of anaphase relies on a small but evolutionarily conserved protein called Sororin.
Sororin mediates sister chromatid cohesion by antagonizing Wapl.
Sororin is a positive regulator of sister chromatid cohesion that interacts with the cohesin complex.

Answer: Sororin is a positive regulator of sister chromatid cohesion that interacts with the cohesin complex.
Question: Which histone modification is primarily linked to elongating transcription?

Context:
Similarly, H3K36 trimethylation, a mark associated with transcription elongation, was specifically increased at the HD locus in the striatum and not in the cerebellum.
y expressing Myc protein fused with the estrogen receptor (Myc-ER) in fibroblasts, we observed that Myc, binding to the regulatory elements of Suz12, Ezh2, and Eed, induces the acetylation of histones H3 and H4 and the recruitment of elongating RNA polymerase II at their promoters
A basal level of JIL-1 binding can be defined that correlates best with the methylation of histone H3 at lysine 36, a mark that is placed co-transcriptionally
RNA polymerase II signals for deacetylation through the methylation of histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36), which provides the recruitment signal for the Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex (HDAC)
Recent studies reviewed here demonstrate that histone deacetylation on the body of a transcribed gene is regulated via Set2-mediated methylation of histone H3-K36
H3K56 acetylation: a chromatin mark associated with the elongating RNA polymerase II
Furthermore, Rtt109 and H3K56 acetylation appear to correlate with actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of polymerase II in yeast
In addition to coordinating the processing of the nascent transcript, elongating RNA polymerase II recruits histone methyltransferases to methylate lysines 4 and 36 of histone H3 in nucleosomes in the body of actively transcribed genes
Set1, the yeast histone H3-lysine 4 (H3-K4) methylase, is recruited by the Pol II elongation machinery to a highly localized domain at the 5' portion of active mRNA coding regions.

Answer: Similarly, H3K36 trimethylation, a mark associated with transcription elongation, was specifically increased at the HD locus in the striatum and not in the cerebellum. Recent studies reviewed here demonstrate that histone deacetylation on the body of a transcribed gene is regulated via Set2-mediated methylation of histone H3-K36.
Exact answer: H3K36me3, H3K36 trimethylation
Question: Are there drugs for Tick-borne Encephalitis?

Context:
 tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) have been detected in Bulgaria. Considering the remarkable increase in TBE morbidity in Europe over the past two decades, we conducted a study of TBE among patients with acute viral meningitis who were hospitalised in Bulgaria during 2009 to 2012. 
Viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family primarily spread through arthropod vectors, and are the major causes of illness and death around the globe. The Flaviviridae family consists of 3 genera which include the Flavivirus genus (type species, yellow fever virus) as the largest genus, the Hepacivirus (type species, hepatitis C virus) and the Pestivirus (type species, bovine virus diarrhea). The flaviviruses (Flavivirus genus) are small RNA viruses transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks that take over host cell machinery in order to propagate. However, hepaciviruses and pestiviruses are not antropod-borne. Despite the extensive research and public health concern associated with flavivirus diseases, to date, there is no specific treatment available for any flavivirus infections, though commercially available vaccines for yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and tick-born encephalitis exist.

Answer: No drug therapy available today
Exact answer: No drug therapy available today
Question: What is the association between adiponectin and migraine?

Context:
Increase in body fat, especially in gluteofemoral region, elevates adiponectin and leptin secretion which in turn impair inflammatory processes that could be contributing to migraine risk.
CONCLUSION: In this pilot study of women episodic migraineurs, the HMW : LMW ADP ratio level was associated with migraine severity and predictive of acute treatment response. ADP and the HMW : LMW ratio of ADP represent potential novel biomarkers and drug targets for episodic migraine.
Specifically, neurotransmittors such as serotonin, peptides such as orexin, and adipocytokines such as adiponectin and leptin have been suggested to have roles in both feeding and migraine. 
Obesity can be considered as a proinflammatory state in which increased inflammatory mediators, vascular hyperreactivity, plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentrations and decreased adiponectin concentrations are observed. These alterations can cause an increase in the frequency of migraine attacks developed of central sensitization, and thereafter, chronic migraine.
Specifically, neurotransmittors such as serotonin, peptides such as orexin, and adipocytokines such as adiponectin and leptin have been suggested to have roles in both feeding and migraine. 
Several adipocytokines appear to play an integral role in feeding and obesity--and have also been linked to pain. Among these proteins are adiponectin and leptin. The author reviews the regulation of adipose tissue and feeding and provides an in-depth examination of adiponectin and leptin and their association with migraine.
CONCLUSION: Serum adiponectin levels are increased in women chronic daily headache (CDH) sufferers.
n this review we discuss the basic science of adiponectin and its potential connection to the pathophysiology of migraine. Future research may focus on how adiponectin levels are potentially altered during migraine attacks, and how that information can be potentially translated into migraine therapy.
Collectively, the results of our analysis suggest that a link between serum adiponectin and migraine remains elusive, at the best
Future research may focus on how adiponectin levels are potentially altered during migraine attacks, and how that information can be potentially translated into migraine therapy.

