nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lyman alpha dominance of the Classical T Tauri FUV Radiation Field

Far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation plays an important role in determining chemical abundances in protoplanetary disks. HI Lyman alpha is suspected to be the dominant component of the FUV emission from Classical T Tauri Stars (CTTSs), but is difficult to measure directly due to circumstellar and interstellar HI absorption. To better characterize the intrinsic Lyman alpha radiation, we present FUV spectra of 14 CTTSs taken with the Hubble Space Telescope COS and STIS instruments. H2 fluorescence, commonly seen in the spectra of CTTSs, is excited by Lyman alpha photons, providing an indirect measure of the Lyman alpha flux incident upon the warm disk surface. We use observed H2 progression fluxes to reconstruct the CTTS Lyman alpha profiles. The Lyman alpha flux correlates with total measured FUV flux, in agreement with an accretion-related source of FUV emission. With a geometry-independent analysis, we confirm that in accreting T Tauri systems Lyman alpha radiation dominates the FUV flux (~1150 - 1700 Angstroms). In the systems surveyed this one line comprises 70 - 90 % of the total FUV flux.
Experimental study of psi ' decays to K+K- pi(0) and K+K-eta

Using (106 +/- 4) x 10(6) psi ' events accumulated with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII e(+)e(-) collider, we present measurements of the branching fractions for psi' decays to K+K- pi(0) and K+K- eta. In these final states, the decay psi' -> K-2(*) (1430)(+) K- + 10(-5), is observed for the first time, and its branching fraction is measured to be (7.12 +/- 0: 62(stat)(-0.61)(+1.13) (syst)) x 10(-5), which indicates a violation of the helicity selection rule in psi' decays. The branching fractions of psi' -> K* (892)(+) K- + c.c., phi eta, and phi pi(0) are also measured. The measurements are used to test the QCD predictions on charmonium decays.
Scattering Cross-Sections in Quantum Gravity—The Case of Matter-Matter Scattering

Viewing 
gravitational energy-momentum PGμ as equal by 
observation, but different in essence from inertial energy-momentum PIμ naturally 
leads to the gauge theory of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms of a 
four-dimensional inner space. To analyse scattering in this theory, the gauge 
field is coupled to two Dirac fields with different masses. Based on a 
generalized LSZ reduction formula the S-matrix 
element for scattering of two Dirac particles in the gravitational limit and 
the corresponding scattering cross-section are calculated to leading order in 
perturbation theory. Taking the non-relativistic limit for one of the initial 
particles in the rest frame of the other the Rutherford-like cross-section of a 
non-relativistic particle scattering off an infinitely heavy scatterer calculated 
quantum mechanically in Newtonian gravity is recovered. This provides a 
non-trivial test of the gauge field theory of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms 
as a quantum theory of gravity.
Investor's sentiment in multi-agent model of the continuous double auction

We introduce and treat rigorously a new multi-agent model of the continuous double auction or in other words the order book (OB). It is designed to explain collective behavior of the market when new information affecting the market arrives. The novel feature of the model is two additional slow changing parameters, the so-called sentiment functions. These sentiment functions measure the conception of the fair price of two groups of investors, namely, bulls and bears.Our model specifies differential equations for the time evolution of sentiment functions and constitutes a nonlinear Markov process which exhibits long-term correlations. We explain the intuition behind equations for sentiment functions and present numerical simulations which show that the behavior of our model is similar to the behavior of the real market. We also obtain a diffusion limit of the model, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck type process with variable volatility. The volatility is proportional to the difference of opinions of bulls and bears about the fair price of a security.
Electronic properties and hyperfine fields of nickel-related complexes in diamond

We carried out a first principles investigation on the microscopic properties of nickel-related defect centers in diamond. Several configurations, involving substitutional and interstitial nickel impurities, have been considered either in isolated configurations or forming complexes with other defects, such as vacancies and boron and nitrogen dopants. The results, in terms of spin, symmetry, and hyperfine fields, were compared with the available experimental data on electrically active centers in synthetic diamond. Several microscopic models, previously proposed to explain those data, have been confirmed by this investigation, while some models could be discarded. We also provided new insights on the microscopic structure of several of those centers.
Electromagnetic Origin for Planck Mass and Dark Energy

