nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effective dissipation and nonlocality induced by nonparaxiality

We investigate beam diffraction and spatial modulation instability of coherent light beams propagating in the non-paraxial regime in a nonlinear Kerr medium. We study the instability of plane wave solutions in terms of the degree of non-paraxiality, beyond the regime of validity of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation. We also numerically analyze the way non-paraxial terms breaks the integrability and affect the periodical evolution of higher order soliton solutions. We discuss non-locality and effective dissipation introduced by the non-linear coupling with evanescent waves.
Dancing in the dark: galactic properties trace spin swings along the cosmic web

A large-scale hydrodynamical cosmological simulation, Horizon-AGN , is used to investigate the alignment between the spin of galaxies and the large-scale cosmic filaments above redshift one. The analysis of more than 150 000 galaxies with morphological diversity in a 100h −1 Mpc comoving box size shows that the spin of low-mass, rotationdominated, blue, star-forming galaxies is preferentially aligned with their neighbouring filaments. High-mass, dispersion-dominated, red, quiescent galaxies tend to have a spin perpendicular to nearby filaments. The reorientation of the spin of massive galaxies is provided by galaxy mergers which are significant in the mass build up of high-mass galaxies. We find that the stellar mass transition from alignment to misalignment happens around 3×10 10 M⊙. This is consistent with earlier findings of a dark matter mass transition for the orientation of the spin of halos (5 × 10 11 M⊙ at the same redshift from Codis et al. 2012). With these numerical evidence, we advocate a scenario in which galaxies form in the vorticity-rich neighbourhood of filaments, and migrate towards the nodes of the cosmic web as they convert their orbital angular momentum into spin. The signature of this process can be traced to the physical and morphological properties of galaxies, as measured relative to the cosmic web. We argue that a strong source of feedback such as Active Galactic Nuclei is mandatory to quench in situ star formation in massive galaxies. It allows mergers to play their key role by reducing post-merger gas inflows and, therefore, keeping galaxy spins misaligned with cosmic filaments. It also promotes diversity amongst galaxy properties.
Exoplanetary Atmospheres

Exoplanetary discoveries in the past two decades have unveiled an astonishing diversity in the physical characteristics of exoplanetary systems, including their orbital properties, masses, radii, equilibrium temperatures, and stellar hosts. Exoplanets known today range from gasgiants to nearly Earth-size planets, and some even in the habitable zones of their host stars. Recent advances in exoplanet observations and theoretical methods are now leading to unprecedented constraints on the physicochemical properties of exoplanetary atmospheres, interiors, and their formation conditions. I will discuss the latest developments and future prospects of this new era of exoplanetary characterization. In particular, I will present some of the latest constraints on atmospheric chemical compositions of exoplanets, made possible by state-of-the-art high-precision observations from space and ground, and their implications for atmospheric processes and formation conditions of exoplanets. The emerging framework for using atmospheric elemental abundance ratios for constraining the origins and migration pathways of giant exoplanets, e.g. hot Jupiters, will also be discussed. A survey of theoretical and observational directions in the field will be presented along with several open questions on the horizon.
The search for neutrino-less double-beta decay: summary of current experiments

The search for neutrino-less double-beta decay has been a very active field of research in the last decade. Neutrino-less double-beta decay may answer essential open questions in neutrino physics. While double-beta decay accompanied by the emission of two neutrinos is allowed by the Standard Model, the neutrino-less process requires neutrinos to be Majorana particles. Detecting this decay could determine the nature of neutrinos, the neutrino effective mass, and the mass hierarchy. Xenon-136 and germanium-76 experiments currently have the best sensitivities. For both isotopes the lifetime of neutrino-less double-beta decay has been determined to be longer than 10^25 years, several orders of magnitude slower than the slowest process that has been detected. In this paper the basic theory of neutrino-less double-beta decay and its relationship to the neutrino mass are discussed. A review of the experimental efforts underway to measure this decay is presented, along with the status and sensitivity of current and near future searches.
New constraints on dark matter effective theories from standard model loops.

