nirantk/geneticsQA-train huggingface dataset:
Question: Is there a genetic component for happiness?

Context:
inally, a systematic review performed based on existing information. Results of studies on genetic factors indicated an average effectiveness of genetic about 35 -50 percent on happiness. 
The MAOA gene predicts happiness in women.
Although twin studies estimate that genetic factors account for 35-50% of the variance in human happiness, knowledge of specific genes is limited.
This investigation examines association between happiness and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype. 
Those with the syndrome have a predisposition toward apparent happiness and paroxysms of laughter, and this finding helps distinguish Angelman syndrome from other ones involving severe developmental handicap. 
The heritability of happiness was estimated at 22% for males and 41% in females. 
Biometric studies have shown that happiness is strongly affected by genes.
The clustering of the four different measures (quality of life in general, satisfaction with life, quality of life at present, and subjective happiness) was explained by an underlying additive genetic factor and an underlying non-additive genetic factor. 
 happiness and the environment are influenced by genetic factors and family upbringing
The results suggest that many putative indicators of the environment are highly heritable and, indeed, that the same genes that affect the environment may affect happiness as well.

Answer: Results of studies on genetic factors indicated an average effectiveness of genetic about 35 -50 percent on happiness. The MAOA gene predicts happiness in women. The heritability of happiness was estimated at 22% for males and 41% in females.
Question: What is being measured with an accelerometer in back pain patients

Context:
accelerometer assessment measuring overall physical activity (PAL), constant strain postures (CSP), standing time (ST) and lying time (LT)
Physical activity was measured for 7 days at both baseline and at 3 months with an RT3 accelerometer
wearing an accelerometer to assess physical activity in daily life
An accelerometer was used to objectively assess their activity level 
objective activity data to determine whether patients with chronic lower back pain report their activity levels as accurately as controls do. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was performed in patients and controls. SETTING: The study was carried out in the daily environment of the subjects. SUBJECTS: Thirty-two chronic lower back pain patients with symptoms more than three months and 20 healthy controls from the Netherlands, aged 18-65 years. MAIN MEASURES: A tri-axial accelerometer was worn for five weekdays
During 14days physical activity in daily life was measured, with both an electronic diary and an accelerometer
physical activity in daily life was measured with an accelerometer
physical activity (PA) in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Thirty-eight participants with non-specific CLBP (29=distressed; 9=non-distressed) were recruited. PA levels were measured using an accelerometer (activPAL activity monitor) over a one week period. The following parameters of physical activity were recorded: time upright (standing or walking), time standing, time walking, and step count.
Physical activity levels will be measured by self report, RT3 triaxial accelerometer,
to study the time spent in different static trunk postures which was recorded by a biaxial accelerometer attached to the T12 level
Daily activities were assessed by measuring body movement with a tri-axial accelerometer
nighttime activity data from 18 patients diagnosed with chronic back pain. The patients were followed for 6 days and 5 nights. Pain levels were collected every 90 min between 0800 hours and 2,200 hours using a computerized electronic diary. Activity levels were collected using a wrist accelerometer (Actiwatch AW-64). The Actiwatch sampled activity counts every 1 min. Patients were asked to wear the Actiwatch on their non-dominant arm.
 8-h accelerometer assessment in their daily life (physical activity level (PAL), number of constant postures (CP)
The activity levels were collected automatically using a wrist accelerometer and were sampled every minute.
Physical activity in daily life, expressed as whole-body acceleration measured with a triaxial accelerometer (Tracmor),

Answer: Accelerometer assessment measuring overall physical activity (PAL), constant strain postures (CSP), standing time (ST) and lying time (LT)...
The following parameters of physical activity were recorded: time upright (standing or walking), time standing, time walking, and step count.
Exact answer: Physical activity, PA, PAL, Constant Strain Postures, CSP, constant postures, Standing time, ST, Lying time, LT
Question: What disease is small bowel lymphoma commonly associated with

Context:
Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT in small intestine associated with amyloidosis: a rare association.
This is the first case of marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the small intestine associated with amyloidosis in Korea
MR enterography of small-bowel lymphoma: potential for suggestion of histologic subtype and the presence of underlying celiac disease.
We describe the characteristics of small-bowel lymphoma on MR enterography, identifying a number of key features that may help the interpreting radiologist in suggesting the underlying histologic subtype and whether the presence of underlying celiac disease is likely.
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing foods. Epidemiologic studies dating from the 1950s established its association with gastrointestinal malignancies, particularly small bowel lymphoma.
An association between untreated coeliac disease and intestinal malignancy is well described so it is possible that patients with undiagnosed coeliac disease constitute a significant reservoir of preventable gastrointestinal malignancy.
An increased incidence of small bowel lymphoma in patients with long-standing celiac sprue is well documented in the literature.

