nirantk/geneticsQA-train huggingface dataset:
Question: Is there a crystal structure of the full-length of the flaviviridae NS5(Methyltransferase - RNA depended RNA Polymerase) ?

Context:
 flavivirus NS5 harbors a methyltransferase (MTase) in its N-terminal ≈ 265 residues and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) within the C-terminal part. One of the major interests and challenges in NS5 is to understand the interplay between RdRP and MTase as a unique natural fusion protein in viral genome replication and cap formation. Here, we report the first crystal structure of the full-length flavivirus NS5 from Japanese encephalitis virus. 
(DENV) nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) is composed of two globular domains separated by a 10-residue linker. The N-terminal domain participates in the synthesis of a mRNA cap 1 structure ((7Me)GpppA(2'OMe)) at the 5' end of the viral genome and possesses guanylyltransferase, guanine-N7-methyltransferase, and nucleoside-2'O-methyltransferase activities. The C-terminal domain is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase responsible for viral RNA synthesis. Although crystal structures of the two isolated domains have been obtained, there are no structural data for full-length NS5. It is also unclear whether the two NS5 domains interact with each other to form a stable structure in which the relative orientation of the two domains is fixed. To investigate the structure and dynamics of DENV type 3 NS5 in solution, we conducted small-angle X-ray scattering experiments with the full-length protein. NS5 was found to be monomeric and well-folded under the conditions tested.
West Nile virus (WNV) NS5 protein contains a methyltransferase (MTase) domain involved in RNA capping and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain essential for virus replication. Crystal structures of individual WNV MTase and RdRp domains have been solved; however, the structure of full-length NS5 has not been determined. To gain more insight into the structure of NS5 and interactions between the MTase and RdRp domains, we generated a panel of seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the NS5 protein of WNV (Kunjin strain) and mapped their binding sites using a series of truncated NS5 proteins and synthetic peptides. Binding sites of four mAbs (5D4, 4B6, 5C11 and 6A10) were mapped to residues 354-389 in the fingers subdomain of the RdRp. This is consistent with the ability of these mAbs to inhibit RdRp activity in vitro and suggests that this region represents a potential target for RdRp inhibitors. Using a series of synthetic peptides, we also identified a linear epitope (bound by mAb 5H1) that mapped to a 13 aa stretch surrounding residues 47 and 49 in the MTase domain, a region predicted to interact with the palm subdomain of the RdRp. The failure of one mAb (7G6) to bind both N- and C-terminally truncated NS5 recombinants indicates that the antibody recognizes a conformational epitope that requires the presence of residues in both the MTase and RdRp domains. 

Answer: Yes, there is the crystal Structure of the full-length Japanese encephalitis virus (Flaviviridae) NS5 - PDB:4K6M
Exact answer: yes
Question: What is the lipid droplet used for in the cell?

Context:
Eukaryotic cells store excess fatty acids as neutral lipids, predominantly triacylglycerols and sterol esters, in organelles termed lipid droplets (LDs) that bulge out from the endoplasmic reticulum. 
Lipid droplets (LD) are spherical cellular inclusion devoted to lipids storage.
Cells store fatty acids (FAs) as triacylglycerol and package them into cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs). 
Lipid droplets are found in all cell types
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous and physiologically active organelles regulating storage and mobilization of lipids in response to metabolic demands. 
Lipids accumulate in spherical cellular inclusions called lipid droplets (LDs) whose sizes range from fraction to one hundred of micrometers in adipocytes.

Answer: Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous and physiologically active organelles regulating storage and mobilization of lipids in response to metabolic demands.
Exact answer: lipid storage and lipid mobilization
Question: What are the treatment options for SUI after 12 months, considering cost and effectiveness?

Context:
The initial treatment for SUI that persists after 12 months consists of conservative measures such as pelvic floor muscle exercises and behavioral therapy. Properly selected and informed patients can also be treated efficiently with minimally invasive procedures such as the implantation of a male suburethral sling, although the experience with such devices is not extensive. However, the implantation of artificial urinary sphincter is the gold standard therapy.
treatments such as periurethral injection of bulking agents, artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation, and sub-urethral sling positioning. The artificial urethral sphincter has represented, until today, the gold standard but, in the recent years, sling systems have been investigated as minimally invasive alternative options.
Today, three different sling procedures are commonly performed: bone-anchored, readjustable, and trans-obturator slings systems.
The bone anchored suburethral synthetic sling is a simple and attractive procedure that can produce immediate good results with low morbidity, especially when strictly selected patients are treated. 
BAUS implantation is a safe, effective, minimally invasive option for iatrogenic male incontinence due to ISD. It compares favourably with AUS.