We consider an effective field theory for a gauge singlet Dirac dark matter particle interacting with the standard model fields via effective operators suppressed by the scale Λ ≳ 1 TeV. We perform a systematic analysis of the leading loop contributions to spin-independent Dirac dark matter-nucleon scattering using renormalization group evolution between Λ and the low-energy scale probed by direct detection experiments. We find that electroweak interactions induce operator mixings such that operators that are naively velocity suppressed and spin dependent can actually contribute to spin-independent scattering. This allows us to put novel constraints on Wilson coefficients that were so far poorly bounded by direct detection. Constraints from current searches are already significantly stronger than LHC bounds, and will improve in the near future. Interestingly, the loop contribution we find is isospin violating even if the underlying theory is isospin conserving.
Hybrid optomechanics for Quantum Technologies

We review the physics of hybrid optomechanical systems consisting of a mechanical oscillator interacting with both a radiation mode and an additional matterlike system. We concentrate on the cases embodied by either a single or a multi-atom system (a Bose-Einstein condensate, in particular) and discuss a wide range of physical effects, from passive mechanical cooling to the set-up of multipartite entanglement, from optomechanical nonlocality to the achievement of non-classical states of a single mechanical mode. The reviewed material showcases the viability of hybridised cavity optomechanical systems as basic building blocks for quantum communication networks and quantum state-engineering devices, possibly empowered by the use of quantum and optimal control techniques. The results that we discuss are instrumental to the promotion of hybrid optomechanical devices as promising experimental platforms for the study of nonclassicality at the genuine mesoscopic level.
Probe of three-dimensional chiral topological insulators in an optical lattice.

We propose a feasible experimental scheme to realize a three-dimensional chiral topological insulator with cold fermionic atoms in an optical lattice, which is characterized by an integer topological invariant distinct from the conventional Z(2) topological insulators and has a remarkable macroscopic zero-energy flat band. To probe its property, we show that its characteristic surface states--the Dirac cones--can be probed through time-of-flight imaging or Bragg spectroscopy and the flat band can be detected via measurement of the atomic density profile in a weak global trap. The realization of this novel topological phase with a flat band in an optical lattice will provide a unique experimental platform to study the interplay between interaction and topology and open new avenues for application of topological states.
Concept for an Electron Ion Collider (EIC) detector built around the BaBar solenoid

The PHENIX collaboration presents here a concept for a detector at a future Electron Ion Collider (EIC). The EIC detector proposed here, referred to as ePHENIX, will have excellent performance for a broad range of exciting EIC physics measurements, providing powerful investigations not currently available that will dramatically advance our understanding of how quantum chromodynamics binds the proton and forms nuclear matter.
Fusion using time-dependent density-constrained DFT

We present results for calculating fusion cross-sections using a new micro- scopic approach based on a time-dependent density-constrained DFT calculations. The theory is implemented by using densities and other information obtained from TDDFT time-evolution of the nuclear system as a constraint on the density for DFT calculations. The investigation of internuclear potentials for heavy-ion collisions is of fundamental importance for the study of fusion reactions as well as for the formation of superheavy elements and nuclei far from stability. Recently, we have developed a new method to extract ion-ion interaction potentials directly from the time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) time-evolution of the nuclear system (1). In the density-constrained TDHF (DC-TDHF) approach the TDHF time-evolution takes place with no restrictions. At certain times during the evolution the instantaneous density is used to perform a static Hartree-Fock minimization while holding the neutron and proton densities constrained to be the corresponding instantaneous TDHF densities. In essence, this provides us with the TDHF dynamical path in relation to the multi-dimensional static energy surface of the combined nuclear system. In this approach there is no need to introduce constraining operators which assume that the collective motion is confined to the constrained phase space. In short, we have a self-organizing system which selects its evolutionary path by itself following the microscopic dynamics. Some of the e ects naturally included in the DC-TDHF calculations are: neck formation, mass exchange, internal excitations, deformation e ects to all order, as well as the e ect of nuclear alignment for deformed systems. The DC-TDHF theory provides a comprehensive approach to calculating fusion barriers in the mean-field limit. The fusion cross-sections are subsequently calculated by integrating the Schrodinger equation using the incoming-wave boundary condition method (IWBC) as outlined in Ref. (2). The theory has been applied to calculate fusion cross-sections for a large number of systems (2-8). In this contribution we will outline the DC-TDHF method and give new examples of its application to the calculation of fusion cross-sections for several systems.
Monte Carlo validation of optimal material discrimination using spectral x-ray imaging

The aim of this work was to develop a framework to validate an algorithm for determination of optimal material discrimination in spectral x-ray imaging. Using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations based on the BEAMnrc package, material decomposition was performed on the projection images of phantoms containing up to three materials. The simulated projection data was first decomposed into material basis images by minimizing the z-score between expected and simulated counts. Statistical analysis was performed for the pixels within the region-of-interest consisting of contrast material(s) in the MC simulations. With the consideration of scattered radiation and a realistic scanning geometry, the theoretical optima of energy bin borders provided by the algorithm were shown to have an accuracy of ±2 keV for the decomposition of 2 and 3 materials. Finally, the signal-to-noise ratio predicted by the theoretical model was also validated. The counts per pixel needed for achieving a specific imaging aim can therefore be estimated using the validated model.
Option Pricing, Historical Volatility and Tail Risks

