nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a Spherical Proportional Counter in argon-based mixtures

The Spherical Proportional Counter is a novel type of radiation detector, with a low energy threshold (typically below 100 eV) and good energy resolution. This detector is being developed by the network NEWS, which includes several applications. We can name between many others Dark Matter searches, low level radon and neutron counting or low energy neutrino detection from supernovas or nuclear reactors via neutrino-nucleus elastic scattering. In this context, this works will present the characterization of a spherical detector of 1 meter diameter using two argon-based mixtures (with methane and isobutane) and for gas pressures between 50 and 1250 mbar. In each case, the energy resolution shows its best value in a wide range of gains, limited by the ballistic effect at low gains and by ion-backflow at high gains. Moreover, the best energy resolution shows a degradation with pressure. These effects will be discussed in terms of gas avalanche properties. Finally, the effect of an electrical field corrector in the homogenity of the gain and the energy threshold measured in our setup will be also discussed.
A few recent developments in 2d (2,2) and (0,2) theories

In this note we summarize a few of the many recent developments in two-dimensional quantum field theories. We begin with a review of the current state of quantum sheaf cohomology, a heterotic analogue of quantum cohomology. We then turn to dualities: we outline the current status of (0,2) mirror symmetry, and then outline recent work on two-dimensional gauge du- alities. In particular, we describe how many two-dimensional gauge dualities in both (2,2) and (0,2) supersymmetric gauge theories can be understood simply as different presentations of the same infrared (IR) geometry. We then discuss (not necessarily supersymmetric) two-dimensional nonabelian gauge theories in which a subgroup of the gauge group acts trivially on massless matter. We describe how these theories 'decompose' into disjoint unions of other theories indexed by discrete theta angles, a fact which in other contexts has proven to have implications for interpretations of certain gauged linear sigma mod- els (GLSMs) and for Gromov-Witten invariants of stacks. We conclude with a discussion of recent developments in infinitesimal moduli of heterotic com- pactifications.
Quintessence’s last stand?

Current cosmological data puts increasing pressure on models of dark energy in the freezing class, e.g. early dark energy or those with equation of state $w$ substantially different from $-1$. We investigate to what extent data will distinguish the thawing class of quintessence from a cosmological constant. Since thawing dark energy deviates from $w=-1$ only at late times, we find that deviations $1+w\lesssim0.1$ are difficult to see even with next generation measurements; however, modest redshift drift data can improve the sensitivity by a factor of two. Furthermore, technical naturalness prefers specific thawing models.
Radial accretion flows on static spherically symmetric black holes

We analyze the steady radial accretion of matter into a nonrotating black hole. Neglecting the self-gravity of the accreting matter, we consider a rather general class of static, spherically symmetric and asymptotically flat background spacetimes with a regular horizon. In addition to the Schwarzschild metric, this class contains certain deformation of it, which could arise in alternative gravity theories or from solutions of the classical Einstein equations in the presence of external matter fields. Modeling the ambient matter surrounding the black hole by a relativistic perfect fluid, we reformulate the accretion problem as a dynamical system, and under rather general assumptions on the fluid equation of state, we determine the local and global qualitative behavior of its phase flow. Based on our analysis and generalizing previous work by Michel, we prove that for any given positive particle density number at infinity, there exists a unique radial, steady-state accretion flow which is regular at the horizon. We determine the physical parameters of the flow, including its accretion and compression rates, and discuss their dependency on the background metric.
Anisotropies in nonthermal distortions of cosmic light from photon-axion conversion

Ultralight axions which couple suciently strongly to photons can leave imprints on the sky at diverse frequencies by mixing with cosmic light in the presence of background magnetic elds. We explore such direction dependent grey-body distortions of the CMB spectrum, enhanced by resonant conditions in the IGM plasma. We also nd that if such axions are produced in the early universe and represent a subdominant dark radiation component today, they could convert into X-rays in supervoids, and brighten them at X-ray frequencies.
Cavity-enhanced field-free molecular alignment at a high repetition rate.

Extreme ultraviolet frequency combs are a versatile tool with applications including precision measurement, strong-field physics, and solid-state physics. Here we report on an application of extreme ultraviolet frequency combs and their driving lasers for studying strong-field effects in molecular systems. We perform field-free molecular alignment and high-order harmonic generation with aligned molecules in a gas jet at a repetition rate of 154 MHz using a high-powered optical frequency comb inside a femtosecond enhancement cavity. The cavity-enhanced system provides a means to reach suitable intensities to study field-free molecular alignment and enhance the observable effects of the molecule-field interaction. We observe modulations of the driving field, arising from the nature of impulsive stimulated Raman scattering responsible for coherent molecular rotations. We foresee the impact of this work on the study of molecule-based strong-field physics, with improved precision and a more fundamental understanding of the interaction effects on both the field and molecules.
Approximate semi-analytical solutions for the steady-state expansion of a contactor plasma

