nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Binary Floating-Point Representations for Constraint Propagation

Floating-point computations are quickly finding their way in the design of safety- and mission-critical systems, despite the fact that designing floating-point algorithms is significantly more difficult than designing integer algorithms. For this reason, verification and validation of floating-point computations is a hot research topic. An important verification technique, especially in some industrial sectors, is testing. However, generating test data for floating-point intensive programs proved to be a challenging problem. Existing approaches usually resort to random or search-based test data generation, but without symbolic reasoning it is almost impossible to generate test inputs that execute complex paths controlled by floating-point computations. Moreover, as constraint solvers over the reals or the rationals do not natively support the handling of rounding errors, the need arises for efficient constraint solvers over floating-point domains. In this paper, we present and fully justify improved algorithms for the propagation of arithmetic IEEE 754 binary floating-point constraints. The key point of these algorithms is a generalization of an idea by B. Marre and C. Michel that exploits a property of the representation of floating-point numbers.
Unstable Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black holes in fourth-order gravity

We study the stability of Schwarzschild-Tangherlini (ST) black holes in fourth-order gravity which provides a higher dimensional linearized massive equation. The linearized-Ricci tensor perturbation is employed to exhibit unstable modes featuring the Gregory-Laflamme (GL) instability of higher dimensional black strings, in comparison to the stable ST black holes in Einstein gravity. It turns out that the GL instability of the ST black holes in the fourth-order gravity originates from the massiveness, but not a nature of fourth-order derivative theories giving ghost states.
An astronomical survey conducted in Belgium

This paper presents the results of the first survey conducted in Belgium about the interest in and knowledge of astronomy. Two samples were studied, the public at large (667 questionnaires) and students (2589 questionnaires), but the results are generally similar in both samples. We evaluated people’s interest, main information source and attitudes towards astronomy, as well as their supposed and actual knowledge of the subject. The main conclusion is that, despite poor self-confidence, people do know the basic astronomical concepts. However, that knowledge is not deeply rooted, as reasoning questions show widespread misconceptions and/or misunderstandings.
THE BARYON CYCLE OF DWARF GALAXIES: DARK, BURSTY, GAS-RICH POLLUTERS

We present results from a fully cosmological, very high-resolution, ΛCDM simulation of a group of seven field dwarf galaxies with present-day virial masses in the range Mvir = 4.4 × 108–3.6 × 1010 M☉. The simulation includes a blastwave scheme for supernova feedback, a star-formation recipe based on a high gas density threshold, metal-dependent radiative cooling, a scheme for the turbulent diffusion of metals and thermal energy, and a uniform UV background. The properties of the simulated dwarfs are strongly modulated by the depth of the gravitational potential well. All three halos with Mvir < 109 M☉ are devoid of stars, as they never reach the density threshold for star formation of 100 atoms cm−3. The other four, Mvir > 109 M☉ dwarfs have blue colors, low star-formation efficiencies, high cold gas-to-stellar mass ratios, and low stellar metallicities. Their bursty star-formation histories are characterized by peak specific star-formation rates in excess of 50–100 Gyr−1, far outside the realm of normal, more massive galaxies. The median stellar age of the simulated galaxies decreases with decreasing halo mass, with the two Mvir ≃ 2–3 × 109 M☉ dwarfs being predominantly young, and the two more massive systems hosting intermediate and older populations. The cosmologically young dwarfs are lit up by tidal interactions, have compact morphologies, and have metallicities and cold gas fractions similar to the relatively quiescent, extremely metal-deficient dwarf population. Metal-enriched galactic outflows produce sub-solar effective yields and pollute with heavy elements a megaparsec-size region of the intergalactic medium, but are not sufficient to completely quench star-formation activity and are absent in the faintest dwarfs.
Deconstructing dimensions and massive gravity

We show that the ghost-free models of massive gravity and their multi-graviton extensions follow from considering higher dimensional General Relativity in Einstein–Cartan form on a discrete extra dimension, according to the dimensional deconstruction paradigm. We show that dimensional deconstruction is equivalent to a truncation of the Kaluza–Klein tower at the nonlinear level. Higher dimensional gravity is not recovered from a lower dimensional multi-graviton theory in the limit of a continuous extra dimension (infinite Kaluza–Klein tower) due to the appearance of a low strong coupling scale that depends on IR physics. This strong coupling scale, which is associated with the mass of the lowest Kaluza–Klein mode, controls the onset of the Vainshtein mechanism and is crucial to the theoretical and observational viability of the truncated theory.
Simplicial Ricci Flow: An Example of a Neck Pinch Singularity in 3D