Answer: The initial treatment for SUI that persists after 12 months consists of conservative measures such as pelvic floor muscle exercises and behavioral therapy. Properly selected and informed patients can also be treated efficiently with minimally invasive procedures such as the implantation of a male suburethral sling, although the experience with such devices is not extensive. However, the implantation of artificial urinary sphincter is the gold standard therapy.
Question: What does iBAQ stand for in proteomic analysis?

Context:
intensity-based absolute quantification (iBAQ)
Intensity-Based Absolute Quantification Index,

Answer: iBAQ stands for intensity-based absolute quantification.
Exact answer: intensity-based absolute quantification
Question: Is there increased incidence of incontinence in athletes?

Context:
Urinary incontinence affects women of all ages, including top female athletes, but is often under-reported. The highest prevalence of urinary incontinence is reported in those participating in high impact sports.
The prevalence of female stress urinary incontinence is high, and young adults are also affected, including athletes, especially those involved in "high-impact" sports
Analysis of these data suggests that perineal pressure is decreased in female athletes compared with nonathlete women. A lower perineal pressure correlates with increased symptoms of urinary incontinence and pelvic floor dysfunction.
Urinary incontinence is a prevalent condition among athletes that is not openly discussed.
High-level sport appears to be a significant independent risk factor for AI in healthy young women. 
The prevalence of LUTS was 54.7%, and 30% for urinary incontinence.
LUTS and incontinence are prevalent in female athletes.
A relationship between sport or fitness activities and urinary incontinence (UI) previously has been described in women. 
studies have also shown a high prevalence of SUI in young, physically fit female athletes. 
There was urinary incontinence in female long-distance runners and a correlation with eating disorders.
young female athletes participating in high-impact sports may be at higher risk for urinary incontinence.
Results indicated that more than 25% of those completing surveys experienced incontinence and that more than 90% had never told anyone about their problem and had no knowledge of preventive measures; 16% reported incontinence negatively impacted their quality of life.
There is a very high prevalence of urinary incontinence in women athletes.
Women athletes should be counseled about the increased risk of urinary incontinence with ultra high-impact sports and eating disorders.
Stress urinary incontinence is a barrier to women's participation in sport and fitness activities and, therefore, it may be a threat to women's health, self-esteem and well-being. The prevalence during sports among young, nulliparous elite athletes varies between 0% (golf) and 80% (trampolinists). The highest prevalence is found in sports involving high impact activities such as gymnastics, track and field, and some ball games
Urinary leakage is common among elite athletes and dancers, particularly during training, but also during daily life activities.
There is a high prevalence of stress and urge incontinence in female elite athletes. The frequency of SUI and urge incontinence was significantly higher in eating disordered athletes compared with healthy athletes.
High impact sports activities may produce urinary incontinence.
Urinary incontinence during physical stresses is common in young nulliparous wome
Incontinence during physical stresses is common in young, highly fit, nulliparous women.

Answer: There is a very high prevalence of urinary incontinence in women athletes.
Exact answer: yes
Question: List diseases associated with the  Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4).

Context:
The 5-repeat allele of a common length polymorphism in the gene that encodes the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is robustly associated with the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substantially exists in Asian populations, which have a lower ADHD prevalence.
The variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene among humans may elucidate individual differences in susceptibility to neuropsychiatric diseases. Dopamine dysfunction may be involved with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms.
This review summarized the ongoing research of DA receptor genes in ADHD pathogenesis and gathered the past published data with meta-analysis and revealed the high risk of DRD5, DRD2, and DRD4 polymorphisms in ADHD.

Answer: The 5-repeat allele of a common length polymorphism in the gene that encodes the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is robustly associated with the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Exact answer: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, susceptibility to neuropsychiatric diseases
Question: What is the frequency of mutations induced spontaneously through Ethylnitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis?

Context:
The mutation frequency increased linearly with MNU or ENU concentration (0.01--2.0 mM); mean values were 2800 and 840 mutants per 10(6) clonable cells per mM, respectively
The mutation frequency induced by a 400 mg/kg dosage of ethylnitrosourea is 12 times the maximal mutation frequency achievable with a single exposure to x-rays and 36 times that reported for procarbazine, the most effective chemical mutagen previously known for mouse stem-cell spermatogonia
Specific locus tests designed to detect recessive mutations showed that ENU is the most efficient mutagen in mouse with an approximate mutation rate of 1 in 1,000 gametes.
Theoretical considerations and empirical analysis suggest that the per-base mutation frequency for a fractionated-dose treatment protocol is on the order of 1 sequence change per 10(5) bp
Unlike spontaneous chromosome damage, spontaneous mutant frequencies did not differ significantly among homozygous, heterozygous, and wild-type mice (3.2 x 10(-5), 3.1 x 10(-5), and 3.1 x 10(-5), respectively; P > 0.05)
The ENU-induced mutation frequency in Blmtm3Brd homozygous, heterozygous, and wild mice were 54 x 10(-5), 35 x 10(-5), and 25 x 10(-5) mutants/plaques, respectively
mutation frequencies per nucleotide based on mutant spectra from this study and published literature. We found this frequency in control spleen to be similar for lacI (3.8 +/- 0.7 x 10(-8)) and PhiX174 (3.1 +/- 1.2 x 10(-8)) at 6 weeks of age

