nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF PATCHY REIONIZATION ON SATELLITE GALAXIES OF THE MILKY WAY

We combine the high-resolution Aquarius simulations with three-dimensional models of reionization based on the initial density field of the Aquarius parent simulation, Millennium-II, to study the impact of patchy reionization on the faint satellite population of Milky Way halos. Because the Aquarius suite consists of zoom-in simulations of halos in the Millennium-II volume, we follow the formation of substructure and the growth of reionization bubbles due to the larger environment simultaneously, and thereby determine the reionization redshifts of satellite candidates. We do this for four different reionization models and also compare results to instantaneous reionization. Using a simple procedure for selecting satellites and assigning luminosities in the simulations, we compare the resulting satellite populations. We find that the overall number of satellites depends sensitively on the reionization model, with a factor of 3–4 variation between the four models for a given host halo, although the difference is entirely in the population of faint satellites (MV > −10). In addition, we find that for a given reionization model the total number of satellites differs by 10%–20% between the patchy and homogeneous scenarios, provided that the redshift is chosen appropriately for the instantaneous case. However, the halo–halo scatter from the six Aquarius halos is large, up to a factor of 2–3, and so is comparable to the difference between reionization scenarios. In order to use the population of faint dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way as a probe of the local reionization history, it is necessary to first better understand the general distribution of substructure around Milky Way-mass halos.
Cosmic evolution of the atomic and molecular gas contents of galaxies

We study the evolution of the cold gas content of galaxies by splitting the interstellar medium into its atomic and molecular hydrogen components, using the galaxy formation model galform in the Λ cold dark matter framework. We calculate the molecular-to-atomic hydrogen mass ratio, H_(2)/H i, in each galaxy using two different approaches, the pressure-based empirical relation of Blitz & Rosolowsky and the theoretical model of Krumholz, McKeee & Tumlinson, and apply them to consistently calculate the star formation rates of galaxies. We find that the model based on the Blitz & Rosolowsky law predicts an H i mass function, ^(12)CO (1–0) luminosity function, correlations between H_(2)/H i and stellar and cold gas mass, and infrared–^(12)CO molecule luminosity relation in good agreement with local and high-redshift observations. The H i mass function evolves weakly with redshift, with the number density of high-mass galaxies decreasing with increasing redshift. In the case of the H_2 mass function, the number density of massive galaxies increases strongly from z= 0 to 2, followed by weak evolution up to z= 4. We also find that H_(2)/H i of galaxies is strongly dependent on stellar and cold gas mass, and also on redshift. The slopes of the correlations between H_(2)/H i and stellar and cold gas mass hardly evolve, but the normalization increases by up to two orders of magnitude from z= 0 to 8. The strong evolution in the H_2 mass function and H_(2)/H i is primarily due to the evolution in the sizes of galaxies and, secondarily, in the gas fractions. The predicted cosmic density evolution of H i agrees with the observed evolution inferred from damped Lyα systems, and is always dominated by the H i content of low- and intermediate-mass haloes. We find that previous theoretical studies have largely overestimated the redshift evolution of the global H_(2)/H i due to limited resolution. We predict a maximum of ρH_2/ρH i ≈ 1.2 at z≈ 3.5.
Relations between three-point configuration space shear and convergence statistics

With the growing interest in and ability of using weak lensing studies to probe the non-Gaussian properties of the matter density field, there is an increasing need for the study of suitable statistical measures, e.g. shear three-point statistics. In this paper we establish the relations between the three-point configuration space shear and convergence statistics, which are an important missing link between different weak lensing three-point statistics and provide an alternative way of relating observation and theory. The method we use also allows us to derive the relations between other two- and three-point correlation functions. We show the consistency of the relations obtained with already established results and demonstrate how they can be evaluated numerically. As a direct application, we use these relations to formulate the condition for E/B-mode decomposition of lensing three-point statistics, which is the basis for constructing new three-point statistics which allow for exact E/B-mode separation. Our work applies also to other two-dimensional polarization fields such as that of the Cosmic Microwave Background.
Tuning laser-induced band gaps in graphene

Could a laser field lead to the much sought-after tunable band gaps in graphene? By using Floquet theory combined with Green's functions techniques, we predict that a laser field in the mid-infrared range can produce observable band gaps in the electronic structure of graphene. Furthermore, we show how they can be tuned by using the laser polarization. Our results could serve as a guidance to design optoelectronic nanodevices.
Momentum distribution of the homogeneous electron gas.

We calculate the off-diagonal density matrix of the homogeneous electron gas at zero temperature using unbiased reptation Monte Carlo calculations for various densities and extrapolate the momentum distribution and the kinetic and potential energies to the thermodynamic limit. Our results on the renormalization factor allow us to validate approximate G0W0 calculations concerning quasiparticle properties over a broad density region (1≤r(s)≲10) and show that, near the Fermi surface, vertex corrections and self-consistency aspects almost cancel each other out.
Nonclassical degrees of freedom in the Riemann Hamiltonian.

