nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A very local interstellar spectrum for galactic electrons

We present a new local interstellar spectrum for cosmic ray e lectrons over an energy range from 1 MeV to 70 GeV. Below (0.8±0.2) GeV it has a power law form, E−(1.55±0.05), with E kinetic energy, which is consistent with previous studies. This is derived from comp aring Voyager 1 electron data observed during 2010 with a comprehensive modulation model. However, reproduci ng the PAMELA electron spectrum observed at Earth during late 2006 and to address an unexpected increase in the electron spectrum between ∼2 GeV and up to ∼20 GeV, a spectral index of −(3.3±0.1) instead of the reported −(3.18±0.05) was found for this energy range. This feature cannot be caused by solar modulation or a y other process inside the heliosphere.
Experimental entanglement activation from discord in a programmable quantum measurement.

In quantum mechanics, observing is not a passive act. Consider a system of two quantum particles A and B: if a measurement apparatus M is used to make an observation on B, the overall state of the system AB will typically be altered. When this happens, no matter which local measurement is performed, the two objects A and B are revealed to possess peculiar correlations known as quantum discord. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that the very act of local observation gives rise to an activation protocol which converts discord into distillable entanglement, a stronger and more useful form of quantum correlations, between the apparatus M and the composite system AB. We adopt a flexible two-photon setup to realize a three-qubit system (A, B, M) with programmable degrees of initial correlations, measurement interaction, and characterization processes. Our experiment demonstrates the fundamental mechanism underpinning the ubiquitous act of observing the quantum world and establishes the potential of discord in entanglement generation.
Scattering Amplitudes

The purpose of this review is to bridge the gap between a standard course in quantum field theory and recent fascinating developments in the studies of on-shell scattering amplitudes. We build up the subject from basic quantum field theory, starting with Feynman rules for simple processes in Yukawa theory and QED. The material covered includes spinor helicity formalism, on-shell recursion relations, superamplitudes and their symmetries, twistors and momentum twistors, loops and integrands, Grassmannians, polytopes, and amplitudes in perturbative supergravity as well as 3d Chern-Simons-matter theories. Multiple examples and exercises are included. Part of textbook to be Published by Cambridge University Press ar X iv :1 30 8. 16 97 v2 [ he pth ] 1 1 A pr 2 01 4
Oscillation and Mixing Among the Three Neutrino Flavors

With the educated, interested non-specialist as the target audience, we overview what is known and not known about contemporary neutrino physics. Theory tells us that neutrinos are the second-most common particle in the Universe, behind only the quanta of radiation called photons. Almost a trillion neutrinos per second enter each human eyeball, and yet we do not see them; these neutrinos, in roughly equal numbers, are emanations from our Sun and relics of the hot "big bang" era of the early Universe. Much of what we know about neutrinos, and hope to learn in the future, is derived from a unique feature of neutrinos -- "oscillation" among neutrino "flavor" types. An initial neutrino flavor will in general oscillate into another flavor as the neutrino propagates in space and time. Oscillations are a quantum mechanical phenomenon. One of the wonders of neutrinos is that their quantum mechanics may be observed over large distances, even astronomically large. We begin this article with neutrino phenomenology in terms of masses and mixing angles, including the matter-antimatter asymmetric "phase" that appears with three neutrino types. Next we venture into neutrino oscillations. We conclude with a discussion of model-building for the neutrino masses and mixings. Throughout this article, attention is devoted to the 2012 result that the "small" neutrino mixing angle is not so small, after all.
Compressed modes for variational problems in mathematics and physics

Intuition suggests that many interesting phenomena in physics, chemistry, and materials science are “short-sighted”—that is, perturbation in a small spatial region only affects its immediate surroundings. In mathematical terms, near-sightedness is described by functions of finite range. As an example, the so-called Wannier functions in quantum mechanics are localized functions, which contain all the information about the properties of the system, including its spectral properties. This work’s main research objective is to develop theory and numerical methods that can systematically derive functions that span the energy spectrum of a given quantum-mechanical system and are nonzero only in a finite spatial region. These ideas hold the key for developing efficient methods for solving partial differential equations of mathematical physics. This article describes a general formalism for obtaining spatially localized (“sparse”) solutions to a class of problems in mathematical physics, which can be recast as variational optimization problems, such as the important case of Schrödinger’s equation in quantum mechanics. Sparsity is achieved by adding an regularization term to the variational principle, which is shown to yield solutions with compact support (“compressed modes”). Linear combinations of these modes approximate the eigenvalue spectrum and eigenfunctions in a systematically improvable manner, and the localization properties of compressed modes make them an attractive choice for use with efficient numerical algorithms that scale linearly with the problem size.
Tweeting biomedicine: An analysis of tweets and citations in the biomedical literature

