nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The Hidden Internet of Iran: Private Address Allocations on a National Network

While funding agencies have provided substantial support for the developers and vendors of services that facilitate the unfettered flow of information through the Internet, little consolidated knowledge exists on the basic communications network infrastructure of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the absence open access and public data, rumors and fear have reigned supreme. During provisional research on the country's censorship regime, we found initial indicators that telecommunications entities in Iran allowed private addresses to route domestically, whether intentionally or unintentionally, creating a hidden network only reachable within the country. Moreover, records such as DNS entries lend evidence of a 'dual stack' approach, wherein servers are assigned a domestic IP addresses, in addition to a global one. Despite the clear political implications of the claim we put forward, particularly in light of rampant speculation regarding the mandate of Article 46 of the 'Fifth Five Year Development Plan' to establish a "national information network," we refrain from hypothesizing the purpose of this structure. In order to solicit critical feedback for future research, we outline our initial findings and attempt to demonstrate that the matter under contention is a nation-wide phenomenom that warrants broader attention.
Holographic Screens in Ultraviolet Self-Complete Quantum Gravity

This paper studies the geometry and the thermodynamics of a holographic 
screen in the framework of the ultraviolet self-complete quantum 
gravity. To achieve this goal we construct a new static, neutral, nonrotating 
black hole metric, whose outer (event) horizon coincides with the surface of 
the screen. The spacetime admits an extremal configuration corresponding to the minimal holographic screen and having both mass and radius 
equalling the Planck units. We identify this object as the spacetime fundamental building block, whose interior is physically unaccessible and cannot 
be probed even during the Hawking evaporation terminal phase. In agreement with the holographic principle, relevant processes take place on the 
screen surface. The area quantization leads to a discrete mass spectrum. An 
analysis of the entropy shows that the minimal holographic screen can store 
only one byte of information, while in the thermodynamic limit the area law 
is corrected by a logarithmic term.
Strange quark contributions to nucleon mass and spin from lattice QCD

Contributions of strange quarks to the mass and spin of the nucleon, charac- terized by the observables fTs ands, respectively, are investigated within lattice QCD. The calculation employs a 2+1-flavor mixed-action lattice scheme, thus treating the strange quark degrees of freedom in dynamical fashion. Numerical results are obtained at three pion masses, mπ = 495MeV, 356MeV, and 293MeV, renormalized, and chirally extrapolated to the physical pion mass. The value ex- tracted fors at the physical pion mass in the MS scheme at a scale of 2GeV iss = −0.031(17), whereas the strange quark contribution to the nucleon mass amounts to fTs = 0.046(11). In the employed mixed-action scheme, the nucleon valence quarks as well as the strange quarks entering the nucleon matrix elements which determine fTs ands are realized as domain wall fermions, propagators of which are evaluated in MILC 2+1-flavor dynamical asqtad quark ensembles. The use of domain wall fermions leads to mild renormalization behavior which proves especially advantageous in the extraction of fTs.
Horizontal gene transfer may explain variation in {\theta}s

Martincorena et al. estimated synonymous diversity ({\theta}s = 2N{\mu}) across 2,930 orthologous gene alignments from 34 Escherichia coli genomes, and found substantial variation among genes in the density of synonymous polymorphisms. They argue that this pattern reflects variation in the mutation rate per nucleotide () among genes. However, the effective population size (N) is not necessarily constant across the genome. In particular, different genes may have different histories of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), whereas Martincorena et al. used a model with random recombination to calculate {\theta}s. They did filter alignments in an effort to minimize the effects of HGT, but we doubt that any procedure can completely eliminate HGT among closely related genomes, such as E. coli living in the complex gut community. 
Here we show that there is no significant variation among genes in rates of synonymous substitutions in a long-term evolution experiment with E. coli and that the per-gene rates are not correlated with {\theta}s estimates from genome comparisons. However, there is a significant association between {\theta}s and HGT events. Together, these findings imply that {\theta}s variation reflects different histories of HGT, not local optimization of mutation rates to reduce the risk of deleterious mutations as proposed by Martincorena et al.
Decentralized Routing on Spatial Networks with Stochastic Edge Weights

We investigate algorithms to find short paths in spatial networks with stochastic edge weights. Our formulation of the problem of finding short paths differs from traditional formulations because we specifically do not make two of the usual simplifying assumptions: (1) we allow edge weights to be stochastic rather than deterministic and (2) we do not assume that global knowledge of a network is available. We develop a decentralized routing algorithm that provides en route guidance for travelers on a spatial network with stochastic edge weights without the need to rely on global knowledge about the network. To guide a traveler, our algorithm uses an estimation function that evaluates cumulative arrival probability distributions based on distances between pairs of nodes. The estimation function carries a notion of proximity between nodes and thereby enables routing without global knowledge. In testing our decentralized algorithm, we define a criterion that makes it possible to discriminate among arrival probability distributions, and we test our algorithm and this criterion using both synthetic and real networks.
Hint of a transiting extended atmosphere on 55 Cancri b