We examine a Type-1 neck pinch singularity in simplicial Ricci flow (SRF) for an axisymmetric piecewise flat 3-dimensional geometry with 3-sphere topology. SRF was recently introduced as an unstructured mesh formulation of Hamilton's Ricci flow (RF). It describes the RF of a piecewise-flat simplicial geometry. In this paper, we apply the SRF equations to a representative double-lobed axisymmetric piecewise flat geometry with mirror symmetry at the neck similar to the geometry studied by Angenent and Knopf (A-K). We choose a specific radial profile and compare the SRF equations with the corresponding finite-difference solution of the continuum A-K RF equations. The piecewise-flat 3-geometries considered here are built of isosceles-triangle-based frustum blocks. The axial symmetry of this model allows us to use frustum blocks instead of tetrahedra. The 2-sphere cross-sectional geometries in our model are regular icosahedra. We demonstrate that, under a suitably-pinched initial geometry, the SRF equations for this relatively low-resolution discrete geometry yield the canonical Type-1 neck pinch singularity found in the corresponding continuum solution. We adaptively remesh during the evolution to keep the circumcentric dual lattice well-centered. Without such remeshing, we cannot evolve the discrete geometry to neck pinch. We conclude with a discussion of future generalizations and tests of this SRF model.
Damn You, Little h! (Or, Real-World Applications of the Hubble Constant Using Observed and Simulated Data)

The Hubble constant, H 0, or its dimensionless equivalent, “little h”, is a fundamental cosmological property that is now known to an accuracy better than a few per cent. Despite its cosmological nature, little h commonly appears in the measured properties of individual galaxies. This can pose unique challenges for users of such data, particularly with survey data. In this paper we show how little h arises in the measurement of galaxies, how to compare like-properties from different datasets that have assumed different little h cosmologies, and how to fairly compare theoretical data with observed data, where little h can manifest in vastly different ways. This last point is particularly important when observations are used to calibrate galaxy formation models, as calibrating with the wrong (or no) little h can lead to disastrous results when the model is later converted to the correct h cosmology. We argue that in this modern age little h is an anachronism, being one of least uncertain parameters in astrophysics, and we propose that observers and theorists instead treat this uncertainty like any other. We conclude with a ‘cheat sheet’ of nine points that should be followed when dealing with little h in data analysis.
Effective slippage on superhydrophobic trapezoidal grooves.

We study the effective slippage on superhydrophobic grooves with trapezoidal cross-sections of various geometries (including the limiting cases of triangles and rectangular stripes), by using two complementary approaches. First, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations of a flow past such surfaces have been performed to validate an expression [E. S. Asmolov and O. I. Vinogradova,  (2012)] that relates the eigenvalues of the effective slip-length tensor for one-dimensional textures. Second, we propose theoretical estimates for the effective slip length and calculate it numerically by solving the Stokes equation based on a collocation method. The comparison between the two approaches shows that they are in excellent agreement. Our results demonstrate that the effective slippage depends strongly on the area-averaged slip, the amplitude of the roughness, and on the fraction of solid in contact with the liquid. To interpret these results, we analyze flow singularities near slipping heterogeneities, and demonstrate that they inhibit the effective slip and enhance the anisotropy of the flow. Finally, we propose some guidelines to design optimal one-dimensional superhydrophobic surfaces, motivated by potential applications in microfluidics.
Ultra-low Energy, High Performance and Programmable Magnetic Threshold Logic

We propose magnetic threshold-logic (MTL) design based on non-volatile spin-torque switches. A threshold logic gate (TLG) performs summation of multiple inputs multiplied by a fixed set of weights and compares the sum with a threshold. MTL employs resistive states of magnetic tunnel junctions as programmable input weights, while, a low-voltage domain-wall shift based spin-torque switch is used for thresholding operation. The resulting MTL gate acts as a low-power, configurable logic unit and can be used to build fully pipelined, high-performance programmable computing blocks. Multiple stages in such a MTL design can be connected using energy-efficient ultralow swing programmable interconnect networks based on resistive switches. Owing to memory-based compact logic and interconnect design and low-voltage, high-speed spintorque based threshold operation, MTL can achieve more than two orders of magnitude improvement in energy-delay product as compared to look-up table based CMOS FPGA.
Kondo resonance from vacancies in graphene

Using the slave-rotor mean-field theory, we study the formation of Kondo resonance in graphene induced from vacancies. At the Dirac neutrality point, we find acritical hybridization strength beyond which the Kondo resonance takes place, despite vanishing density of states. We also find that the line-shapes of the Kondo peak are entirely different from Lorentzian shown in normal metallic hosts. The dependence of Kondo temperature on the effective hybridization parameter of the spinon field turns out to be linear in contrast to the quadratic dependence in normal metals. Upon doping we find strong electron-hole asymmetry for the dependence of Kondo temperature on the chemical potential.
Pylearn2: a machine learning research library