Answer: There is evidence to suggest that adiponectin plays a role in migraine. Increase in body fat elevates adiponectin and leptin secretion which in turn impair inflammatory processes that could be contributing to migraine risk. In episodic migraine patients, adiponectin was associated with migraine severity and predictive of acute treatment response. Serum adiponectin levels are increased in women chronic daily headache sufferers.
Question: Is pseudouridine a RNA modification?

Context:
Pseudouridine (Ψ) is the most abundant of>150 nucleoside modifications in RNA. 
The number and position of the pseudouridines of Haloarcula marismortui and Deinococcus radiodurans large subunit RNA have been determined by a combination of total nucleoside analysis by HPLC-mass spectrometry and pseudouridine sequencing by the reverse transcriptase method and by LC/MS/MS.
Pseudouridine is the most abundant of more than 100 chemically distinct natural ribonucleotide modifications.

Answer: Yes, pseudouridine (Ψ) is the most abundant of>150 nucleoside modifications in RNA.
Exact answer: yes
Question: What is the mechanism of action of solanezumab?

Context:
Anti-amyloid treatment in asymptomatic AD (A4) is a prevention trial aimed at treating older individuals with normal cognition but at risk of developing AD dementia on the basis of having biomarker evidence of amyloid (preclinical AD). They selected solanezumab for the anti-amyloid treatment for A4.
Passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Aβ is in late clinical development but recently the two most advanced mAbs, Bapineuzumab and Solanezumab, targeting an N-terminal or central epitope, respectively
solanezumab, targeting monomeric Aβ
Immunotherapeutic agents have been developed to remove the neurotoxic amyloid β42 protein and prevent the hypothesized amyloid β42-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. The most notable of these immunotherapies are bapineuzumab and solanezumab.
Aβ removal and improved cognitive function in animal models of AD. Clinical trials on various drugs, including AN1792, bapineuzumab, and solanezumab,
solanezumab, an anti-β-amyloid (Aβ) antibody
Anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies (bapineuzumab and solanezumab) are now being developed
Solanezumab, a humanized anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody directed against the midregion of the Aβ peptide, was shown to neutralize soluble Aβ species. 
Solanezumab (LY2062430) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the central region of β-amyloid, a peptide believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Solanezumab is a humanized anti-amyloid β monoclonal antibody being developed as a passive immunization treatment to slow the progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). 
This situation was encountered in the development of LY2062430, a therapeutic mid-domain monoclonal anti-amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) antibody undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. 
Solanezumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to β-amyloid (Aβ), a protein that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AD.
Solanezumab can neutralize soluble Aβ peptides,
LY2062430 (solanezumab) is a humanized monoclonal antibody being studied as a putative disease-modifying treatment of AD.

Answer: Solanezumab is a monoclonal anti-amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) antibody. It has been tested for treatment of Alzheimer's disease patients.
Solanezumab, a humanized anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody directed against the midregion of the Aβ peptide, was shown to neutralize soluble Aβ species.
Question: What is the function of the protein encoded by the gene PABPC4?

Context:
In testis mRNA stability and translation initiation are extensively under the control of poly(A)-binding proteins (PABP).
Taken together, our findings indicate that PABPC4 may play a role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.
Consistent with these biochemical activities, plus corresponding histological profiles, the identified RNA processing factors are predicted to collectively drive post-transcriptional expression of an alternative exome that fuels finishing steps of sperm maturation and fitness.
This is the first evidence that PABPCs have a targeted role in hTERT regulation leading to a growth advantage in cells expressing HPV16 E6.
to play a role in chronic inflammation (PPP1R3B, SALL1, PABPC4,
and with the exception of PABP4, appear to be restricted in their expression to a small number of cell types. 
PABPC4 (p(Het) = 0.034) for HDL-C. Our findings suggest that some of the previously identified variants associate differently with lipid traits in adolescents compared to adults, either because of developmental changes or because of greater interactions with environmental differences in adults.
In addition, PABP4 was associated with the poly(A) tract of pre-mRNA

Answer: The main function of PABPC4 is in mRNA stability and translation initiation. PABPC4 may also play a role in chronic inflammation and in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.
Exact answer: PABC4 is important for mRNA stability and translation initiation, in chronic inflammation and in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.
Question: How does regular physical activity impact life expectancy?

