nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring Text Virality in Social Networks

This paper aims to shed some light on the concept of virality - especially in social networks - and to provide new insights on its structure. We argue that: (a) virality is a phenomenon strictly connected to the nature of the content being spread, rather than to the influencers who spread it, (b) virality is a phenomenon with many facets, i.e. under this generic term several different effects of persuasive communication are comprised and they only partially overlap. To give ground to our claims, we provide initial experiments in a machine learning framework to show how various aspects of virality can be independently predicted according to content features.
Quantum Theory without Planck's Constant

Planck's constant was introduced as a fundamental scale in the early history of quantum mechanics. We find a modern approach where Planck's constant is absent: it is unobservable except as a constant of human convention. Despite long reference to experiment, review shows that Planck's constant cannot be obtained from the data of Ryberg, Davisson and Germer, Compton, or that used by Planck himself. In the new approach Planck's constant is tied to macroscopic conventions of Newtonian origin, which are dispensable. The precision of other fundamental constants is substantially improved by eliminating Planck's constant. The electron mass is determined about 67 times more precisely, and the unit of electric charge determined 139 times more precisely. Improvement in the experimental value of the fine structure constant allows new types of experiment to be compared towards finding "new physics." The long-standing goal of eliminating reliance on the artifact known as the International Prototype Kilogram can be accomplished to assist progress in fundamental physics.
Achieving Consensus with Individual Centrality Approach

This paper proposes a new consensus model in participatory decision making. The model employs advice centrality approach by electing a leader and recommender named as Supra Decision Maker (SDM). A SDM has a role as a decision bench-marker to other decision makers in evaluating each alternative with respect to given criteria. The weighting value for each alternative can be obtained by considering consensus level and preferences' distances between SDM and other Decision Makers. A social function using Social Judgment Scheme (SJS) concept is employed when a decision does not achieve the required consensus level. A simple example is presented here to illustrate our model. 
 Consensus, Group decision making, Centrality, Supra Decision Maker, Social Judgment Scheme
Solar system constraints on f(T) gravity

We use recent observations of Solar system orbital motions in order to constrain f(T) gravity. In particular, imposing a quadratic f(T) correction to the linear-in-T form, which is a good approximation for every realistic case, we extract the spherical solutions of the theory. Using these spherical solutions to describe the Sun's gravitational field, we use recently determined supplementary advances of planetary perihelia, to infer upper bounds on the allowed f(T) corrections. We find that the maximal allowed divergence of the gravitational potential in f(T) gravity from that in the teleparallel equivalent of General Relativity is of the order of 6.2 × 10−10, in the applicability region of our analysis. This is much smaller than the corresponding (significantly small too) divergence that is predicted from cosmological observations, as expected. Such a tiny allowed divergence from the linear form should be taken into account in f(T) model building.
Logarithmic oscillators: ideal Hamiltonian thermostats.

A logarithmic oscillator (in short, log-oscillator) behaves like an ideal thermostat because of its infinite heat capacity: When it weakly couples to another system, time averages of the system observables agree with ensemble averages from a Gibbs distribution with a temperature T that is given by the strength of the logarithmic potential. The resulting equations of motion are Hamiltonian and may be implemented not only in a computer but also with real-world experiments, e.g., with cold atoms.
On the Easiest and Hardest Fitness Functions

The hardness of fitness functions is an important research topic in the field of evolutionary computation. In theory, this paper can help with understanding the ability of evolutionary algorithms (EAs). In practice, this paper may provide a guideline to the design of benchmarks. The aim of this paper is to answer the following research questions. Given a fitness function class, which functions are the easiest with respect to an EA? Which are the hardest? How are these functions constructed? This paper provides theoretical answers to these questions. The easiest and hardest fitness functions are constructed for an elitist (1 + 1) EA to maximize a class of fitness functions with the same optima. It is demonstrated that the unimodal functions are the easiest and deceptive functions are the hardest in terms of the time-based fitness landscape. This paper also reveals that in a fitness function class, the easiest function to one algorithm may become the hardest to another algorithm, and vice versa.
You Had Me at Hello: How Phrasing Affects Memorability

Understanding the ways in which information achieves widespread public awareness is a research question of significant interest. We consider whether, and how, the way in which the information is phrased --- the choice of words and sentence structure --- can affect this process. To this end, we develop an analysis framework and build a corpus of movie quotes, annotated with memorability information, in which we are able to control for both the speaker and the setting of the quotes. We find that there are significant differences between memorable and non-memorable quotes in several key dimensions, even after controlling for situational and contextual factors. One is lexical distinctiveness: in aggregate, memorable quotes use less common word choices, but at the same time are built upon a scaf-folding of common syntactic patterns. Another is that memorable quotes tend to be more general in ways that make them easy to apply in new contexts --- that is, more portable. We also show how the concept of "memorable language" can be extended across domains.
Scalable K-Means++