The Hilbert-Pólya conjecture states that the imaginary parts of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are eigenvalues of a quantum Hamiltonian. If so, conjectures by Katz and Sarnak put this Hamiltonian in the Altland-Zirnbauer universality class C. This implies that the system must have a nonclassical two-valued degree of freedom. In such a system, the dominant primitive periodic orbits contribute to the density of states with a phase factor of -1. This resolves a previously mysterious sign problem with the oscillatory contributions to the density of the Riemann zeros.
The Radius of the Proton: Size Does Matter

The measurement by Pohl et al.  of the 2S_1/2^F=1 to 2P_3/2^F=2 transition in muonic hydrogen and the subsequent analysis has led to a conclusion that the rms charge radius of the proton differs from the accepted (CODATA ) value by approximately 4%, leading to a 4.9 s.d. discrepancy. We investigate the muonic hydrogen spectrum relevant to this transition using bound-state QED with Dirac wave-functions and comment on the extent to which the perturbation-theory analysis which leads to the above conclusion can be confirmed.
The Perihelion Precession of Mercury and the Generalized Uncertainty Principle

Very recently authors in  proposed a new Generalized Uncertainty Principle (or GUP) with a linear term in Plank length. In this Letter the effect of this linear term is studied perturbatively in the context of Keplerian orbits. The angle by which the perihelion of the orbit revolves over a complete orbital cycle is computed. The result is applied in the context of the precession of the perihelion of Mercury. As a consequence we get a lower bound of the new intermediate length scale offered by the GUP which is approximately 40 orders of magnitude below Plank length.
The game of go as a complex network

We study the game of go from a complex network perspective. We construct a directed network using a suitable definition of tactical moves including local patterns, and study this network for different datasets of professional and amateur games. The move distribution follows Zipf's law and the network is scale free, with statistical peculiarities different from other real directed networks, such as, e.g., the World Wide Web. These specificities reflect in the outcome of ranking algorithms applied to it. The fine study of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices used by the ranking algorithms singles out certain strategic situations. Our results should pave the way to a better modelization of board games and other types of human strategic scheming.
Electric field variability and classifications of Titan's magnetoplasma environment

The atmosphere of Saturn's largest moon Titan is driven by photochemistry, charged particle precipitation from Saturn's upstream magnetosphere, and presumably by the diffusion of the magnetospheric field into the outer ionosphere, amongst other processes. Ion pickup, controlled by the upstream convection electric field, plays a role in the loss of this atmosphere. The interaction of Titan with Saturn's magnetosphere results in the formation of a flow-induced magnetosphere. The upstream magnetoplasma environment of Titan is a complex and highly variable system and significant quasi-periodic modulations of the plasma in this region of Saturn's magnetosphere have been reported. In this paper we quantitatively investigate the effect of these quasi-periodic modulations on the convection electric field at Titan. We show that the electric field can be significantly perturbed away from the nominal radial orientation inferred from Voyager 1 observations, and demonstrate that upstream categorisation schemes must be used with care when undertaking quantitative studies of Titan's magnetospheric interaction, particularly where assumptions regarding the orientation of the convection electric field are made.
Atmosphere-Ionosphere Response to the M9 Tohoku Earthquake Revealed by Joined Satellite and Ground Observations. Preliminary Results

The recent M9 Tohoku Japan earthquake of March 11, 2011 was the largest recorded earthquake ever to hit this nation. We retrospectively analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of four different physical parameters - outgoing long wave radiation (OLR), GPS/TEC, Low-Earth orbit tomography and critical frequency foF2. These changes characterize the state of the atmosphere and ionosphere several days before the onset of this earthquake. Our first results show that on March 8th a rapid increase of emitted infrared radiation was observed from the satellite data and an anomaly developed near the epicenter. The GPS/TEC data indicate an increase and variation in electron density reaching a maximum value on March 8. Starting on this day in the lower ionospheric there was also confirmed an abnormal TEC variation over the epicenter. From March 3-11 a large increase in electron concentration was recorded at all four Japanese ground based ionosondes, which return to normal after the main earthquake. We found a positive correlation between the atmospheric and ionospheric anomalies and the Tohoku earthquake. This study may lead to a better understanding of the response of the atmosphere/ionosphere to the Great Tohoku earthquake.
Possible hidden-charm molecular baryons composed of an anti-charmed meson and a charmed baryon

Using the one-boson-exchange model, we studied the possible existence of very loosely bound hidden-charm molecular baryons composed of an anti-charmed meson and a charmed baryon. Our numerical results indicate that the Σc* and Σc states exist, but that the Λc and Λc* molecular states do not.
On Fluxed Instantons and Moduli Stabilisation in IIB Orientifolds and F-theory

