nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Luminosity function and jet structure of Gamma-Ray Burst

The structure of Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) jets impacts on their prompt and afterglow emission properties. The jet of GRBs could be uniform, with constant energy per unit solid angle within the jet aperture, or it could instead be structured, namely with energy and velocity that depend on the angular distance from the axis of the jet. We try to get some insight about the still unknown structure of GRBs by studying their luminosity function. We show that low (1e46-1e48 erg/s) and high (i.e. with L > 1e50 erg/s) luminosity GRBs can be described by a unique luminosity function, which is also consistent with current lower limits in the intermediate luminosity range (1e48-1e50} erg/s). We derive analytical expressions for the luminosity function of GRBs in uniform and structured jet models and compare them with the data. Uniform jets can reproduce the entire luminosity function with reasonable values of the free parameters. A structured jet can also fit adequately the current data, provided that the energy within the jet is relatively strongly structured, i.e. E propto theta^{-k} with k > 4. The classical E propto theta^{-2} structured jet model is excluded by the current data.
Redshift Space Distortions in the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structures

We introduce a formalism, valid both for dark matter and collapsed objects, that allows us to describe redshift space distortions in the context of the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structures (EFTofLSS). Expressing density perturbations in redshift space corresponds to performing a change of coordinates and the resulting expressions contain products of density perturbations and velocity fields evaluated at the same location. These terms are sensitive to non-perturbative short-distance physics and in order to correctly treat them they need to be renormalized by adding suitable counterterms. Therefore more counterterms are required in redshift space expressions compared to their real space analogs. In particular in the expression for the one-loop matter power spectrum there are two new counterterms. Just as in real space, long wavelength displacements affect correlation functions in redshift space and need to be resummed. We generalize the real space formulas for IR resummation to this case: the final expressions are conceptually similar but are more challenging to compute numerically due to their reduced symmetry.
Tuning the magnetic exchange via a control of orbital hybridization in Cr(2)(Te(1-x)W(x))O(6).

We report the complex magnetic phase diagram and electronic structure of Cr_{2}(Te_{1-x}W_{x})O_{6} systems. While compounds with different x values possess the same crystal structure, they display different magnetic structures below and above x_{c}=0.7, where both the transition temperature T_{N} and sublattice magnetization (M_{s}) reach a minimum. Unlike many known cases where magnetic interactions are controlled either by injection of charge carriers or by structural distortion induced via chemical doping, in the present case it is achieved by tuning the orbital hybridization between Cr 3d and O 2p orbitals through W 5d states. The result is supported by ab initio electronic structure calculations. Through this concept, we introduce a new approach to tune magnetic and electronic properties via chemical doping.
Many-Body Localization Implies that Eigenvectors are Matrix-Product States.

The phenomenon of many-body localization has received a lot of attention recently, both for its implications in condensed-matter physics of allowing systems to be an insulator even at nonzero temperature as well as in the context of the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics, providing examples of systems showing the absence of thermalization following out-of-equilibrium dynamics. In this work, we establish a novel link between dynamical properties--a vanishing group velocity and the absence of transport--with entanglement properties of individual eigenvectors. For systems with a generic spectrum, we prove that strong dynamical localization implies that all of its many-body eigenvectors have clustering correlations. The same is true for parts of the spectrum, thus allowing for the existence of a mobility edge above which transport is possible. In one dimension these results directly imply an entanglement area law; hence, the eigenvectors can be efficiently approximated by matrix-product states.
Singular-Value Decomposition of Solution Operators to Model Evolution Equations

We consider evolution equations generated by quadratic operators admitting a decomposition in creation-annihilation operators without usual ellipticity-type hypotheses; this class includes hypocoercive model operators. We identify the singular-value decomposition of their solution operators with the evolution generated by an operator of harmonic oscillator type, and in doing so derive exact characterizations of return to equilibrium and regularization for any complex time.
On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder–Decoder Approaches

Neural machine translation is a relatively new approach to statistical machine translation based purely on neural networks. The neural machine translation models often consist of an encoder and a decoder. The encoder extracts a fixed-length representation from a variable-length input sentence, and the decoder generates a correct translation from this representation. In this paper, we focus on analyzing the properties of the neural machine translation using two models; RNN Encoder--Decoder and a newly proposed gated recursive convolutional neural network. We show that the neural machine translation performs relatively well on short sentences without unknown words, but its performance degrades rapidly as the length of the sentence and the number of unknown words increase. Furthermore, we find that the proposed gated recursive convolutional network learns a grammatical structure of a sentence automatically.
On weak and strong solution operators for evolution equations coming from quadratic operators

