nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Observational Evidence for Black Holes

Astronomers have discovered two populations of black holes: (i) stellar-mass black holes with masses in the range 5 to 30 solar masses, millions of which are present in each galaxy in the universe, and (ii) supermassive black holes with masses in the range 10^6 to 10^{10} solar masses, one each in the nucleus of every galaxy. There is strong circumstantial evidence that all these objects are true black holes with event horizons. The measured masses of supermassive black hole are strongly correlated with properties of their host galaxies, suggesting that these black holes, although extremely small in size, have a strong influence on the formation and evolution of entire galaxies. Spin parameters have recently been measured for a handful of black holes. Based on the data, there is an indication that the kinetic power of at least one class of relativistic jet ejected from accreting black holes may be correlated with black hole spin. If verified, it would suggest that these jets are powered by a generalized Penrose process mediated by magnetic fields.
The expert game - Cooperation in social communication

Large parts of professional human communication proceed in a request-reply fashion, whereby requests contain specifics of the information desired while replies can deliver the required information. However, time limitations often force individuals to prioritize some while neglecting others. This dilemma will inevitably force individuals into defecting against some communication partners to give attention to others. Furthermore, communication entirely breaks down when individuals act purely egoistically as replies would never be issued and quest for desired information would always be prioritized. Here we present an experiment, termed "The expert game", where a number of individuals communicate with one-another through an electronic messaging system. By imposing a strict limit on the number of sent messages, individuals were required to decide between requesting information that is beneficial for themselves or helping others by replying to their requests. In the experiment, individuals were assigned the task to find the expert on a specific topic and receive a reply from that expert. Tasks and expertise of each player were periodically re-assigned to randomize the required interactions. Resisting this randomization, a non-random network of cooperative communication between individuals formed. We use a simple Bayesian inference algorithm to model each player's trust in the cooperativity of others with good experimental agreement. Our results suggest that human communication in groups of individuals is strategic and favors cooperation with trusted parties at the cost of defection against others. To establish and maintain trusted links a significant fraction of time-resources is allocated, even in situations where the information transmitted is negligible.
Weighted Multiplex Networks

One of the most important challenges in network science is to quantify the information encoded in complex network structures. Disentangling randomness from organizational principles is even more demanding when networks have a multiplex nature. Multiplex networks are multilayer systems of nodes that can be linked in multiple interacting and co-evolving layers. In these networks, relevant information might not be captured if the single layers were analyzed separately. Here we demonstrate that such partial analysis of layers fails to capture significant correlations between weights and topology of complex multiplex networks. To this end, we study two weighted multiplex co-authorship and citation networks involving the authors included in the American Physical Society. We show that in these networks weights are strongly correlated with multiplex structure, and provide empirical evidence in favor of the advantage of studying weighted measures of multiplex networks, such as multistrength and the inverse multiparticipation ratio. Finally, we introduce a theoretical framework based on the entropy of multiplex ensembles to quantify the information stored in multiplex networks that would remain undetected if the single layers were analyzed in isolation.
Microscopic description of rotation: from ground states to the extremes of ultra-high spin

Recent progress in the microscopic description of rotational properties within covariant density functional theory (CDFT) is presented. It is shown that this method provides an accurate description of rotational bands both in the paired regime at low spin and in the unpaired regime at ultra-high spins. The predictive power of CDFT is verified by comparing the CDFT predictions for band crossing features in the A ⩾ 242 ?> actinides with new experimental data. In addition, the possible role of the Coulomb antipairing effect for proton pairing is discussed.
Bounded Recursive Self-Improvement

We have designed a machine that becomes increasingly better at behaving in underspecified circumstances, in a goal-directed way, on the job, by modeling itself and its environment as experience accumulates. Based on principles of autocatalysis, endogeny, and reflectivity, the work provides an architectural blueprint for constructing systems with high levels of operational autonomy in underspecified circumstances, starting from a small seed. Through value-driven dynamic priority scheduling controlling the parallel execution of a vast number of reasoning threads, the system achieves recursive self-improvement after it leaves the lab, within the boundaries imposed by its designers. A prototype system has been implemented and demonstrated to learn a complex real-world task, real-time multimodal dialogue with humans, by on-line observation. Our work presents solutions to several challenges that must be solved for achieving artificial general intelligence.
Intermediate energy four-body breakup calculations for 22C