Answer: Theoretical considerations and empirical analysis suggest that the per-base mutation frequency for a fractionated-dose treatment protocol is on the order of 1 sequence change per 10(5) bp.
Exact answer: 1/100000
Question: Which protein complexes contain mitofilin?

Context:
 and the mitochondrial structural proteins-components of mitochondrial inter-membrane space bridging (MIB) complex (Mitofilin, Sam50, and ChChd3), 
Mitofilin/MINOS protein complex 
 APOOL physically interacts with several subunits of the MINOS complex, namely Mitofilin, MINOS1, and SAMM50. 
Mitofilin/MINOS protein complex 
MINOS subunits (mitofilin, MINOS1, and CHCHD3)
mitofilin, a core MINOS subunit,
The mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system (MINOS) is a large protein complex required for maintaining inner membrane architecture. 
Mitochondria lacking mitofilin, the large core subunit of MINOS,
The mitochondrial inner membrane contains a large protein complex crucial for membrane architecture, the mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system (MINOS).
 To study if outer membrane interactions and maintenance of cristae morphology are directly coupled, we generated mutant forms of mitofilin/Fcj1 (formation of crista junction protein 1), a core component of MINOS. 
The C-terminal domain of Fcj1 is required for formation of crista junctions and interacts with the TOB/SAM complex in mitochondria.
Mitofilin/Fcj1, the central component of the MINOS complex,
We provide evidence that the SAM components exist in a large protein complex together with the IMM proteins mitofilin and CHCHD3, which we term the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex.
which we term MitOS for mitochondrial organizing structure, comprised of Fcj1/Mitofilin, a conserved inner membrane protein, and five additional components. 
Mitofilin is part of a large inner membrane complex, and we identify five partner proteins as constituents of the mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system (MINOS) that is required for keeping cristae membranes connected to the inner boundary membrane.
 Our findings indicate that mitofilin is a central component of MINOS

Answer: mitochondrial inter-membrane space bridging (MIB) complex 
mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system (MINOS)
MitOS for mitochondrial organizing structure
Exact answer: MIB, mitochondrial inter-membrane space bridging complex, MINOS, mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system, MitOS
Question: What is the average diameter of intermediate filaments?

Context:
Negative staining showed that supernatants from the centrifugation assays contained protofilaments, protofibrils and short particles (less than 300 nm), but pellets contained long filaments (greater than 1 micron) with an average diameter of 10 nm.
Ultrastructurally, rhabdoid cells showed paranuclear aggregates and whorls of intermediate filaments with a 9-10 nm diameter.
After removing IFs by calcination, electron microscopy revealed hollow silica nanotubes several micrometers long, with outer diameters of 35-55 nm and an average inner diameter of 10 nm (comparable to that of IFs)
Intermediate filaments are filaments 10 nm in diameter that make up an important component of the cytoskeleton in most metazoan taxa.
Neurofilaments (NFs) are essential cytoskeletal filaments that impart mechanical integrity to nerve cells. They are assembled from three distinct molecular mass proteins that bind to each other to form a 10-nm-diameter filamentous rod with sidearm extensions.
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs showed that acidic keratins and basic keratins can assemble into dimers and further into 10 nm filamentsin vitro.
Intermediate in diameter between microtubules and microfilaments, IFs constitute the third cytoskeletal filament system of metazoan cells.
Just above the bulb, the filaments are characterized by a diameter of 100 Angstroms and a low-density core.
Further, using cryo-transmission electron microscopy on native, fully hydrated, vitreous epidermis we show that the subfilametous keratin electron density pattern consists, both in corneocytes and in viable keratinocytes, of one axial subfilament surrounded by an undetermined number of peripheral subfilaments forming filaments with a diameter of approximately 8 nm.

Answer: Intermediate filaments have an average diameter of 10 nanometers (nm).
Exact answer: 10 nanometers, 10 nm
Question: What are Kupffer cells and what is their role?

