nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF THE CANDIDATE DISINTEGRATING SUB-MERCURY KIC 12557548B,,

We present multiwavelength photometry, high angular resolution imaging, and radial velocities of the unique and confounding disintegrating low-mass planet candidate KIC 12557548b. Our high angular resolution imaging, which includes space-based Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (HST/WFC3) observations in the optical (∼0.53 μm and ∼0.77 μm), and ground-based Keck/NIRC2 observations in K′ band (∼2.12 μm), allow us to rule out background and foreground candidates at angular separations greater than 0.″2 that are bright enough to be responsible for the transits we associate with KIC 12557548. Our radial velocity limit from Keck/HIRES allows us to rule out bound, low-mass stellar companions (∼0.2 M☉) to KIC 12557548 on orbits less than 10 yr, as well as placing an upper limit on the mass of the candidate planet of 1.2 Jupiter masses; therefore, the combination of our radial velocities, high angular resolution imaging, and photometry are able to rule out most false positive interpretations of the transits. Our precise multiwavelength photometry includes two simultaneous detections of the transit of KIC 12557548b using Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope/Wide-field InfraRed Camera (CFHT/WIRCam) at 2.15 μm and the Kepler space telescope at 0.6 μm, as well as simultaneous null-detections of the transit by Kepler and HST/WFC3 at 1.4 μm. Our simultaneous HST/WFC3 and Kepler null-detections provide no evidence for radically different transit depths at these wavelengths. Our simultaneous CFHT/WIRCam detections in the near-infrared and with Kepler in the optical reveal very similar transit depths (the average ratio of the transit depths at ∼2.15 μm compared with ∼0.6 μm is: 1.02 ± 0.20). This suggests that if the transits we observe are due to scattering from single-size particles streaming from the planet in a comet-like tail, then the particles must be ∼0.5 μm in radius or larger, which would favor that KIC 12557548b is a sub-Mercury rather than super-Mercury mass planet.
High-cooperativity nanofiber laser

Cavity-free efficient coupling between emitters and guided modes is of great current interest for nonlinear quantum optics as well as efficient and scalable quantum information processing. In this work, we extend these activities to the coupling of organic dye molecules to a highly confined mode of a nanofiber, allowing mirrorless and low-threshold laser action in an effective mode volume of less than 100 femtoliters. We model this laser system based on semi-classical rate equations and present an analytic compact form of the laser output intensity. Despite the lack of a cavity structure, we achieve a coupling efficiency of the spontaneous emission to the waveguide mode of 0.07(0.01), in agreement with our calculations. In a further experiment, we also demonstrate the use of a plasmonic nanoparticle as a dispersive output coupler. Our laser architecture is promising for a number of applications in optofluidics and provides a fundamental model system for studying nonresonant feedback stimulated emission.
Introduction to Risk Parity and Budgeting

Although portfolio management didn’t change much during the 40 years after the seminal works of Markowitz and Sharpe, the development of risk budgeting techniques marked an important milestone in the deepening of the relationship between risk and asset management. Risk parity then became a popular financial model of investment after the global financial crisis in 2008. Today, pension funds and institutional investors are using this approach in the development of smart indexing and the redefinition of long-term investment policies.  Risk Parity and Budgeting provides an up-to-date treatment of this alternative method to Markowitz optimization. It builds financial exposure to equities and commodities, considers credit risk in the management of bond portfolios, and designs long-term investment policy. This book contains the solutions of tutorial exercices which are included in Introduction to Risk Parity and Budgeting.
Counterfactual Estimation and Optimization of Click Metrics for Search Engines

Optimizing an interactive system against a predefined online metric is particularly challenging, when the metric is computed from user feedback such as clicks and payments. The key challenge is the counterfactual nature: in the case of Web search, any change to a component of the search engine may result in a different search result page for the same query, but we normally cannot infer reliably from search log how users would react to the new result page. Consequently, it appears impossible to accurately estimate online metrics that depend on user feedback, unless the new engine is run to serve users and compared with a baseline in an A/B test. This approach, while valid and successful, is unfortunately expensive and time-consuming. In this paper, we propose to address this problem using causal inference techniques, under the contextual-bandit framework. This approach effectively allows one to run (potentially infinitely) many A/B tests offline from search log, making it possible to estimate and optimize online metrics quickly and inexpensively. Focusing on an important component in a commercial search engine, we show how these ideas can be instantiated and applied, and obtain very promising results that suggest the wide applicability of these techniques.
Becoming More Robust to Label Noise with Classifier Diversity