Pylearn2 is a machine learning research library. This does not just mean that it is a collection of machine learning algorithms that share a common API; it means that it has been designed for flexibility and extensibility in order to facilitate research projects that involve new or unusual use cases. In this paper we give a brief history of the library, an overview of its basic philosophy, a summary of the library's architecture, and a description of how the Pylearn2 community functions socially.
Time Development of Early Social Networks: Link analysis and group dynamics

Empirical data on early network history are rare. Students beginning their studies at a university with no or few prior connections to each other offer a unique opportunity to investigate the formation and early development of social networks. During a nine week introductory physics course, first year physics students were asked to identify those with whom they communicated about problem solving in physics during the preceding week. We use these students' self reports to produce time dependent student interaction networks. These networks have also been investigated to elucidate possible effects of gender and students' final course grade. Changes in the weekly number of links are investigated to show that while roughly half of all links change from week to week, students also reestablish a growing number of links as they progress through their first weeks of study. To investigate how students group, Infomap is used to establish groups. Further, student group flow is examined using alluvial diagrams, showing that many students jump between group each week., Finally, a segregation measure is developed which shows that students structure themselves according to gender and laboratory exercise groups and not according to end-of-course grade. The results show the behavior of an early social-educational network, and may have implications for theoretical network models as well as for physics education.
Optimal robust bounds for variance options

Robust, or model-independent properties of the variance swap are well-known, and date back to Dupire and Neuberger, who showed that, given the price of co-terminal call options, the price of a variance swap was exactly specified under the assumption that the price process is continuous. In Cox and Wang we showed that a lower bound on the price of a variance call could be established using a solution to the Skorokhod embedding problem due to Root. In this paper, we provide a construction, and a proof of optimality of the upper bound, using results of Rost and Chacon, and show how this proof can be used to determine a super-hedging strategy which is model-independent. In addition, we outline how the hedging strategy may be computed numerically. Using these methods, we also show that the Heston-Nandi model is 'asymptotically extreme' in the sense that, for large maturities, the Heston-Nandi model gives prices for variance call options which are approximately the lowest values consistent with the same call price data.
Ion mediated cross-shield driven mucous swelling kinetics

We present an experimentally guided, bi-phasic, multi-species ionic gel model to compare and make quantitative predictions on the viscoelastic properties of healthy mucus versus Cystic-Fibrosis infected mucus. The mixture theory consists of the mucus (polymer phase) and water (solvent phase) as well as several different ions: H$^+$, Na$^+$, Cl$^-$ and Ca$^{2+}$. The model is calibrated with the experimental data of mucus diffusivities. Numerical studies reveal that the Donnan forces are the dominating mechanism driving the mucus swelling/deswelling transition. However, these transitions could be continuous or discontinuous, depending on the complex interplay between ionic bath concentrations, pH, polymer mass in the solvent and the average charge per monomer.
THE HERSCHEL STRIPE 82 SURVEY (HerS): MAPS AND EARLY CATALOG

We present the first set of maps and band-merged catalog from the Herschel Stripe 82 Survey (HerS). Observations at 250, 350, and 500 μm were taken with the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver instrument aboard the Herschel Space Observatory. HerS covers 79 deg2 along the SDSS Stripe 82 to an average depth of 13.0, 12.9, and 14.8 mJy beam−1 (including confusion) at 250, 350, and 500 μm, respectively. HerS was designed to measure correlations with external tracers of the dark matter density field—either point-like (i.e., galaxies selected from radio to X-ray) or extended (i.e., clusters and gravitational lensing)—in order to measure the bias and redshift distribution of intensities of infrared-emitting dusty star-forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei. By locating HerS in Stripe 82, we maximize the overlap with available and upcoming cosmological surveys. The band-merged catalog contains 3.3 × 104 sources detected at a significance of ≳ 3σ (including confusion noise). The maps and catalog are available at http://www.astro.caltech.edu/hers/.
Artificial graphene with tunable interactions.

We create an artificial graphene system with tunable interactions and study the crossover from metallic to Mott insulating regimes, both in isolated and coupled two-dimensional honeycomb layers. The artificial graphene consists of a two-component spin mixture of an ultracold atomic Fermi gas loaded into a hexagonal optical lattice. For strong repulsive interactions, we observe a suppression of double occupancy and measure a gapped excitation spectrum. We present a quantitative comparison between our measurements and theory, making use of a novel numerical method to obtain Wannier functions for complex lattice structures. Extending our studies to time-resolved measurements, we investigate the equilibration of the double occupancy as a function of lattice loading time.
STABILITY OF SATELLITES IN CLOSELY PACKED PLANETARY SYSTEMS

