nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation of modularity in a model of evolving networks

Modularity structures are common in various social and biological networks. However, its dynamical origin remains an open question. In this work, we set up a dynamical model describing the evolution of a social network. Based on the observations of real social networks, we introduced a link-creating/deleting strategy according to the local dynamics in the model. Thus the coevolution of dynamics and topology naturally determines the network properties. It is found that for a small coupling strength, the networked system cannot reach any synchronization and the network topology is homogeneous. Interestingly, when the coupling strength is large enough, the networked system spontaneously forms communities with different dynamical states. Meanwhile, the network topology becomes heterogeneous with modular structures. It is further shown that in a certain parameter regime, both the degree and the community size in the formed network follow a power-law distribution, and the networks are found to be assortative. These results are consistent with the characteristics of many empirical networks, and are helpful to understand the mechanism of formation of modularity in complex networks.
Emergence of Scale-Free Leadership Structure in Social Recommender Systems

The study of the organization of social networks is important for the understanding of opinion formation, rumor spreading, and the emergence of trends and fashion. This paper reports empirical analysis of networks extracted from four leading sites with social functionality (Delicious, Flickr, Twitter and YouTube) and shows that they all display a scale-free leadership structure. To reproduce this feature, we propose an adaptive network model driven by social recommending. Artificial agent-based simulations of this model highlight a “good get richer” mechanism where users with broad interests and good judgments are likely to become popular leaders for the others. Simulations also indicate that the studied social recommendation mechanism can gradually improve the user experience by adapting to tastes of its users. Finally we outline implications for real online resource-sharing systems.
Leaders in Social Networks, the Delicious Case

Finding pertinent information is not limited to search engines. Online communities can amplify the influence of a small number of power users for the benefit of all other users. Users' information foraging in depth and breadth can be greatly enhanced by choosing suitable leaders. For instance in delicious.com, users subscribe to leaders' collection which lead to a deeper and wider reach not achievable with search engines. To consolidate such collective search, it is essential to utilize the leadership topology and identify influential users. Google's PageRank, as a successful search algorithm in the World Wide Web, turns out to be less effective in networks of people. We thus devise an adaptive and parameter-free algorithm, the LeaderRank, to quantify user influence. We show that LeaderRank outperforms PageRank in terms of ranking effectiveness, as well as robustness against manipulations and noisy data. These results suggest that leaders who are aware of their clout may reinforce the development of social networks, and thus the power of collective search.
A simple model of cerebral blood flow dependence on arterial blood pressure

It is shown that the dependence of the cerebral blood flow (CBF) on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) can be described with a simple model having the following assumptions. Below certain MABP (denoted as MABP1) there are no autoregulatory or feedback mechanisms influencing CBF. Between MABP1 and MABP2 (MABP at which breakthrough accurs) there is a linear (on MABP) dependent feedback with a sloap depending very much on the individual considered. The classical autoregulation model with a plateau in between MABP1 and MABP2 is a particular case of this model. The model describes well the experiments performed on dogs (Harper 1966), for which the individual feedback sloap parameter varied to great extent, indicating the importance of mesurments on individuals against averaged mesurments (or measurments on diffent individuals) which superficially support the classical autoregulation. New effect of decreased CBF, while increasing MABP, was observed.
Linear Response Theory for Random Schr\"odinger Operators and Noncommutative Integration

We consider an ergodic Schr\"odinger operator with magnetic field within the non-interacting particle approximation. Justifying the linear response theory, a rigorous derivation of a Kubo formula for the electric conductivity tensor within this context can be found in a recent work of Bouclet, Germinet, Klein and Schenker. If the Fermi level falls into a region of localization, the well-known Kubo-Streda formula for the quantum Hall conductivity at zero temperature is recovered. In this review we go along the lines of but make a more systematic use of noncommutative Lp-spaces, leading to a somewhat more transparent proof.
The LSP Stability and New Higgs Signals at the LHC

The fate of R-parity in the context of the minimal supersymmetric standard model is a central issue which has profound implications for particle physics and cosmology. In this article we discuss the possibility of testing the mechanism responsible for the stability of the lightest supersymmetric particle at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The simplest theoretical framework where R-parity conservation can be explained dynamically allows for two types of B-L models. In the first scenario the new Higgses decay mainly into two right-handed neutrinos giving rise to exotic lepton number violating signals together with displaced vertices. In the second model one could have peculiar channels with multileptons and/or multiphotons in the final state. In both cases, the local B-L gauge symmetry is broken at the TeV scale and the discovery of the new Higgs bosons may be possible at the LHC. We investigate in detail the production mechanisms for the Higgs bosons relevant for the LHC and the key decays which would shed light on how R-parity is conserved. These results may help to understand the link between the cold dark matter of the universe and the missing energy that could be observed at the LHC if supersymmetry is realized in nature.
Evolution of Worldwide Stock Markets, Correlation Structure and Correlation Based Graphs

