nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust seasonal cycle of Arctic sea ice area through tipping point in amplitude.

The variation in the Arctic sea ice is dominated by the seasonal cycle with little inter-annual correlation. Though the mean sea ice area has decreased steadily in the period of satellite observations, a dramatic transition in the dynamics was initiated with the record low September ice area in 2007. The change is much more pronounced in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle than in the annual mean ice area. The shape of the seasonal cycle is surprisingly constant for the whole observational record despite the general decline. A simple explanation, independent of the increased greenhouse warming, for the shape of the seasonal cycle is offered. Thus the dramatic climate change in arctic ice area is seen in the amplitude of the cycle and to a lesser extend the annual mean and the summer ice extend. The reason why the climate change is most pronounced in the amplitude is related to the rapid reduction in perennial ice and thus a thinning of the ice. The analysis shows that a tipping point for the arctic ice area was crossed in 2007.
Power corrections to event shapes with mass-dependent operators

We thank C. Lee and G. Salam for helpful conversations. This work was supported by the offices of Nuclear and Particle Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Grants No. DE-FG02-94ER-40818 and No. DE-FG02-05ER-41360, and the European Community's Marie-Curie Research Networks under Contract No. PITN-GA-2010-264564 (LHCphenOnet). V. M. is supported by a Marie Curie Fellowship under Contract No. PIOF-GA-2009-251174. J. T. is supported by the DOE under the Early Career research program DE-FG02-11ER-41741. V. M., I. S., and J. T. are also supported in part by MISTI global seed funds. V. M. and I. S. thank the CERN theory group for hospitality while this work was being completed. J. T. acknowledges the hospitality of the Aspen Center for Physics, which is supported by the National Science Foundation Grant No. PHY-1066293, as well as the hospitality of the White House.
Sparsifying defaults: Optimal bailout policies for financial networks in distress

We propose a quantitative framework for constructing optimal policies to manage systemic risk in financial networks. We analyze borrower-lender networks where all the loan amounts and cash flows are known, and where some nodes may default in the absence of external intervention. Given a fixed amount of cash to be injected into the system, we address the problem of allocating it among the nodes to minimize the overall amount of unpaid liabilities. We show that this problem is equivalent to a linear program. In addition, we address the problem of allocating the cash injection amount so as to minimize the number of nodes in default. For this problem, we develop an approximate algorithm which uses reweighted ℓ1 minimization. We illustrate this algorithm using two synthetic network structures for which the optimal solution can be calculated exactly. We show through numerical simulations that the solutions calculated by our algorithm are close to optimal.
Does the dwarf galaxy system of the Milky Way originate from Andromeda

The Local Group is often seen to be a quiescent environment without significant merger events. However, an ancient major merger may have occurred in the most massive galaxy as suggested by the M31 classical bulge and its halo haunted by numerous stellar streams. Numerical simulations have shown that tidal tails formed during gas-rich major mergers are long-lived and could be responsible for old stellar streams and likely induce the formation of tidal dwarf galaxies (TDGs). Using several hydrodynamical simulations we have investigated the most prominent tidal tail formed during the first passage, which is gas rich and contains old and metal-poor stars. We discovered several striking coincidences after comparing its location and motion to those of the Milky Way (MW) and of the Magellanic Clouds (MCs). First, the tidal tail is sweeping a relatively small volume in which the MW precisely lies. Because the geometry of the merger is somehow fixed by the anisotropic properties of the giant stream (GS), we evaluate the chance of the MW to be at such a rendezvous with this gigantic tidal tail to be 5 per cent. Secondly, the velocity of the tidal tail matches the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) proper motion, and reproduces quite well the geometrical and angular momentum properties of the MW dwarfs, that is, the so-called disc of satellites, also known as the vast polar structure (VPOS). Thirdly, the simulation of the tidal tail reveals one of the formed TDGs with the mass and location almost comparable to those of the LMC. Our present modelling is, however, too limited to study the detailed interaction of gas-rich TDGs with the potential of the MW, and a complementary study is required to test whether the dwarf intrinsic properties can be accounted for by our scenario. Nevertheless this study suggests a causal link between an expected event, an ancient, gas-rich major merger at the M31 location, and several enigmas in the Local Group, namely the GS in the M31 outskirts, the VPOS almost perpendicular to the MW disc, and the presence of the MCs, two Irr galaxies near the MW.
125 GeV Higgs state in the context of four generations with two Higgs doublets