It is widely known in the machine learning community that class noise can be (and often is) detrimental to inducing a model of the data. Many current approaches use a single, often biased, measurement to determine if an instance is noisy. A biased measure may work well on certain data sets, but it can also be less effective on a broader set of data sets. In this paper, we present noise identification using classifier diversity (NICD) -- a method for deriving a less biased noise measurement and integrating it into the learning process. To lessen the bias of the noise measure, NICD selects a diverse set of classifiers (based on their predictions of novel instances) to determine which instances are noisy. We examine NICD as a technique for filtering, instance weighting, and selecting the base classifiers of a voting ensemble. We compare NICD with several other noise handling techniques that do not consider classifier diversity on a set of 54 data sets and 5 learning algorithms. NICD significantly increases the classification accuracy over the other considered approaches and is effective across a broad set of data sets and learning algorithms.
Surge motion of an ice floe in waves: comparison of theoretical and experimental models

A theoretical model and an experimental model of surge motions of an ice floe due to regular waves are presented. The theoretical model is a modified version of Morrison's equation, valid for small floating bodies. The experimental model is implemented in a wave basin at scale 1:100, using a thin plastic disk to model the floe. The processed experimental data displays a regime change in surge amplitude when the incident wavelength is approximately twice the floe diameter. It is shown that the theoretical model is accurate in the large wavelength regime, but highly inaccurate for the small wavelength regime.
Nonlinear optomechanical pressure

A transparent material exhibits ultrafast optical nonlinearity and is subject to optical pressure if irradiated by a laser beam. However, the effect of nonlinearity on optical pressure is often overlooked, even if a nonlinear optical pressure may be potentially employed in many applications, such as optical manipulation, biophysics, cavity optomechanics, quantum optics, and optical tractors, and is relevant in fundamental problems such as the Abraham-Minkoswky dilemma or the Casimir effect. Here, we show that an ultrafast nonlinear polarization gives indeed a contribution to the optical pressure that also is negative in certain spectral ranges; the theoretical analysis is confirmed by first-principles simulations. An order-of-magnitude estimate shows that the effect can be observable by measuring the deflection of a membrane made by graphene.
Challenges in nucleosynthesis of trans-iron elements

Nucleosynthesis beyond Fe poses additional challenges not encountered when studying astrophysical processes involving light nuclei. Astrophysical sites and conditions are not well known for some of the processes involved. On the nuclear physics side, different approaches are required, both in theory and experiment. The main differences and most important considerations are presented for a selection of nucleosynthesis processes and reactions, specifically the s-, r-, γ-, and νp-processes. Among the discussed issues are uncertainties in sites and production conditions, the difference between laboratory and stellar rates, reaction mechanisms, important transitions, thermal population of excited states, and uncertainty estimates for stellar rates. The utility and limitations of indirect experimental approaches are also addressed. The presentation should not be viewed as confining the discussed problems to the specific processes. The intention is to generally introduce the concepts and possible pitfalls along with some examples. Similar problems may apply to further astrophysical processes involving nuclei from the Fe region upward and/or at high plasma temperatures. The framework and strategies presented here are intended to aid the conception of future experimental and theoretical approaches.
A Concurrent Multiscale Micromorphic Molecular Dynamics. Part I. Theoretical Formulation

Based on a novel concept of multiplicative multiscale decomposition, we have derived a multiscale micromorphic molecular dynamics (MMMD)to extent the (Andersen)-Parrinello-Rahman molecular dynamics to mesoscale and macroscale. The multiscale micromorphic molecular dynamics is a con-current three-scale particle dynamics that couples a fine scale molecular dynamics, a mesoscale particle dynamics of micromorphic medium, and a coarse scale nonlocal particle dynamics of nonlinear continuum. By choosing proper statistical closure conditions, we have shown that the original Andersen-Parrinello-Rahman molecular dynamics can be rigorously formulated and justified from first principle, and it is a special case of the proposed multiscale micromorphic molecular dynamics. The discovered mutiscale structure and the corresponding multiscale dynamics reveal a seamless transition channel from atomistic scale to continuum scale and the intrinsic coupling relation among them, and it can be used to solve finite size nanoscale science and engineering problems with arbitrary boundary conditions.
Partial Mutual Information Analysis of Financial Networks

The econophysics approach to socio-economic systems is based on the assumption of their complexity. Such assumption inevitably lead to another assumption, namely that underlying interconnections within socio-economic systems, particularly financial markets, are nonlinear, which is shown to be true even in mainstream economic literature. Thus it is surprising to see that network analysis of financial markets is based on linear correlation and its derivatives. An analysis based on partial correlation is of particular interest as it leading to the vicinity of causality detection in time series analysis. In this paper we generalise the Planar Maximally Filtered Graphs and Partial Correlation Planar Graphs to incorporate nonlinearity using partial mutual information.
Modelling Credit Default Swaps: Market-Standard Vs Incomplete-Market Models