The heaviest particle-bound carbon isotope, C22, is thought to have a Borromean three-body structure. We discuss and compare four-body, i.e. three-body projectile plus target, reaction model calculations of reaction cross sections for such systems that use the fast adiabatic approximation. These methods are efficient and well-suited for quantitative analyses of reactions of neutron-rich nuclei with light target nuclei at secondary beam energies of ≈300 MeV/nucleon, as are now becoming available. We compare the predictions of the adiabatic model of the reaction both without and when including the additional eikonal approximation that has been used extensively. We show that the reaction cross section calculations have only limited sensitivity to the size and structure of C22 and that the differences arising from use of the eikonal approximation of the reaction mechanism are of a similar magnitude.
Critical Assessment of the Evidence for Striped Nanoparticles

There is now a significant body of literature which reports that stripes form in the ligand shell of suitably functionalised Au nanoparticles. This stripe morphology has been proposed to strongly affect the physicochemical and biochemical properties of the particles. We critique the published evidence for striped nanoparticles in detail, with a particular focus on the interpretation of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) data (as this is the only technique which ostensibly provides direct evidence for the presence of stripes). Through a combination of an exhaustive re-analysis of the original data, in addition to new experimental measurements of a simple control sample comprising entirely unfunctionalised particles, we show that all of the STM evidence for striped nanoparticles published to date can instead be explained by a combination of well-known instrumental artefacts, or by issues with data acquisition/analysis protocols. We also critically re-examine the evidence for the presence of ligand stripes which has been claimed to have been found from transmission electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, small angle neutron scattering experiments, and computer simulations. Although these data can indeed be interpreted in terms of stripe formation, we show that the reported results can alternatively be explained as arising from a combination of instrumental artefacts and inadequate data analysis techniques.
Evolution of Raman G and G′ (2D) modes in folded graphene layers

Bernal- and non-Bernal-stacked graphene layers have been systematically studied by Raman imaging and spectroscopy. Two dominant Raman modes, G and G' (or 2D) of folded graphene layers exhibit three types of spectral features when interlayer lattice mismatches, defined by a rotational angle varies. Among these folded graphene layers, the most interesting one is the folded graphene layers that present an extremely strong G mode enhanced by a twist-induced Van Hove singularity. The evolution of Raman G and G' modes of such folded graphene layers are probed by changing the excitation photon energies. For the first time, doublet splitting of the G' mode in folded double-layer (1 + 1) and of the G mode in folded tetra-layer (2 + 2) graphene are clearly observed and discussed. The G' mode splitting in folded double-layer graphene is attributed to the coexistence of inner and outer scattering processes and the trigonal warping effect as well as further downwards bending of the inner dispersion branch at visible excitation energy. While the two peaks of the G mode in folded tetra-layer graphene are assigned to Raman-active mode (E2g) and lattice mismatch activated infrared-active mode (E1u), which is further verified by the temperature-dependent Raman measurements. Our study provides a summary and thorough understanding of Raman spectra of Bernal- and non-Bernal-stacked graphene layers and further demonstrates the versatility of Raman spectroscopy for exploiting electronic band structures of graphene layers.
Searching the Internet for evidence of time travelers

Time travel has captured the public imagination for much of the past century, but little has been done to actually search for time travelers. Here, three implementations of Internet searches for time travelers are described, all seeking a prescient mention of information not previously available. The first search covered prescient content placed on the Internet, highlighted by a comprehensive search for specific terms in tweets on Twitter. The second search examined prescient inquiries submitted to a search engine, highlighted by a comprehensive search for specific search terms submitted to a popular astronomy web site. The third search involved a request for a direct Internet communication, either by email or tweet, pre-dating to the time of the inquiry. Given practical verifiability concerns, only time travelers from the future were investigated. No time travelers were discovered. Although these negative results do not disprove time travel, given the great reach of the Internet, this search is perhaps the most comprehensive to date.
On the Divisibility of Trinomials by Maximum Weight Polynomials over F2

Divisibility of trinomials by given polynomials over finite fields has been studied and used to construct orthogonal arrays in recent literature. Dewar et al.\ (Des.\ Codes Cryptogr.\ 45:1-17, 2007) studied the division of trinomials by a given pentanomial over $\F_2$ to obtain the orthogonal arrays of strength at least 3, and finalized their paper with some open questions. One of these questions is concerned with generalizations to the polynomials with more than five terms. In this paper, we consider the divisibility of trinomials by a given maximum weight polynomial over $\F_2$ and apply the result to the construction of the orthogonal arrays of strength at least 3.
A Family of Density Expansions for Lévy-Type Processes