We interpret the recent discovery of a 125 GeV Higgs-like state in the context of a two-Higgs-doublet model with a heavy fourth sequential generation of fermions, in which one Higgs doublet couples only to the fourth-generation fermions, while the second doublet couples to the lighter fermions of the first three families. This model is designed to accommodate the apparent heaviness of the fourth-generation fermions and to effectively address the low-energy phenomenology of a dynamical electroweak-symmetry-breaking scenario. The physical Higgs states of the model are, therefore, viewed as composites primarily of the fourth-generation fermions. We find that the lightest Higgs, h, is a good candidate for the recently discovered 125 GeV spin-zero particle, when tan beta similar to O(1), for typical fourth-generation fermion masses of M-4G = 400-600 GeV, and with a large t-t' mixing in the right-handed quark sector. This, in turn, leads to BR(t' -> th) similar to O(1), which drastically changes the t' decay pattern. We also find that, based on the current Higgs data, this two-Higgs-doublet model generically predicts an enhanced production rate (compared to the Standard Model) in the pp -> h -> tau tau channel, and reduced rates in the VV -> h -> gamma gamma and p (p) over bar /pp -> V -> hV -> Vbb channels. Finally, the heavier CP-even Higgs is excluded by the current data up to m(H) similar to 500 GeV, while the pseudoscalar state, A, can be as light as 130 GeV. These heavier Higgs states and the expected deviations from the Standard Model din some of the Higgs production channels can be further excluded or discovered with more data.
Pulsations in short gamma ray bursts from black hole-neutron star mergers

The precise origin of short gamma ray bursts (SGRBs) remains an important open question in relativistic astrophysics. Increasingly, observational evidence suggests the merger of a binary compact object system as the source for most SGRBs, but it is currently unclear how to distinguish observationally between a binary neutron star progenitor and a black hole-neutron star progenitor. We suggest the quasi-periodic signal of jet precession as an observational signature of SGRBs originating in mixed binary systems, and quantify both the fraction of mixed binaries capable of producing SGRBs, and the distributions of precession amplitudes and periods. The difficulty inherent in disrupting a neutron star outside the horizon of a stellar-mass black hole biases the jet precession signal towards low amplitude and high frequency. Precession periods of ~ 0.01-0.1 s and disk-BH spin misalignments ~10 degrees are generally expected, although sufficiently high viscosity may prevent the accumulation of multiple precession periods during the SGRB. The precessing jet will naturally cover a larger solid angle in the sky than would standard SGRB jets, enhancing observability for both prompt emission and optical afterglows.
Adiabatic quantum computation with Rydberg-dressed atoms

We study an architecture for implementing adiabatic quantum computation with trapped neutral atoms. Ground state atoms are dressed by laser fields in a manner conditional on the Rydberg blockade mechanism, thereby providing the requisite entangling interactions. As a benchmark we study the performance of a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem whose solution is found in the ground state spin configuration of an Ising-like model. We model a realistic architecture, including details of the atomic implementation, with qubits encoded into the clock states of 133Cs, effective B-fields implemented through stimulated Raman transitions, and atom-atom coupling achieved by excitation to the 100P3/2 Rydberg level. Including the fundamental effects of photon scattering, we find the fidelity of two-qubit implementation to be on the order of 0.99, with higher fidelities possible with improved laser sources.
Quantum Process in Living Cells