Recently, incomplete-market techniques have been used to develop a model applicable to credit default swaps (CDSs) with results obtained that are quite different from those obtained using the market-standard model. This article makes use of the new incomplete-market model to further study CDS hedging and extends the model so that it is capable treating single-name CDS portfolios. Also, a hedge called the vanilla hedge is described, and with it, analytic results are obtained explaining the striking features of the plot of no-arbitrage bounds versus CDS maturity for illiquid CDSs. The valuation process that follows from the incomplete-market model is an integrated modelling and risk management procedure, that first uses the model to find the arbitrage-free range of fair prices, and then requires risk management professionals for both the buyer and the seller to find, as a basis for negotiation, prices that both respect the range of fair prices determined by the model, and also benefit their firms. Finally, in a section on numerical results, the striking behavior of the no-arbitrage bounds as a function of CDS maturity is illustrated, and several examples describe the reduction in risk by the hedging of single-name CDS portfolios.
A STUDY OF THE SHORTEST-PERIOD PLANETS FOUND WITH KEPLER

We present the results of a survey aimed at discovering and studying transiting planets with orbital periods shorter than one day (ultra-short-period, or USP, planets), using data from the Kepler spacecraft. We computed Fourier transforms of the photometric time series for all 200,000 target stars, and detected transit signals based on the presence of regularly spaced sharp peaks in the Fourier spectrum. We present a list of 106 USP candidates, of which 18 have not previously been described in the literature. This list of candidates increases the number of planet candidates with orbital periods shorter than about six hours from two to seven. In addition, among the objects we studied, there are 26 USP candidates that had been previously reported in the literature which do not pass our various tests. All 106 of our candidates have passed several standard tests to rule out false positives due to eclipsing stellar systems. A low false positive rate is also implied by the relatively high fraction of candidates for which more than one transiting planet signal was detected. By assuming these multi-transit candidates represent coplanar multi-planet systems, we are able to infer that the USP planets are typically accompanied by other planets with periods in the range 1–50 days, in contrast with hot Jupiters which very rarely have companions in that same period range. Another clear pattern is that almost all USP planets are smaller than 2 R⊕, possibly because gas giants in very tight orbits would lose their atmospheres by photoevaporation when subject to extremely strong stellar irradiation. Based on our survey statistics, USP planets exist around approximately (0.51 ± 0.07)% of G-dwarf stars, and (0.83 ± 0.18)% of K-dwarf stars.
PROBING THE CRUST OF THE NEUTRON STAR IN EXO 0748–676

X-ray observations of quiescent X-ray binaries have the potential to provide insight into the structure and the composition of neutron stars. EXO 0748–676 had been actively accreting for over 24 yr before its outburst ceased in late 2008. Subsequent X-ray monitoring revealed a gradual decay of the quiescent thermal emission that can be attributed to cooling of the accretion-heated neutron star crust. In this work, we report on new Chandra and Swift observations that extend the quiescent monitoring to ≃5 yr post-outburst. We find that the neutron star temperature remained at ≃117 eV between 2009 and 2011, but had decreased to ≃110 eV in 2013. This suggests that the crust has not fully cooled yet, which is supported by the lower temperature (≃95 eV) measured ≃4 yr prior to the accretion phase in 1980. Comparing the data to thermal evolution simulations reveals that the apparent lack of cooling between 2009 and 2011 could possibly be a signature of convection driven by phase separation of light and heavy nuclei in the outer layers of the neutron star.
Scalable RDF Data Compression using X10

The Semantic Web comprises enormous volumes 
of semi-structured data elements. For interoperability, these 
elements are represented by long strings. Such representations 
are not efficient for the purposes of Semantic Web applications 
that perform computations over large volumes of information. 
A typical method for alleviating the impact of this problem is 
through the use of compression methods that produce more 
compact representations of the data. The use of dictionary 
encoding for this purpose is particularly prevalent in Semantic 
Web database systems. However, centralized implementations 
present performance bottlenecks, giving rise to the need for 
scalable, efficient distributed encoding schemes. In this paper, 
we describe an encoding implementation based on the asynchronous 
partitioned global address space (APGAS) parallel 
programming model. We evaluate performance on a cluster of 
up to 384 cores and datasets of up to 11 billion triples (1.9 
TB). Compared to the state-of-art MapReduce algorithm, we 
demonstrate a speedup of 2:6 - 7:4X and excellent scalability. 
These results illustrate the strong potential of the APGAS 
model for efficient implementation of dictionary encoding and 
contributes to the engineering of larger scale Semantic Web 
applications.
Generalised Mixability, Constant Regret, and Bayesian Updating

