nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution in a Changing Environment

We propose a simple model for genetic adaptation to a changing environment, describing a fitness landscape characterized by two maxima. One is associated with “specialist” individuals that are adapted to the environment; this maximum moves over time as the environment changes. The other maximum is static, and represents “generalist” individuals not affected by environmental changes. The rest of the landscape is occupied by “maladapted” individuals. Our analysis considers the evolution of these three subpopulations. Our main result is that, in presence of a sufficiently stable environmental feature, as in the case of an unchanging aspect of a physical habitat, specialists can dominate the population. By contrast, rapidly changing environmental features, such as language or cultural habits, are a moving target for the genes; here, generalists dominate, because the best evolutionary strategy is to adopt neutral alleles not specialized for any specific environment. The model we propose is based on simple assumptions about evolutionary dynamics and describes all possible scenarios in a non-trivial phase diagram. The approach provides a general framework to address such fundamental issues as the Baldwin effect, the biological basis for language, or the ecological consequences of a rapid climate change.
PS1-10jh: THE DISRUPTION OF A MAIN-SEQUENCE STAR OF NEAR-SOLAR COMPOSITION

When a star comes within a critical distance to a supermassive black hole (SMBH), immense tidal forces disrupt the star, resulting in a stream of debris that falls back onto the SMBH and powers a luminous flare. In this paper, we perform hydrodynamical simulations of the disruption of a main-sequence star by an SMBH to characterize the evolution of the debris stream after a tidal disruption. We demonstrate that this debris stream is confined by self-gravity in the two directions perpendicular to the original direction of the star's travel and as a consequence has a negligible surface area and makes almost no contribution to either the continuum or line emission. We therefore propose that any observed emission lines are not the result of photoionization in this unbound debris, but are produced in the region above and below the forming elliptical accretion disk, analogous to the broad-line region (BLR) in steadily accreting active galactic nuclei. As each line within a BLR is observationally linked to a particular location in the accretion disk, we suggest that the absence of a line indicates that the accretion disk does not yet extend to the distance required to produce that line. This model can be used to understand the spectral properties of the tidal disruption event PS1-10jh, for which He ii lines are observed, but the Balmer series and He i are not. Using a maximum likelihood analysis, we show that the disruption of a main-sequence star of near-solar composition can reproduce this event.
Structure of entanglement in regulated Lorentz invariant field theories

Regulated Lorentz invariant quantum field theories satisfy an area law for the entanglement entropy $S$ of a spatial subregion in the ground state in $d>1$ spatial dimensions; nevertheless, the full density matrix contains many more than $e^{S}$ non-zero eigenvalues. We ask how well the state of a subregion $R$ in the ground state of such a theory can be approximated when keeping only the $e^{S}$ largest eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix of $R$. We argue that by taking the region $R$ big enough, we can always ensure that keeping roughly $e^{S}$ states leads to bounded error in trace norm even for subregions in gapless ground states. We support these general arguments with an explicit computation of the error in a half-space geometry for a free scalar field in any dimension. Along the way we show that the Renyi entropy of a ball in the ground state of any conformal field theory at small Renyi parameter is controlled by the conventional \textit{thermal entropy density} at low temperatures. We also reobtain and generalize some old results relevant to DMRG on the decay of Schmidt coefficients of intervals in one dimensional ground states. Finally, we discuss the role of the regulator, the insensitivity of our arguments to the precise ultraviolet physics, and the role of adiabatic continuity in our results.
Verification of Inconsistency-Aware Knowledge and Action Bases

Description Logic Knowledge and Action Bases (KABs) have been recently introduced as a mechanism that provides a semantically rich representation of the information on the domain of interest in terms of a DL KB and a set of actions to change such information over time, possibly introducing new objects. In this setting, decidability of verification of sophisticated temporal properties over KABs, expressed in a variant of first-order µ-calculus, has been shown. However, the established framework treats inconsistency in a simplistic way, by rejecting inconsistent states produced through action execution. We address this problem by showing how inconsistency handling based on the notion of repairs can be integrated into KABs, resorting to inconsistency-tolerant semantics. In this setting, we establish decidability and complexity of verification.
Are elite journals declining?

