nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Tidal capture of a primordial black hole by a neutron star: implications for constraints on dark matter

In a close encounter with a neutron star, a primordial black hole can get gravitationally captured by depositing a considerable amount of energy into nonradial stellar modes of very high angular number l. If the neutron-star equation of state is sufficiently stiff, we show that the total energy loss in the point-particle approximation is formally divergent. Various mechanisms — including viscosity, finite-size effects and the elasticity of the crust — can damp high-l modes and regularize the total energy loss. Within a short time, the black hole is trapped inside the star and disrupts it by rapid accretion. Estimating these effects, we predict that the existence of old neutron stars in regions where the dark-matter density ρDM≳102(σ/km s−1) GeV cm−3 (where σ is the dark-matter velocity dispersion) limits the abundance of primordial black holes in the mass range 1017 g≲mPBH≲1024 g, which was previously unconstrained. In combination with existing limits, our results suggest that primordial black holes cannot be the dominant dark matter constituent.
SAID analysis of meson photoproduction: Determination of neutron and proton EM couplings

We present an overview of the GW SAID group effort to analyze on new pion photoproduction on both proton- and neutron-targets. The main database contribution came from the recent CLAS and MAMI unpolarized and polarized measurements. The differential cross section for the processes n → − p was extracted from new measurements accounting for Fermi motion effects in the impulse approximation (IA) as well as NN- and N effects beyond the IA. The electromagnetic coupling results are compared to other recent studies.
Closed Form Solutions To Bosonic Perturbations In General Relativity

We present some results regarding metric perturbations in general relativity and other metric theories of gravity. In particular, using the Newman Penrose variables, we write down and discuss the equations which govern tensor field perturbations of ranks $0, \pm 1$ and $\pm 2$ (scalar,vector,tensor bosonic perturbations) over certain space-times that admit specific background metrics expressible in isotropic coordinates. Armed with these equations, we are able to develop the Hadamard series which can be associated with the fundamental solution of the equations, wherein we introduce an inhomogeneous singularity at the physical space-time point of the perturbing particle. The Hadamard series is then used to generate closed form solutions by making choices for an appropriate ansatz solution. In particular, we solve for the spin-weighted electrostatic potential for the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole and for the fully dynamical potential for the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological solution.
Hierarchicality of Trade Flow Networks Reveals Complexity of Products

With globalization, countries are more connected than before by trading flows, which amounts to at least trillion dollars today. Interestingly, around percents of exports consist of intermediate products in global. Therefore, the trade flow network of particular product with high added values can be regarded as value chains. The problem is weather we can discriminate between these products from their unique flow network structure? This paper applies the flow analysis method developed in ecology to 638 trading flow networks of different products. We claim that the allometric scaling exponent can be used to characterize the degree of hierarchicality of a flow network, i.e., whether the trading products flow on long hierarchical chains. Then, it is pointed out that the flow networks of products with higher added values and complexity like machinary, transport equipment etc. have larger exponents, meaning that their trade flow networks are more hierarchical. As a result, without the extra data like global input-output table, we can identify the product categories with higher complexity, and the relative importance of a country in the global value chain by the trading network solely.
Exploiting all phone media? A multidimensional network analysis of phone users' sociality

The growing awareness that human communications and social interactions are assuming a stratified structure, due to the availability of multiple techno-communication channels, including online social networks, mobile phone calls, short messages (SMS) and e-mails, has recently led to the study of multidimensional networks, as a step further the classical Social Network Analysis. A few papers have been dedicated to develop the theoretical framework to deal with such multiplex networks and to analyze some example of multidimensional social networks. In this context we perform the first study of the multiplex mobile social network, gathered from the records of both call and text message activities of millions of users of a large mobile phone operator over a period of 12 weeks. While social networks constructed from mobile phone datasets have drawn great attention in recent years, so far studies have dealt with text message and call data, separately, providing a very partial view of people sociality expressed on phone. Here we analyze how the call and the text message dimensions overlap showing how many information about links and nodes could be lost only accounting for a single layer and how users adopt different media channels to interact with their neighborhood.
Capital Adequacy Tests and Limited Liability of Financial Institutions

The theory of acceptance sets and their associated risk measures plays a key role in the design of capital adequacy tests. The objective of this paper is to investigate the class of surplus-invariant acceptance sets. We argue that surplus invariance is a reasonable requirement from a regulatory perspective, since the corresponding capital adequacy tests do not depend on the surplus of a financial institution, which benefits exclusively its shareholders, but only on the default profile, which affects its liability holders. We provide a detailed analysis of surplus-invariant acceptance sets and their associated risk measures and we discuss the link with loss-based and excess-invariant risk measures, recently studied by Cont et al. (2013) and by Staum (2013), respectively.
Direct determination of internal radiation dose in human blood