Context:
In conclusion, while regular physical activity increases life expectancy, it remains unclear if high-intensity sports activities further increase life expectancy.
Competitive exercise does not induce cardiac damage in individuals with healthy hearts, but does induce physiological functional and structural cardiac adaptations which have positive effects on life expectancy.
It appears that elite endurance (aerobic) athletes and mixed-sports (aerobic and anaerobic) athletes survive longer than the general population, as indicated by lower mortality and higher longevity. Lower cardiovascular disease mortality is likely the primary reason for their better survival rates. On the other hand, there are inconsistent results among studies of power (anaerobic) athletes.

Answer: Regular physical activity increases life expectancy, but it is unclear if high-intensity sports activities further increase life expectancy.
Question: Is the regulation of Vsr endonuclease independent of the growth phase of bacteria?

Context:
Growth phase-dependent regulation of Vsr endonuclease
Vsr endonuclease levels are growth phase dependent.
Growth phase-dependent regulation of Vsr endonuclease may contribute to 5-methylcytosine mutational hot spots in Escherichia coli.
Using rabbit polyclonal antibodies, we have shown that the Dcm cytosine methylase of Escherichia coli is maintained at a constant level during cell growth, while Vsr endonuclease levels are growth phase dependent.
Vsr endonuclease, which initiates very short patch repair, has been hypothesized to regulate mutation in stationary-phase cells.
The efficiency of the two pathways changes during the bacterial life cycle; MMR is more efficient during exponential growth and VSP repair is more efficient during the stationary phase.
Overexpression of Vsr does dramatically increase the stationary-phase reversion of a Lac- frameshift allele, but the absence of Vsr has no effect.
Using rabbit polyclonal antibodies, we have shown that the Dcm cytosine methylase of Escherichia coli is maintained at a constant level during cell growth, while Vsr endonuclease levels are growth phase dependent
The efficiency of the two pathways changes during the bacterial life cycle; MMR is more efficient during exponential growth and VSP repair is more efficient during the stationary phase
Vsr endonuclease, which initiates very short patch repair, has been hypothesized to regulate mutation in stationary-phase cells

Answer: The regulation of Vsr endonuclease levels is growth phase dependent.
Exact answer: no
Question: Which classes of endogenous retroelements are known to date?

Context:
Transposons are divided into two general classes based on their transposition intermediate (DNA or RNA). Only one subclass, the non-LTR retrotransposons, which includes the Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1 or L1), is currently active in humans as indicated by 96 disease-causing insertions
Diversity of LTR-retrotransposons and Enhancer/Suppressor Mutator-like transposons in cassava
Members of two classes of LTR-retrotransposons, Ty1/copia-like and Ty3/gypsy-like, and of Enhancer/Suppressor Mutator (En/Spm)-like transposons were isolated and characterised
Mammalian LINE-1 (L1) elements belong to the superfamily of autonomously replicating retrotransposable elements that lack the long terminal repeated (LTR) sequences typical of retroviruses and retroviral-like retrotransposons

Answer: Endogenous retroelements fall into two distinct classes: retrotransposons containing LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats), and retrostransposons lacking LTRs.
Exact answer: retrotransposons containing LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats)
retrostransposons lacking LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats)
Question: What is the scope of the OMIA database?

Context:
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA),
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)
nline Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) 
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) is a comprehensive, annotated catalogue of inherited disorders and other familial traits in animals other than humans and mice
Structured as a comparative biology resource, OMIA is a comprehensive resource of phenotypic information on heritable animal traits and genes in a strongly comparative context, relating traits to genes where possible. 

Answer: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) is a comprehensive, annotated catalogue of inherited disorders and other familial traits in animals. OMIA is a comprehensive resource of phenotypic information on heritable animal traits and genes in a strongly comparative context, relating traits to genes where possible.
Question: What are presynapses and how do they differ from postsynapses in terms of their localization and function?

Context:
Neurexins and neuroligins are two distinct families of single-pass transmembrane proteins localized at pre- and postsynapses, respectively. 
presynaptic neurexins
best-characterized transsynaptic interactions are formed by presynaptic neurexins, which bind to diverse postsynaptic ligands.
presynaptic neurexin

Answer: Presynapses and postsynapses are two distinct regions in a synaptic connection. Presynapses refer to the area before the synaptic cleft where neurotransmitters are released, while postsynapses are the area after the synaptic cleft where neurotransmitter receptors are located. In terms of localization, presynapses are typically found on the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron, while postsynapses are located on the dendrites or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron. Functionally, presynapses release neurotransmitters to signal the postsynaptic neuron, while postsynapses receive and respond to these signals through neurotransmitter receptors.