The origin of dark energy remains to be one of the challenges of modern cosmology. We modify Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory using a vector field instead of a scalar field and theory becomes similar to a simple Einstein-aether theory. The time component of the vector field picks up a cosmological background value. Identifying the vector field to be the photon field, a small photon mass leads to late time inflation. The time dependent background electrical potential of the photon permeates the universe and explains the weakness of the gravitational interaction by coupling to curvature. This theory relates the smallness of the photon mass to the smallness of the Hubble parameter. The model predicted photon mass is far below observational constraints.
Structured Prediction Cascades

Structured prediction tasks pose a fundamental trade-o between the need for model complexity to increase predictive power and the limited computational resources for inference in the exponentially-sized output spaces such models require. We formulate and develop structured prediction cascades: a sequence of increasingly complex models that progressively lter the space of possible outputs. We represent an exponentially large set of ltered outputs using max marginals and propose a novel convex loss function that balances ltering error with ltering eciency. We provide generalization bounds for these loss functions and evaluate our approach on handwriting recognition and part-of-speech tagging. We nd that the learned cascades are capable of reducing the complexity of inference by up to ve orders of magnitude, enabling the use of models which incorporate higher order features and yield higher accuracy.
Decay estimates for One-dimensional wave equations with inverse power potentials

We study the one-dimensional wave equation with an inverse power potential that equals $const.x^{-m}$ for large $|x|$ where $m$ is any positive integer greater than or equal to 3. We show that the solution decays pointwise like $t^{-m}$ for large $t$, which is consistent with existing mathematical and physical literature under slightly different assumptions (see e.g. Bizon, Chmaj, and Rostworowski, 2007; Donninger and Schlag, 2010; Schlag, 2007). Our results can be generalized to potentials consisting of a finite sum of inverse powers, the largest of which being $const.x^{-\alpha}$ where $\alpha>2$ is a real number, as well as potentials of the form $const.x^{-m}+O(x^{-m-\delta_1})$ with $\delta_1>3$.
The cosmology of the Fab-Four

We have recently proposed a novel self tuning mechanism to alleviate the famous cosmological constant problem, based on the general scalar tensor theory proposed by Horndeski. The self-tuning model ends up consisting of four geometric terms in the action, with each term containing a free potential function of the scalar field; the four together being labeled as the Fab-Four. In this paper we begin the important task of deriving the cosmology associated with the Fab-Four Lagrangian. Performing a phase plane analysis of the system we are able to obtain a number of fixed points for the system, with some remarkable new solutions emerging from the trade-off between the various potentials. As well as obtaining inflationary solutions we also find conventional radiation/matter-like solutions, but in regimes where the energy density is dominated by a cosmological constant, and where we do not have any explicit forms of radiation or matter. Stability conditions for matter solutions are obtained and we show how it is possible for there to exist an extended period of `matter domination' opening up the possibility that we can generate cosmological structures, and recover a consistent cosmology even in the presence of a large cosmological constant.
Kalman filter estimation for focal plane wavefront correction

Space-based coronagraphs for future earth-like planet detection will require focal plane wavefront control techniques to achieve the necessary contrast levels. These correction algorithms are iterative and the control methods require an estimate of the electric field at the science camera, which requires nearly all of the images taken for the correction. We demonstrate a Kalman filter estimator that uses prior knowledge to create the estimate of the electric field, dramatically reducing the number of exposures required to estimate the image plane electric field. In addition to a significant reduction in exposures, we discuss the relative merit of this algorithm to other estimation schemes, particularly in regard to estimate error and covariance. As part of the reduction in exposures we also discuss a novel approach to generating the diversity required for estimating the field in the image plane. This uses the stroke minimization control algorithm to choose the probe shapes on the deformable mirrors, adding a degree of optimality to the problem and once again reducing the total number of exposures required for correction. Choosing probe shapes has been largely unexplored up to this point and is critical to producing a well posed set of measurements for the estimate. Ultimately the filter will lead to an adaptive algorithm which can estimate physical parameters in the laboratory and optimize estimation.
Gate-tunable quantum transport in double-layer graphene