The purpose of this study is to measure the internal radiation dose using a human blood sample. In the literature, there is no process that allows the direct measurement of the internal radiation dose received by a person. The luminescence counts from a blood sample having a laboratory-injected radiation dose and the waste blood of the patient injected with a radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic purposes were both measured. The decay and dose-response curves were plotted for the different doses. The doses received by the different blood aliquots can be determined by interpolating the luminescence counts to the dose-response curve. This study shows that the dose received by a person can be measured directly, simply and retrospectively by using only a very small amount of blood sample. The results will have important ramifications for the medicine and healthcare fields in particular. This will also be very important in cases of suspicion of radiation poisoning, malpractice and so on.
Bartering integer commodities with exogenous prices

The analysis of markets with indivisible goods and fixed exogenous prices has played an important role in economic models, especially in relation to wage rigidity and unemployment. This research report provides a mathematical and computational details associated to the mathematical programming based approaches proposed by Nasini et al. (accepted 2014) to study pure exchange economies where discrete amounts of commodities are exchanged at fixed prices. Barter processes, consisting in sequences of elementary reallocations of couple of commodities among couples of agents, are formalized as local searches converging to equilibrium allocations. A direct application of the analyzed processes in the context of computational economics is provided, along with a Java implementation of the approaches described in this research report.
Vacuum alignment and lattice artifacts: staggered fermions

In confining lattice gauge theories in which part of the flavor group is coupled weakly to additional gauge fields, both the dynamics of the weak gauge fields as well as lattice artifacts may have nontrivial effects on the orientation of the vacuum in flavor space. Here we discuss this issue for lattice gauge theories employing staggered fermions. Staggered fermions break flavor symmetries to a much smaller group on the lattice, and orientations in flavor space that are equivalent in the continuum may be distinct on the lattice. Assuming universality, we show that in the continuum limit the weakly gauged flavor symmetries are always vectorlike, disproving a recent claim in the literature.
Einstein's first gravitational field equation 101 years latter

We review and strengthen the arguments given by Einstein to derive his first gravitational field equation for static fields and show that, although it was ultimately rejected, it follows from General Relativity (GR) for negligible pressure. Using this equation and considerations folowing directly from the equivalence principle (EP), we show how Schwarzschild metric and other vacum metrics can be obtained immediately. With this results and some basic principles, we obtain the metric in the general spherically symmetric case and the corresponding hydrostatic equilibrium equation. For this metrics we obtain the motion equations in a simple and exact manner that clearly shows the three sources of difference (implied by various aspects of the EP) with respect to the Newtonian case and use them to study the classical tests of GR. We comment on the origin of the problems of Einstein first theory of gravity and discuss how, by removing it the theory could be made consistent and extended to include rotations, we also comments on various conceptual issues of GR as the origin of the gravitational effect of pressure.
Galaxy Zoo: an independent look at the evolution of the bar fraction over the last eight billion years from HST-COSMOS ?

We measure the redshift evolution of the bar fraction in a sample of 2380 visually selected disc galaxies found in Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) Hubble Space Telescope (HST ) images. The visual classications used both to identify the disc sample and to indicate the presence of stellar bars were provided by citizen scientists via the Galaxy Zoo: Hubble (GZH) project. We nd that the overall bar fraction decreases by a factor of 2, from 22 5% at z = 0:4 (tlb = 4:2 Gyr) to 11 2% at z = 1:0 (tlb = 7:8 Gyr), consistent with previous analysis. We show that this decrease, of the strong bar fraction in a volume limited sample of massive disc galaxies [stellar mass limit of log(M?=M ) 10:0], cannot be due to redshift-dependent biases hiding either bars or disc galaxies at higher redshifts. Splitting our sample into three bins of mass we nd that the decrease in bar fraction is most prominent in the highest mass bin, while the lower mass discs in our sample show a more modest evolution. We also include a sample of 98 red disc galaxies. These galaxies have a high bar fraction (45 5%), and are missing from other COSMOS samples which used SED tting or colours to identify high redshift discs. Our results are consistent with a picture in which the evolution of massive disc galaxies begins to be aected by slow (secular) internal process at z 1. We discuss possible connections of the decrease in bar fraction to the redshift, including the growth of stable disc galaxies, mass evolution of the gas content in disc galaxies, as well as the mass-dependent eects of tidal interactions.
Holographic Space-time and Black Holes: Mirages As Alternate Reality