The naked-eye star 55 Cancri hosts a planetary system with five known planets, including a hot super-Earth (55 Cnc e) extremely close to its star and a farther out giant planet (55 Cnc b), found in milder irradiation conditions with respect to other known hot Jupiters. This system raises important questions on the evolution of atmospheres for close-in exoplanets, and the dependence with planetary mass and irradiation. These questions can be addressed by Lyman- transit observations of the extended hydrogen planetary atmospheres, complemented by contemporaneous measurements of the stellar X-ray flux. In fact, planet “e” has been detected in transit, suggesting the system is seen nearly edge-on. Yet, planet “b” has not been observed in transit so far. Here, we report on Hubble Space Telescope STIS Ly and Chandra ACIS-S X-ray observations of 55 Cnc. These simultaneous observations cover two transits of 55 Cnc e and two inferior conjunctions of 55 Cnc b. They reveal the star as a bright Ly target and a variable X-ray source. While no significant signal is detected during the transits of 55 Cnc e, we detect a surprising Ly absorption of 7:5 1:8% (4.2 ) at inferior conjunctions of 55 Cnc b. The absorption is only detected over the range of Doppler velocities where the stellar radiation repels hydrogen atoms towards the observer. We calculate a false-alarm probability of 4.4%, which takes the a-priori unknown transit parameters into account. This result suggests the possibility that 55 Cnc b has an extended upper Hi atmosphere, which undergoes partial transits when the planet grazes the stellar disc. If confirmed, it would show that planets cooler than hot Jupiters can also have extended atmospheres.
Meson dominance of hadron form factors and large-Nc phenomenology

We discuss the pion and nucleon form factors and generalized form factors within the large-Nc approach in the space-like region. We estimate their theoretical uncertainties through the use of the half-width rule, amounting to taking the half-width of the resonances as the deviation of their mass parameters. The approach embodies the meson dominance of form factors and the high-energy constraints from perturbative QCD. We compare the results with the available experimental data and lattice simulations. The meson-dominance form factors are generally comparable to the available experimental data within the half-width-rule uncertainties. Our errors are comparable to the experimental uncertainties, but are smaller than lattice errors.
Resonant dark forces and small-scale structure.

A dark force can impact the cosmological history of dark matter (DM), both explaining observed cores in dwarf galaxies and setting the DM relic density through annihilation to dark force bosons. For GeV-TeV DM mass, DM self-scattering in dwarf galaxy halos exhibits quantum mechanical resonances, analogous to a Sommerfeld enhancement for annihilation. We show that a simple model of DM with a dark force can accommodate all astrophysical bounds on self-interactions in halos and explain the observed relic density, through a single coupling constant.
Quantum Phase Transition between Integer Quantum Hall States of Bosons

Bosonic Integer Quantum Hall (IQH) phases are a class of symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases that, similar to the fermionic IQH states, support a quantized Hall conductance. They, however, require interactions for their realization. Here we study quantum Hall plateau transitions between a trivial insulator and a bosonic IQH phase, in a clean system. Generically, we find an intervening superfluid phase. The presence of additional symmetries, however, can potentially lead to a direct transition between these phases. We employ a fermionic parton description that captures both the insulating phases as well as the transition between them. The critical theory is massless QED-3 with Nf = 2 fermion flavors. The fermions have a surprisingly simple interpretation - they are vortices of the superfluid. Therefore the universal conductivity at the transition, assuming it is continuous, equals the universal resistivity of Dirac fermions in QED-3. We also briefly comment on sigma model descriptions of the transition and the surface states of related 3D SPT phases.
Summoning information in spacetime, or where and when can a qubit be?

One of the most important properties of quantum information, and the one ultimately responsible for its cryptographic applications, is that it can not be copied. That statement, however, is not completely accurate. While the no-cloning theorem of quantum mechanics prevents quantum information from being copied in space, the reversibility of microscopic physics actually requires that the information be copied in time. In spacetime as a whole, therefore, quantum information is widely replicated but in a restricted fashion. We fully characterize which regions of spacetime can all hold the same quantum information. Because quantum information can be delocalized through quantum error correction and teleportation, it need not follow well-defined trajectories. Instead, replication of the information in any configuration of spacetime regions not leading to violations of causality or the no-cloning principle is allowed. To demonstrate this, we answer the operational question of exactly when the information can be summoned to a set of spacetime points, showing how to do so efficiently using a combination of teleportation and codeword-stabilized quantum codes. This provides a simple and complete description of where and when a qubit can be located in spacetime, revealing a remarkable variety of possibilities.
Predicting Human Preferences Using the Block Structure of Complex Social Networks

