nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
XENON10/100 dark matter constraints in comparison with CoGeNT and DAMA: Examining the L eff dependence

We consider the compatibility of DAMA/LIBRA, CoGeNT, XENON10 and XENON100 results for spin-independent (SI) dark matter weakly interacting massive particles, particularly at low masses ({approx}10 GeV), assuming a standard dark matter halo. The XENON bounds depend on the scintillation efficiency factor L{sub eff} for which there is considerable uncertainty. Thus we consider various extrapolations for L{sub eff} at low energy. With the L{sub eff} measurements we consider, XENON100 results are found to be insensitive to the low-energy extrapolation. We find the strongest bounds are from XENON10, rather than XENON100, due to the lower energy threshold. For reasonable choices of L{sub eff} and for the case of SI elastic scattering, XENON10 is incompatible with the DAMA/LIBRA 3{sigma} region and severely constrains the 7-12 GeV WIMP mass region of interest published by the CoGeNT Collaboration.
Dilemma game in a traffic model with the crossing

In this paper, we investigate the non-signalized intersection issue considering traffic flow and energy dissipation in terms of game theory based on the Nagel-Schreckenberg (NaSch) model. There are two types of driver agents at the intersection when vehicles on the two streets are approaching to it simultaneously: C agents (cooperative strategy) pulling up to avoid collision and D agents (defective strategy) crossing the intersection audaciously. Phase diagram of the system, which describes free-flow phase, segregation phase, jammed phase and maximum current curve representing the social maximum payoff, is presented. Dilemma game is observed at the phase-segregated state except for the case of $v_{\max }=1.$
A model of human population motion

We introduce a basic model for human mobility that accounts for the different dynamics arising from individuals embarking on short trips (and returning to their home locations) and individuals relocating to a new home. The differences between the two modes of motion comes to light on contrasting two recent studies, one tracking the geographical location of dollar bills \cite{brockmann}, the other that of mobile cell phones \cite{gonzalez}. Trips introduce two characteristic time scales; the time between trips, $\theta$, and the duration of each trip, $\tau$, and relocations introduces a third time scale, $T$, for the time between relocations. In practice, $T\sim{\rm years}$, $\theta\sim{\rm months}$, and $\tau\sim{\rm days}$, so the three time scales are widely separated. Traditionally, studies incorporating human motion assume only a single mode, using a generic rate to account for all types of motion.
Small But Slow World: How Network Topology and Burstiness Slow Down Spreading

While communication networks show the small-world property of short paths, the spreading dynamics in them turns out slow. Here, the time evolution of information propagation is followed through communication networks by using empirical data on contact sequences and the susceptible-infected model. Introducing null models where event sequences are appropriately shuffled, we are able to distinguish between the contributions of different impeding effects. The slowing down of spreading is found to be caused mainly by weight-topology correlations and the bursty activity patterns of individuals.
Outperforming the Market Portfolio with a Given Probability

Our goal is to resolve a problem proposed by Fernholz and Karatzas [On optimal arbitrage (2008) Columbia Univ.]: to characterize the minimum amount of initial capital with which an investor can beat the market portfolio with a certain probability, as a function of the market configuration and time to maturity. We show that this value function is the smallest nonnegative viscosity supersolution of a nonlinear PDE. As in Fernholz and Karatzas [On optimal arbitrage (2008) Columbia Univ.], we do not assume the existence of an equivalent local martingale measure, but merely the existence of a local martingale deflator.
Automatic music composition using answer set programming

Music composition used to be a pen and paper activity. These days music is often composed with the aid of computer software, even to the point where the computer composes parts of the score autonomously. The composition of most styles of music is governed by rules. We show that by approaching the automation, analysis and verification of composition as a knowledge representation task and formalising these rules in a suitable logical language, powerful and expressive intelligent composition tools can be easily built. This application paper describes the use of answer set programming to construct an automated system, named Anton, that can compose melodic, harmonic and rhythmic music, diagnose errors in human compositions and serve as a computer-aided composition tool. The combination of harmonic, rhythmic and melodic composition in a single framework makes Anton unique in the growing area of algorithmic composition. With near real-time composition, Anton reaches the point where it can not only be used as a component in an interactive composition tool but also has the potential for live performances and concerts or automatically generated background music in a variety of applications. With the use of a fully declarative language and an “off-the-shelf” reasoning engine, Anton provides the human composer a tool which is significantly simpler, more compact and more versatile than other existing systems.
A fundamental test of the Higgs Yukawa coupling at RHIC in A+A collisions