We perform numerical integrations of four-body (star, planet, planet, satellite) systems to investigate the stability of satellites in planetary systems with tightly packed inner planets (STIPs). We find that the majority of closely spaced stable two-planet systems can stably support satellites across a range of parameter-space which is only slightly decreased compared to that seen for the single-planet case. In particular, circular prograde satellites remain stable out to ∼0.4 RH (where RH is the Hill radius) as opposed to 0.5 RH in the single-planet case. A similarly small restriction in the stable parameter-space for retrograde satellites is observed, where planetary close approaches in the range 2.5–4.5 mutual Hill radii destabilize most satellites orbits only if a ∼ 0.65 RH. In very close planetary pairs (e.g., the 12:11 resonance) the addition of a satellite frequently destabilizes the entire system, causing extreme close approaches and the loss of satellites over a range of circumplanetary semi-major axes. The majority of systems investigated stably harbored satellites over a wide parameter-space, suggesting that STIPs can generally offer a dynamically stable home for satellites, albeit with a slightly smaller stable parameter-space than the single-planet case. As we demonstrate that multi-planet systems are not a priori poor candidates for hosting satellites, future measurements of satellite occurrence rates in multi-planet systems versus single-planet systems could be used to constrain either satellite formation or past periods of strong dynamical interaction between planets.
Far-infrared spectroscopy of a lensed starburst: a blind redshift from Herschel

We report the redshift of HATLAS J132427.0+284452 (hereafter HATLAS J132427), a gravitationally lensed starburst galaxy, the first determined ‘blind’ by the Herschel Space Observatory. This is achieved via the detection of [C ii] consistent with z = 1.68 in a far-infrared spectrum taken with the SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). We demonstrate that the [C ii] redshift is secure via detections of CO J = 2 → 1 and 3 → 2 using the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy and the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique's Plateau de Bure Interferometer. The intrinsic properties appear typical of high-redshift starbursts despite the high lensing-amplified fluxes, proving the ability of the FTS to probe this population with the aid of lensing. The blind detection of [C ii] demonstrates the potential of the SPICA Far-infrared Instrument imaging spectrometer, proposed for the much more sensitive Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics mission, to determine redshifts of multiple dusty galaxies simultaneously without the benefit of lensing.
Higgs Mechanism in Scale-Invariant Gravity

We consider a Higgs mechanism in scale-invariant theories of gravitation. It is shown that in spontaneous symmetry breakdown of scale invariance, gauge symmetries are also broken spontaneously even without the Higgs potential if the corresponding charged scalar fields couple to a scalar curvature in a non-minimal way. In this gravity-inspired new Higgs mechanism, the non-minimal coupling term, which is scale-invariant, plays a critical role. Various generalizations of this mechanism are possible and particularly the generalizations to non-abelian gauge groups and a scalar field with multi-components are presented in some detail. Moreover, we apply our finding to a scale-invariant extension of the standard model (SM) and calculate radiative corrections. In particular, we elucidate the coupling between the dilaton and the Higgs particle and show that the dilaton mass takes a value around the GeV scale owing to quantum effects even if the dilaton is massless at the classical level.
Light scattering in disordered honeycomb photonic lattices near the Dirac points.

We address Anderson localization in disordered honeycomb photonic lattices and show that the localization process is strongly affected by the spectral position of the input wavepacket within the first Brillouin zone of the lattice. In spite of the fact that in regular lattices expansion of the beam is much stronger for excitation near the Dirac points-where light exhibits conical diffraction-than for excitation at the center of the Brillouin zone-where light exhibits normal diffraction-we found that disorder leads to pronounced Anderson localization even around the Dirac points. We found that for the same disorder level the width of the averaged output intensity distribution for excitations around the Dirac points may be substantially larger than that for excitations at the center of the Brillouin zone.
New actions for minimally doubled fermions and their counterterms

Minimally doubled fermions provide a cheap and convenient way of simulating quarks which preserve chiral symmetry. It has been established that two actions of this kind (known as BoriciCreutz and Karsten-Wilczek) require the tuning of three counterterms in order to be properly renormalized. Here we construct some more general minimally doubled actions and investigate the properties of their counterterms.
Formalization, Mechanization and Automation of Gödel's Proof of God's Existence

Attempts to prove the existence (or non-existence) of God by means of abstract ontological arguments are an old tradition in philosophy and theology. Gödel’s proof [12,13] is a modern culmination of this tradition, following particularly the footsteps of Leibniz. Gödel defines God as a being who possesses all positive properties. He does not extensively discuss what positive properties are, but instead he states a few reasonable (but debatable) axioms that they should satisfy. Various slightly different versions of axioms and definitions have been considered by Gödel and by several philosophers who commented on his proof (cf. . Dana Scott’s version of Gödel’s proof [18] employs the following axioms (A), definitions (D), corollaries (C) and theorems (T), and it proceeds in the following order: