nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring risk with multiple eligible assets

The risk of financial positions is measured by the minimum amount of capital to raise and invest in eligible portfolios of traded assets in order to meet a prescribed acceptability constraint. We investigate nondegeneracy, finiteness and continuity properties of these risk measures with respect to multiple eligible assets. Our finiteness and continuity results highlight the interplay between the acceptance set and the class of eligible portfolios. We present a simple, alternative approach to the dual representation of convex risk measures by directly applying to the acceptance set the external characterization of closed, convex sets. We prove that risk measures are nondegenerate if and only if the pricing functional admits a positive extension which is a supporting functional for the underlying acceptance set, and provide a characterization of when such extensions exist. Finally, we discuss applications to set-valued risk measures, superhedging with shortfall risk, and optimal risk sharing.
Probing the Sun's inner core using solar neutrinos: A new diagnostic method

The electronic density in the Sun's inner core is inferred from the 8B, 7Be and pep neutrino flux measurements of the Super-Kamiokande, SNO and Borexino experiments. We have developed a new method in which we use the KamLAND detector determinations of the neutrino fundamental oscillation parameters: the mass difference and the vacuum oscillation angle. Our results suggest that the solar electronic density in the Sun's inner core (for a radius smaller than 10% of the solar radius) is well above the current prediction of the standard solar model, and by as much as 25%. A potential confirmation of these preliminary findings can be achieved when neutrino detectors are able to reduce the error of the electron-neutrino survival probability by a factor of 15.
A Pricing Measure to Explain the Risk Premium in Power Markets

In electricity markets, it is sensible to use a two-factor model with mean reversion for spot prices. One of the factors is an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process driven by a Brownian motion and accounts for the small variations. The other factor is an OU process driven by a pure jump L\'evy process and models the characteristic spikes observed in such markets. When it comes to pricing, a popular choice of pricing measure is given by the Esscher transform that preserves the probabilistic structure of the driving L\'evy processes, while changing the levels of mean reversion. Using this choice one can generate stochastic risk premiums (in geometric spot models) but with (deterministically) changing sign. In this paper we introduce a pricing change of measure, which is an extension of the Esscher transform. With this new change of measure we also can slow down the speed of mean reversion and generate stochastic risk premiums with stochastic non constant sign, even in arithmetic spot models. In particular, we can generate risk profiles with positive values in the short end of the forward curve and negative values in the long end. Finally, our pricing measure allows us to have a stationary spot dynamics while still having randomly fluctuating forward prices for contracts far from maturity.
Friedmann-Robertson-Walker-like cosmologies with spherical symmetry

We reconsider the cosmological model discussed by Sung-Won Kim  in the context of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmologies with a traversable wormhole, where it is assumed that the matter content is divided into two parts: the cosmic part that depends on time only and the wormhole part that depends on space only. The cosmic part obeys the barotropic equation of state $p_c=\gamma \rho_c$. The complete analysis requires further care and reveals more interesting results than what was previously shown by the author. They can be readily applied to the evolution of a large class of cosmological models which are more general than FRW models.
Simulating the quartic Galileon gravity model on adaptively refined meshes

We develop a numerical algorithm to solve the high-order nonlinear derivative-coupling equation associated with the quartic Galileon model, and implement it in a modified version of the ramses N-body code to study the effect of the Galileon field on the large-scale matter clustering. The algorithm is tested for several matter field configurations with different symmetries, and works very well. This enables us to perform the first simulations for a quartic Galileon model which provides a good fit to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy, supernovae and baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) data. Our result shows that the Vainshtein mechanism in this model is very efficient in suppressing the spatial variations of the scalar field. However, the time variation of the effective Newtonian constant caused by the curvature coupling of the Galileon field cannot be suppressed by the Vainshtein mechanism. This leads to a significant weakening of the strength of gravity in high-density regions at late times, and therefore a weaker matter clustering on small scales. We also find that without the Vainshtein mechanism the model would have behaved in a completely different way, which shows the crucial role played by nonlinearities in modified gravity theories and the importance of performing self-consistent N-body simulations for these theories.
HYPERVELOCITY STAR CANDIDATES IN THE SEGUE G AND K DWARF SAMPLE

We present 20 candidate hypervelocity stars from the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE) G and K dwarf samples. Previous searches for hypervelocity stars have only focused on large radial velocities; in this study, we also use proper motions to select the candidates. We determine the hypervelocity likelihood of each candidate by means of Monte Carlo simulations, considering the significant errors often associated with high proper motion stars. We find that nearly half of the candidates exceed their escape velocities with at least 98% probability. Every candidate also has less than a 25% chance of being a high-velocity fluke within the SEGUE sample. Based on orbits calculated using the observed six-dimensional positions and velocities, few, if any, of these candidates originate from the Galactic center. If these candidates are truly hypervelocity stars, they were not ejected by interactions with the Milky Way's supermassive black hole. This calls for a more serious examination of alternative hypervelocity-star ejection scenarios.
Tunneling decay of false vortices