Searches for the intermediate boson, W±, the heavy quantum of the Weak Interaction, via its semi-leptonic decay, W → e+v, in the 1970's instead discovered unexpectedly large hadron production at high pT, notably π0, which provided a huge background of e± from internal and external conversions. Methods developed at the CERN ISR which led to the discovery of direct-single-e± in 1974, later determined to be from the semi-leptonic decay of charm which had not yet been discovered, were used by PHENIX at RHIC to make precision measurements of heavy quark production in p-p and Au+Au collisions, leading to the puzzle of apparent equal suppression of light and heavy quarks in the QGP. If the Higgs mechanism gives mass to gauge bosons but not to fermions, then a proposal that all 6 quarks are nearly massless in a QGP, which would resolve the puzzle, can not be excluded. This proposal can be tested with future measurements of heavy quark correlations in A+A collisions
On Finiteness in the Card Game of War

The game of war is a popular international children's card game. In the beginning of the game, the deck is split into two parts, then each player reveals their top card. The player having the highest card collects both and returns them to the bottom of their hand. The player left with no cards loses. It is often wrongly assumed that this game is deterministic and the result is set once the cards have been dealt. However, this is not so; the rules of the game do not prescribe the order in which the winning player will place their cards on the bottom of the hand. First, we provide an example of a cycling game with fixed rules and then assume that each player can seldom but regularly change the returning order. We have proved that in this case the mathematical expectation of the length of the game is finite. In principle it is equivalent to the graph of the game, which has edges corresponding to all acceptable transitions, having the following property: from each initial configuration there is at least one path to the end of the game.
A Matter Bounce By Means of Ghost Condensation

Assuming the existence of a scalar field which undergoes "ghost condensation" and which has a suitably chosen potential, it is possible to obtain a non-singular bouncing cosmology in the presence of regular matter and radiation. The potential for the ghost condensate field can be chosen such that the cosmological bounce is stable against the presence of anisotropic stress. Cosmological fluctuations on long wavelengths relevant to current cosmological observations pass through the bounce unaffected by the new physics which yields the bounce. Thus, this model allows for the realization of the "matter bounce" scenario, an alternative to inflationary cosmology for the generation of the observed primordial fluctuations in which the inhomogeneities originate as quantum vacuum perturbations which exit the Hubble radius in the matter-dominated phase of contraction.
Comments to support the Dipole Dynamical Model (DDM) of Ball Lightning (BL)

I present estimates to justify previously proposed by me heuristic Dipole Dynamical Model (DDM) of Ball Lightning (BL). The movement and energy supplying to the dipole BL are due to the atmospheric electric field. Crucial for the detailed analysis of BL is using the new relation of balance of the force of atmospheric electric field (per unit mass of electron cloud) and dipole forces electrons-ions within BL dipole (per unit mass of BL) as the first necessary condition for the existance of BL as an integer. This model is unique because, unlike existing static models, fundamental condition for the existence of Ball Lightning is its forward motion. The virial theorem limiting BL power does not apply to BL which is not closed system like the Sun or Galaxy systems and is strongly dependent part of the infinitely extended in time and space large system. Stability of BL is due to two free parameters with the fundamental role of thermodynamic non-equilibrium, ionization, recombination and translational movement with energy loss by radiation and also excess volumetric positive charge. Stability of BL is not related to the presence of any external shells. Polarization degree of BL plasma is characterized by polarizability factor {\gamma}. An example is presented of calculating the stability of an option of BL. There is also a possible connection of stability BL with statistical distributions of the atmospheric electric field in time and space. Destruction of BL can also occur due to arising kinematical instability at its accelerating (or decelerating) movement. Maximal energy density in BL DDM does not exceed the value Espec<(10(8) - 10(9)) J/m(3) decreasing with the growing BL radius. Resulting indefinitely long BL lifetime is also discussed. BL has no outer shell and no any inner rigid or elastic microstructure elements.
Actor Model of Computation: Scalable Robust Information Systems

The Actor model is a mathematical theory that treats "Actors" as the universal primitives of concurrent digital computation. The model has been used both as a framework for a theoretical understanding of concurrency, and as the theoretical basis for several practical implementations of concurrent systems. Unlike previous models of computation, the Actor model was inspired by physical laws. It was also influenced by the programming languages Lisp, Simula 67 and Smalltalk-72, as well as ideas for Petri Nets, capability-based systems and packet switching. The advent of massive concurrency through client-cloud computing and many-core computer architectures has galvanized interest in the Actor model. 
Actor technology will see significant application for integrating all kinds of digital information for individuals, groups, and organizations so their information usefully links together. Information integration needs to make use of the following information system principles: 
* Persistence. Information is collected and indexed. 
* Concurrency: Work proceeds interactively and concurrently, overlapping in time. 
* Quasi-commutativity: Information can be used regardless of whether it initiates new work or become relevant to ongoing work. 
* Sponsorship: Sponsors provide resources for computation, i.e., processing, storage, and communications. 
* Pluralism: Information is heterogeneous, overlapping and often inconsistent. 
* Provenance: The provenance of information is carefully tracked and recorded 
The Actor Model is intended to provide a foundation for inconsistency robust information integration
Taking "The Road Not Taken'': On the Benefits of Diversifying Your Academic Portfolio