Quantum processes have been confirmed for various biological phenomena. Here we model a quantum process in cells based on coherent waves of established ultrafast energy transfers in water. We compute wave speed, ~156 km/s, and wavelength, ~9.3 nm, and determine that the waves retain local coherence. The model is compared with observations and diverse numerical applications lend support to the hypothesis that rapid energy transfers in water are characteristic of living cells. Close agreements are found for the dipole moment of water dimers, microwave radiation on yeast, and the Kleiber law of metabolic rates. We find a sphere with diameter ~20 nm is a lower bound for life in this theory. The quantum properties of the model suggest that cellular chemistry favors reactions that support perpetuation of the energy waves
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Frequencies of Known Haplotypes from Pooled Sequence Data

DNA samples are often pooled, either by experimental design or because the sample itself is a mixture. For example, when population allele frequencies are of primary interest, individual samples may be pooled together to lower the cost of sequencing. Alternatively, the sample itself may be a mixture of multiple species or strains (e.g., bacterial species comprising a microbiome or pathogen strains in a blood sample). We present an expectation–maximization algorithm for estimating haplotype frequencies in a pooled sample directly from mapped sequence reads, in the case where the possible haplotypes are known. This method is relevant to the analysis of pooled sequencing data from selection experiments, as well as the calculation of proportions of different species within a metagenomics sample. Our method outperforms existing methods based on single-site allele frequencies, as well as simple approaches using sequence read data. We have implemented the method in a freely available open-source software tool.
Electric dipole moment of the rho-meson

At an hadronic scale the effect of CP-violating interactions that typically appear in extensions of the Standard Model may be described by an effective Lagrangian, in which the operators are expressed in terms of lepton and partonic gluon and quark fields, and ordered by their mass dimension, k .geq. 4. Using a global-symmetry-preserving truncation of QCD's Dyson-Schwinger equations, we compute the rho-meson's electric dipole moment (EDM), d_rho, as generated by the leading dimension-four and -five CP-violating operators and an example of a dimension-six four-quark operator. The two dimension-five operators; viz., quark-EDM and -chromo-EDM, produce contributions to d_rho whose coefficients are of the same sign and within a factor of two in magnitude. Moreover, should a suppression mechanism be verified for the theta-term in any beyond-Standard-Model theory, the contribution from a four-quark operator can match the quark-EDM and -chromo-EDM in importance. This study serves as a prototype for the more challenging task of computing the neutron's EDM.
Spin-transfer and exchange torques in ferromagnetic superconductors.

We consider how superconducting correlations influence spin-transfer torques in ferromagnetic superconductors. It is demonstrated that there is a novel torque arising from particle-hole interference that depends on the U(1) phase associated with the superconducting order parameter. We also show that there is an equilibrium exchange torque between two ferromagnetic superconductors in contact via a normal metal mediated by Andreev states. The latter equilibrium magnetic torque is also sensitive to spin-resolved phase differences in the superconducting order parameters as well as to an externally applied phase difference.
CORES AND THE KINEMATICS OF EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES

I have combined the Emsellem et al. ATLAS3D rotation measures of a large sample of early-type galaxies with Hubble Space Telescope based classifications of their central structure to characterize the rotation velocities of galaxies with cores. “Core galaxies” rotate slowly, while “power-law galaxies” (galaxies that lack cores) rotate rapidly, confirming the analysis of Faber et al. Significantly, the amplitude of rotation sharply discriminates between the two types in the −19 > MV > −22 domain over which the two types coexist. The slow rotation in the small set of core galaxies with MV > −20, in particular, brings them into concordance with the more massive core galaxies. The ATLAS3D “fast-rotating” and “slow-rotating” early-type galaxies are essentially the same as power-law and core galaxies, respectively, or the Kormendy & Bender two families of elliptical galaxies based on rotation, isophote shape, and central structure. The ATLAS3D fast rotators do include roughly half of the core galaxies, but their rotation amplitudes are always at the lower boundary of that subset. Essentially, all core galaxies have ATLAS3D rotation amplitudes , while all galaxies with 0.25$?> and figure eccentricity >0.2 lack cores. Both figure rotation and the central structure of early-type galaxies should be used together to separate systems that appear to have formed from “wet” versus “dry” mergers.
PLANET–PLANET ECLIPSE AND THE ROSSITER–McLAUGHLIN EFFECT OF A MULTIPLE TRANSITING SYSTEM: JOINT ANALYSIS OF THE SUBARU SPECTROSCOPY AND THE KEPLER PHOTOMETRY