With ever-increasing available data, predicting individuals' preferences and helping them locate the most relevant information has become a pressing need. Understanding and predicting preferences is also important from a fundamental point of view, as part of what has been called a “new” computational social science. Here, we propose a novel approach based on stochastic block models, which have been developed by sociologists as plausible models of complex networks of social interactions. Our model is in the spirit of predicting individuals' preferences based on the preferences of others but, rather than fitting a particular model, we rely on a Bayesian approach that samples over the ensemble of all possible models. We show that our approach is considerably more accurate than leading recommender algorithms, with major relative improvements between 38% and 99% over industry-level algorithms. Besides, our approach sheds light on decision-making processes by identifying groups of individuals that have consistently similar preferences, and enabling the analysis of the characteristics of those groups.
The runaway instability in general relativistic accretion discs

When an accretion disc falls prey to the runaway instability, a large portion of its mass is devoured by the black hole within a few dynamical times. Despite decades of effort, it is still unclear under what conditions such an instability can occur. The technically most advanced relativistic simulations to date were unable to find a clear sign for the onset of the instability. In this work, we present three-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamics simulations of accretion discs around black holes in dynamical space–time. We focus on the configurations that are expected to be particularly prone to the development of this instability. We demonstrate, for the first time, that the fully self-consistent general relativistic evolution does indeed produce a runaway instability.
M 87 at metre wavelengths: the LOFAR picture

M87 is a giant elliptical galaxy located in the centre of the Virgo cluster, which harbours a supermassive black hole of mass 6.4×109 M, 
whose activity is responsible for the extended (80 kpc) radio lobes that surround the galaxy. The energy generated by matter falling onto the central 
black hole is ejected and transferred to the intra-cluster medium via a relativistic jet and morphologically complex systems of buoyant bubbles, 
which rise towards the edges of the extended halo. 
Aims. To place constraints on past activity cycles of the active nucleus, images of M 87 were produced at low radio frequencies never explored 
before at these high spatial resolution and dynamic range. To disentangle different synchrotron models and place constraints on source magnetic 
field, age and energetics, we also performed a detailed spectral analysis of M 87 extended radio-halo. 
Methods. We present the first observations made with the new Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) of M 87 at frequencies down to 20 MHz. Three 
observations were conducted, at 15−30 MHz, 30−77 MHz and 116−162 MHz. We used these observations together with archival data to produce 
a low-frequency spectral index map and to perform a spectral analysis in the wide frequency range 30 MHz–10 GHz. 
Results. We do not find any sign of new extended emissions; on the contrary the source appears well confined by the high pressure of the intracluster 
medium. A continuous injection of relativistic electrons is the model that best fits our data, and provides a scenario in which the lobes 
are still supplied by fresh relativistic particles from the active galactic nuclei. We suggest that the discrepancy between the low-frequency radiospectral 
slope in the core and in the halo implies a strong adiabatic expansion of the plasma as soon as it leaves the core area. The extended 
halo has an equipartition magnetic field strength of 10 μG, which increases to 13 μG in the zones where the particle flows are more active. 
The continuous injection model for synchrotron ageing provides an age for the halo of 40 Myr, which in turn provides a jet kinetic power of 
6−10 × 1044 erg s−1.
Portfolio Choice in Markets with Contagion

We consider the problem of optimal investment and consumption in a class of multidimensional jump-diffusion models in which asset prices are subject to mutually exciting jump processes. This captures a type of contagion where each downward jump in an asset's price results in increased likelihood of further jumps, both in that asset and in the other assets. We solve in closed-form the dynamic consumption-investment problem of a log-utility investor in such a contagion model, prove a theorem verifying its optimality and discuss features of the solution, including flight-to-quality. The exponential and power utility investors are also considered: in these cases, the optimal strategy can be characterized as a distortion of the strategy of a corresponding non-contagion investor.
A Phylogeny of Birds Based on Over 1,500 Loci Collected by Target Enrichment and High-Throughput Sequencing