Data collected by social media platforms have been introduced as new sources for indicators to help measure the impact of scholarly research in ways that are complementary to traditional citation analysis. Data generated from social media activities can be used to reflect broad types of impact. This article aims to provide systematic evidence about how often Twitter is used to disseminate information about journal articles in the biomedical sciences. The analysis is based on 1.4 million documents covered by both PubMed and Web of Science and published between 2010 and 2012. The number of tweets containing links to these documents was analyzed and compared to citations to evaluate the degree to which certain journals, disciplines, and specialties were represented on Twitter and how far tweets correlate with citation impact. With less than 10% of PubMed articles mentioned on Twitter, its uptake is low in general but differs between journals and specialties. Correlations between tweets and citations are low, implying that impact metrics based on tweets are different from those based on citations. A framework using the coverage of articles and the correlation between Twitter mentions and citations is proposed to facilitate the evaluation of novel social‐media‐based metrics.
Discrete Newtonian cosmology

In this paper we lay down the foundations for a purely Newtonian theory of cosmology, valid at scales small compared with the Hubble radius, using only Newtonian point particles acted on by gravity and a possible cosmological term. We describe the cosmological background which is given by an exact solution of the equations of motion in which the particles expand homothetically with their comoving positions constituting a central configuration. We point out, using previous work, that an important class of central configurations are homogeneous and isotropic, thus justifying the usual assumptions of elementary treatments. The scale factor is shown to satisfy the standard Raychaudhuri and Friedmann equations without making any fluid dynamic or continuum approximations. Since we make no commitment as to the identity of the point particles, our results are valid for cold dark matter, galaxies, or clusters of galaxies. In future publications we plan to discuss perturbations of our cosmological background from the point particle viewpoint laid down in this paper and show consistency with much standard theory usually obtained by more complicated and conceptually less clear continuum methods. Apart from its potential use in large scale structure studies, we believe that our approach has great pedagogic advantages over existing elementary treatments of the expanding universe, since it requires no use of general relativity or continuum mechanics but concentrates on the basic physics: Newton’s laws for gravitationally interacting particles.
Application of Quantum Stochastic Calculus to Feedback Control

The basic aspects of the Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic calculus and of the Accardi-Fagnola-Quaegebeur representation free stochastic calculus are presented. The basic features of the stochastic calculus for the square of white noise recently developed by Accardi-Boukas are described. The feedback control problem for stochastic processes driven by quantum noise is solved.
On minimal Z' explanations of the B->K*mu+mu- anomaly

Recently LHCb has announced a discrepancy of 3.7 sigma in one of the theoretically clean observables accessible through studies of angular correlations in B->K*mu+mu-. We point out that in the most minimal Z' setup that can address this anomaly there is a model-independent triple-correlation between new physics (NP) in B->K*mu+mu-, B_s-Bbar_s mixing, and non-unitarity of the quark-mixing matrix. This triple-correlation can be cast into a simple analytic formula that relates the NP contribution DeltaC9 to the Wilson coefficient of the semileptonic vector operator to a shift in the mass difference DeltaM_{B_s} and a violation of |Vud|^2+ |Vus|^2+ |Vub|^2 = 1. In contrast to the individual observables the found relation depends only logarithmically on the Z' mass. We show that that our findings allow for useful future tests of the pattern of NP suggested by the B->K*mu+mu- anomaly.
Maxwell theory on a compact manifold as a topologically ordered system

We study novel type of contributions to the entropy of the Maxwell system defined on a compact manifold such as torus. These new terms are not related to the physical propagating photons. Rather, these novel contributions emerge as a result of tunnelling events when transitions occur between topologically different but physical identical vacuum winding states. We compute two new (topologically protected) types of contributions to the entropy in this system resulting from this dynamics. First contribution has a negative sign, expressed in terms of the magnetic susceptibility, and it is similar in spirit to topological entanglement entropy discussed in condensed matter systems. The second contribution with a positive sign results from the emergent degeneracy which occurs when the system is placed into a background of external magnetic field. This degeneracy resembles a similar effect which occurs at \theta=\pi in topological insulators. Based on these computations we claim that the Maxwell system defined on 4 torus behaves in many respects as a topologically ordered system.
Predicting trends in social networks via dynamic activeness model