Mixability of a loss is known to characterise when constant regret bounds are achievable in games of prediction with expert advice through the use of the aggregating algorithm [Vovk, 2001]. We provide a new interpretation of mixability via convex analysis that highlights the role of the Kullback-Leibler divergence in its definition. This naturally generalises to what we call �-mixability where the Bregman divergence D� replaces the KL divergence. We prove that losses that are �-mixable also enjoy constant regret bounds via a generalised aggregating algorithm that is similar to mirror descent.
Writing Science Fiction Stories to Motivate Analysis of Journal Articles

For many students, college physics courses have little or even negative impact on their beliefs about the connection between physics and the everyday world. One way to help students see this connection is to incorporate analysis of science articles into the course. For introductory courses, one might have students discuss newspaper articles related to science or articles from popular science magazines while articles from peer-reviewed journals might be more appropriate for honors-level or upper-division courses. In this work, I describe a project done in a two-semester upper-division electricity and magnetism course at the United States Air Force Academy in which students were required to use the science from a peer-reviewed journal article to write a science fiction story. Although others have utilized science fiction stories in physics courses, this is the first article to describe a project in which students write their own science fiction stories in a physics course.
Massive Gravity in Extra Dimensions

We discuss a Brane World scenario where we live on a 3-brane with massive gravity in infinite-volume bulk. The bulk graviton can be much heavier than the inverse Hubble size, as heavy as the bulk Planck scale, whose lower bound is roughly the inverse of 0.1 mm. The 4D Einstein-Hilbert term on the brane shields the brane matter from both strong bulk gravity and large bulk graviton mass. Gravity on the brane does not become higher-dimensional at large distances. Instead, at distance scales above the bulk Planck length, gravity on the brane behaves as 4D gravity with small graviton mass roughly of order or below the inverse Hubble size. Unlike the massless case, with massive gravity in the bulk one can have: i) 4D tensor structure on a codimension-1 brane; and ii) no infrared tachyon for smoothed-out higher codimension branes. The effects of the brane dynamics on the bulk are exponentially suppressed away from the brane. One consequence is that there are no "self-accelerated" solutions. In codimension-2 cases there exist nonsingular solutions with a flat 3-brane for a continuous positive range of the brane tension. In higher codimension cases, as in the massless case, higher curvature terms are required to obtain such solutions.
A chromatin structure‐based model accurately predicts DNA replication timing in human cells

The metazoan genome is replicated in precise cell lineage‐specific temporal order. However, the mechanism controlling this orchestrated process is poorly understood as no molecular mechanisms have been identified that actively regulate the firing sequence of genome replication. Here, we develop a mechanistic model of genome replication capable of predicting, with accuracy rivaling experimental repeats, observed empirical replication timing program in humans. In our model, replication is initiated in an uncoordinated (time‐stochastic) manner at well‐defined sites. The model contains, in addition to the choice of the genomic landmark that localizes initiation, only a single adjustable parameter of direct biological relevance: the number of replication forks. We find that DNase‐hypersensitive sites are optimal and independent determinants of DNA replication initiation. We demonstrate that the DNA replication timing program in human cells is a robust emergent phenomenon that, by its very nature, does not require a regulatory mechanism determining a proper replication initiation firing sequence.
The Web of Life

The Web of Life (www.web-of-life.es) provides a graphical user interface, based on Google Maps, for easily visualizing and downloading data on ecological networks of species interactions. It is designed and implemented in a relational database management system, allowing sophisticated and user-friendly searching across networks. Users can access the database by any web browser using a variety of operating systems. Data can be downloaded in several common formats, and a data transmission webservice in JavaScript Object Notation is also provided.
Physics of beer tapping.

The popular bar prank known in colloquial English as beer tapping consists in hitting the top of a beer bottle with a solid object, usually another bottle, to trigger the foaming over of the former within a few seconds. Despite the trick being known for a long time, to the best of our knowledge, the phenomenon still lacks scientific explanation. Although it seems natural to think that shock-induced cavitation enhances the diffusion of CO2 from the supersaturated bulk liquid into the bubbles by breaking them up, the subtle mechanism by which this happens remains unknown. Here, we show that the overall foaming-over process can be divided into three stages where different physical phenomena take place in different time scales: namely, the bubble-collapse (or cavitation) stage, the diffusion-driven stage, and the buoyancy-driven stage. In the bubble-collapse stage, the impact generates a train of expansion-compression waves in the liquid that leads to the fragmentation of preexisting gas cavities. Upon bubble fragmentation, the sudden increase of the interface-area-to-volume ratio enhances mass transfer significantly, which makes the bubble volume grow by a large factor until CO2 is locally depleted. At that point buoyancy takes over, making the bubble clouds rise and eventually form buoyant vortex rings whose volume grows fast due to the feedback between the buoyancy-induced rising speed and the advection-enhanced CO2 transport from the bulk liquid to the bubble. The physics behind this explosive process sheds insight into the dynamics of geological phenomena such as limnic eruptions.