We report a joint analysis of the Rossiter–McLaughlin (RM) effect with Subaru and the Kepler photometry for the Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) 94 system. The system is comprised of four transiting planet candidates with orbital periods of 22.3 (KOI-94.01), 10.4 (KOI-94.02), 54.3 (KOI-94.03), and 3.7 (KOI-94.04) days from the Kepler photometry. We performed the radial velocity (RV) measurement of the system with the Subaru 8.2 m telescope on UT 2012 August 10, covering a complete transit of KOI-94.01 for ∼6.7 hr. The resulting RV variation due to the RM effect spectroscopically confirms that KOI-94.01 is indeed the transiting planet and implies that its orbital axis is well aligned with the stellar spin axis; the projected spin–orbit angle λ is estimated as −6+13− 11 deg. This is the first measurement of the RM effect for a multiple transiting system. Remarkably, the archived Kepler light curve around BJD = 2455211.5 (date in UT 2010 January 14/15) indicates a “double-transit” event of KOI-94.01 and KOI-94.03, in which the two planets transit the stellar disk simultaneously. Moreover, the two planets partially overlap with each other, and exhibit a “planet–planet eclipse” around the transit center. This provides a rare opportunity to put tight constraints on the configuration of the two transiting planets by joint analysis with our Subaru RM measurement. Indeed, we find that the projected mutual inclination of KOI-94.01 and KOI-94.03 is estimated to be δ = −1.°15 ± 0.°55. Implications for the migration model of multiple planet systems are also discussed.
On the uniqueness of kinematics of loop quantum cosmology

The holonomy-flux algebra of loop quantum gravity is known to admit a natural representation that is uniquely singled out by the requirement of covariance under spatial diffeomorphisms. In the cosmological context, the requirement of spatial homogeneity naturally reduces to a much smaller algebra, , used in loop quantum cosmology. In Bianchi I models, it is shown that the requirement of covariance under residual diffeomorphism symmetries again uniquely selects the representation of that has been commonly used. We discuss the close parallel between the two uniqueness results and also point out a difference. Communicated by A Corichi
Calculation of light nucleus reaction cross sections in Geant4

Total reaction cross sections of light projectile nucleus (H-2, H-3, He-3 and He-4) interactions with nuclei are calculated using Geant4 models, and compared with experimental data. It is shown that the models give various predictions at low energies, in the region of the Coulomb barrier. "Shen model" (W.-Q. Shen et al.,  (1989) 130) is identified as an improvement over other models.
Ergodicity breaking in geometric Brownian motion.

Geometric Brownian motion (GBM) is a model for systems as varied as financial instruments and populations. The statistical properties of GBM are complicated by nonergodicity, which can lead to ensemble averages exhibiting exponential growth while any individual trajectory collapses according to its time average. A common tactic for bringing time averages closer to ensemble averages is diversification. In this Letter, we study the effects of diversification using the concept of ergodicity breaking.
Stationary phase approximation and instanton-like states for cosmological in-in path integrals

The path integral, which generates in-in correlation functions of a scalar field in a cosmological spacetime, is shown to admit nontrivial classical solutions as stationary phases. Although the solutions exist for Lorentzian signature, their contribution to the path integral is reminiscent that of the instantons in Euclidean field theories. When the scalar potential has more than one locally stable vacua, the correlation functions receive contributions from all of them via these instanton-like configurations, which is similar to tunneling. We present some explicit solutions for toy models and discuss possible implications of our results.
Hadronic contribution to the QED running coupling α(M Z 2 )