We consider the decay of vortices trapped in the false vacuum of a theory of scalar electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions. The potential is inspired by models with intermediate symmetry breaking to a metastable vacuum that completely breaks a U(1) symmetry, while in the true vacuum the symmetry is unbroken. The false vacuum is unstable through the formation of true vacuum bubbles; however, the rate of decay can be extremely long. On the other hand, the false vacuum can contain metastable vortex solutions. These vortices contain the true vacuum inside in addition to a unit of magnetic flux and the appropriate topologically nontrivial false vacuum outside. We numerically establish the existence of vortex solutions which are classically stable; however, they can decay via tunneling. In general terms, they tunnel to a configuration which is a large, thin-walled vortex configuration that is now classically unstable to the expansion of its radius. We compute an estimate for the tunneling amplitude in the semi-classical approximation. We believe our analysis would be relevant to superconducting thin films or superfluids.
Theoretical Electronic and Rovibrational Studies for Anions of Interest to the DIBs

The dipole-bound excited state of the methylene nitrile anion (CH2CN−) has been suggested as a candidate carrier for a diffuse interstellar band (DIB) at 803.8 nm. Its corresponding radical has been detected in the interstellar medium (ISM), making the existence for the anion possible. This work applies state-of-the-art ab initio methods such as coupled cluster theory to reproduce accurately the electronic excitations for CH2CN− and the similar methylene enolate anion, CH2CHO−. This same approach has been employed to indicate that 19 other anions may possess electronically excited states, five of which are valence in nature. Concurrently, in order to assist in the detection of these anions in the ISM, work has also been directed towards predicting vibrational frequencies and spectroscopic constants for these anions through the use of quartic force fields (QFFs). Theoretical rovibrational work on anions has thus far included studies of CH2CN−, C3H−, and is currently ongoing for similar systems.
A General Optimization Technique for High Quality Community Detection in Complex Networks

Recent years have witnessed the development of a large body of algorithms for community detection in complex networks. Most of them are based upon the optimization of objective functions, among which modularity is the most common, though a number of alternatives have been suggested in the scientific literature. We present here an effective general search strategy for the optimization of various objective functions for community detection purposes. When applied to modularity, on both real-world and synthetic networks, our search strategy substantially outperforms the best existing algorithms in terms of final scores of the objective function. In terms of execution time for modularity optimization this approach also outperforms most of the alternatives present in literature with the exception of fastest but usually less efficient greedy algorithms. The networks of up to 30000 nodes can be analyzed in time spans ranging from minutes to a few hours on average workstations, making our approach readily applicable to tasks not limited by strict time constraints but requiring the quality of partitioning to be as high as possible. Some examples are presented in order to demonstrate how this quality could be affected by even relatively small changes in the modularity score stressing the importance of optimization accuracy.
Bridging Physics and Biology Teaching through Modeling

As the frontiers of biology become increasingly interdisciplinary, the physics education community has engaged in ongoing efforts to make physics classes more relevant to life science majors. These efforts are complicated by the many apparent differences between these fields, including the types of systems that each studies, the behavior of those systems, the kinds of measurements that each makes, and the role of mathematics in each field. Nonetheless, physics and biology are both sciences that rely on observations and measurements to construct models of the natural world. In this article, we propose that efforts to bridge the teaching of these two disciplines must emphasize shared scientific practices, particularly scientific modeling. We define modeling using language common to both disciplines and highlight how an understanding of the modeling process can help reconcile apparent differences between the teaching of physics and biology. We elaborate on how models can be used for explanatory, predictive, and functional purposes and present common models from each discipline demonstrating key modeling principles. By framing interdisciplinary teaching in the context of modeling, we aim to bridge physics and biology teaching and to equip students with modeling competencies applicable in any scientific discipline.As the frontiers of biology become increasingly interdisciplinary, the physics education community has engaged in ongoing efforts to make physics classes more relevant to life science majors. These efforts are complicated by the many apparent differences between these fields, including the types of systems that each studies, the behavior of those systems, the kinds of measurements that each makes, and the role of mathematics in each field. Nonetheless, physics and biology are both sciences that rely on observations and measurements to construct models of the natural world. In this article, we propose that efforts to bridge the teaching of these two disciplines must emphasize shared scientific practices, particularly scientific modeling. We define modeling using language common to both disciplines and highlight how an understanding of the modeling process can help reconcile apparent differences between the teaching of physics and biology. We elaborate on how models can be used for explanatory, predictive, ...
Transverse momentum spectra of hadrons identified with the ALICE Inner Tracking System