We revisit our investigation of the claim of  that old black holes contain a rewall, i.e. an in-falling observer encounters highly excited states at a time much shorter than the light crossing time of the Schwarzschild radius. We used the formalism of Holographic Space-time (HST) where there is no dramatic change in particle physics inside the horizon until a time of order the Schwarzschild radius. We correct our description of the interior of the black hole . HST provides a complete description of the quantum mechanics along any time-like trajectory, even those which fall through the black hole horizon. The latter are described as alternative factorizations of the description of an external observer, turning the mirage of the interior provided by that observer’s membrane paradigm on the stretched horizon, into reality.
METAPLECTIC FORMULATION OF THE WIGNER TRANSFORM AND APPLICATIONS

We show that the cross Wigner function can be written in the form $W(\psi, \phi) = \hat S (\psi \otimes \overline{\hat\phi})$ where ${\hat\phi}$ is the Fourier transform of ϕ and Ŝ is a metaplectic operator that projects onto a linear symplectomorphism S consisting of a rotation along an ellipse in phase space (or in the time-frequency space). This formulation can be extended to generic Weyl symbols and yields an interesting fractional generalization of the Weyl–Wigner formalism. It also provides a suitable approach to study the Bopp phase space representation of quantum mechanics, familiar from deformation quantization. Using the "metaplectic formulation" of the Wigner transform, we construct a complete set of intertwiners relating the Weyl and the Bopp pseudo-differential operators. This is an important result that allows us to prove the spectral and dynamical equivalence of the Schrodinger and the Bopp representations of quantum mechanics.
Binary Classifier Calibration: Non-parametric approach

Accurate calibration of probabilistic predictive models learned is critical for many practical prediction and decision-making tasks. There are two main categories of methods for building calibrated classifiers. One approach is to develop methods for learning probabilistic models that are well-calibrated, ab initio. The other approach is to use some post-processing methods for transforming the output of a classifier to be well calibrated, as for example histogram binning, Platt scaling, and isotonic regression. One advantage of the post-processing approach is that it can be applied to any existing probabilistic classification model that was constructed using any machine-learning method. 
In this paper, we first introduce two measures for evaluating how well a classifier is calibrated. We prove three theorems showing that using a simple histogram binning post-processing method, it is possible to make a classifier be well calibrated while retaining its discrimination capability. Also, by casting the histogram binning method as a density-based non-parametric binary classifier, we can extend it using two simple non-parametric density estimation methods. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed calibration methods on synthetic and real datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed methods either outperform or are comparable to existing calibration methods.
Infinite Mixed Membership Matrix Factorization

Rating and recommendation systems have become a popular application area for applying a suite of machine learning techniques. Current approaches rely primarily on probabilistic interpretations and extensions of matrix factorization, which factorizes a user-item ratings matrix into latent user and item vectors. Most of these methods fail to model significant variations in item ratings from otherwise similar users, a phenomenon known as the "Napoleon Dynamite'' effect. Recent efforts have addressed this problem by adding a contextual bias term to the rating, which captures the mood under which a user rates an item or the context in which an item is rated by a user. In this work, we extend this model in a nonparametric sense by learning the optimal number of moods or contexts from the data, and derive Gibbs sampling inference procedures for our model. We evaluate our approach on the Movie Lens 1M dataset, and show significant improvements over the optimal parametric baseline, more than twice the improvements previously encountered for this task. We also extract and evaluate a DBLP dataset, wherein we predict the number of papers co-authored by two authors, and present improvements over the parametric baseline on this alternative domain as well.
Transductive Rademacher Complexity and Its Applications

We present data-dependent error bounds for transductive learning based on transductive Rademacher complexity. For specific algorithms we provide bounds on their Rademacher complexity based on their "unlabeled-labeled" decomposition. This decomposition technique applies to many current and practical graph-based algorithms. Finally, we present a new PAC-Bayesian bound for mixtures of transductive algorithms based on our Rademacher bounds.
Λ-hyperon interaction with nucleons

We study the interaction of Λ-hyperon with proton and neutron inside a nucleus within the framework of relativistic mean field (RMF) formalism. The single-particle energy levels for some of the specific proton and neutron orbits are analyzed with the addition of Λ-successively. The neutron energy level is more deeper, because of decrease in symmetry energy due to substitution of neutron by Λ-hyperon.
Bayesian Conditional Density Filtering for Big Data