We analyze the effect of screening provided by the additional graphene layer in double layer graphene heterostructures (DLGs) on transport characteristics of DLG devices in the metallic regime. The effect of gate-tunable charge density in the additional layer is two-fold: it provides screening of the long-range potential of charged defects in the system, and screens out Coulomb interactions between charge carriers. We find that the efficiency of defect charge screening is strongly dependent on the concentration and location of defects within the DLG. In particular, only a moderate suppression of electron-hole puddles around the Dirac point induced by the high concentration of remote impurities in the silicon oxide substrate could be achieved. A stronger effect is found on the elastic relaxation rate due to charged defects resulting in mobility strongly dependent on the electron denisty in the additional layer of DLG. We find that the quantum interference correction to the resistivity of graphene is also strongly affected by screening in DLG. In particular, the dephasing rate is strongly suppressed by the additional screening that supresses the amplitude of electron-electron interaction and reduces the diffusion time that electrons spend in proximity of each other. The latter effect combined with screening of elastic relaxation rates results in a peculiar gate tunable weak-localization magnetoresistance and quantum correction to resistivity. We propose suitable experiments to test our theory and discuss the possible relevance of our results to exisiting data.
Low Energy Tests of Lorentz and CPT Violation

An overview of the theoretical framework of the Standard Model Extension (SME) that allows for a parametrization of Lorentz and CPT violating effects using effective field theory will be presented. A review of current bounds on these Lorentz violating parameters using various low-energy tests will be reviewed. State-of-the-art measurements involving the Penning Trap, atomic clock, torsion pendulum, and resonant cavities will be discussed. Different experiments can provide stringent bounds on a variety of parameters coupled to various fundamental particles including electrons, protons, neutrons, and photons.
Poisson-random matrix transition in the QCD Dirac spectrum

At zero temperature the lowest part of the spectrum of the QCD Dirac operator is known to consist of delocalized modes that are described by random matrix statistics. In the present paper we show that the nature of these eigenmodes changes drastically when the system is driven through the finite temperature cross-over. The lowest Dirac modes that are delocalized at low temperature become localized on the scale of the inverse temperature. At the same time the spectral statistics changes from random matrix to Poisson statistics. We demonstrate this with lattice QCD simulations using 2+1 flavors of light dynamical quarks with physical masses. Drawing an analogy with Anderson transitions we also examine the mobility edge separating localized and delocalized modes in the spectrum. We show that it scales in the continuum limit and increases sharply with the temperature.
Power-law distributions in binned empirical data

Many man-made and natural phenomena, including the intensity of earthquakes, population of cities and size of international wars, are believed to follow power-law distributions. The accurate identification of power-law patterns has significant consequences for correctly understanding and modeling complex systems. However, statistical evidence for or against the power-law hypothesis is complicated by large fluctuations in the empirical distribution's tail, and these are worsened when information is lost from binning the data. We adapt the statistically principled framework for testing the power-law hypothesis, developed by Clauset, Shalizi and Newman, to the case of binned data. This approach includes maximum-likelihood fitting, a hypothesis test based on the Kolmogorov--Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic and likelihood ratio tests for comparing against alternative explanations. We evaluate the effectiveness of these methods on synthetic binned data with known structure, quantify the loss of statistical power due to binning, and apply the methods to twelve real-world binned data sets with heavy-tailed patterns.
Disentangling instrumental features of the 130 GeV Fermi line