We consider a defaultable asset whose risk-neutral pricing dynamics are described by an exponential Levy-type martingale subject to default. This class of models allows for local volatility, local default intensity, and a locally dependent Levy measure. Generalizing and extending the novel adjoint expansion technique of Pagliarani, Pascucci, and Riga (2013), we derive a family of asymptotic expansions for the transition density of the underlying as well as for European-style option prices and defaultable bond prices. For the density expansion, we also provide error bounds for the truncated asymptotic series. Our method is numerically efficient; approximate transition densities and European option prices are computed via Fourier transforms; approximate bond prices are computed as finite series. Additionally, as in Pagliarani et al. (2013), for models with Gaussian-type jumps, approximate option prices can be computed in closed form. Sample Mathematica code is provided.
Ideas for Advancing Code Sharing (A Different Kind of Hack Day)

How do we as a community encourage the reuse of software for telescope operations, data processing, and calibration? How can we support making codes used in research available for others to examine? Continuing the discussion from last year Bring out your codes! BoF session, participants separated into groups to brainstorm ideas to mitigate factors which inhibit code sharing and nurture those which encourage code sharing. The BoF concluded with the sharing of ideas that arose from the brainstorming sessions and a brief summary by the moderator.
Fitting the Continuum Component of A Composite SDSS Quasar Spectrum Using CMA-ES

Fitting the continuum component of a quasar spectrum in UV/optical band is challenging due to contamination of numerous emission lines. Traditional fitting algorithms such as the least-square fitting and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA) are fast but are sensitive to initial values of fitting parameters. They cannot guarantee to find global optimum solutions when the object functions have multiple minima. In this work, we attempt to fit a typical quasar spectrum using the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES). The spectrum is generated by composing a number of real quasar spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasar catalog data release 3 (DR3) so it has a higher signal-to-noise ratio. The CMA-ES algorithm is an evolutionary algorithm that is designed to find the global rather than the local minima. The algorithm we implemented achieves an improved fitting result than the LMA and unlike the LMA, it is independent of initial parameter values. We are looking forward to implementing this algorithm to real quasar spectra in UV/optical band.
Third-harmonic generation in cuprous oxide: efficiency determination.

The efficiency of third-harmonic generation in cuprous oxide was measured. Intensities followed a noncubic power law that indicates nonperturbative behavior. Polarization anisotropy of the harmonic generation was demonstrated and related to the third-order susceptibility. The results will influence the understanding of harmonic generation in centrosymmetric materials and are potentially relevant to device design and the interpretation of exciton behavior.
Non-yrast spectra of odd-A nuclei in a model of coherent quadrupole-octupole motion

The model of coherent quadrupole and octupole motion (CQOM) is applied to describe non-yrast split parity-doublet spectra in odd-mass nuclei. The yrast levels are described as low-energy rotation-vibration modes coupled to the ground single-particle (s.p.) state, while the non-yrast parity-doublet structures are obtained as higher-energy rotation-vibration modes coupled to excited s.p. states. It is shown that the extended model scheme describes both the yrast and non-yrast quasi parity-doublet spectra and the related B(E1) and B(E2) transition rates in different regions of heavy odd-A nuclei. The involvement of the reflection-asymmetric deformed shell model to describe the single-particle motion and the Coriolis interaction on a deeper level is discussed.
What does the financial market pricing do? A simulation analysis with a view to systemic volatility, exuberance and vagary

Biondi et al. (2012) develop an analytical model to examine the emergent dynamic properties of share market price formation over time, capable to capture important stylized facts. These latter properties prove to be sensitive to regulatory regimes for fundamental information provision, as well as to market confidence conditions among actual and potential investors. We comparatively assess accounting models belonging to two main families: historical cost accounting and mark-to-market (fair value) accounting regimes. Regimes based upon mark-to-market measurement of traded security, while generating higher linear correlation between market prices and fundamental signals, also involve higher market instability and volatility. These regimes also incur more relevant episodes of market exuberance and vagary in some regions of the market confidence space, where lower market liquidity further occurs.
A General Algorithm for Deciding Transportability of Experimental Results

Generalizing empirical findings to new environments, settings, or populations is essential in most scientific explorations. This article treats a particular problem of generalizability, called “transportability”, defined as a license to transfer information learned in experimental studies to a different population, on which only observational studies can be conducted. Given a set of assumptions concerning commonalities and differences between the two populations, Pearl and Bareinboim  derived sufficient conditions that permit such transfer to take place. This article summarizes their findings and supplements them with an effective procedure for deciding when and how transportability is feasible. It establishes a necessary and sufficient condition for deciding when causal effects in the target population are estimable from both the statistical information available and the causal information transferred from the experiments. The article further provides a complete algorithm for computing the transport formula, that is, a way of combining observational and experimental information to synthesize bias-free estimate of the desired causal relation. Finally, the article examines the differences between transportability and other variants of generalizability.
Value of information in noncooperative games