Previous research indicates that during the past 20 years, the highest‐quality work has been published in an increasingly diverse and larger group of journals. In this article, we examine whether this diversification has also affected the handful of elite journals that are traditionally considered to be the best. We examine citation patterns during the past 40 years of seven long‐standing traditionally elite journals and six journals that have been increasing in importance during the past 20 years. To be among the top 5% or 1% cited papers, papers now need about twice as many citations as they did 40 years ago. Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, elite journals have been publishing a decreasing proportion of these top‐cited papers. This also applies to the two journals that are typically considered as the top venues and often used as bibliometric indicators of “excellence”: Science and Nature. On the other hand, several new and established journals are publishing an increasing proportion of the most‐cited papers. These changes bring new challenges and opportunities for all parties. Journals can enact policies to increase or maintain their relative position in the journal hierarchy. Researchers now have the option to publish in more diverse venues knowing that their work can still reach the same audiences. Finally, evaluators and administrators need to know that although there will always be a certain prestige associated with publishing in “elite” journals, journal hierarchies are in constant flux.
WATER-TRAPPED WORLDS

Although tidally locked habitable planets orbiting nearby M-dwarf stars are among the best astronomical targets to search for extrasolar life, they may also be deficient in volatiles and water. Climate models for this class of planets show atmospheric transport of water from the dayside to the nightside, where it is precipitated as snow and trapped as ice. Since ice only slowly flows back to the dayside upon accumulation, the resulting hydrological cycle can trap a large amount of water in the form of nightside ice. Using ice sheet dynamical and thermodynamical constraints, I illustrate how planets with less than about a quarter the Earth's oceans could trap most of their surface water on the nightside. This would leave their dayside, where habitable conditions are met, potentially dry. The amount and distribution of residual liquid water on the dayside depend on a variety of geophysical factors, including the efficiency of rock weathering at regulating atmospheric CO2 as dayside ocean basins dry up. Water-trapped worlds with dry daysides may offer similar advantages as land planets for habitability, by contrast with worlds where more abundant water freely flows around the globe.
Technical report: Linking the scientific and clinical data with KI2NA-LHC

We introduce a use case and propose a system for data and knowledge integration in life sciences. In particular, we focus on linking clinical resources (electronic patient records) with scientific documents and data (research articles, biomedical ontologies and databases). Our motivation is two-fold. Firstly, we aim to instantly provide scientific context of particular patient cases for clinicians in order for them to propose treatments in a more informed way. Secondly, we want to build a technical infrastructure for researchers that will allow them to semi-automatically formulate and evaluate their hypothesis against longitudinal patient data. This paper describes the proposed system and its typical usage in a broader context of KI2NA, an ongoing collaboration between the DERI research institute and Fujitsu Laboratories. We introduce an architecture of the proposed framework called KI2NA-LHC (for Linked Health Care) and outline the details of its implementation. We also describe typical usage scenarios and propose a methodology for evaluation of the whole framework. The main goal of this paper is to introduce our ongoing work to a broader expert audience. By doing so, we aim to establish an early-adopter community for our work and elicit feedback we could reflect in the development of the prototype so that it is better tailored to the requirements of target users.
The K-modes algorithm for clustering

Many clustering algorithms exist that estimate a cluster centroid, such as K-means, K-medoids or mean-shift, but no algorithm seems to exist that clusters data by returning exactly K meaningful modes. We propose a natural definition of a K-modes objective function by combining the notions of density and cluster assignment. The algorithm becomes K-means and K-medoids in the limit of very large and very small scales. Computationally, it is slightly slower than K-means but much faster than mean-shift or K-medoids. Unlike K-means, it is able to find centroids that are valid patterns, truly representative of a cluster, even with nonconvex clusters, and appears robust to outliers and misspecification of the scale and number of clusters.
A Theoretical Analysis of NDCG Type Ranking Measures

A central problem in ranking is to design a ranking measure for evaluation of ranking functions. In this paper we study, from a theoretical perspective, the widely used Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG)-type ranking measures. Although there are extensive empirical studies of NDCG, little is known about its theoretical properties. We first show that, whatever the ranking function is, the standard NDCG which adopts a logarithmic discount, converges to 1 as the number of items to rank goes to infinity. On the first sight, this result is very surprising. It seems to imply that NDCG cannot differentiate good and bad ranking functions, contradicting to the empirical success of NDCG in many applications. In order to have a deeper understanding of ranking measures in general, we propose a notion referred to as consistent distinguishability. This notion captures the intuition that a ranking measure should have such a property: For every pair of substantially different ranking functions, the ranking measure can decide which one is better in a consistent manner on almost all datasets. We show that NDCG with logarithmic discount has consistent distinguishability although it converges to the same limit for all ranking functions. We next characterize the set of all feasible discount functions for NDCG according to the concept of consistent distinguishability. Specifically we show that whether NDCG has consistent distinguishability depends on how fast the discount decays, and 1/r is a critical point. We then turn to the cut-off version of NDCG, i.e., NDCG@k. We analyze the distinguishability of NDCG@k for various choices of k and the discount functions. Experimental results on real Web search datasets agree well with the theory.
Locally linear representation for image clustering