We study the steady-state expansion of a collisionless, electrostatic, quasi-neutral plasma plume into vacuum, with a fluid model. We analyze approximate semi-analytical solutions, that can be used in lieu of much more expensive numerical solutions. In particular, we focus on the earlier studies presented in Parks and Katz (1979 American Institute of Aeronautics, Astronautics Conf. vol 1), Korsun and Tverdokhlebova (1997 ), and Ashkenazy and Fruchtman (2001 27th Int.  Propulsion Conf. (Pasadena, CA)). By calculating the error with respect to the numerical solution, we can judge the range of validity for each solution. Moreover, we introduce a generalization of earlier models that has a wider range of applicability, in terms of plasma injection profiles. We conclude by showing a straightforward way to extend the discussed solutions to the case of a plasma plume injected with non-null azimuthal velocity.
Temporal intermittency of energy dissipation in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.

Energy dissipation in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is known to be highly intermittent in space, being concentrated in sheetlike coherent structures. Much less is known about intermittency in time, another fundamental aspect of turbulence which has great importance for observations of solar flares and other space or astrophysical phenomena. In this Letter, we investigate the temporal intermittency of energy dissipation in numerical simulations of MHD turbulence. We consider four-dimensional spatiotemporal structures, "flare events," responsible for a large fraction of the energy dissipation. We find that although the flare events are often highly complex, they exhibit robust power-law distributions and scaling relations. We find that the probability distribution of dissipated energy has a power-law index close to α≈1.75, similar to observations of solar flares, indicating that intense dissipative events dominate the heating of the system. We also discuss the temporal asymmetry of flare events as a signature of the turbulent cascade.
Novel Two-Dimensional Silica Monolayers with Tetrahedral and Octahedral Configurations

Freestanding and well-ordered two-dimensional (2D) silica monolayers with tetrahedral (T-silica) and octahedral (O-silica) building blocks are found to be stable by first-principles calculations. T-silica is formed by corner-sharing SiO4 tetrahedrons in a rectangular network, and O-silica consists of edge-sharing SiO6 octahedrons. Moreover, the insulating O-silica is the strongest silica monolayer, and can therefore act as a supporting substrate for nanostructures in sensing and catalytic applications. Nanoribbons of T-silica are metallic, while those of O-silica have band gaps regardless of the chirality and width. We find the interaction of O-silica with graphene to be weak, suggesting the possibility of its use as a monolayer dielectric material for graphene-based devices. Considering that the sixfold-coordinated silica exists at high pressure in the bulk phase, the prediction of a small energy difference of O-silica with the synthesized silica bilayer, together with the thermal stability at 1000 K, su...
Clustering attributed graphs: Models, measures and methods

Clustering a graph, i.e., assigning its nodes to groups, is an important operation whose best known application is the discovery of communities in social networks. Graph clustering and community detection have traditionally focused on graphs without attributes, with the notable exception of edge weights. However, these models only provide a partial representation of real social systems, that are thus often described using node attributes, representing features of the actors, and edge attributes, representing different kinds of relationships among them. We refer to these models as attributed graphs. Consequently, existing graph clustering methods have been recently extended to deal with node and edge attributes. This article is a literature survey on this topic, organizing, and presenting recent research results in a uniform way, characterizing the main existing clustering methods and highlighting their conceptual differences. We also cover the important topic of clustering evaluation and identify current open problems.
Comparison between the Amount of Environmental Change and the Amount of Transcriptome Change

Cells must coordinate adjustments in genome expression to accommodate changes in their environment. We hypothesized that the amount of transcriptome change is proportional to the amount of environmental change. To capture the effects of environmental changes on the transcriptome, we compared transcriptome diversities (defined as the Shannon entropy of frequency distribution) of silkworm fat-body tissues cultured with several concentrations of phenobarbital. Although there was no proportional relationship, we did identify a drug concentration “tipping point” between 0.25 and 1.0 mM. Cells cultured in media containing lower drug concentrations than the tipping point showed uniformly high transcriptome diversities, while those cultured at higher drug concentrations than the tipping point showed uniformly low transcriptome diversities. The plasticity of transcriptome diversity was corroborated by cultivations of fat bodies in MGM-450 insect medium without phenobarbital and in 0.25 mM phenobarbital-supplemented MGM-450 insect medium after previous cultivation (cultivation for 80 hours in MGM-450 insect medium without phenobarbital, followed by cultivation for 10 hours in 1.0 mM phenobarbital-supplemented MGM-450 insect medium). Interestingly, the transcriptome diversities of cells cultured in media containing 0.25 mM phenobarbital after previous cultivation (cultivation for 80 hours in MGM-450 insect medium without phenobarbital, followed by cultivation for 10 hours in 1.0 mM phenobarbital-supplemented MGM-450 insect medium) were different from cells cultured in media containing 0.25 mM phenobarbital after previous cultivation (cultivation for 80 hours in MGM-450 insect medium without phenobarbital). This hysteretic phenomenon of transcriptome diversities indicates multi-stability of the genome expression system. Cellular memories were recorded in genome expression networks as in DNA/histone modifications.
Supersymmetry after the Higgs