We investigate the daily correlation present among market indices of stock exchanges located all over the world in the time period January 1996 to July 2009. We discover that the correlation among market indices presents both a fast and a slow dynamics. The slow dynamics reflects the development and consolidation of globalization. The fast dynamics is associated with critical events that originate in a specific country or region of the world and rapidly affect the global system. We provide evidence that the short term time scale of correlation among market indices is less than 3 trading months (about 60 trading days). The average values of the nondiagonal elements of the correlation matrix, correlation-based graphs, and the spectral properties of the largest eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the correlation matrix are carrying information about the fast and slow dynamics of the correlation of market indices. We introduce a measure of mutual information based on link co-occurrence in networks in order to detect the fast dynamics of successive changes of correlation-based graphs in a quantitative way.
An upper bound on community size in scalable community detection

It is well-known that community detection methods based on modularity optimization often fails to discover small communities. Several objective functions used for community detection therefore involve a resolution parameter that allows the detection of communities at different scales. We provide an explicit upper bound on the community size of communities resulting from the optimization of several of these functions. We also show with a simple example that the use of the resolution parameter may artificially force the complete disaggregation of large and densely connected communities.
Role-similarity based comparison of directed networks

The widespread relevance of complex networks is a valuable tool in the analysis of a broad range of systems. There is a demand for tools which enable the extraction of meaningful information and allow the comparison between different systems. We present a novel measure of similarity between nodes in different networks as a generalization of the concept of self-similarity. A similarity matrix is assembled as the distance between feature vectors that contain the in and out paths of all lengths for each node. Hence, nodes operating in a similar flow environment are considered similar regardless of network membership. We demonstrate that this method has the potential to be influential in tasks such as assigning identity or function to uncharacterized nodes. In addition an innovative application of graph partitioning to the raw results extends the concept to the comparison of networks in terms of their underlying role-structure.
Thinking about Archeoastronomy

I discuss various aspects of archeoastronomy concentrating on physical artifacts (i.e., not including ethno-archeoastronomy) focusing on the period that ended about 2000 years ago. I present examples of artifacts interpreted as showing the interest of humankind in understanding celestial phenomena and using these to synchronize calendars and predict future celestial and terrestrial events. I stress the difficulty of identifying with a high degree of confidence that these artifacts do indeed pertain to astronomy and caution against the over-interpretation of the finds as definite evidence. 
With these in mind, I point to artifacts that seem to indicate a human fascination with megalithic stone circles and megalithic alignments starting from at least 11000 BCE, and to other items presented as evidence for Neolithic astronomical interests dating to even 20000 BCE or even before. I discuss the geographical and temporal spread of megalithic sites associated with astronomical interpretations searching for synchronicity or for a possible single point of origin. 
A survey of a variety of artifacts indicates that the astronomical development in antiquity did not happen simultaneously at different locations, but may be traced to megalithic stone circles and other megalithic structures with possible astronomical connections originating in the Middle East, specifically in the Fertile Crescent area. The effort of ancient societies to erect these astronomical megalithic sites and to maintain a corpus of astronomy experts does not appear excessive.
Ultraefficient cooling of resonators: beating sideband cooling with quantum control.

The present state of the art in cooling mechanical resonators is a version of sideband cooling. Here we present a method that uses the same configuration as sideband cooling-coupling the resonator to be cooled to a second microwave (or optical) auxiliary resonator-but will cool significantly colder. This is achieved by varying the strength of the coupling between the two resonators over a time on the order of the period of the mechanical resonator. As part of our analysis, we also obtain a method for fast, high-fidelity quantum information transfer between resonators.
Observations of Fallout from the Fukushima Reactor Accident in San Francisco Bay Area Rainwater

We have observed fallout from the recent Fukushima Dai-ichi reactor accident in samples of rainwater collected in the San Francisco Bay area. Gamma ray spectra measured from these samples show clear evidence of fission products – 131,132I, 132Te, and 134,137Cs. The activity levels we have measured for these isotopes are very low and pose no health risk to the public.
Notes on a Cure for Higher-Spin Acausality