In some games, additional information hurts a player, e.g., in games with first-mover advantage, the second-mover is hurt by seeing the first-mover's move. What properties of a game determine whether it has such negative "value of information" for a particular player? Can a game have negative value of information for all players? To answer such questions, we generalize the definition of marginal utility of a good to define the marginal utility of a parameter vector specifying a game. So rather than analyze the global structure of the relationship between a game's parameter vector and player behavior, as in previous work, we focus on the local structure of that relationship. This allows us to prove that generically, every game can have negative marginal value of information, unless one imposes a priori constraints on allowed changes to the game's parameter vector. We demonstrate these and related results numerically, and discuss their implications.
Non-perturbative procedure for stable K-brane

AbstractWe proposea novel ﬁrst-orderformalism for a type of K-branesystems. An examplesolution is presented and studied. We illustratehow the noncanonical kinetic term can aﬀect the properties of the model, such as the stability of the solutions, the localization offermion and graviton. We argue that our solution is stable against linear perturbations. The tensor zero mode of graviton can belocalized while the scalar zero mode cannot. The localization condition for fermion is also discussed. Large extra dimension, noncanonical kinetic terms, gravitational perturbationsPACS: 04.50.-h, 11.27.+d, 98.80.Cq1. IntroductionScalar ﬁelds with noncanonicalkinetic terms, namely, the K-ﬁelds were initially introduced to cosmology as a new mech-anism of inﬂation [1–3]. Since then, K-ﬁelds are extensivelystudied in many ﬁelds. One of its interesting applications i s themodeling of thick K-branes. Unlike the standard thick branemodels, where branes are usually generated by canonical scalarﬁeld(s) (see [4–13] for some of the original papers of braneworld, and Refs. [14–17] for reviews), thick K-branes are do-main wall branes generated by scalar ﬁelds with noncanonica lkinetic terms [18–23].Like any kind of brane world model, the study of thick K-brane models also contains at least three nontrivial issues: solu-tions, stability, and properties (for example, the localization ofbulk matter ﬁelds and gravitons). The stability of thick K-branehas been generally discussed in Ref. , where the stabilityconditions for solutions of a large class of thick K-brane mod-els were derived.As to the issue of ﬁndingsolutions, it is worthto mentiontha tthere are interesting dualities between some K-ﬁeld models andthe standard model. In other words, some K-ﬁeld models sup-port the same solution given by the model with standard kineticterm of scalar ﬁeld . Such K-ﬁeld models are called thetwin-like models of the correspondingstandard model, and viceversa. Inspired by the original work , some authors studiedtwin-like models in brane world [26–29]. The twin-like dualityoﬀers us an alternative way to ﬁnd simple analytical K-branesolutions. However, some of the models can be distinguishedfrom the standard model only when linear perturbations (espe-cially, the scalar perturbations) are considered, while some are
Attosecond vacuum UV coherent control of molecular dynamics

We show that we can precisely control molecular dynamics on both nuclear (i.e., femtosecond) and electronic (i.e., attosecond) timescales. By using attosecond vacuum UV light pulse trains that are tunable in the frequency domain, we show that it is possible to switch population between electronically excited states of a neutral molecule on attosecond time scales, and use this ability to coherently control excitation and ionization through specific pathways. This paper represents a milestone advance because almost two decades after attosecond physics was demonstrated, attosecond chemistry has not yet been fully established because the wavelength and bandwidth of attosecond pulses did not well match molecular quantum states. The richness and complexity of the dynamics, even in a simple molecule, is remarkable and daunting. High harmonic light sources make it possible to access attosecond timescales, thus opening up the prospect of manipulating electronic wave packets for steering molecular dynamics. However, two decades after the birth of attosecond physics, the concept of attosecond chemistry has not yet been realized; this is because excitation and manipulation of molecular orbitals requires precisely controlled attosecond waveforms in the deep UV, which have not yet been synthesized. Here, we present a unique approach using attosecond vacuum UV pulse-trains to coherently excite and control the outcome of a simple chemical reaction in a deuterium molecule in a non-Born–Oppenheimer regime. By controlling the interfering pathways of electron wave packets in the excited neutral and singly ionized molecule, we unambiguously show that we can switch the excited electronic state on attosecond timescales, coherently guide the nuclear wave packets to dictate the way a neutral molecule vibrates, and steer and manipulate the ionization and dissociation channels. Furthermore, through advanced theory, we succeed in rigorously modeling multiscale electron and nuclear quantum control in a molecule. The observed richness and complexity of the dynamics, even in this very simplest of molecules, is both remarkable and daunting, and presents intriguing new possibilities for bridging the gap between attosecond physics and attochemistry.