The Inner Tracking System (ITS) is the ALICE detector closest to the beam axis. It is composed of six layers of silicon detectors: two innermost layers of Silicon Pixel Detectors (SPD), two intermediate layers of Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) and two outermost layers of Silicon Strip Detectors (SSD). The ITS can be used as a standalone tracker in order to recover tracks that are not reconstructed by the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and to reconstruct low momentum particles with pt down to 100 MeV/c. Particle identification in the ITS is performed by measuring the energyloss signal in the SDD and SSD layers. The ITS allows one to extend the charged particle identification capability in the ALICE central rapidity region at low pt: it is possible to separate π/K in the range 100 MeV/c < pt < 500 MeV/c and K/p in the range 200 MeV/c < pt < 800 MeV/c.
Chemical freeze-out of strange particles and possible root of strangeness suppression

Two approaches to treat the chemical freeze-out of strange particles in the hadron resonance gas model are analyzed. The first one employs their non-equillibration via the usual factor and such a model describes the hadron multiplicities measured in nucleus-nucleus collisions at AGS, SPS and RHIC energies with . Surprisingly, at low energies we find not the strangeness suppression, but its enhancement. Also we suggest an alternative approach to treat the strange particle freeze-out separately, but with the full chemical equilibration. This approach is based on the conservation laws which allow us to connect the freeze-outs of strange and non-strange hadrons. Within the suggested approach the same set of hadron multiplicities can be described better than within the conventional approach with .
Measurement of identified charged hadron spectra with the ALICE experiment at the LHC

The ALICE experiment features multiple particle identification systems. The measurement of the identified charged hadron pt spectra in proton-proton collisions at √s = 900 GeV will be discussed. In the central rapidity region (|η| < 0.9) particle identification and tracking are performed using the Inner Tracking System (ITS), which is the closest detector to the beam axis, the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and a dedicated time-of-flight system (TOF). Particles are mainly identified using the energy loss signal in the ITS and TPC. In addition, the information from TOF is used to identify hadrons at higher momenta. Finally, the kink topology of the weak decay of charged kaons provides an alternative method to extract the transverse momentum spectra of charged kaons. This combination allows to track and identify charged hadrons in the transverse momentum (pt) range from 100 MeV/c up to 2.5 GeV/c. Mesons containing strange quarks (K0S, (ϕ) and both singly and doubly strange baryons are identified by their decay topology inside the TPC detector. Results obtained with the various identification tools above described and a comparison with theoretical models and previously published data will be presented.
Chemical energy in an introductory physics course for the life sciences

Energy is a complex idea that cuts across scientific disciplines. An approach to energy that incorporates chemical bonds and chemical reactions is better equipped to meet the needs of life sciences students than a traditional introductory physics approach that focuses primarily on mechanical energy. We present a curricular sequence, or thread, designed to build up students' understanding of chemical energy in an introductory physics course for the life sciences. This thread is designed to connect ideas about energy from physics, biology, and chemistry. We describe the kinds of connections among energy concepts that we develop to build interdisciplinary coherence and present some examples of curricular materials and student data that illustrate our approach.
Multidimensional optomechanical cantilevers for high-frequency force sensing

High-frequency atomic force microscopy has enabled extraordinary new science through large bandwidth, high-speed measurements of atomic and molecular structures. However, traditional optical detection schemes restrict the dimensions, and therefore the frequency, of the cantilever—ultimately setting a limit to the time resolution of experiments. Here we demonstrate optomechanical detection of low-mass, high-frequency nanomechanical cantilevers (up to 20 MHz) and anticipate their use for single-molecule force measurements. These cantilevers achieve 2 fm Hz − 1 / 2 ?> displacement noise floors, and force sensitivity down to 132 aN Hz − 1 / 2 ?> . Furthermore, the ability to resolve both in-plane and out-of-plane motion of our cantilevers makes them excellent candidates for ultrasensitive multidimensional force spectroscopy, and optomechanical interactions, such as tuning of the cantilever frequency in situ, provide opportunities in high-speed, high-resolution experiments.
Comparative study of nuclear effects in polarized electron scattering from 3 He