Over half a century old and showing no signs of aging, k-means remains one of the most popular data processing algorithms. As is well-known, a proper initialization of k-means is crucial for obtaining a good final solution. The recently proposed k-means++ initialization algorithm achieves this, obtaining an initial set of centers that is provably close to the optimum solution. A major downside of the k-means++ is its inherent sequential nature, which limits its applicability to massive data: one must make k passes over the data to find a good initial set of centers. In this work we show how to drastically reduce the number of passes needed to obtain, in parallel, a good initialization. This is unlike prevailing efforts on parallelizing k-means that have mostly focused on the post-initialization phases of k-means. We prove that our proposed initialization algorithm k-means|| obtains a nearly optimal solution after a logarithmic number of passes, and then show that in practice a constant number of passes suffices. Experimental evaluation on real-world large-scale data demonstrates that k-means|| outperforms k-means++ in both sequential and parallel settings.
On the influence of the Illuminati in astronomical adaptive optics

Astronomical adaptive optics (AO) has come into its own. Major O/IR telescopes are achieving diffraction-limited imaging; major facilities are being built with AO as an integral part. To the layperson, it may seem that AO has developed along a serpentine path. However, with a little illumination, the mark of Galileo's heirs becomes apparent in explaining the success of AO.
Aliens on Earth. Are reports of close encounters correct

Popular culture (movies, SF literature) and witness accounts of close encounters with extraterrestrials provide a rather bizarre image of Aliens behavior on Earth. It is far from stereotypes of human space exploration. The reported Aliens are not missions of diplomats, scientists nor even invasion fleets; typical encounters are with lone ETs (or small groups), and involve curious behavior: abductions and experiments (often of sexual nature), cattle mutilations, localized killing and mixing in human society using various methods. Standard scientific explanations of these social memes point to influence of cultural artifacts (movies, literature) on social imagination, projection of our fears and observations of human society, and, in severe cases, psychic disorder of the involved individuals. In this work we propose an alternate explanation, claiming that the memes might be the result of observations of actual behavior of true Aliens, who, visiting Earth behave in a way that is then reproduced by such memes. The proposal would solve, in natural way, the Fermi paradox.
The maximum maximum of a martingale with given $\mathbf{n}$ marginals

We obtain bounds on the distribution of the maximum of a martingale with fixed marginals at finitely many intermediate times. The bounds are sharp and attained by a solution to $n$-marginal Skorokhod embedding problem in Ob{\l}\'oj and Spoida [An iterated Az\'ema-Yor type embedding for finitely many marginals (2013) ]. It follows that their embedding maximizes the maximum among all other embeddings. Our motivating problem is superhedging lookback options under volatility uncertainty for an investor allowed to dynamically trade the underlying asset and statically trade European call options for all possible strikes and finitely-many maturities. We derive a pathwise inequality which induces the cheapest superhedging value, which extends the two-marginals pathwise inequality of Brown, Hobson and Rogers [ (2001) 558-578]. This inequality, proved by elementary arguments, is derived by following the stochastic control approach of Galichon, Henry-Labord\`ere and Touzi
Gods as Topological Invariants

We show that the number of gods in a universe must equal the Euler characteristics of its underlying manifold. By incorporating the classical cosmological argument for creation, this result builds a bridge between theology and physics and makes theism a testable hypothesis. Theological implications are profound since the theorem gives us new insights in the topological structure of heavens and hells. Recent astronomical observations can not reject theism, but data are slightly in favor of atheism.
From user comments to on-line conversations

We present an analysis of user conversations in on-line social media and their evolution over time. We propose a dynamic model that predicts the growth dynamics and structural properties of conversation threads. The model reconciles the differing observations that have been reported in existing studies. By separating artificial factors from user behavior, we show that there are actually underlying rules in common for on-line conversations in different social media websites. Results of our model are supported by empirical measurements throughout a number of different social media websites.
GENERAL INTENSITY SHAPES IN OPTIMAL LIQUIDATION

The classical literature on optimal liquidation, rooted in Almgren–Chriss models, tackles the optimal liquidation problem using a trade‐off between market impact and price risk. It answers the general question of optimal scheduling but the very question of the actual way to proceed with liquidation is rarely dealt with. Our model, which incorporates both price risk and nonexecution risk, is an attempt to tackle this question using limit orders. The very general framework we propose to model liquidation with limit orders generalizes existing ones in two ways. We consider a risk‐averse agent, whereas the model of Bayraktar and Ludkovski only tackles the case of a risk‐neutral one. We consider very general functional forms for the execution process intensity, whereas Guéant, Lehalle and Fernandez‐Tapia are restricted to exponential intensity. Eventually, we link the execution cost function of Almgren–Chriss models to the intensity function in our model, providing then a way to see Almgren–Chriss models as a limit of ours.
Uncovering disassortativity in large scale-free networks.