We study the instrumental features of photons from the peak observed at Eγ = 130 GeV in the spectrum of Fermi-LAT data. We use the sPlots algorithm to reconstruct — seperately for the photons in the peak and for background photons — the distributions of quantities such as incident angles, the recorded time, features of the spacecraft position, the zenith angles, the conversion type and details of the energy and direction reconstruction. The presence of a striking feature or cluster in such a variable would suggest an instrumental cause for the peak. In the publically available data, we find several suggestive features which may inform further studies by instrumental experts, though the size of the signal sample is too small to draw statistically significant conclusions.
THERE ARE NO STARLESS MASSIVE PROTO-CLUSTERS IN THE FIRST QUADRANT OF THE GALAXY

We search the λ = 1.1 mm Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey for clumps containing sufficient mass to form ∼104 M☉ star clusters. Eighteen candidate massive proto-clusters are identified in the first Galactic quadrant outside of the central kiloparsec. This sample is complete to clumps with mass Mclump > 104 M☉ and radius r ≲ 2.5 pc. The overall Galactic massive cluster formation rate is CFR(Mcluster > 104) ≲ 5 Myr−1, which is in agreement with the rates inferred from Galactic open clusters and M31 massive clusters. We find that all massive proto-clusters in the first quadrant are actively forming massive stars and place an upper limit of τstarless < 0.5 Myr on the lifetime of the starless phase of massive cluster formation. If massive clusters go through a starless phase with all of their mass in a single clump, the lifetime of this phase is very short.
A superintegrable finite oscillator in two dimensions with SU(2) symmetry

A superintegrable finite model of the quantum isotropic oscillator in two dimensions is introduced. It is defined on a uniform lattice of triangular shape. The constants of the motion for the model form an SU(2) symmetry algebra. It is found that the dynamical difference eigenvalue equation can be written in terms of creation and annihilation operators. The wavefunctions of the Hamiltonian are expressed in terms of two known families of bivariate Krawtchouk polynomials, those of Rahman and those of Tratnik. These polynomials form bases for SU(2) irreducible representations. It is further shown that the pair of eigenvalue equations for each of these families is related to each other by an SU(2) automorphism. A finite model of the anisotropic oscillator that has wavefunctions expressed in terms of the same Rahman polynomials is also introduced. In the continuum limit, when the number of grid points tends to infinity, standard two-dimensional harmonic oscillators are obtained. The analysis provides the N → ∞ limit of the bivariate Krawtchouk polynomials as a product of one-variable Hermite polynomials.
Generating ordered list of Recommended Items: a Hybrid Recommender System of Microblog

Precise recommendation of followers helps in improving the user experience and maintaining the prosperity of twitter and microblog platforms. In this paper, we design a hybrid recommender system of microblog as a solution of KDD Cup 2012, track 1 task, which requires predicting users a user might follow in Tencent Microblog. We describe the background of the problem and present the algorithm consisting of keyword analysis, user taxonomy, (potential)interests extraction and item recommendation. Experimental result shows the high performance of our algorithm. Some possible improvements are discussed, which leads to further study.
Nucleon strange quark content fromNf=2+1lattice QCD with exact chiral symmetry

We calculate the strange quark content of the nucleon $⟨N|\overline{s}s|N⟩$ in $2+1$ -flavor lattice QCD. Chirally symmetric overlap fermion formulation is used to avoid the contamination from up and down quark contents due to an operator mixing between strange and light scalar operators, $\overline{s}s$ and $\overline{u}u+\overline{d}d$. At a lattice spacing $a=0.112(1)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$, we perform calculations at four values of degenerate up and down quark masses ${m}_{ud}$, which cover a range of the pion mass ${M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\simeq}300--540\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. We employ two different methods to calculate $⟨N|\overline{s}s|N⟩$. One is a direct method where we calculate $⟨N|\overline{s}s|N⟩$ by directly inserting the $\overline{s}s$ operator. The other is an indirect method where $⟨N|\overline{s}s|N⟩$ is extracted from a derivative of the nucleon mass in terms of the strange quark mass. With these two methods we obtain consistent results for $⟨N|\overline{s}s|N⟩$ with each other. Our best estimate ${f}_{{T}_{s}}={m}_{s}⟨N|\overline{s}s|N⟩/{M}_{N}=0.009(15{)}_{\mathrm{stat}}(16{)}_{\mathrm{sys}}$ is in good agreement with our previous studies in two-flavor QCD.
Submillimetric spectroscopic observations of volatiles in comet C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)