We study the superpotential induced by Euclidean D3-brane instantons carrying instanton flux, with special emphasis on its significance for the stabilisation of Kahler moduli and Neveu-Schwarz axions in Type IIB orientifolds. Quite generally, once a chiral observable sector is included in the compactification, arising on intersecting D7-branes with world-volume flux, resulting charged instanton zero modes prevent a class of instantons from participating in moduli stabilisation. We show that instanton flux on Euclidean D3-branes can remove these extra zero modes and helps in reinstating full moduli stabilisation within a geometric regime. We comment also on the F-theoretic description of this effect of alleviating the general tension between moduli stabilisation and chirality. In addition we propose an alternative solution to this problem based on dressing the instantons with charged matter fields which is unique to F-theory and cannot be realised in the weak coupling limit.
New Lectures on Supergravity

This essay aims to summarize the main physical features arising from a new supersymmetric theory of gravitation. Based on preliminary discussions about classical field theory, cosmology, algebra and group theory, and taking formal results and theoretical considerations in comparison with several contributions from great authors, present work deals with gravity inside the limits of a meta-field theory, that is, a non-quantized but consistent representation of supergravity, the supersymmetry between gravitons and gravitinos. The introduction of meta-fields furnishes an independent framework for the study of gravity despite of constraints of quantization, treating the supersymmetric partners as deterministic actors of gravitation and not simply probabilistic entities. I explain my belief that gravitational field, by its own nature, is not quantizable in the same foot as the other fields, what does not means that we can not understand gravity by similar formal veins. Also, present work proposes the implementation of the so-called SCYL program (Supersymmetric Cosmology at Yonder Locals), an attempt to apply supergravity as a meta-field theory to solve problems on astrophysical cosmology. The SCYL program is an effort directed to search convergence between the knowledge brought by cosmology and by supersymmetry to attain more clearness about the structure and evolution of the Universe. As an additional motivation, there are some exercises in the final part of the work to aid fixing of the main concepts.
Pair annihilation in laser pulses: optical vs. XFEL regimes

Prospects for probing the quantum vacuum using laser light at facilities such as ELI and the European XFEL currently attract a great deal of attention. Taking into account both the finite duration and spatial extent of modern laser pulses is challenging, but good analytic progress can be made if one assumes the laser is not too tightly focussed; it may then be modelled by a time dependent electric field, or a plane wave. Scattering in such backgrounds is very well understood, especially when the pulse is treated as having an effectively infinite duration [1–3]. These results have recently been re-evaluated, following the advent of ultra-short laser pulses, in order to expose the effects of finite pulse geometry on laser-particle scattering [4–8]. One may therefore still ask if, within this well known topic, there are unique experimental signatures from which one could easily identify strong-field effects. We discuss such a signal here, based on electron-positron annihilation. Unlike in vacuum, pair annihilation in a laser pulse may produce a single photon, both the energy and momentum of which are fixed. Photons from each annihilation event are emitted in the same direction and with the same energy. In other words, repeated (idealised) events would themselves produce a laser-like beam of photons. Since the produced photons carry half the energy of the incoming, accelerated, particles, they have energies well above the electron rest mass: our annihilation process would produce a gamma ray beam! Even if gamma-ray lasers are still a pipe dream, we note that the most promising route to their developement is via the annihilation of molecular positronium, as has been demonstrated in the lab . The process we investigate here is essentially an ‘accelerator based’ version of that idea. We begin by summarising the properties of our process, before giving its exact cross section in a laser pulse of finite duration, using strong-field QED. This is then investigated for a variety of realistic optical and XFEL beam parameters. For related recent investigations see [10, 11]. Kinematics. In vacuum, momentum conservation implies that an electron-positron pair must annihilate to (at least) two photons . In a laser field, though, the one-photon channel opens. This process is rather novel since there is only one allowed final state, modulo polarisations: momentum conservation alone determines the scattering products, as we now describe. We model the laser by a plane wave function of k.x, with the laser momentum kμ lightlike. A pair with momenta pμ and pμ (mass m) annihilate, using up some quantity l kμ of momentum from the laser fields, and produce a sinFIG. 1: Left: annihilation to two photons in vacuum. Right: the one-photon channel in a laser pulse. Double lines indicate dressing of the fermions by the laser field.
Accurate Predictions for the Scale-Dependent Galaxy Bias from Primordial Non-Gaussianity

The large-scale clustering of galaxies can serve as a probe of primordial non-Gaussianity in the Universe competitive with the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background. Here, we present improved theoretical predictions which include an important, previously overlooked correction to the bias. We demonstrate that the new predictions are able to reproduce the results of N-body simulations, explaining the significant departures seen from previous theoretical results. These refined predictions open the way to accurate constraints on primordial physics with large-scale structure surveys.
Demonstration of turnstiles as a chaotic ionization mechanism in Rydberg atoms.