A brief review is given of the implications of a 126 GeV Higgs boson for the discovery of supersymmetry. Thus a 126 GeV Higgs boson is problematic within the Standard Model because of vacuum instability pointing to new physics beyond the Standard Model. The problem of vacuum stability is overcome in the SUGRA GUT model but the 126 GeV Higgs mass implies that the average SUSY scale lies in the several TeV region. The largeness of the SUSY scale relieves the tension on SUGRA models since it helps suppress flavor changing neutral currents and CP violating effects and also helps in extending the proton life time arising from baryon and lepton number violating dimension five operators. The geometry of radiative breaking of the electroweak symmetry and fine tuning in view of the large SUSY scale are analyzed.Consistency with the Brookhaven gμ−2 result is discussed. It is also shown that a large SUSY scale implied by the 126 GeV Higgs boson mass allows for light gauginos (gluino, charginos, neutralinos) and sleptons. These along with the lighter third generation squarks are the prime candidates for discovery at RUN II of the LHC. Implication of the 126 GeV Higgs boson for the direct search for dark matter is discussed. Also discussed are the sparticles mass hierarchies and their relationship with the simplified models under the Higgs boson mass constraint.
Dispersive and Diffusive-Dispersive Shock Waves for Nonconvex Conservation Laws

We consider two physically and mathematically distinct regularization mechanisms of scalar hyperbolic conservation laws. When the flux is convex, the combination of diffusion and dispersion is known to give rise to monotonic and oscillatory traveling waves that approximate shock waves. The zero-diffusion limits of these traveling waves are dynamically expanding dispersive shock waves (DSWs). A richer set of wave solutions can be found when the flux is nonconvex. This review compares the structure of solutions of Riemann problems for a conservation law with nonconvex, cubic flux regularized by two different mechanisms: (1) dispersion in the modified Korteweg--de Vries (mKdV) equation; and (2) a combination of diffusion and dispersion in the mKdV--Burgers equation. In the first case, the possible dynamics involve two qualitatively different types of DSWs, rarefaction waves (RWs), and kinks (monotonic fronts). In the second case, in addition to RWs, there are traveling wave solutions approximating both class...
Holographic Inflation Revised

This paper is a major revision of our previous work on the HST model of inflation. We identify the local fluctuations of the metric with fluctuations of the mass and angular momentum of black holes, and show that the consistency conditions in HST for a single trajectory to see more and more of a homogeneous distribution of black holes, imply that the system outside the horizon is undergoing inflation: small systems of equal entropy, are not in causal contact. Homogeneity then requires that the initial trajectory underwent inflation that expanded the black hole radius into our current horizon. The low entropy of the initial state of the universe is explained by the fact that this is the maximal entropy state, which has long lived localized excitations, and which can form structures more complex than black holes. The number of e-folds, reheat temperature of the universe and size of inflationary fluctuations are calculated in terms of a few parameters.
Distributed Resource Allocation for Epidemic control

We present a distributed resource allocation strategy to control an epidemic outbreak in a networked population based on a Distributed Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (D-ADMM) algorithm. We consider a linearized Susceptible- Infected-Susceptible (SIS) epidemic spreading model in which agents in the network are able to allocate vaccination resources (for prevention) and antidotes (for treatment) in the presence of a contagion. We express our epidemic control condition as a spectral constraint involving the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue, and formulate the resource allocation problem as a Geometric Program (GP). Next, we separate the network-wide optimization problem into subproblems optimally solved by each agent in a fully distributed way. We conclude the paper by illustrating performance of our solution framework with numerical simulations.
Preinflationary primordial perturbations

The large-scale power deficit in the cosmic microwave background fluctuations might be relevant with the physics of pre-inflation, a bounce, or a superinflationary phase preceding slow-roll inflation, which can provide a singular-free realization of inflation. We investigate the primordial perturbations from such pre-inflationary evolutions, which generally may consist of multiple phases with different background dynamics, and give a universal formula for the power spectrum of primordial perturbations in terms of the recursive Bogoliubov coefficients. We also apply our formula to corresponding cases and show how the intensity of large-scale power suppression is affected by the pre-inflationary physics.
Landau damping of geodesic acoustic mode in toroidally rotating tokamaks

Geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) is analyzed by using modified gyro-kinetic (MGK) equation applicable to low-frequency microinstabilities in a rotating axisymmetric plasma. Dispersion relation of GAM in the presence of arbitrary toroidal Mach number is analytically derived. The effects of toroidal rotation on the GAM frequency and damping rate do not depend on the orientation of equilibrium flow. It is shown that the toroidal Mach number M increases the GAM frequency and dramatically decreases the Landau damping rate.
3D periodic dielectric composite homogenization based on the generalized source method

The article encloses a new Fourier space method for rigorous optical simulation of three-dimensional (3D) periodic dielectric structures. The method relies upon a rigorous solution of Maxwell’s equations in complex composite structures by the generalized source method. Extremely fast graphics processing unit-enabled calculations provide a possibility for an efficient search of eigenmodes in 3D periodic complex structures on the basis of a rigorously obtained resonant electromagnetic response. The method is applied to the homogenization problem, demonstrating anisotropic dielectric tensor retrieval.
Is the Universe roughly-tuned for computing?

This short paper proposes an alternative theory to Anthropic Principle. According to our interpretation, the Universe is not "fine-tuned" for life, but "roughly-tuned" for computation and its biofilness is only a phenomenon. This standpoint allows us to extend Seth Lloyd's concept about the ultimate physical limits of computing to examine the computing capabilities of any imaginable universe. In addition, I draw up a universe classification based on it.
The conserved axial current in the presence of multiple chiral symmetries

In response to a recent work by Mandula, we investigate whether there are any ambiguities in the expression for the pion mass resulting from multiple chiral symmetries. If the conserved current for Ginsparg Wilson chiral symmetries is calculated in the usual way, different expressions of the chiral symmetry lead to different currents. This implies an ambiguity in the definition of the pion and pion decay constant for all Ginsparg-Wilson expressions of the Dirac operator, including the overlap operator on the lattice (although all these currents would have the same continuum limit). We use a renormalisation group mapping procedure to consider local chiral symmetry transformations for a continuum Ginsparg-Wilson "Dirac-operator." We find that this naturally leads to an expression for the conserved current which is independent of which of the Ginsparg-Wilson symmetries is chosen. We recover the standard expressions for the massive Dirac operator, propagator, and chiral condensate. Our main conclusion is that, when the currents are properly constructed and consistently applied, no observable depends on which Mandula symmetry is used; at least in these continuum Ginsparg-Wilson theories. We will consider whether the same argument applies to lattice theories in a subsequent paper.
Functional Integration on Topological Groups II: Functional Mellin Transforms

Conventional functional/path integrals used in physics most often are deﬁned as inﬁnite-dimensional analogs of Fourier transforms. The inﬁnite-dimensional analogs of Mellin transforms similarly deﬁne a class of functional integrals. The associated functional integrals are useful tools for probing non-commutative function spaces in general and C ∗ -algebras in particular. Functional Mellin transforms can be used to deﬁne functional resolvents, functional complex powers, functional traces, functional logarithms, and functional determinants. Several aspects of these objects are explored and applied to various constructs in mathematical physics. Two are of particular note: 1) Certain fractional power operators (perhaps coincidentally) reproduce the channels and crossing symmetry of tree-level open tachyon string scattering processes, and their algebraic product parallels the gauge-gravity relation of Kawai-Lewellen-Tye. 2) The functional complex power of the generating functional of n -point functions in QFT and its functional logarithm are employed to justify the replica trick.
Positronium-atom scattering at low energies

A pseudopotential for positronium-atom interaction, based on electron-atom and positron-atom phase shifts, is constructed, and the phase shifts for Ps-Kr and Ps-Ar scattering are calculated. This approach allows us to extend the Ps-atom cross sections, obtained previously in the impulse approximation  (2014)], to energies below the Ps ionization threshold. Although experimental data are not available in this low-energy region, our results describe well the tendency of the measured cross sections to drop with decreasing velocity at v < 1 a.u. Our results show that the eect of the Ps-atom van der Waals interaction is weak compared to
Graphene as a Lattice Field Theory

We introduce effective field theories for the electronic properties of graphene in terms of relativistic fermions propagating in 2+1 dimensions, and outline how strong inter-electron interactions may be modelled by numerical simulation of a lattice field theory. For strong enough coupling an insulating state can form via condensation of particle-hole pairs, and it is demonstrated that this is a theoretical possibility for monolayer graphene. For bilayer graphene the effect of an interlayer bias voltage can be modelled by the introduction of a chemical potential (akin to isopsin chemical potential in QCD) with no accompanying sign problem; simulations reveal the presence of strong interactions among the residual degrees of freedom at the resulting Fermi surface, which is disrupted by an excitonic condensate. We also present preliminary results for the quasiparticle dispersion, which permit direct estimates of both the Fermi momentum and the induced gap.