Context:
Kupffer cells (KCs) play a role in the development of drug induced liver injury (DILI).
Hepatic macrophages consist of Kupffer cells, which are originated from the fetal yolk-sack, and infiltrated bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages. 
Kupffer cells (KCs) are the main source of MMP.
liver, both Kupffer cells and recruited hepatic macrophages can contribute to decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity.
Macrophages such as Kupffer cells in the liver are multifunctional cells.
Kupffer cells--the resident macrophages of the liver--are able to release a tremendous array of mediators upon inflammatory conditions, such as infection, and their role in innate immunity is well described in the literature.
Kupffer cells are the tissue macrophages in the liver and play an important role in the defense mechanisms of the body

Answer: Kupffer cells (KCs)are hepatic macrophages which can secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and can contribute to decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity. KCs may play a role in the development of drug induced liver injury (DILI)
Kupffer cells (KCs) play a role in the development of drug induced liver injury (DILI). Hepatic macrophages consist of Kupffer cells, which are originated from the fetal yolk-sack, and infiltrated bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages.
Question: Describe what is athelia syndrome?

Context:
Athelia is a very rare entity that is defined by the absence of the nipple-areola complex. 
Absence of the nipple, areola (athelia), or the breast tissue (amastia) is less frequent.
The absence of nipple-areola complex is a rare entity and is always associated with other anomalies. This paper described a case of bilateral athelia without other alterations.
Athelia is a very rare entity that is defined by the absence of the nipple-areola complex. It can affect either sex and is mostly part of syndromes including other congenital or ectodermal anomalies, such as limb-mammary syndrome, scalp-ear-nipple syndrome, or ectodermal dysplasias. Here, we report on three children from two branches of an extended consanguineous Israeli Arab family, a girl and two boys, who presented with a spectrum of nipple anomalies ranging from unilateral hypothelia to bilateral athelia but no other consistently associated anomalies except a characteristic eyebrow shape.
Athelia is a very rare entity that is defined by the absence of the nipple-areola complex.

Answer: Athelia is a very rare entity that is defined by the absence of the nipple-areola complex.
Question: What is the function of Neu5Gc (N-Glycolylneuraminic acid)?

Context:
Humans lack a functional cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) protein and cannot synthesize the sugar Neu5Gc, an innate mammalian signal of self
N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is an immunogenic sugar of dietary origin that metabolically incorporates into diverse native glycoconjugates in humans. 
N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is a sialic acid synthesized by animals, but not by humans or birds. However, it can be incorporated in human cells and can trigger immune response.
Human heterophile antibodies that agglutinate animal erythrocytes are known to detect the nonhuman sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). 
 the human anti-Neu5Gc antibody response is diverse and polyclonal.
As dietary Neu5Gc is primarily found in red meat and milk products, we suggest that this ongoing antigen-antibody reaction may generate chronic inflammation, possibly contributing to the high frequency of diet-related carcinomas and other diseases in humans.
These data suggest that anti-Neu5Gc Abs represent a barrier for long-term acceptance of porcine xenografts. Because anti-Neu5Gc Abs can promote chronic inflammation, the long-term safety of living and acellular pig tissue implants in recipients warrants further evaluation.

Answer: N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is an immunogenic sugar of dietary origin that metabolically incorporates into diverse native glycoconjugates in humans.  Humans lack a functional cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) protein and cannot synthesize the sugar Neu5Gc, an innate mammalian signal of self. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) can be incorporated in human cells and can trigger immune response, a response that is diverse and polyclonal. As dietary Neu5Gc is primarily found in red meat and milk products, it is suggested that this ongoing antigen-antibody reaction may generate chronic inflammation, possibly contributing to the high frequency of diet-related carcinomas and other diseases in humans.
Exact answer: Neu5Gc is an immune message to self
Question: Which is the most prevalent form of arrhythmia worldwide?

Context:
Atrial fibrillation remains the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, and its incidence is increasing as the population ages. 
Atrial fibrillation is the most prevalent sustained arrhythmia. 
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia and has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality.
Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disorder in the world, with major public health impact especially due to increased risk of stroke and hospitalizations.
Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia affecting patients today.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide, and it has a significant effect on morbidity and mortality. It is a significant risk factor for stroke and peripheral embolization, and it has an effect on cardiac function.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia affecting up to 1-1.5% of the population.
Atrial fibrillation is the most prevalent form of cardiac arrhythmia.
Atrial fibrillation, the most prevalent arrhythmia, affects more than two million Americans annually and is associated with a twofold increase in mortality.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased morbidity and is in addition the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice associated with significant morbidity and mortality
Atrial fibrillation is the most prevalent form of cardiac arrhythmia

Answer: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide, and it has a significant effect on morbidity and mortality. It is a significant risk factor for stroke and peripheral embolization, and it has an effect on cardiac function. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia affecting up to 1-1.5% of the population.
Exact answer: atrial fibrilation, AF