We present a Lagrangian describing a massive charged spin-2 field and a scalar in a constant electromagnetic background, and we provide a consistent description of the system. The Lagrangian, derived from string field theory through a suitable dimensional reduction, propagates the correct number of degrees of freedom within the light cone in any space-time dimension less than 26. We briefly discuss the higher-spin generalization of this construction, that cures the pathologies of a massive charged particle of arbitrary integer spin by introducing only finitely many new massive degrees of freedom.
FIRST DETECTION OF LINEAR POLARIZATION IN THE LINE PROFILES OF ACTIVE COOL STARS

The application of high-resolution spectropolarimetry has led to major progress in understanding the magnetism and activity of late-type stars. During the last decade, magnetic fields have been discovered and mapped for many types of active cool stars using spectropolarimetric data. However, these observations and modeling attempts are fundamentally incomplete since they are based on the interpretation of the circular polarization alone. Taking advantage of the newly built HARPS polarimeter, we have obtained the first systematic observations of several cool active stars in all four Stokes parameters. Here we report the detection of magnetically induced linear polarization for the primary component of the very active RS CVn binary HR 1099 and for the moderately active K dwarf ε Eri. For both stars the amplitude of linear polarization signatures is measured to be ∼10−4 of the unpolarized continuum, which is approximately a factor of 10 lower than for circular polarization. This is the first detection of the linear polarization in line profiles of cool active stars. Our observations of the inactive solar-like star α Cen A show neither circular nor linear polarization above the level of ∼10−5, indicating the absence of a net longitudinal magnetic field stronger than 0.2 G.
SEARCHING FOR COMETS ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB: THE ORBIT OF 17P/HOLMES FROM THE BEHAVIOR OF PHOTOGRAPHERS

We performed an image search for “Comet Holmes,” using the Yahoo! Web search engine, on 2010 April 1. Thousands of images were returned. We astrometrically calibrated—and therefore vetted—the images using the Astrometry.net system. The calibrated image pointings form a set of data points to which we can fit a test-particle orbit in the solar system, marginalizing over image dates and detecting outliers. The approach is Bayesian and the model is, in essence, a model of how comet astrophotographers point their instruments. In this work, we do not measure the position of the comet within each image, but rather use the celestial position of the whole image to infer the orbit. We find very strong probabilistic constraints on the orbit, although slightly off the Jet Propulsion Lab ephemeris, probably due to limitations of our model. Hyperparameters of the model constrain the reliability of date meta-data and where in the image astrophotographers place the comet; we find that ∼70% of the meta-data are correct and that the comet typically appears in the central third of the image footprint. This project demonstrates that discoveries and measurements can be made using data of extreme heterogeneity and unknown provenance. As the size and diversity of astronomical data sets continues to grow, approaches like ours will become more essential. This project also demonstrates that the Web is an enormous repository of astronomical information, and that if an object has been given a name and photographed thousands of times by observers who post their images on the Web, we can (re-)discover it and infer its dynamical properties.
Intermittent heating in the solar corona employing a 3D MHD model

We investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of the heating of the corona of a cool star such as our Sun in a threedimensional magneto-hydrodynamic (3D MHD) model.  We solve the 3D MHD problem numerically in a box representing part of the (solar) corona. The energy balance includes Spitzer heat conduction along the magnetic field and optically thin radiative losses. The self-consistent heating mechanism is based on the braiding of magnetic field lines rooted in the convective photosphere. Magnetic stress induced by photospheric motions leads to currents in the atmosphere that heat the corona through Ohmic dissipation.  While the horizontally averaged quantities, such as heating rate, temperature, or density, are relatively constant in time, the simulated corona is highly variable and dynamic, on average reaching the temperatures and densities found in observations. The strongest heating per particle is found in the transition region from the chromosphere to the corona. The heating is concentrated in current sheets roughly aligned with the magnetic field and is transient in time and space. This supports the idea that numerous small heating events heat the corona, often referred to as nanoflares.
On the Anthropic Principle in the Multiverse: Addressing Provability and Tautology

In this Letter we examine the Multiverse theory and how it relates to the Anthropic Principle. Under the supposition of Eternal Inflation, the String Theory Landscape (STL) has reinvigorated the discussion of the Anthropic Principle. The main premise being that the fundamental constants of our Universe are not necessarily of any fundamental physical importance, rather that the specific values are requisite for intelligent life to arise, and hence, for intelligent life to measure such constants. STL predicts a multitude of other meta-stable Universes with fundamental constants different than our own, possibly hinting at some intrinsic specialness of human life. We develop a theoretical framework to prove whether, (1) the Universe we observe must be consistent with the existence of observers, (2) the principle is only ontological in nature, or (3) if the Anthropic Principle itself is simply a tautology.
Fragile-to-strong crossover in supercooled liquids remains elusive

Transport properties of glass-forming liquids change markedly around an onset temperature To. For temperatures T > To, these properties depend little on T, whereas for T Tx. However, Mallamace et al. (2) reported the observation of Tx for a large number of supercooled liquids. In truth, they observed the onset of supercooled behavior, and the reported values of Tx are poor lower-bound estimates of onset temperatures To. This fact is consistent with transport decoupling appearing only below temperatures identified with the crossover in ref. 2.
Is there life inside black holes?