Answer: Small bowel lymphoma is commonly associated with celiac disease.
Exact answer: Celiac disease, gluten-associated enteropathy, CELIAC SPRU, Non tropical spru, Gluten Sensitive Enteropath
Question: In which cells are gasdermins expressed?

Context:
Members of the novel gene family Gasdermin (Gsdm) are exclusively expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner in the epithelium of skin and the gastrointestinal tract. 
These results indicate that the mouse Gsdma and Gsdma3 genes share common function to regulate epithelial maintenance 
Gasdermin (GSDM or GSDMA), expressed in the upper gastrointestinal tract but frequently silenced in gastric cancers (GCs), regulates apoptosis of the gastric epithelium.
. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that gasdermins are expressed specifically in cells at advanced stages of differentiation in the upper epidermis, the differentiating inner root sheath and hair shaft and in the most mature sebocytes of the sebaceous gland and preputial, meibomium, ceruminous gland, and anal glands. This expression pattern suggests a role for gasdermins in differentiation of the epidermis and its appendages.

Answer: Members of the novel gene family Gasdermin (Gsdm) are exclusively expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner in the epithelium of skin and the gastrointestinal tract.
Exact answer: epithelial cells
Question: Are long non coding RNAs as conserved in sequence as protein coding genes?

Context:
Most lncRNAs are under lower sequence constraints than protein-coding genes and lack conserved secondary structures, making it hard to predict them computationally.
hey are under stronger selective pressure than neutrally evolving sequences-particularly in their promoter regions, which display levels of selection comparable to protein-coding genes.
bout one-third seem to have arisen within the primate lineage.

Answer: No. Most long non coding RNAs  (lncRNAs) are under lower sequence constraints than protein-coding genes.
Exact answer: no
Question: For what is Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus used in biochemistry?

Context:
Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) binds Fcγ and VH3 clan Fab domains of human and animal immunoglobulin (Ig) with each of its five Ig binding domains (IgBDs),
Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus plays one key role as an immobilized affinity ligand for the purification of antibodies. 
The recombinant SpA is also widely used in biotechnology to purify polyclonal and monoclonal immunoglobulin G antibodies.
Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA) is the most popular affinity ligand for immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1).
Staphylococcal Protein A (SPA), a cell wall protein of Staphylococcus aureus, is in high demand because of its ability to bind immunoglobulins.
Protein A from the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) has been widely used as an affinity ligand for purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG). 
Affinity chromatography with protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) is the most widespread and accepted methodology for antibody capture during the downstream process of antibody manufacturing
Affinity chromatography using protein A from Staphylococcus aureus as the ligand has been widely used for the isolation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from various species.

Answer: Protein A from the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) is used as an affinity ligand for purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG).
Question: What is evaluated using the EORTC QLQ – INFO25 questionnaire?

Context:
The EORTC QLQ-INFO25 was used to evaluate the perceived level of and satisfaction with information. 
METHODS: The EORTC information questionnaire, EORTC QLQ-INFO25, was administered during the treatment process.
The EORTC information questionnaire, EORTC QLQ-INFO25. Validation study for Spanish patients.
INTRODUCTION: The EORTC QLQ-INFO25 evaluates the information received by cancer patients. 
Information disclosure to cancer patients: EORTC QLQ-INFO25 questionnaire.
We highlight the need to assess patients' characteristics and desires through questionnaires and interviews and present the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Group information questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-INFO 25). This instrument evaluates the level of information patients have received in different areas of their disease, treatment and care, and evaluates qualitative aspects. 
AIM: The EORTC Quality of Life (QOL) Group has developed an instrument to evaluate the information received by cancer patients. This study assessed the psychometric characteristics of the EORTC INFO module in a large international/multi-cultural sample of cancer patients. 
An international validation study of the EORTC QLQ-INFO25 questionnaire: an instrument to assess the information given to cancer patients.
The EORTC QLQ-INFO25 was used to evaluate the perceived level of and satisfaction with information.
The EORTC QLQ-INFO25 evaluates the information received by cancer patients
The EORTC QLQ-INFO25 was used to evaluate the perceived level of and satisfaction with information

Answer: The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Group information questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-INFO 25) evaluates the level of information patients have received in different areas of their disease, treatment and care, and evaluates qualitative aspects together with satisfaction with information.
Question: What is an approximate number of CTCF binding sites in the human genome?