The construction of the similarity graph plays an essential role in a spectral clustering (SC) algorithm. There exist two popular schemes to construct a similarity graph, i.e. the pairwise distance-based scheme (PDS) and the linear representation-based scheme (LRS). It is notable that the above schemes suffered from some limitations and drawbacks, respectively. Specifically, the PDS is sensitive to noises and outliers, while the LRS may incorrectly select inter-subspaces points to represent the objective point. These drawbacks degrade the performance of the SC algorithms greatly. To overcome these problems, a novel scheme to construct the similarity graph is proposed, where the similarity computation among different data points depends on both their pairwise distances and the linear representation relationships. This proposed scheme, called locally linear representation (LLR), encodes each data point using a collection of data points that not only produce the minimal reconstruction error but also are close to the objective point, which makes it robust to noises and outliers, and avoids selecting inter-subspaces points to represent the objective point to a large extent.
Can P2P networks be super-scalable?

We propose a new model for peer-to-peer networking which takes the network bottlenecks into account beyond the access. This model can cope with key features of P2P networking like degree or locality constraints together with the fact that distant peers often have a smaller rate than nearby peers. Using a network model based on rate functions, we give a closed form expression of peers download performance in the system's fluid limit, as well as approximations for the other cases. Our results show the existence of realistic settings for which the average download time is a decreasing function of the load, a phenomenon that we call super-scalability.
Logging safely in public spaces using color PINs

Nowadays, we are increasingly logging on many dierent Internet sites to access private data like emails or photos remotely stored in the clouds. This makes us all the more concerned with digital identity theft and passwords being stolen either by key loggers or shouldersurng attacks. Quite surprisingly, the current bottleneck of computer security when logging for authentication is the User Interface (UI): How can we enter safely secret passwords when concealed spy cameras or key loggers may be recording the login session? Logging safely requires to design a secure Human Computer Interface (HCI) robust to those attacks. We describe a novel method and system based on entering secret ID passwords by means of associative secret UI passwords that provides zero-knowledge to observers. We demonstrate the principles using a color Personal Identication Numbers (PINs) login
Are there tangled magnetic fields on HgMn stars

Several recent spectrophotometric studies failed to detec t significant global magnetic fields in late-B HgMn chemicall y peculiar stars, but some investigations have suggested the pr esence of strong unstructured or tangled fields in these obje cts.  We used detailed spectrum synthesis analysis to search for evidence of tangled magnetic fields in high-quality observed spectra of 8 slowly rotating HgMn stars and one normal late-B star. We also evaluated recent sporadic detections of weak longitudinal magnetic fields in HgMn stars based on the moment technique.  Our spectrum synthesis code calculated the Zeeman broadening of metal lines in HARPS spectra, assuming an unstructured, turbulent magnetic field. A simple line formation mod el with a homogeneous radial field distribution was applied t o assess compatibility between previous longitudinal field measure ments and the observed mean circular polarization signatures.  Our analysis of the Zeeman broadening of magnetically sensitive spectral lines reveals no evidence of tangled magnetic fields in any of the studied HgMn or normal stars. We infer upper limits of 200‐700 G for the mean magnetic field modulus ‐ much small er than the field strengths implied by studies based on di fferential magnetic line intensification and quadratic field d iagnostics. The new HARPSpol longitudinal field measurements for the extreme Hg Mn star HD 65949 and the normal late-B star 21 Peg are consistent with zero at a precision of 3‐6 G. Re-analysis of our Stokes V spectra of the spotted HgMn star HD 11753 shows that the recent moment technique measurements retrieved from the same data are incompatible with the lack of circular polarization sig natures in the spectrum of this star.  We conclude that there is no evidence for substantial tangled magnetic fields on the surfaces of studied HgMn stars. We cannot independently confirm the presence of very strong qua dratic or marginal longitudinal fields for these stars, so re sults from the moment technique are likely to be spurious.
Interdisciplinarity and Research on Local Issues: Evidence from a Developing Country

This paper examines the role of interdisciplinarity on research pertaining to local issues. Using Colombian publications from 1991 until 2011 in the Web of Science, we investigate the relationship between the degree of interdisciplinarity and the local orientation of the articles. We find that a higher degree of interdisciplinarity in a publication is associated with a greater emphasis on local issues. In particular, our results support the view that research that combines cognitively disparate disciplines, what we refer to as distal interdisciplinarity, is associated with more local focus of research. We discuss the policy implications of these results in the context of national research assessments targeting excellence and socio-economic impact.
A Bayesian Approach for Predicting the Popularity of Tweets