We identify, through a change of variables, solution operators for evolution equations with generators given by certain simple first-order differential operators acting on Fock spaces. This analysis applies, through unitary equivalence, to a broad class of supersymmetric quadratic multiplication-differentiation operators acting on $L^2(\Bbb{R}^n)$ which includes the elliptic and weakly elliptic quadratic operators. We demonstrate a variety of sharp results on boundedness, decay, and return to equilibrium for these solution operators, connecting the short-time behavior with the range of the symbol and the long-time behavior with the eigenvalues of their generators. This is particularly striking when it allows for the definition of solution operators which are compact and regularizing for large times for certain operators whose spectrum is the entire complex plane.
Marginal Structured SVM with Hidden Variables

In this work, we propose the marginal structured SVM (MSSVM) for structured prediction with hidden variables. MSSVM properly accounts for the uncertainty of hidden variables, and can significantly outperform the previously proposed latent structured SVM (LSSVM; Yu & Joachims (2009)) and other state-of-art methods, especially when that uncertainty is large. Our method also results in a smoother objective function, making gradient-based optimization of MSSVMs converge significantly faster than for LSSVMs. We also show that our method consistently outperforms hidden conditional random fields (HCRFs; Quattoni et al. (2007)) on both simulated and real-world datasets. Furthermore, we propose a unified framework that includes both our and several other existing methods as special cases, and provides insights into the comparison of different models in practice.
Recommending Scientific Literature: Comparing Use-Cases and Algorithms

An important aspect of a researcher's activities is to find relevant and related publications. The task of a recommender system for scientific publications is to provide a list of papers that match these criteria. Based on the collection of publications managed by Mendeley, four data sets have been assembled that reflect different aspects of relatedness. Each of these relatedness scenarios reflect a user's search strategy. These scenarios are public groups, venues, author publications and user libraries. The first three of these data sets are being made publicly available for other researchers to compare algorithms against. Three recommender systems have been implemented: a collaborative filtering system; a content-based filtering system; and a hybrid of these two systems. Results from testing demonstrate that collaborative filtering slightly outperforms the content-based approach, but fails in some scenarios. The hybrid system, that combines the two recommendation methods, provides the best performance, achieving a precision of up to 70%. This suggests that both techniques contribute complementary information in the context of recommending scientific literature and different approaches suite for different information needs.
Lovelock black holes with nonmaximally symmetric horizons

We present a new class of black hole solutions in third-order Lovelock gravity whose horizons are Einstein space with two supplementary conditions on their Weyl tensors. These solutions are obtained with the advantage of higher curvature terms appearing in Lovelock gravity. We find that while the solution of third-order Lovelock gravity with constant-curvature horizon in the absence of a mass parameter is the anti de Sitter (AdS) metric, this kind of solution with nonconstant- curvature horizon is only asymptotically AdS and may have horizon. We also find that one may have an extreme black hole with non-constant curvature horizon whose Ricci scalar is zero or a positive constant, while there is no such black hole with constant-curvature horizon. Furthermore, the thermodynamics of the black holes in the two cases of constant- and nonconstant-curvature horizons are different drastically. Specially, we consider the thermodynamics of black holes with vanishing Ricci scalar and find that in contrast to the case of black holes of Lovelock gravity with constant-curvature horizon, the area law of entropy is not satisfied. Finally, we investigate the stability of these black holes both locally and globally and find that while the black holes with constant curvature horizons are stable both locally and globally, those with nonconstant-curvature horizons have unstable phases.
The continuum limit of loop quantum gravity - a framework for solving the theory

The construction of a continuum limit for the dynamics of loop quantum gravity is unavoidable to complete the theory. We explain that such a construction is equivalent to obtaining the continuum physical Hilbert space, which encodes the solutions of the theory. We present iterative coarse graining methods to construct physical states in a truncation scheme and explain in which sense this scheme represents a renormalization flow. We comment on the role of diffeomorphism symmetry as an indicator for the continuum limit.
Communication-Efficient Distributed Dual Coordinate Ascent

Communication remains the most significant bottleneck in the performance of distributed optimization algorithms for large-scale machine learning. In this paper, we propose a communication-efficient framework, CoCoA, that uses local computation in a primal-dual setting to dramatically reduce the amount of necessary communication. We provide a strong convergence rate analysis for this class of algorithms, as well as experiments on real-world distributed datasets with implementations in Spark. In our experiments, we find that as compared to state-of-the-art mini-batch versions of SGD and SDCA algorithms, CoCoA converges to the same .001-accurate solution quality on average 25x as quickly.
Understanding the dynamics of rings in the melt in terms of the annealed tree model

The dynamical properties of a long polymer ring in a melt of unknotted and unconcatenated rings are calculated. We re-examine and generalize the well known model of a ring confined to a lattice of topological obstacles in light of the recently developed Flory theory of untangled rings which maps every ring on an annealed branched polymer and establishes that the backbone associated with each ring follows self-avoiding rather than Gaussian random walk statistics. We find the scaling of the ring relaxation time and diffusion coefficient with ring length, as well as the time dependence of stress relaxation modulus, zero shear viscosity and the mean square averaged displacements of both individual monomers and the ring's mass centre. Our results agree within error bars with all available experimental and simulation data of the ring melt, although the quality of the data so far is insufficient to make a definitive judgement for or against the annealed tree theory. At the end we review briefly the relation between our findings and experimental data on chromatin dynamics.
Creation of ultracold ^{87}Rb^{133}Cs molecules in the rovibrational ground state.