Context:
To study CTCF multivalency in vivo, we define ZF binding requirements at ∼50,000 genomic sites in primary lymphocytes. 
However, only ~3,700 out of the ~5,700 CTCFL- and ~31,000 CTCF-binding sites overlap.

Answer: The number of CTCF binding sites in the human genome lies between 31,000 and 50,000.
Exact answer: 30,000-50,000
Question: What kind of analyses are performed with the software tool "unipept"

Context:
Unipept is an open source web application that is designed for metaproteomics analysis with a focus on interactive datavisualization. 
The Unique Peptide Finder (http://unipept.ugent.be/peptidefinder) is an interactive web application to quickly hunt for tryptic peptides that are unique to a particular species, genus, or any other taxon.
Computations are extremely fast since they are underpinned by the Unipept database, the lowest common ancestor algorithm implemented in Unipept and modern web technologies that facilitate in-browser data storage and parallel processing.
Unipept (http://unipept.ugent.be) is a web application that offers a user-friendly way to explore the biodiversity of complex metaproteome samples by providing interactive visualizations.
Outputted results are compatible with tools for taxonomic and functional characterization (e.g. Unipept, MEGAN5)
The Unipept web application (http://unipept.ugent.be) supports biodiversity analysis of large and complex metaproteome samples using tryptic peptide information obtained from shotgun MS/MS experiments.

Answer: The Unipept web application (http://unipept.ugent.be) supports biodiversity analysis of large and complex metaproteome samples using tryptic peptide information obtained from shotgun MS/MS experiments. The application designed for metaproteomics analysis with a focus on interactive datavisualization.
Question: What is the role of per genes in circadian rhythm control?

Context:
Temporal expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression, such as c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2 and Gadd45alpha is deregulated in mPer2 mutant mice.
The Period (Per) genes are key circadian rhythm regulators in mammals. Expression of the mouse Per (mPer) genes have diurnal pattern in the suprachiamstic nuclei and in peripheral tissues. Genetic ablation mPER1 and mPER2 function results in a complete loss of circadian rhythm control based on wheel running activity in mice. In addition, these animals also display apparent premature aging and significant increase in neoplastic and hyperplastic phenotypes.
Period (Per) genes are key circadian rhythm regulators in mammals. Expression of mouse Per (mPer) genes has a diurnal pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and in peripheral tissues. Genetic ablation mPER1 and mPER2 function results in a complete loss of circadian rhythm control based on wheel-running activity in mice. In addition, these animals also display apparent premature aging and a significant increase in neoplastic and hyperplastic phenotypes.
The temporal expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression, such as c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2, and Gadd45alpha, is deregulated in mPer2 mutant mice.

Answer: PER1 and PER2 genes are involved in cell cycle regulation and tumor suppression, controlling expression of genes such as c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2 and Gadd45alpha.
Question: What are prions?

Context:
Prion diseases are protein conformation disorders and neither caused by viroid or virus but is a transmissible particle labeled a prion by Pruisner. Normal prion protein becomes infectious by a different folding, but the triggers are not known. 
Prions are proteins most commonly associated with fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals but are also responsible for a number of harmless heritable phenotypes in yeast. These states arise when a misfolded form of a protein appears and, rather than be removed by cellular quality control mechanisms, persists. The misfolded prion protein forms aggregates and is capable of converting normally folded protein to the misfolded state through direct interaction between the two forms.
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the aggregation and deposition of the misfolded prion protein in the brain. 
Several neurodegenerative diseases such as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are caused by the conversion of cellular proteins to a pathogenic conformer. 
Prions are self-propagating infectious protein isoforms.
Prions are units of propagation of an altered state of a protein or proteins; prions can propagate from organism to organism, through cooption of other protein copies

Answer: Prion diseases are protein conformation disorders and neither caused by viroid or virus but is a transmissible particle labeled a prion by Pruisner. Normal prion protein becomes infectious by a different folding, but the triggers are not known. 
A prion is an infectious agent composed entirely of protein and is responsible for a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Prions are self-propagating infectious protein isoforms.
Question: How can transcranial sonography assist in the placement of electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus for patients with Parkinson's disease?