Submillimeter spectroscopic observations of comets provide an important tool for understanding their chemical composition and enable a taxonomic classification.  We aim to determine the production rates of several parent- and product volatiles and the 12 C/ 13 C isotopic carbon ratio in the long-period comet C/2004 Q2 (Machholz), which is likely to originate from the Oort Cloud.  The line emission from several molecules in the coma was measured with high signal-to-noise ratio in January 2005 at heliocentric distance of 1.2 AU by means of high-resolution spectroscopic observations using the Submillimeter Telescope (SMT) at the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO).  We have obtained production rates of several volatiles (CH 3 OH, HCN, H 13 CN, HNC, H 2 CO, CO, and CS) by comparing the observed and simulated line-integrated intensities. We calculated the synthetic profiles using a radiative transfer code that includes collisions between neutrals and electrons, and the e ects of radiative pumping of the fundamental vibrational levels by solar infrared radiation. Furthermore, multiline observations of the CH 3 OH J = 7‐6 series allow us to estimate the rotational temperature using the rotation diagram technique. We find that the CH 3 OH population distribution of the levels sampled by these lines can be described by a rotational temperature of 40 3 K. Derived mixing ratios relative to hydrogen cyanide are CO/CH 3 OH/H 2 CO/CS/HNC/H 13 CN/HCN = 30.9/24.6/4.8/0.57/0.031/0.013/1 assuming a pointing o set of 8 00 due to the uncertain ephemeris at the time of the observations and the telescope pointing error.  The measured relative molecular abundances in C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) are between low- to typical values of those obtained in Oort Cloud comets, suggesting that it has visited the inner solar system previously and undergone thermal processing. The HNC/HCN abundance ratio of 3:1% is comparable to that found in other comets, accounting for the dependence on the heliocentric distance, and could possibly be explained by ion-molecule chemical processes in the low-temperature atmosphere. From a tentative H 13 CN detection, the measured value of 97 30 for the H 12 CN/H 13 CN isotopologue pair is consistent with a telluric value. The outgassing variability observed in the HCN production rates over a period of two hours is consistent with the rotation of the nucleus derived using di erent observational techniques.
Common Mistakes when Applying Computational Intelligence and Machine Learning to Stock Market modelling

For a number of reasons, computational intelligence and machine learning methods have been largely dismissed by the professional community. The reasons for this are numerous and varied, but inevitably amongst the reasons given is that the systems designed often do not perform as expected by their designers. The reasons for this lack of performance is a direct result of mistakes that are commonly seen in market-prediction systems. This paper examines some of the more common mistakes, namely dataset insufficiency; inappropriate scaling; time-series tracking; inappropriate target quantification and inappropriate measures of performance. The rationale that leads to each of these mistakes is examined, as well as the nature of the errors they introduce to the analysis / design. Alternative ways of performing each task are also recommended in order to avoid perpetuating these mistakes, and hopefully to aid in clearing the way for the use of these powerful techniques in industry.
Hacktivists: Cyberterrorists or Online Activists?

The last decade, online activism has vastly grown. In the current digital society, from time to time citizens decide to express their opinion by attacking large corporations digitally in some way. Where the activists claim this to be a digital assembly, others see it as criminal offences. 
In this paper, we will explore the legal and technical borders of the digital right to assembly. By doing so, we can gain insight into digital manifestations and make up the balance on the digital right to assembly. As an additional contribution, we will discuss how the digital right to assembly could be granted and which legal and technical requirements should be set for a digital assembly.