With the effect of word-of-the-mouth, trends in social networks are now playing a significant role in shaping people's lives. Predicting dynamic trends is an important problem with many useful applications. There are three dynamic characteristics of a trend that should be captured by a trend model: intensity, coverage and duration. However, existing approaches on the information diffusion are not capable of capturing these three characteristics. In this paper, we study the problem of predicting dynamic trends in social networks. We first define related concepts to quantify the dynamic characteristics of trends in social networks, and formalize the problem of trend prediction. We then propose a Dynamic Activeness (DA) model based on the novel concept of activeness, and design a trend prediction algorithm using the DA model. We examine the prediction algorithm on the DBLP network, and show that it is more accurate than state-of-the-art approaches.
Social distancing strategies against disease spreading

The recurrent infectious diseases and their increasing impact on the society has promoted the study of strategies to slow down the epidemic spreading. In this review we outline the applications of percolation theory to describe strategies against epidemic spreading on complex networks. We give a general outlook of the relation between link percolation and the susceptible-infected-recovered model, and introduce the node void percolation process to describe the dilution of the network composed by healthy individual, i.e., the network that sustain the functionality of a society. Then, we survey two strategies: the quenched disorder strategy where an heterogeneous distribution of contact intensities is induced in society, and the intermittent social distancing strategy where health individuals are persuaded to avoid contact with their neighbors for intermittent periods of time. Using percolation tools, we show that both strategies may halt the epidemic spreading. Finally, we discuss the role of the transmissibility, i.e., the effective probability to transmit a disease, on the performance of the strategies to slow down the epidemic spreading.
Estimation of genomic characteristics by analyzing k-mer frequency in de novo genome projects

With the fast development of next generation sequencing technologies, increasing numbers of genomes are being de novo sequenced and assembled. However, most are in fragmental and incomplete draft status, and thus it is often difficult to know the accurate genome size and repeat content. Furthermore, many genomes are highly repetitive or heterozygous, posing problems to current assemblers utilizing short reads. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient assembly-independent methods for accurate estimation of these genomic characteristics.  Here we present a framework for modeling the distribution of k-mer frequency from sequencing data and estimating the genomic characteristics such as genome size, repeat structure and heterozygous rate. By introducing novel techniques of k-mer individuals, float precision estimation, and proper treatment of sequencing error and coverage bias, the estimation accuracy of our method is significantly improved over existing methods. We also studied how the various genomic and sequencing characteristics affect the estimation accuracy using simulated sequencing data, and discussed the limitations on applying our method to real sequencing data.  Based on this research, we show that the k-mer frequency analysis can be used as a general and assembly-independent method for estimating genomic characteristics, which can improve our understanding of a species genome, help design the sequencing strategy of genome projects, and guide the development of assembly algorithms. The programs developed in this research are written using C/C++, and freely accessible at Github URL (this https URL) or BGI ftp ( this ftp URL).
Anisotropic flow of thermal photons as a quark-gluon plasma viscometer

We present state-of-the-art calculations of viscous photon emission from nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC. Fluctuating initial density profiles are evolved with event-by-event viscous hydrodynamics. Momentum spectra of thermal photons radiated by these explosively expanding fireballs and their $p_T$-differential anisotropic flow coefficients $v_n(p_T)$ are computed, both with and without accounting for viscous corrections to the standard thermal emission rates. Viscous corrections to the rates are found to have a larger effect on the $v_n$ coefficients than the viscous suppression of hydrodynamic flow anisotropies. The benefits of taking the ratio of elliptic to triangular flow, $v_2/v_3$, are discussed, and the spacetime regions which contribute dominantly to the photon flow harmonics are identified. The directed flow $v_1$ of thermal photons is predicted for RHIC and LHC energies.
Axioms for Centrality

Given a social network, which of its nodes are more central? This question has been asked many times in sociology, psychology, and computer science, and a whole plethora of centrality measures (a.k.a. centrality indices, or rankings) were proposed to account for the importance of the nodes of a network. In this study, we try to provide a mathematically sound survey of the most important classic centrality measures known from the literature and propose an axiomatic approach to establish whether they are actually doing what they have been designed to do. Our axioms suggest some simple, basic properties that a centrality measure should exhibit. Surprisingly, only a new simple measure based on distances, harmonic centrality, turns out to satisfy all axioms; essentially, harmonic centrality is a correction to Bavelas’s classic closeness centrality [Bavelas 50] designed to take unreachable nodes into account in a natural way. As a sanity check, we examine in turn each measure under the lens of information retrieval, leveraging state-of-the-art knowledge in the discipline to measure the effectiveness of the various indices in locating webpages that are relevant to a query. Although there are some examples of such comparisons in the literature, here, for the first time, we also take into consideration centrality measures based on distances, such as closeness, in an information-retrieval setting. The results closely match the data we gathered using our axiomatic approach. Our results suggest that centrality measures based on distances, which in recent years have been neglected in information retrieval in favor of spectral centrality measures, do provide high-quality signals; moreover, harmonic centrality pops up as an excellent general-purpose centrality index for arbitrary directed graphs.
Mean Field Games and Systemic Risk

We propose a simple model of inter-bank borrowing and lending where the evolution of the log-monetary reserves of $N$ banks is described by a system of diffusion processes coupled through their drifts in such a way that stability of the system depends on the rate of inter-bank borrowing and lending. Systemic risk is characterized by a large number of banks reaching a default threshold by a given time horizon. Our model incorporates a game feature where each bank controls its rate of borrowing/lending to a central bank. The optimization reflects the desire of each bank to borrow from the central bank when its monetary reserve falls below a critical level or lend if it rises above this critical level which is chosen here as the average monetary reserve. Borrowing from or lending to the central bank is also subject to a quadratic cost at a rate which can be fixed by the regulator. We solve explicitly for Nash equilibria with finitely many players, and we show that in this model the central bank acts as a clearing house, adding liquidity to the system without affecting its systemic risk. We also study the corresponding Mean Field Game in the limit of large number of banks in the presence of a common noise.
Evaluating Astronomy Literacy of the General Public

A scientifically literate society is important for many different reasons, some of which include democratic and scientific topics. This study was performed in order to identify topics in astronomy and science in general that may not be well understood by the general public. Approximately 1,000 adults at a popular science museum in Philadelphia, PA completed True-False survey questions about basic astronomy concepts. The participants were also asked to provide their age, gender, and highest degree obtained. Although 93 +/- 0.8% of the participants correctly answered that scientists can calculate the age of the Earth, only 58 +/- 2% provided the correct response that scientists can calculate the age of the Universe. Some participants (30 +/- 1%) responded that scientists have found life on Mars. Females scored an average total score of 78 +/- 2%, whereas males scored an average 85 +/- 1%. Participants with an age of 56 and over had an average score of 78 +/- 4% compared to participants under the age of 56 that were found to have an average score of 82 +/- 2%. Lastly, participants' highest degree obtained scaled with number of correct responses, with graduate level degree earners providing the largest amount of correct responses and an average score of 86 +/- 2%.
S-process in low-mass extremely metal-poor stars

We present post-processing s-process calculations for the core He-flash of a 1Mstar with and Z = 10 −8 . Our model shows neutron densities larger than 10 14 cm −3 , resulting in the production of s-process elements. The model reproduces the C, O, Sr, and Ba abundances of the star hyper metal-poor star HE0107- 5240 within a factor of 4.
Restoration of Chiral Symmetry from a Boundary

The imposition of Dirichlet boundary conditions in lattice computations obstructs the formation of a chiral condensate. We use chiral perturbation theory and meson models to address the effect of a Dirichlet boundary on chiral symmetry breaking. While pions are the longest-range modes in QCD, the restoration of chiral symmetry due to a boundary is shown not to depend upon the pion Compton wavelength but rather on that of the sigma meson. Power-law finite size corrections are exposed, and require prohibitively large lattices to ov ercome. We further speculate on the frustration of the chiral condensate for the case of confinem ent to the surface of a sphere.
Weak reflection principle for L\'evy processes

In this paper, we develop a new mathematical technique which allows us to express the joint distribution of a Markov process and its running maximum (or minimum) through the marginal distribution of the process itself. This technique is an extension of the classical reflection principle for Brownian motion, and it is obtained by weakening the assumptions of symmetry required for the classical reflection principle to work. We call this method a weak reflection principle and show that it provides solutions to many problems for which the classical reflection principle is typically used. In addition, unlike the classical reflection principle, the new method works for a much larger class of stochastic processes which, in particular, do not possess any strong symmetries. Here, we review the existing results which establish the weak reflection principle for a large class of time-homogeneous diffusions on a real line and then proceed to extend this method to the L\'{e}vy processes with one-sided jumps (subject to some admissibility conditions). Finally, we demonstrate the applications of the weak reflection principle in financial mathematics, computational methods and inverse problems.