We introduce a model independent method for the determination of the hadronic contribution to the QED running coupling, $\Delta\alpha_{\text{HAD}}(M_{Z}^{2})$, requiring no $e^+e^-$ annihilation data as input. This is achieved by calculating the heavy-quark contributions entirely in perturbative QCD, whilst the light-quark resonance piece is determined using available lattice QCD results. Future reduction in the current uncertainties in the latter shall turn this method into a valuable alternative to the standard approach. Subsequently, we find that the precision of current determinations of $\Delta\alpha_{\text{HAD}}(M_{Z}^{2})$ can be improved by some 20% by computing the heavy-quark pieces in PQCD, whilst using $e^+e^-$ data only for the low-energy light-quark sector. We obtain in this case $\Delta\alpha_{\text{HAD}}(M_{Z}^{2})=275.7(0.8) \times 10^{-4}$, which currently is the most precise value of $
The Center is Everywhere

"The Center is Everywhere" is a sculpture by Josiah McElheny, currently (through October 14, 2012) on exhibit at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston. The sculpture is based on data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), using hundreds of glass crystals and lamps suspended from brass rods to represent the three-dimensional structure mapped by the SDSS through one of its 2000+ spectroscopic plugplates. This article describes the scientific ideas behind this sculpture, emphasizing the principle of the statistical homogeneity of cosmic structure in the presence of local complexity. The title of the sculpture is inspired by the work of the French revolutionary Louis Auguste Blanqui, whose 1872 book "Eternity Through The Stars: An Astronomical Hypothesis" was the first to raise the spectre of the infinite replicas expected in an infinite, statistically homogeneous universe. Puzzles of infinities, probabilities, and replicas continue to haunt modern fiction and contemporary discussions of inflationary cosmology.
Julia: A Fast Dynamic Language for Technical Computing

Dynamic languages have become popular for scientic computing. They are generally considered highly productive, but lacking in performance. This paper presents Julia, a new dynamic language for technical computing, designed for performance from the beginning by adapting and extending modern programming language techniques. A design based on generic functions and a rich type system simultaneously enables an expressive programming model and successful type inference, leading to good performance for a wide range of programs. This makes it possible for much of Julia’s library to be written in Julia itself, while also incorporating best-of-breed C and Fortran libraries.
The reactive volatility model

We present a new volatility model, simple to implement, that combines various attractive features such as an exponential moving average of the price and a leverage effect. This model is able to capture the so-called 'panic effect', which occurs whenever systematic risk becomes the dominant factor. Consequently, in contrast to other models, this new model is as reactive as the implied volatility indices. We also test the reactivity of our model using extreme events taken from the 470 most liquid European stocks over the last decade. We show that the reactive volatility model is more robust to extreme events, and it allows for the identification of precursors and replicas of extreme events.
Exomoon habitability constrained by illumination and tidal heating.

The detection of moons orbiting extrasolar planets ("exomoons") has now become feasible. Once they are discovered in the circumstellar habitable zone, questions about their habitability will emerge. Exomoons are likely to be tidally locked to their planet and hence experience days much shorter than their orbital period around the star and have seasons, all of which works in favor of habitability. These satellites can receive more illumination per area than their host planets, as the planet reflects stellar light and emits thermal photons. On the contrary, eclipses can significantly alter local climates on exomoons by reducing stellar illumination. In addition to radiative heating, tidal heating can be very large on exomoons, possibly even large enough for sterilization. We identify combinations of physical and orbital parameters for which radiative and tidal heating are strong enough to trigger a runaway greenhouse. By analogy with the circumstellar habitable zone, these constraints define a circumplanetary "habitable edge." We apply our model to hypothetical moons around the recently discovered exoplanet Kepler-22b and the giant planet candidate KOI211.01 and describe, for the first time, the orbits of habitable exomoons. If either planet hosted a satellite at a distance greater than 10 planetary radii, then this could indicate the presence of a habitable moon.