Evolutionary relationships among birds in Neoaves, the clade comprising the vast majority of avian diversity, have vexed systematists due to the ancient, rapid radiation of numerous lineages. We applied a new phylogenomic approach to resolve relationships in Neoaves using target enrichment (sequence capture) and high-throughput sequencing of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) in avian genomes. We collected sequence data from UCE loci for 32 members of Neoaves and one outgroup (chicken) and analyzed data sets that differed in their amount of missing data. An alignment of 1,541 loci that allowed missing data was 87% complete and resulted in a highly resolved phylogeny with broad agreement between the Bayesian and maximum-likelihood (ML) trees. Although results from the 100% complete matrix of 416 UCE loci were similar, the Bayesian and ML trees differed to a greater extent in this analysis, suggesting that increasing from 416 to 1,541 loci led to increased stability and resolution of the tree. Novel results of our study include surprisingly close relationships between phenotypically divergent bird families, such as tropicbirds (Phaethontidae) and the sunbittern (Eurypygidae) as well as between bustards (Otididae) and turacos (Musophagidae). This phylogeny bolsters support for monophyletic waterbird and landbird clades and also strongly supports controversial results from previous studies, including the sister relationship between passerines and parrots and the non-monophyly of raptorial birds in the hawk and falcon families. Although significant challenges remain to fully resolving some of the deep relationships in Neoaves, especially among lineages outside the waterbirds and landbirds, this study suggests that increased data will yield an increasingly resolved avian phylogeny.
Optimal order placement in limit order markets

To execute a trade, participants in electronic equity markets may choose to submit limit orders or market orders across various exchanges where a stock is traded. This decision is influenced by characteristics of the order flows and queue sizes in each limit order book, as well as the structure of transaction fees and rebates across exchanges. We propose a quantitative framework for studying this order placement problem by formulating it as a convex optimization problem. This formulation allows the study of how the optimal order placement decision depends on the interplay between the state of order books, the fee structure, order flow properties and the aversion to execution risk. In the case of a single exchange, we derive an explicit solution for the optimal split between limit and market orders. For the general case of order placement across multiple exchanges, we propose a stochastic algorithm that computes the optimal routing policy and study the sensitivity of the solution to various parameters. Our algorithm does not require an explicit statistical model of order flow but exploits data on recent order fills across exchanges in the numerical implementation of the algorithm to acquire this information through a supervised learning procedure.
A dynamical study on the habitability of terrestrial exoplanets – I. Tidally evolved planet–satellite pairs

We investigate the obliquity and spin period of Earth-Moon like systems after 4.5 Gyr of tidal evolution with various satellite masses and initial planetary obliquity and discuss their relations to the habitability of the planet. We find three possible outcomes: either i) the system is still evolving, ii) the system is double synchronous or iii) the satellite has collided with the planet. The transition between case i) and ii) is abrupt and occurs at slightly larger satellite mass ($m_s \sim 0.02m_p$) than the lunar mass. We suggest that cases ii) and iii) are less habitable than case i). Using results from models of giant impacts and satellite accretion, we found that the systems that mimic our own with rotation period $12 140^\circ$ only represent 14% of the possible outcomes. Elser et al. (2011) conclude that the probability of a terrestrial planet having a heavy satellite is 13%. Combining these results suggests that the probability of ending up with a system such as our own is of the order of 2%.
Formats over Time: Exploring UK Web History

Is software obsolescence a significant risk? To explore this issue, we analysed a corpus of over 2.5 billion resources corresponding to the UK Web domain, as crawled between 1996 and 2010. Using the DROID and Apache Tika identification tools, we examined each resource and captured the results as extended MIME types, embedding version, software and hardware identifiers alongside the format information. The combined results form a detailed temporal format profile of the corpus, which we have made available as open data. We present the results of our initial analysis of this dataset. We look at image, HTML and PDF resources in some detail, showing how the usage of different formats, versions and software implementations has changed over time. Furthermore, we show that software obsolescence is rare on the web and uncover evidence indicating that network effects act to stabilise formats against obsolescence.
Bayesian inference with posterior regularization and applications to infinite latent SVMs

Existing Bayesian models, especially nonparametric Bayesian methods, rely on specially conceived priors to incorporate domain knowledge for discovering improved latent representations. While priors can affect posterior distributions through Bayes' rule, imposing posterior regularization is arguably more direct and in some cases more natural and general. In this paper, we present regularized Bayesian inference (RegBayes), a novel computational framework that performs posterior inference with a regularization term on the desired post-data posterior distribution under an information theoretical formulation. RegBayes is more flexible than the procedure that elicits expert knowledge via priors, and it covers both directed Bayesian networks and undirected Markov networks whose Bayesian formulation results in hybrid chain graph models. When the regularization is induced from a linear operator on the posterior distributions, such as the expectation operator, we present a general convex-analysis theorem to characterize the solution of RegBayes. Furthermore, we present two concrete examples of RegBayes, infinite latent support vector machines (iLSVM) and multi-task infinite latent support vector machines (MT-iLSVM), which explore the large-margin idea in combination with a nonparametric Bayesian model for discovering predictive latent features for classification and multi-task learning, respectively. We present efficient inference methods and report empirical studies on several benchmark datasets, which appear to demonstrate the merits inherited from both large-margin learning and Bayesian nonparametrics. Such results were not available until now, and contribute to push forward the interface between these two important subfields, which have been largely treated as isolated in the community.