We propose a Conditional Density Filtering (C-DF) algorithm for efficient online Bayesian inference. C-DF adapts Gibbs sampling to the online setting, sampling from approximations to conditional posterior distributions obtained by tracking of surrogate conditional sufficient statistics as new data arrive. This tracking eliminates the need to store or process the entire data set simultaneously. We show that C-DF samples converge to the exact posterior distribution asymptotically, as sampling proceeds and more data arrive over time. We provide several motivating examples, and consider an application to compressed factor regression for streaming data, illustrating competitive performance with batch algorithms that use all of the data.
A C++ Template Library for Efficient Forward-Time Population Genetic Simulation of Large Populations

fwdpp is a C++ library of routines intended to facilitate the development of forward-time simulations under arbitrary mutation and fitness models. The library design provides a combination of speed, low memory overhead, and modeling flexibility not currently available from other forward simulation tools. The library is particularly useful when the simulation of large populations is required, as programs implemented using the library are much more efficient than other available forward simulation programs.
Magnetohydrodynamics, charged currents, and directed flow in heavy ion collisions

The hot QCD matter produced in any heavy ion collision with a nonzero impact parameter is produced within a strong magnetic field. We study the imprint that these fields leave on the azimuthal distributions and correlations of the produced charged hadrons. The magnetic field is time-dependent and the medium is expanding, which leads to the induction of charged currents due to the combination of Faraday and Hall effects. We find that these currents result in a charge- dependent directed flow v1 that is odd in rapidity and odd under charge exchange. It can be detected by measuring correlations between the directed flow of charged hadrons at different rapidities, $\langle v_1^\pm(y_1)v_1^\pm(y_2)\rangle$.
Covariant approach to the no-ghost theorem in massive gravity

We discuss the no-ghost theorem in the massive gravity in a covariant manner. Using the BRST formalism and St\"{u}ckelberg fields, we first clarify how the Boulware-Deser ghost decouples in the massive gravity theory with Fierz-Pauli mass term. Here we find that the crucial point in the proof is that there is no higher (time) derivative for the St\"{u}ckelberg `scalar' field. We then analyze the nonlinear massive gravity proposed by de Rham, Gabadadze and Tolley, and show that there is no ghost for general admissible backgrounds. In this process, we find a very nontrivial decoupling limit for general backgrounds. We end the paper by demonstrating the general results explicitly in a nontrivial example where there apparently appear higher time derivatives for St\"{u}ckelberg scalar field, but show that this does not introduce the ghost into the theory.
The behaviour of copper in view of radiation damage in the LHC luminosity upgrade

In view of the safe operation of the quadrupoles in the luminosity upgrade of the LHC accelerator, the response of the copper stabilizer at low temperatures to the various high energy radiation sources is of primary importance. The present study takes into account the expected high energy spectrum of the simultaneous radiation by neutrons, protons, pions, electrons and photons, calculated using the FLUKA code by F. Cerutti (CERN) as well as on literature values. It was found that proton irradiation causes a considerably higher damage than neutron irradiation: in spite of a 3.8% proton fraction, the measured damage is of the order of 20%, which fits with the calculations of N. Mokhov (Fermilab) on the contribution of protons to the dpa. The same calculations indicate that the total effect of protons, pions and electrons is at least as high as that of neutrons. Since recent neutron experiments of Nakamoto et al. show that the RRR of Cu is reduced from 200 to 50-120 for a fluence of 10 21 n/cm 2 , it follows that the inclusion of all high energy sources would lead to RRR values well below 50, thus endangering stability and protection. This result confirms the necessity of including a tungsten shield inside the quadrupoles.
Evaluation of an ensemble-based incremental variational data assimilation

In this work, we aim at studying ensemble based optimal control strategies for data assimilation. Such formulation nicely combines the ingredients of ensemble Kalman lters and variational data assimilation (4DVar). In the same way as variational assimilation schemes, it is formulated as the minimization of an objective function, but similarly to ensemble lter, it introduces in its objective function an empirical ensemble-based background-error covariance and works in an o-line smoothing mode rather than sequentially like sequential lters. These techniques have the great advantage to avoid the introduction of tangent linear and adjoint models, which are necessary for standard incremental variational techniques. They also allow handling a time varying background covariance matrix representing the error evolution between the estimated solution and a background solution. As this background error covariance matrix { of reduced rank in practice { plays a key role in the variational process, our study particularly focuses on the generation of the analysis ensemble state with localization techniques. Besides, to clarify well the dierences between the dierent methods and to highlight the potential pitfall and advantages of the dierent methods, we present key theoretical properties associated to dierent choices involved in their setup. We compared experimentally the performances of several variations of an ensemble technique of interest with an incremental 4DVar method. The comparisons have been leaded on the basis of a Shallow Water model and have been carried out both with synthetic data and through a close experimental setup. The cases where the system’s components are either fully observed or only partially have been in particular addressed.