We report the creation of a sample of over 1000 ultracold ^{87}Rb^{133}Cs molecules in the lowest rovibrational ground state, from an atomic mixture of ^{87}Rb and ^{133}Cs, by magnetoassociation on an interspecies Feshbach resonance followed by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). We measure the binding energy of the RbCs molecule to be hc×3811.576(1)  cm^{-1} and the |v^{''}=0,J^{''}=0⟩ to |v^{''}=0,J^{''}=2⟩ splitting to be h×2940.09(6)  MHz. Stark spectroscopy of the rovibrational ground state yields an electric dipole moment of 1.225(3)(8) D, where the values in parentheses are the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. We can access a space-fixed dipole moment of 0.355(2)(4) D, which is substantially higher than in previous work.
MoodBar: Increasing New User Retention in Wikipedia through Lightweight Socialization

Socialization in online communities allows existing members to welcome and recruit newcomers, introduce them to community norms and practices, and sustain their early participation. However, socializing newcomers does not come for free: in large communities, socialization can result in a significant workload for mentors and is hard to scale. In this study we present results from an experiment that measured the effect of a lightweight socialization tool on the activity and retention of newly registered users attempting to edit for the first time Wikipedia. Wikipedia is struggling with the retention of newcomers and our results indicate that a mechanism to elicit lightweight feedback and to provide early mentoring to newcomers improves their chances of becoming long-term contributors.
The lifetime problem of evaporating black holes: mutiny or resignation

It is logically possible that regularly evaporating black holes (REBHs) exist in nature. In fact, the prevalent theoretical view is that these are indeed the real objects behind the curtain in astrophysical scenarios. There are several proposals for regularizing the classical singularity of black holes so that their formation and evaporation do not lead to information-loss problems. One characteristic is shared by most of these proposals: these REBHs present long-lived trapping horizons, with absolutely enormous evaporation lifetimes in whatever measure. Guided by the discomfort with these enormous and thus inaccessible lifetimes, we elaborate here on an alternative regularization of the classical singularity, previously proposed by the authors in an emergent gravity framework, which leads to a completely different scenario. In our scheme the collapse of a stellar object would result in a genuine time-symmetric bounce, which in geometrical terms amounts to the connection of a black-hole geometry with a white-hole geometry in a regular manner. The two most differential characteristics of this proposal are: (i) the complete bouncing geometry is a solution of standard classical general relativity everywhere except in a transient region that necessarily extends beyond the gravitational radius associated with the total mass of the collapsing object; and (ii) the duration of the bounce as seen by external observers is very brief (fractions of milliseconds for neutron-star-like collapses). This scenario motivates the search for new forms of stellar equilibrium different from black holes. In a brief epilogue we compare our proposal with a similar geometrical setting recently proposed by Haggard and Rovelli.
Rotating Ellis Wormholes in Four Dimensions

We present rotating wormhole solutions in General Relativity, which are supported by a phantom scalar field. These solutions evolve from the static Ellis wormhole, when the throat is set into rotation. As the rotational velocity increases, the throat deforms until at a maximal value of the rotational velocity, an extremal Kerr solution is encountered. The rotating wormholes attain a finite mass and quadrupole moment. They exhibit ergospheres and possess bound orbits.
Theory Viewpoint on Extracting Nucleon Polarisabilities in Low-Energy Compton Scattering

During the workshop "Compton Scattering off Protons and Light Nuclei: pinning down the nucleon polarisabilities" (ECT*, Trento, Italy, 29 July -- 2 August 2013, this http URL), recent developments had been reviewed in experimental and theoretical studies of real and virtual Compton scattering, static and generalized dipole scalar and spin polarisabilities of nucleons, as well as related phenomena in physics of muonic atoms. A vivid topic at the workshop was pathways towards the most precise extraction of the static polarisabilities from low-energy Compton cattering---including pertinent theoretical uncertainties. Being asked by our experimental colleagues, we prepared during the workshop a short letter with conclusions of the discussion, emphasising future prospects.
Una revisi\'on a la teor\'ia b\'asica del CMB (A review of the basic theory of CMB)