Mixing patterns in large self-organizing networks, such as the Internet, the World Wide Web, and social and biological networks, are often characterized by degree-degree dependencies between neighboring nodes. In this paper, we propose a new way of measuring degree-degree dependencies. One of the problems with the commonly used assortativity coefficient is that in disassortative networks its magnitude decreases with the network size. We mathematically explain this phenomenon and validate the results on synthetic graphs and real-world network data. As an alternative, we suggest to use rank correlation measures such as Spearman's ρ. Our experiments convincingly show that Spearman's ρ produces consistent values in graphs of different sizes but similar structure, and it is able to reveal strong (positive or negative) dependencies in large graphs. In particular, we discover much stronger negative degree-degree dependencies in Web graphs than was previously thought. Rank correlations allow us to compare the assortativity of networks of different sizes, which is impossible with the assortativity coefficient due to its genuine dependence on the network size. We conclude that rank correlations provide a suitable and informative method for uncovering network mixing patterns.
Evolution of magnetic protection in potentially habitable terrestrial planets

We present a model for the evolution of the magnetic properties of habitable terrestrial planets and their effects on the protection of planetary atmosphere against the erosive action of stellar wind. Using up-to-date thermal evolution models and dynamo scaling laws we predict the evolution of the planetary dipole moment as a function of planetary mass and rotation rate. Combining these results with models for the evolution of the stellar wind, stellar XUV fluxes and planetary exosphere characteristics, we determine the properties of the magnetosphere and the exobase radius in order to estimate the level of atmospheric mass losses. We use this model to evaluate the magnetic protection of the potentially habitable super-Earths GJ 667Cc, Gl 581d and HD 85512b. We confirm that Earth-like planets, even under the highest attainable magnetic field strengths, will lose a significant fraction of their atmospheric volatiles if they are tidally locked in the habitable zone of dM stars, or even if having N/O-rich atmospheres they are in habitable zones closer than $\sim$ 0.8 AU. Similar mass-dependent inner limits have been found for super-Earths $M_p\gtrsim 3 M_\oplus$ that in any case seem to have better chances of preserving their atmospheres even if they are tidally locked. We predict that the atmosphere of GJ 667Cc has probably already been obliterated and it is presently uninhabitable. On the other hand, our model predicts that the atmospheres of Gl 581d and HD 85512b would be well protected by intrinsic magnetic fields, even under the worst expected conditions of stellar aggression.
On the Ratio of Circumference to Diameter for the Largest Observable Circles: An Empirical Approach

I present here a measurement of pi as determined for the largest observable circles. Intriguingly, the value of 16/5 asserted by the House of Representatives of the State of Indiana in 1897 is still viable, although strongly disfavored relative to 22/7, another popular value. The oft-used `small-circle' value of 3 is ruled out at greater than 5\sigma. We discuss connections with string theory, sterile neutrinos, and possibilities for (very large) lower limits to the size of the Universe.
When Games Meet Reality: Is Zynga Overvalued?

On December 16th, 2011, Zynga, the well-known social game developing company went public. This event followed other recent IPOs in the world of social networking companies, such as Groupon or Linkedin among others. With a valuation close to 7 billion USD at the time when it went public, Zynga became one of the biggest web IPOs since Google. This recent enthusiasm for social networking companies raises the question whether they are overvalued. Indeed, during the few months since its IPO, Zynga showed significant variability, its market capitalization going from 5.6 to 10.2 billion USD, hinting at a possible irrational behavior from the market. To bring substance to the debate, we propose a two-tiered approach to compute the intrinsic value of Zynga. First, we introduce a new model to forecast its user base, based on the individual dynamics of its major games. Next, we model the revenues per user using a logistic function, a standard model for growth in competition. This allows us to bracket the valuation of Zynga using three different scenarios: 3.4, 4.0 and 4.8 billion USD in the base case, high growth and extreme growth scenario respectively. This suggests that Zynga has been overpriced ever since its IPO. Finally, we propose an investment strategy (dated April 19th, 2012 on the arXive), which is based on our diagnostic of a bubble for Zynga and how this herding / bubbly sentiment can be expected to play together with two important coming events (the quarterly financial result announcement around April 26th, 2012 followed by the end of a first lock-up period around April 30th, 2012). On the long term, our analysis indicates that Zynga's price should decrease significantly. The paper ends with a post-mortem analysis added on May 24th, 2012, just before going to press, showing that we have successfully predicted the downward trend of Zynga. Since April 27th, 2012, Zynga dropped 25%.
Studies on Extended Higgs Sectors as a Probe of New Physics Beyond the Standard Model