Context:
After measuring thermal effects of TCS and imaging artefact sizes of DBS lead using a skull phantom, we prospectively enrolled 34 patients with DBS of globus pallidus internus, ventro-intermediate thalamic or subthalamic nucleus. TCS had no influence on lead temperature, electrical parameters of DBS device or clinical state of patients. TCS measures of lead coordinates agreed with MRI measures in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axis. Lead dislocation requiring reinsertion was reliably detected.
TCS may therefore become a first-choice modality to monitor lead location.
Two pilot studies have demonstrated that the intraoperative visualization with TCS and the TCS-assisted insertion of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus interna are feasible and safe provided there is exact knowledge on the extent of electrode TCS imaging artifacts. 
Peroperative transcranial sonography for electrode placement into the targeted subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson disease: technical note
The correct anatomic position of the electrode tip could be indirectly assessed thanks to the topographic relationship of the STN with the hyperechogenic substantia nigra and the nucleus ruber.
CONCLUSIONS: Transcranial sonography is easily feasible during stereotactic surgery. In combination with the clinical effects of electrostimulation on the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and with stereotactic x-ray images, it enables the assessment and the documentation of the correct position of implanted STN electrodes in real time.
After measuring thermal effects of TCS and imaging artefact sizes of DBS lead using a skull phantom, we prospectively enrolled 34 patients with DBS of globus pallidus internus, ventro-intermediate thalamic or subthalamic nucleus
Two pilot studies have demonstrated that the intraoperative visualization with TCS and the TCS-assisted insertion of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus interna are feasible and safe provided there is exact knowledge on the extent of electrode TCS imaging artifacts

Answer: Transcranial sonography can assist in the placement of electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus for patients with Parkinson's disease by providing intraoperative visualization and TCS-assisted insertion of deep-brain stimulation electrodes. It helps in detecting lead dislocation requiring reinsertion and allows for the assessment and documentation of the correct position of implanted STN electrodes in real time, in combination with clinical effects of electrostimulation and stereotactic x-ray images.
Question: Is the number of described human nuclear mutations less than 50000?

Context:
The number of known mutations in human nuclear genes, underlying or associated with human inherited disease, has now exceeded 100,000 in more than 3700 different genes (Human Gene Mutation Database).
The Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD®) is a comprehensive collection of germline mutations in nuclear genes that underlie, or are associated with, human inherited disease. By June 2013, the database contained over 141,000 different lesions detected in over 5,700 different genes, with new mutation entries currently accumulating at a rate exceeding 10,000 per annum.
By March 2012, the database contained in excess of 123,600 different lesions (HGMD Professional release 2012.1) detected in 4,514 different nuclear genes, with new entries

Answer: No, The number of known mutations in human nuclear genes, underlying or associated with human inherited disease, has now exceeded 100,000 in more than 3700 different genes (Human Gene Mutation Database).
Exact answer: no
Question: What was the aim of the COSS (Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study) clinical trial?

Context:
The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS) was conducted to determine if superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass, when added to the best medical therapy, would reduce subsequent ipsilateral stroke in patients with complete internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion and an elevated oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in the cerebral hemisphere distal to the occlusion.
Extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for stroke prevention in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia: the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study randomized trial.
To test the hypothesis that extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery, added to best medical therapy, reduces subsequent ipsilateral ischemic stroke in patients with recently symptomatic AICAO and hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. 
The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS) was a large, prospective clinical trial that examined whether superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass, in addition to best medical therapy, reduced the risk of ipsilateral ischemic stroke in patients with carotid artery occlusion and hemodynamic cerebral ischemia.

Answer: The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS) was conducted to determine if superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass, when added to the best medical therapy, would reduce subsequent ipsilateral stroke in patients with complete internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion and an elevated oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in the cerebral hemisphere distal to the occlusion.
Question: What is Desomorphine?

Context:
Desomorphine is the semi-synthetic opioid claimed to be the main component of krokodil
Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin
"Krokodil" is the street name for the semi-synthetic opioid derivative desomorphine.
Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin.
ince Soviet period the most popular injective narcotics have been opioids: home-made opium, heroine, buprenorphine and home-made desomorphine ("Krokodile") replacing each other on the black market. 
ous increase in the number of addicted individuals since then. The psychoactive core agent of Krokodil is desomorphine, an opioid-analogon that can be manufactured by boiling tablets containing codeine and other ingredients
The core agent of "Krokodil" is desomorphine, an opioid-analogue that can be easily and cheaply manufactured by oneself.

Answer: Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin Desomorphine is the semi-synthetic opioid claimed to be the main component of krokodil
Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin
Desomorphine is the semi-synthetic opioid claimed to be the main component of krokodil
"Krokodil" is the street name for the homemade injectable mixture that has been used as a cheap substitute for heroin. Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin.
Desomorphine is the semi-synthetic opioid claimed to be the main component of krokodil Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to heroin
Desomorphine is an opioid drug which is often synthsised using a combination of readily available ingredients and is often available on the "street" as a cheaper alternative to heroin.