La Cosmolog\'ia esta progresando a pasos agigantados gracias a la cantidad espectacular de datos observacionales que se obtienen tanto de los experimentos en tierra como sat\'elites. Un papel fundamental es desempe\~ndo por las observaciones del Fondo C\'osmico de Microondas (CMB por sus siglas en ingl\'e, Cosmic Microwave Background), la cual nos proporciona la prueba observacional m\'as directa de los inicios del Universo. Las observaciones de la temperatura y las anisotrop\'ias en el CMB han jugado un papel fundamental en la definici\'on del modelo cosmol\'ogico. Esta contribuci\'on tiene como objetivo resumir algunos de los conceptos b\'asicos que hay detr\'as de la f\'isica del CMB. La mayor parte de los ingredientes del modelo cosmol\'ogico est\'andar son poco conocidos en t\'erminos de la f\'isica fundamental, por efemplo, la materia oscura y la energ\'ia oscura. Se discute c\'omo las observaciones actuales abordan algunas de estas cuestiones. 
English: The cosmic microwave background (CMB) provides the most direct observational test of the early universe. The observations of the temperature anisotropies in the CMB have played a key role in defining the cosmological model. This contribution aims to summarize some of the basic concepts behind the physics of the CMB. Most of the ingredients of the standard cosmological model are poorly understood in terms of fundamental physics, for instance, dark matter and dark energy. We discuss how current observations addressed some of these issues.
Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition

In this work we investigate the effect of the convolutional network depth on its accuracy in the large-scale image recognition setting. Our main contribution is a thorough evaluation of networks of increasing depth using an architecture with very small (3x3) convolution filters, which shows that a significant improvement on the prior-art configurations can be achieved by pushing the depth to 16-19 weight layers. These findings were the basis of our ImageNet Challenge 2014 submission, where our team secured the first and the second places in the localisation and classification tracks respectively. We also show that our representations generalise well to other datasets, where they achieve state-of-the-art results. We have made our two best-performing ConvNet models publicly available to facilitate further research on the use of deep visual representations in computer vision.
Field and long-term demonstration of a wide area quantum key distribution network

A wide area quantum key distribution (QKD) network deployed on communication infrastructures provided by China Mobile Ltd. is demonstrated. Three cities and two metropolitan area QKD networks were linked up to form the Hefei-Chaohu-Wuhu wide area QKD network with over 150 kilometers coverage area, in which Hefei metropolitan area QKD network was a typical full-mesh core network to offer all-to-all interconnections, and Wuhu metropolitan area QKD network was a representative quantum access network with point-to-multipoint configuration. The whole wide area QKD network ran for more than 5000 hours, from 21 December 2011 to 19 July 2012, and part of the network stopped until last December. To adapt to the complex and volatile field environment, the Faraday-Michelson QKD system with several stability measures was adopted when we designed QKD devices. Through standardized design of QKD devices, resolution of symmetry problem of QKD devices, and seamless switching in dynamic QKD network, we realized the effective integration between point-to-point QKD techniques and networking schemes.
Machine learning etudes in astrophysics: selection functions for mock cluster catalogs

Making mock simulated catalogs is an important component of astrophysical data analysis. Selection criteria for observed astronomical objects are often too complicated to be derived from first principles. However the existence of an observed group of objects is a well-suited problem for machine learning classification. In this paper we use one-class classifiers to learn the properties of an observed catalog of clusters of galaxies from ROSAT and to pick clusters from mock simulations that resemble the observed ROSAT catalog. We show how this method can be used to study the cross-correlations of thermal Sunya'ev-Zeldovich signals with number density maps of X-ray selected cluster catalogs. The method reduces the bias due to hand-tuning the selection function and is readily scalable to large catalogs with a high-dimensional space of astrophysical features.
eRHIC Design Study: An Electron-Ion Collider at BNL

This document presents BNL's plan for an electron-ion collider, eRHIC, a major new research tool that builds on the existing RHIC facility to advance the long-term vision for Nuclear Physics to discover and understand the emergent phenomena of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the fundamental theory of the strong interaction that binds the atomic nucleus. We describe the scientific requirements for such a facility, following up on the community-wide 2012 white paper, 'Electron-Ion Collider: the Next QCD Frontier', and present a design concept that incorporates new, innovative accelerator techniques to provide a cost-effective upgrade of RHIC with polarized electron beams colliding with the full array of RHIC hadron beams. The new facility will deliver electron-nucleon luminosity of 10^33-10^34 cm-1sec-1 for collisions of 15.9 GeV polarized electrons on either 250 GeV polarized protons or 100 GeV/u heavy ion beams. The facility will also be capable of providing an electron beam energy of 21.2 GeV, at reduced luminosity. We discuss the on-going R&D effort to realize the project, and present key detector requirements and design ideas for an experimental program capable of making the 'golden measurements' called for in the EIC White Paper.