It is common practice among young astrophysicists these days to invest research time conservatively in mainstream ideas that have already been explored extensively in the literature. This tendency is driven by peer pressure and job market prospects, and is occasionally encouraged by senior researchers. Although the same phenomenon existed in past decades, it is alarmingly more prevalent today because a growing fraction of observational and theoretical projects are pursued in large groups with rigid research agendas. In addition, the emergence of a ``standard model'' in cosmology (albeit with unknown dark components) offers secure ``bonds'' for a safe investment of research time. In this short essay, which summarizes a banquet lecture at a recent conference, I give examples for both safe and risky topics in astrophysics (which I split into categories of ``bonds,'' ``stocks,'' and ``venture capital''), and argue that young researchers should always allocate a small fraction of their academic portfolio to innovative projects with risky but potentially highly profitable returns. In parallel, selection and promotion committees must find new strategies for rewarding candidates with creative thinking.
Indications of a spatial variation of the fine structure constant.

We previously reported Keck telescope observations suggesting a smaller value of the fine structure constant α at high redshift. New Very Large Telescope (VLT) data, probing a different direction in the Universe, shows an inverse evolution; α increases at high redshift. Although the pattern could be due to as yet undetected systematic effects, with the systematics as presently understood the combined data set fits a spatial dipole, significant at the 4.2 σ level, in the direction right ascension 17.5 ± 0.9 h, declination -58 ± 9 deg. The independent VLT and Keck samples give consistent dipole directions and amplitudes, as do high and low redshift samples. A search for systematics, using observations duplicated at both telescopes, reveals none so far which emulate this result.
Integral transformation of Heun's equation and some applications

It is known that the Fuchsian differential equation which produces the sixth Painlev� e equation corresponds to the Fuchsian differential equation with different parameters via Euler's integral transformation, and Heun's equation also corresponds to Heun's equation with different parame- ters, again via Euler's integral transformation. In this paper we study the correspondences in detail. After investigating correspondences with respect to monodromy, it is demonstrated that the existence of polynomial-type solutions corresponds to apparency of a singularity. For the elliptical representation of Heun's equation, correspondence with respect to monodromy implies isospec- tral symmetry. We apply the symmetry tonite-gap potentials and express the monodromy of Heun's equation with parameters which have not yet been studied.
Foundations of Inference

We present a simple and clear foundation for finite inference that unites and significantly extends the approaches of Kolmogorov and Cox. Our approach is based on quantifying lattices of logical statements in a way that satisfies general lattice symmetries. With other applications such as measure theory in mind, our derivations assume minimal symmetries, relying on neither negation nor continuity nor differentiability. Each relevant symmetry corresponds to an axiom of quantification, and these axioms are used to derive a unique set of quantifying rules that form the familiar probability calculus. We also derive a unique quantification of divergence, entropy and information.
Path Integral and Asian Options

In this paper we analytically study the problem of pricing an arithmetically averaged Asian option in the path integral formalism. By a trick about the Dirac delta function, the measure of the path integral is defined by an effective action functional whose potential term is an exponential function. This path integral is evaluated by use of the Feynman-Kac theorem. After working out some auxiliary integrations involving Bessel and Whittaker functions, we arrive at the spectral expansion for the value of Asian options.
Penalty decomposition methods for rank minimization

In this paper we consider general rank minimization problems with rank appearing either in the objective function or as a constraint. We first establish that a class of special rank minimization problems has closed-form solutions. Using this result, we then propose penalty decomposition (PD) methods for general rank minimization problems in which each subproblem is solved by a block coordinate descent method. Under some suitable assumptions, we show that any accumulation point of the sequence generated by the PD methods satisfies the first-order optimality conditions of a nonlinear reformulation of the problems. Finally, we test the performance of our methods by applying them to the matrix completion and nearest low-rank correlation matrix problems. The computational results demonstrate that our methods are generally comparable or superior to the existing methods in terms of solution quality.
Modeling Dynamical Influence in Human Interaction Patterns

How can we model influence between individuals in a social system, even when the network of interactions is unknown? In this article, we review the literature on the "influence model," which utilizes independent time series to estimate how much the state of one actor affects the state of another actor in the system. We extend this model to incorporate dynamical parameters that allow us to infer how influence changes over time, and we provide three examples of how this model can be applied to simulated and real data. The results show that the model can recover known estimates of influence, it generates results that are consistent with other measures of social networks, and it allows us to uncover important shifts in the way states may be transmitted between actors at different points in time.
Scale-free networks embedded in fractal space