We revisit the problem of pricing options with historical volatility estimators. We do this in the context of a generalized GARCH model with multiple time scales and asymmetry. It is argued that the reason for the observed volatility risk premium is tail risk aversion. We parametrize such risk aversion in terms of three coefficients: convexity, skew and kurtosis risk premium. We propose that option prices under the real-world measure are not martingales, but that their drift is governed by such tail risk premia. We then derive a fair-pricing equation for options and show that the solutions can be written in terms of a stochastic volatility model in continuous time and under a martingale probability measure. This gives a precise connection between the pricing and real-world probability measures, which cannot be obtained using Girsanov Theorem. We find that the convexity risk premium, not only shifts the overall implied volatility level, but also changes its term structure. Moreover, the skew risk premium makes the skewness of the volatility smile steeper than a pure historical estimate. We derive analytical formulas for certain implied moments using the Bergomi-Guyon expansion. This allows for very fast calibrations of the models. We show examples of a particular model which can reproduce the observed SPX volatility surface using very few parameters.
Incremental classification using Feature Tree

In recent years, stream data have become an immensely growing area of research for the database, computer science and data mining communities. Stream data is an ordered sequence of instances. In many applications of data stream mining data can be read only once or a small number of times using limited computing and storage capabilities. Some of the issues occurred in classifying stream data that have significant impact in algorithm development are size of database, online streaming, high dimensionality and concept drift. The concept drift occurs when the properties of the historical data and target variable change over time abruptly in such a case that the predictions will become inaccurate as time passes. In this paper the framework of incremental classification is proposed to solve the issues for the classification of stream data. The Trie structure based incremental feature tree, Trie structure based incremental FP (Frequent Pattern) growth tree and tree based incremental classification algorithm are introduced in the proposed framework.
In-Memory Database Systems - A Paradigm Shift

In today world, organizations like Google, Yahoo, Amazon, Facebook etc. are facing drastic increase in data. This leads to the problem of capturing, storing, managing and analyzing terabytes or petabytes of data, stored in multiple formats, from different internal and external sources. Moreover, new applications scenarios like weather forecasting, trading, artificial intelligence etc. need huge data processing in real time. These requirements exceed the processing capacity of traditional on-disk database management systems to manage this data and to give speedy real time results. Therefore, data management needs new solutions for coping with the challenges of data volumes and processing data in real-time. An in-memory database system (IMDS) is a latest breed of database management system which is becoming answer to above challenges with other supporting technologies. IMDS is capable to process massive data distinctly faster. This paper explores IMDS approach and its associated design issues and challenges. It also investigates some famous commercial and open-source IMDS solutions available in the market.
Covariant phase space, constraints, gauge and the Peierls formula

It is well known that both the symplectic structure and the Poisson brackets of classical field theory can be constructed directly from the Lagrangian in a covariant way, without passing through the noncovariant canonical Hamiltonian formalism. This is true even in the presence of constraints and gauge symmetries. These constructions go under the names of the covariant phase space formalism and the Peierls bracket. We review both of them, paying more careful attention, than usual, to the precise mathematical hypotheses that they require, illustrating them in examples. Also an extensive historical overview of the development of these constructions is provided. The novel aspect of our presentation is a significant expansion and generalization of an elegant and quite recent argument by Forger and Romero showing the equivalence between the resulting symplectic and Poisson structures without passing through the canonical Hamiltonian formalism as an intermediary. We generalize it to cover theories with constraints and gauge symmetries and formulate precise sufficient conditions under which the argument holds. These conditions include a local condition on the equations of motion that we call hyperbolizability, and some global conditions of cohomological nature. The details of our presentation may shed some light on subtle questions related to the Poisson structure of gauge theories and their quantization.
Market impact as anticipation of the order flow imbalance

In this paper, we assume that the permanent market impact of metaorders is linear and that the price is a martingale. Those two hypotheses enable us to derive the evolution of the price from the dynamics of the flow of market orders. For example, if the market order flow is assumed to follow a nearly unstable Hawkes process, we retrieve the apparent long memory of the flow together with a power law impact function, which is consistent with the celebrated square root law. We also link the long memory exponent of the sign of market orders with the impact function exponent. One of the originalities of our approach is that our results are derived without assuming that market participants are able to detect the beginning of metaorders.
A new scheme for color confinement due to violation of the non-Abelian Bianchi identities