We present an experimental and theoretical study of the chaotic ionization of quasi-one-dimensional potassium Rydberg wave packets via a classical phase-space turnstile mechanism. Turnstiles form a general transport mechanism for numerous chaotic systems, and this study explicitly illuminates their relevance to atomic ionization. We create time-dependent Rydberg wave packets, subject them to alternating applied electric-field pulses, and measure the electron survival probability. Ionization depends not only on the initial electron energy, but also on the classical phase-space position of the electron with respect to the turnstile--that part of the electron packet inside the turnstile ionizes after the applied ionization sequence, while that part outside the turnstile does not. The survival data thus encode information on the shape and location of the turnstile, in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Where are my followers? Understanding the Locality Effect in Twitter

Twitter is one of the most used applications in the current Internet with more than 200M accounts created so far. As other large-scale systems Twitter can obtain benefit by exploiting the Locality effect existing among its users. In th is paper we perform the first comprehensive study of the Locality effect of Twitter. For this purpose we have collected the geographical location of around 1M Twitter users and 16M of their followers. Our results demonstrate that language and cultural characteristics determine the level of Locali ty expected for different countries. Those countries with a di fferent language than English such as Brazil typically show a high intra-country Locality whereas those others where English is official or co-official language suffer from an exter nal Locality effect. This is, their users have a larger numbe r of followers in US than within their same country. This is produced by two reasons: first, US is the dominant country in Twitter counting with around half of the users, and second, these countries share a common language and cultural characteristics with US.
Phenomenology of "dark matter"- from the Everett's quantum cosmology

It is widely accepted that the Everett's (or "many-worlds") interpretation of quantum mechanics is the only one which is appropriate for quantum cosmology because no environment may exist for Universe as a whole. We discuss, in the framework of the Everett's interpretation, the (quasi-) classical stage of evolution of the Universe when there coexist "classically incompatible" configurations of matter, or classical alternative realities ("alternatives" for short). In the framework of the Everett's interpretation the semiclassical gravity (where the gravitational field is classical and the non-gravitational fields are quantum) is more natural than theories including quantizing gravitational field. It is shown that the semiclassical (at least on the astrophysical and cosmological scales) Everett-type gravity leads to the observational effect known as the effect of dark matter. Instead of assuming special forms of matter (weakly interacting with the known matter), the role of the dark matter is played in this case by the matter of the usual kind which however belongs to those alternative realities (Everett's worlds) which remain «invisible», i.e. not perceived with the help of non-gravitational fields.
Controlling Complex Networks with Compensatory Perturbations

The response of complex networks to perturbations is of utmost importance in areas as diverse as ecosystem management, emergency response, and cell reprogramming. A fundamental property of networks is that the perturbation of one node can affect other nodes, in a process that may cause the entire or substantial part of the system to change behavior and possibly collapse. Recent research in metabolic and food-web networks has demonstrated the concept that network damage caused by external perturbations can often be mitigated or reversed by the application of compensatory perturbations. Compensatory perturbations are constrained to be physically admissible and amenable to implementation on the network. However, the systematic identification of compensatory perturbations that conform to these constraints remains an open problem. Here, we present a method to construct compensatory perturbations that can control the fate of general networks under such constraints. Our approach accounts for the full nonlinear behavior of real complex networks and can bring the system to a desirable target state even when this state is not directly accessible. Applications to genetic networks show that compensatory perturbations are effective even when limited to a small fraction of all nodes in the network and that they are far more effective when limited to the highest-degree nodes. The approach is conceptually simple and computationally efficient, making it suitable for the rescue, control, and reprogramming of large complex networks in various domains.
RADIATION-DRIVEN IMPLOSION AND TRIGGERED STAR FORMATION

We present simulations of initially stable isothermal clouds exposed to ionizing radiation from a discrete external source, and identify the conditions that lead to radiatively driven implosion and star formation. We use the smoothed particle hydrodynamics code SEREN and a HEALPix-based photoionization algorithm to simulate the propagation of the ionizing radiation and the resulting dynamical evolution of the cloud. We find that the incident ionizing flux, ΦLyC, is the critical parameter determining the cloud evolution. At moderate fluxes, a large fraction of the cloud mass is converted into stars. As the flux is increased, the fraction of the cloud mass that is converted into stars and the mean masses of the individual stars both decrease. Very high fluxes simply disperse the cloud. Newly formed stars tend to be concentrated along the central axis of the cloud (i.e., the axis pointing in the direction of the incident flux). For given cloud parameters, the time, t⋆, at which star formation starts is proportional to Φ−1/3LyC. The pattern of star formation found in the simulations is similar to that observed in bright-rimmed clouds.