We predict the popularity of short messages called tweets created in the micro-blogging site known as Twitter. We measure the popularity of a tweet by the time-series path of its retweets, which is when people forward the tweet to others. We develop a probabilistic model for the evolution of the retweets using a Bayesian approach, and form predictions using only observations on the retweet times and the local network or "graph" structure of the retweeters. We obtain good step ahead forecasts and predictions of the final total number of retweets even when only a small fraction (i.e., less than one tenth) of the retweet path is observed. This translates to good predictions within a few minutes of a tweet being posted, and has potential implications for understanding the spread of broader ideas, memes, or trends in social networks.
THE MASS OF THE FIRST STARS

We perform a three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulation to investigate the formation of the first stars from the initial collapse of a primordial gas cloud to the formation and growth of protostars. The simulation is integrated until ∼0.1 Myr after the formation of the primary protostar, by which time the protostars have already settled onto the main sequence. This work represents the first attempt at simulating the first episodes of star formation, taking into account the ultraviolet radiative feedback effect from multiple protostars as well as the three-dimensional effects of the fragmentation of the accretion disk. We find that the mass accretion onto Population III protostars is significantly suppressed by their radiative feedback. As a result, we find five stars formed in this particular simulation. The final masses of the stars are ≲ 60 M☉, including a star of 4.4 M☉. Formation of such a star hints at the existence of even lower-mass stars that would live today.
Fokker-Planck description for the queue dynamics of large tick stocks.

Motivated by empirical data, we develop a statistical description of the queue dynamics for large tick assets based on a two-dimensional Fokker-Planck (diffusion) equation. Our description explicitly includes state dependence, i.e., the fact that the drift and diffusion depend on the volume present on both sides of the spread. "Jump" events, corresponding to sudden changes of the best limit price, must also be included as birth-death terms in the Fokker-Planck equation. All quantities involved in the equation can be calibrated using high-frequency data on the best quotes. One of our central findings is that the dynamical process is approximately scale invariant, i.e., the only relevant variable is the ratio of the current volume in the queue to its average value. While the latter shows intraday seasonalities and strong variability across stocks and time periods, the dynamics of the rescaled volumes is universal. In terms of rescaled volumes, we found that the drift has a complex two-dimensional structure, which is a sum of a gradient contribution and a rotational contribution, both stable across stocks and time. This drift term is entirely responsible for the dynamical correlations between the ask queue and the bid queue.
Time-Independent Pricing of Options in Range Bound Markets

Assuming that price of the underlying stock is moving in range bound, the Black-Scholes formula for options pricing supports a separation of variables. The resulting time-independent equation is solved employing different behavior of the option price function and three significant results are deduced. The first is the probability of stock price penetration through support or resistance level, called transmission coefficient. The second is the distance that price will go through once stock price penetrates out of the range bound. The last one is a predicted short time dramatic fall in the stock volatility right ahead of price tunneling. All three results are useful tools that give market practitioners valuable insights in choosing the right time to get involved in an option contract, about how far the price will go in case of a breakout, and how to correctly interpret volatility downfalls.
Photoproduction of ρ0 in ultra–peripheral nuclear collisions at ALICE

Photoproduction of ρ0 mesons in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions has been studied by the ALICE Collaboration at the CERN LHC. The strong photon flux associated with relativistic charged nuclei leads to a very large cross section for exclusive photoproduction of ρ0 meson in interactions of the type Pb + Pb → Pb + Pb + ρ0. For a ρ0 produced at mid-rapidity at the LHC, the photon-nucleus center of mass energy is higher than in any previous experiment. The ALICE detector is a general purpose detector dedicated to study heavy-ion collisions. ALICE has excellent performance in the low pT region, and can reconstruct charged particle tracks with 0.1 GeV/c ≤ pT ≤ 100 GeV/c. In this analysis all tracks were required to be within ALICE's central barrel. Analysis of data from the first heavy ion run at the LHC in 2010 will be discussed in this paper.
Combustion of a neutron star into a strange quark star: The neutrino signal

There are strong indications that the process of conversion of a neutron star into a strange quark star proceeds as a strong deflagration implying that in a few milliseconds almost the whole star is converted. Starting from the three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the combustion process which provide the temperature profiles inside the newly born strange star, we calculate for the first time the neutrino signal that is to be expected if such a conversion process takes place. The neutrino emission is characterized by a luminosity and a duration that is typical for the signal expected from protoneutron stars and represents therefore a powerful source of neutrinos which could be possibly directly detected in case of events occurring close to our Galaxy. We discuss moreover possible connections between the birth of strange stars and explosive phenomena such as supernovae and gamma-ray-bursts.