Bound inside rotating or charged black holes, there are stable periodic planetary orbits, which neither come out nor terminate at the central singularity. Stable periodic orbits inside black holes exist even for photons. These bound orbits may be defined as orbits of the third kind, following the Chandrasekhar classification of particle orbits in the black hole gravitational field. The existence domain for the third-kind orbits is rather spacious, and thus there is place for life inside supermassive black holes in the galactic nuclei. Interiors of the supermassive black holes may be inhabited by civilizations, being invisible from the outside. In principle, one can get information from the interiors of black holes by observing their white hole counterparts.
Natural human mobility patterns and spatial spread of infectious diseases

We investigate a model for spatial epidemics explicitly taking into account bidirectional movements between base and destination locations on individual mobility networks. We provide a systematic analysis of generic dynamical features of the model on regular and complex metapopulation network topologies and show that significant dynamical differences exist to ordinary reaction-diffusion and effective force of infection models. On a lattice we calculate an expression for the velocity of the propagating epidemic front and find that, in contrast to the diffusive systems, our model predicts a saturation of the velocity with an increasing traveling rate. Furthermore, we show that a fully stochastic system exhibits a novel threshold for the attack ratio of an outbreak that is absent in diffusion and force of infection models. These insights not only capture natural features of human mobility relevant for the geographical epidemic spread, they may serve as a starting point for modeling important dynamical processes in human and animal epidemiology, population ecology, biology, and evolution.
Non-standard morphological relic patterns in the cosmic microwave background

Statistically anomalous signals in the microwave background have been extensively studied in general in multipole space, and in real space mainly for circular and other simple patterns. In this paper we search for a range of non-trivial patterns in the temperature data from WMAP 7-year observations. We nd a very signicant detection of a number of such features and discuss their consequences for the essential character of the cosmos.
The metal contents of two groups of galaxies

The hot gas in clusters and groups of galaxies is continuously being enriched with metals from supernovae and stars. It is well established that the enrichment of the gas with elements from oxygen to iron is mainly caused by supernova explosions. The origins of nitrogen and carbon are still being debated. Possible candidates include massive, metal-rich stars, early generations of massive stars, intermediate- or low-mass stars and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars.  In this paper we accurately determine the metal abundances of the gas in the groups of galaxies NGC 5044 and NGC 5813, and discuss the nature of the objects that create these metals. We mainly focus on carbon and nitrogen.  We use spatially-resolved high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy from XMM-Newton. For the spectral fitting, multitemperature hot gas models are used.  The abundance ratios of carbon over oxygen and nitrogen over oxygen that we find are high compared to the ratios in the stars in the disk of our Galaxy. The oxygen and nitrogen abundances we derive are similar to what has been found in earlier work on other giant ellipticals in comparable environments. We show that the iron abundances in both our sources have a gradient along the cross-dispersion direction of the reflection grating spectrometer (RGS).  We conclude that it is unlikely that the creation of nitrogen and carbon takes place in massive stars, which end their lives as core-collapse supernovae, enriching the medium with oxygen because oxygen should then also be enhanced. Therefore we favour low- and intermediate-mass stars as sources of these elements. The abundances in the hot gas can be explained best by a 30‐40% contribution of type Ia supernovae based on the measured oxygen and iron abundances and under the assumption of a Salpeter initial mass function (IMF).
Cosmological observables, infrared growth of fluctuations, and scale-dependent anisotropies

We extend semiclassical methods in inflationary cosmology that capture leading IR corrections to correlators. Such large IR effects can be absorbed into a coordinate change when examining sufficiently local observables, but not when comparing observations at large separation in scales, such as seen by a late-time observer. The analysis is facilitated by definition of a scale-dependent metric and physical momentum. These assist definition of "IR-safe" observables seen by a post-inflationary observer, which are contrasted to those based on the local geometry of the reheating surface. For such observables, the observer's horizon provides an effective IR cutoff. IR growth contributes to enhanced statistical inhomogeneities/anisotropies at short scales, observation of which by a present day observer might be sought in 21 cm measurements. Such IR corrections are argued to grow large for a very late-time observer.