In this thesis, we discuss theoretical properties of various Higgs sectors, and we analyze constraints from current experimental data, and then we study collider signatures in each Higgs sector. In Part I, we focus on the phenomenology of various extended Higgs sectors such as the two Higgs doublet model, the Higgs triplet model and Higgs sectors in supersymmetric standard models. In Part II, we discuss new physics models at the TeV scale, in which the Higgs sector is extended, and neutrino masses, dark matter and/or baryon asymmetry of the Universe can be explained.
The reinstatement of funding to the Overwhelmingly Large Telescope Project

While space-based telescopes have had a part to play ultimately I feel that it is telescopes like myself that have contributed the most to pushing the boundaries of our knowledge. With current advances in optical engineering we have the ability to create segmented mirrors of considerable size. The scientific possibilities of a single 100m reflecting telescope are considerable, for example, allowing for the detection of biological components in exoplanet atmospheres. One such project was OWL, a project very close to my heart and one that was sadly cancelled before it even began. In light of the breakthroughs that such an instrument could have given the community I recommend the cancellation of the OWL to be reconsidered and for funding to be reinstated to the project.
Local Volatility Pricing Models for Long-Dated FX Derivatives

We study the local volatility function in the foreign exchange (FX) market, where both domestic and foreign interest rates are stochastic. This model is suitable to price long-dated FX derivatives. We derive the local volatility function and obtain several results that can be used for the calibration of this local volatility on the FX option's market. Then, we study an extension to obtain a more general volatility model and propose a calibration method for the local volatility associated with this model.
Selected problems on elliptic equations involving measures

This monograph is the core of my book "Elliptic PDEs, Measures and Capacities: From the Poisson equation to Nonlinear Thomas-Fermi Problems" which has received the 2014 EMS Monograph Award and is available in the series EMS Tracts in Mathematics published by the European Mathematical Society. Many chapters have been thoroughly rewritten during the book preparation. The manuscript here has kept the original presentation and concerns linear and nonlinear Dirichlet problems involving $L^1$ data and more generally measure data, based on Stampacchia's definition of weak solution. I explain some of the main tools: linear regularity theory, maximum principles, Kato's inequality, method of sub and supersolutions, and the Perron method. The semilinear Dirichlet problem need not have a solution for every finite measure. I give characterizations of measures for which the problem has a solution with polynomial and exponential nonlinearities in connection with capacities and Hausdorff measures. Finally, the reader will find a different approach to the concept of reduced measure introduced in collaboration with H. Brezis and M. Marcus, which has not been retained in my EMS book due to personal time constraints.
Fast Multi-Scale Detection of Relevant Communities

Nowadays, networks are almost ubiquitous. In the past decade, community detection received an increasing interest as a way to uncover the structure of networks by grouping nodes into communities more densely connected internally than externally. Yet most of the effective methods available do not consider the potential levels of organisation, or scales, a network may encompass and are therefore limited. In this paper we present a method compatible with global and local criteria that enables fast multi-scale community detection. The method is derived in two algorithms, one for each type of criterion, and implemented with 6 known criteria. Uncovering communities at various scales is a computationally expensive task. Therefore this work puts a strong emphasis on the reduction of computational complexity. Some heuristics are introduced for speed-up purposes. Experiments demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of our method with respect to each algorithm and criterion by testing them against large generated multi-scale networks. This study also offers a comparison between criteria and between the global and local approaches.
Emergence: Key physical issues for deeper philosophical inquiries

In this essay I begin with a sketch of three senses of emergence and a suggestive view on the emergence of time and the direction of time. After trying to identify what issues representative philosophers view as important in their inquires into emergence phenomena in physics I make several observations pertaining to the concepts, methodology and mechanisms required to understand emergence and describe a platform for its investigation. I then identify some key physical issues which I feel need be better appreciated by the philosophers in this pursuit. I end with some comments on the issue of coarse-graining and persistence structures.