A new scheme for color confinement in QCD due to violation of the non-Abelian Bianchi identities is discussed. The violation of the non-Abelian Bianchi identities (VNABI) $J_{\mu}$ is equal to Abelian-like monopole currents $k_{\mu}$ defined by the violation of the Abelian-like Bianchi identities. Although VNABI is an adjoint operator satisfying the covariant conservation rule $D_{\mu}J_{\mu}=0$, it gives us, at the same time, the Abelian-like conservation rule $\partial_{\mu}J_{\mu}=0$. The Abelian-like conservation rule $\partial_{\mu}J_{\mu}=0$ is also gauge-covariant. There are $N^2-1$ conserved magnetic charges in the case of color $SU(N)$. The charge of each component of VNABI is quantized \`{a} la Dirac. VNABI satisfying the Dirac quantization condition could be defined on lattice as lattice Abelian-like monopole currents without any gauge-fixing. Previous studies of the Abelian-like monopoles $k_{\mu}$ on lattice show that non-Abelian color confinement could be understood by the Abelian-like dual Meissner effect due to condensation of VNABI.
Phase Transitions and Sample Complexity in Bayes-Optimal Matrix Factorization

We analyze the matrix factorization problem. Given a noisy measurement of a product of two matrices, the problem is to estimate back the original matrices. It arises in many applications, such as dictionary learning, blind matrix calibration, sparse principal component analysis, blind source separation, low rank matrix completion, robust principal component analysis, or factor analysis. It is also important in machine learning: unsupervised representation learning can often be studied through matrix factorization. We use the tools of statistical mechanics-the cavity and replica methods-to analyze the achievability and computational tractability of the inference problems in the setting of Bayes-optimal inference, which amounts to assuming that the two matrices have random-independent elements generated from some known distribution, and this information is available to the inference algorithm. In this setting, we compute the minimal mean-squared-error achievable, in principle, in any computational time, and the error that can be achieved by an efficient approximate message passing algorithm. The computation is based on the asymptotic state-evolution analysis of the algorithm. The performance that our analysis predicts, both in terms of the achieved mean-squared-error and in terms of sample complexity, is extremely promising and motivating for a further development of the algorithm.
A Survey on Spatial Co-location Patterns Discovery from Spatial Datasets

Spatial data mining or Knowledge discovery in spatial database is the extraction of implicit knowledge, spatial relations and spatial patterns that are not explicitly stored in databases. Co-location patterns discovery is the process of finding the subsets of features that are frequently located together in the same geographic area. In this paper, we discuss the different approaches like Rule based approach, Join-less approach, Partial Join approach and Constraint neighborhood based approach for finding co-location patterns.
Origins of Megalithic Astronomy in Britain

By c. 3000 BC, in the late Neolithic, there had been a significant change in the way people materialized their cosmology across Scotland with the introduction of free-standing stones. These were erected almost until the end of the Bronze Age (Burl 2000, 1993). Significantly, a series of astronomical patternings have been empirically verified for many Bronze Age monuments that were erected between 1400-900 BC (Higginbottom et 14 al. 2013, 2003, 2001, 2000). Further, two series of complex landscape patternings associated with the same monuments and their orientations have been identified (Higginbottom et al. 2013 & Higginbottom 'in preparation' - Bronze Age megalithic monuments on the isle of Mull). However, when and where these patterns were first associated with standing-stone structures was unknown. Through innovative statistics and software we show that visible astronomical-landscape variables found at Bronze Age sites on the inner isles and mainland of western Scotland were actually first established nearly two millennia earlier, with the erection of the first 'great circles' in Britain: Callanish on the Isle of Lewis and Stenness on the Isle of Orkney. In particular, we introduce our new statistical test that enables the quantitative determination of astronomical connections of stone circles. It is seen that, whilst different standing-stone monuments were created over time (Burl 2000, 1993; 22 Higginbottom et al. 2013;  with a mixture of landscape variables (Higginbottom et al. 2013), there are nevertheless highly relevant aspects that remained unchanged through these years. This suggests that there is some continuity of this cosmological system through time, despite the various radical material and social changes that occurred from the late Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age (Lynch 2000; Mullin 26 2001; Owoc 2001).
Black Hole Entropy from Indistinguishable Quantum Geometric Excitations

In loop quantum gravity the quantum geometry of a black hole horizon consists of discrete nonperturbative quantum geometric excitations (or punctures) labeled by spins, which are responsible for the quantum area of the horizon. If these punctures are compared to a gas of particles, then the spins associated with the punctures can be viewed as single puncture area levels analogous to single particle energy levels. Consequently, if we assume these punctures to be indistinguishable, the microstate count for the horizon resembles that of Bose-Einstein counting formula for gas of particles. For the Bekenstein-Hawking area law to follow from the entropy calculation in the large area limit, the Barbero-Immirzi parameter () approximately takes a constant value. As a by-product, we are able to speculate the state counting formula for the SU(2) quantum Chern-Simons theory coupled to indistinguishable sources in the weak coupling limit.