The impact of an inhomogeneous arrangement of nodes in space on a network organization cannot be neglected in most real-world scale-free networks. Here we propose a model for a geographical network with nodes embedded in a fractal space in which we can tune the network heterogeneity by varying the strength of the spatial embedding. When the nodes in such networks have power-law distributed intrinsic weights, the networks are scale-free with the degree distribution exponent decreasing with increasing fractal dimension if the spatial embedding is strong enough, while the weakly embedded networks are still scale-free but the degree exponent is equal to γ = 2 regardless of the fractal dimension. We show that this phenomenon is related to the transition from a noncompact to compact phase of the network and that this transition accompanies a drastic change of the network efficiency. We test our analytically derived predictions on the real-world example of networks describing the soil porous architecture.
Aesthetics and Astronomy: Studying the Public’s Perception and Understanding of Imagery From Space

This study examined the scientific understanding of astronomical pictures by experts and nonexperts. It explored how both groups perceive astronomical images and their understanding of both what they are seeing and the science that underlies the images. Data comprised n = 8,866 responses from a survey linked to the NASA Astronomical Picture of the Day website and four focus groups held at the Harvard—Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Results indicated that variations in presentation of color, explanation, and scale affect comprehension of astronomical imagery. With those who are more expert, shorter, more technical explanations are effective; however, scales are still necessary for complete comprehension. Experts tend to look at the images from a more scientific, data-oriented perspective while nonexperts are more likely to focus, especially initially, on the aesthetic or emotional values of the images. Results provide suggestions for educational outreach to the public.
Empirical study and modeling of human behaviour dynamics of comments on Blog posts

On-line communities offer a great opportunity to investigate human dynamics, because much information about individuals is registered in databases. In this paper, based on data statistics of online comments on Blog posts, we first present an empirical study of a comment arrival-time interval distribution. We find that people interested in some subjects gradually disappear and the interval distribution is a power law. According to this feature, we propose a model with gradually decaying interest. We give a rigorous analysis on the model by non-homogeneous Poisson processes and obtain an analytic expression of the interval distribution. Our analysis indicates that the time interval between two consecutive events follows the power-law distribution with a tunable exponent, which can be controlled by the model parameters and is in interval (1,+{\infty}). The analytical result agrees with the empirical results well, obeying an approximately power-law form. Our model provides a theoretical basis for human behaviour dynamics of comments on Blog posts.
Observational evidence favors a static universe

The common attribute of all Big Bang cosmologies is that they are based on the assumption that the universe is expanding. However examination of the evidence for this expansion clearly favors a static universe. The major topics considered are: Tolman surface brightness, angular size, type 1a supernovae, gamma ray bursts, galaxy distributions, quasar distributions, X-ray background radiation, cosmic microwave background radiation, radio source counts, quasar variability and the Butcher{Oemler eect. An analysis of the best raw data for these topics shows that they are consistent with expansion only if there is evolution that cancels the eects of expansion. An alternate cosmology, curvature cosmology, is a
A mathematical model of the Mafia game

Mafia (also called Werewolf) is a party game. The participants are divided into two competing groups: citizens and a mafia. The objective is to eliminate the opponent group. The game consists of two consecutive phases (day and night) and a certain set of actions (e.g. lynching during day). The mafia members have additional powers (knowing each other, killing during night) whereas the citizens are more numerous. 
We propose a simple mathematical model of the game, which is essentially a pure death process with discrete time. We find the closed-form solutions for the mafia winning-chance, w(n,m), as well as for the evolution of the game. Moreover, we investigate the discrete properties of results, as well as their continuous-time approximations. 
It turns out that a relatively small number of the mafia members, i.e. proportional to the square root of the total number of players, gives equal winning-chance for both groups. Furthermore, the game strongly depends on the parity of the total number of players.
The Joint Distribution of Stock Returns is Not Elliptical

Using a large set of daily US and Japanese stock returns, we test in detail the relevance of Student models, and of more general elliptical models, for describing the joint distribution of returns. We find that while Student copulas provide a good approximation for strongly correlated pairs of stocks, systematic discrepancies appear as the linear correlation between stocks decreases, that rule out all elliptical models. Intuitively, the failure of elliptical models can be traced to the inadequacy of the assumption of a single volatility mode for all stocks. We suggest several ideas of methodological interest to efficiently visualise and compare different copulas. We identify the rescaled difference with the Gaussian copula and the central value of the copula as strongly discriminating observables. We insist on the need to shun away from formal choices of copulas with no financial interpretation.