We present a detailed analysis of nuclear effects in inclusive electron scattering from polarized 3He nuclei for polarization asymmetries, structure functions and their moments, both in the nucleon resonance and deep-inelastic regions. We compare the results of calculations within the weak binding approximation at finite Q2 with the effective polarization ansatz often used in experimental data analyses, and explore the impact of Δ components in the nuclear wave function and nucleon off-shell corrections on extractions of the free neutron structure. Using the same framework we also make predictions for the Q2 dependence of quasielastic scattering from polarized 3He, data on which can be used to constrain the spin-dependent nuclear smearing functions in 3He.
Planck constraints on monodromy inflation

We use data from the nominal Planck mission to constrain modulations in the primordial power spectrum associated with monodromy inflation. The largest improvement in fit relative to the unmodulated model has Δχ2 ≈ 10 and we find no evidence for a primordial signal, in contrast to a previous analysis of the WMAP9 dataset, for which Δχ2 ≈ 20. The Planck and WMAP9 results are broadly consistent on angular scales where they are expected to agree as far as best-fit values are concerned. However, even on these scales the significance of the signal is reduced in Planck relative to WMAP, and is consistent with a fit to the ``noise'' associated with cosmic variance. Our results motivate both a detailed comparison between the two experiments and a more careful study of the theoretical predictions of monodromy inflation.
Standardizing interestingness measures for association rules

Interestingness measures provide information about association rules. The value of an interestingness measure is often interpreted relative to the overall range of the interestingness measure. However, properties of individual association rules can further restrict what value an interestingness measure can achieve. These additional constraints are not typically taken into account in analysis, potentially misleading the investigator. Considering the value of an interestingness measure relative to this further constrained range provides greater insight than the original range alone and can even alter researchers' impressions of the data. Standardizing interestingness measures takes these additional restrictions into account, resulting in values that provide a relative measure of the attainable values. We explore the impacts of standardizing interestingness measures on real and simulated data.
Nuclear dependencies of azimuthal asymmetries in the Drell-Yan process

We study nuclear dependencies of azimuthal asymmetries in the Drell-Yan lepton pair production in nucleon-nucleus collisions with polarized nucleons. We use the “maximal two-gluon correlation approximation,” so that we can relate the transverse-momentum-dependent quark distribution in a nucleus to that in a nucleon by a convolution with a Gaussian broadening. We use the Gaussian ansatz for the transverse momentum dependence of such quark distribution functions and obtain the numerical results for the nuclear dependencies. These results show that the q T -integrated azimuthal asymmetries are suppressed.
The Riemannian Penrose Inequality with Charge for Multiple Black Holes

We present the outline of a proof of the Riemannian Penrose in- equality with charge r ≤ m + m 2 − q 2 ,w hereA =4 πr 2 is the area of the outermost apparent horizon with possibly multiple connected components, m is the total ADM mass, and q the total charge of a strongly asymptotically flat initial data set for the Einstein-Maxwell equations, satisfying the charged dominant energy condition, with no charged matter outside the horizon. In a seminal paper (18), R. Penrose examined the validity of the cosmic censorship conjecture, and outlined a heuristic argument which shows how using also Hawking's area theorem, (10), implies a related inequality. In (17), he gen- eralized this heuristic argument leading to an inequality now referred to as the Penrose inequality. Consider a strongly asymptotically flat (SAF) Cauchy surface in a spacetime satisfying the dominant energy condition (DEC), with ADM mass m containing an event horizon of area A =4 πr 2 , which undergoes gravitational collapse and settles to a Kerr solution. Since the ADM mass m∞ of the final state is no greater than m, and since the area radius r∞ is no less than r, and since for the final state we must have m∞ ≥ 1 r∞ in order to avoid naked singularities, we must have had m ≥ 1 r also at the beginning of the evolution. The event horizon is indiscernible in the original slice without knowing the full evolution. However, one may replace the event horizon by the outermost minimal area enclosure of the apparent horizon, the boundary of the region admitting trapped surfaces, and obtain the same inequality. A counterexample to the Penrose inequality would therefore have suggested data which leads under the Einstein evolution to naked singularities, while a proof of the inequality could be viewed as evidence in support of cosmic censorship. The inequality further simplifies in the time-symmetric case, where the apparent horizon coincides with the outermost minimal area enclosure. The domi- nant energy condition reduces now to non-negative scalar curvature of the Cauchy hypersurface, leading to the Riemannian version of the inequality: the ADM mass and the area radius of the outermost compact minimal surface in a SAF 3-manifold
Two-photon exchange in electron-trinucleon elastic scattering

We discuss two-photon exchange (TPE) in elastic electron scattering off the trinucleon systems, He and H. The calculations are done in the semirelativistic approximation with the trinucleon wave functions obtained with the Paris and CD-Bonn nucleon-nucleon potentials. An applicability area of the model is wide enough and includes the main part of kinematical domain where experimental data exist. All three TPE amplitudes (generalized form factors) for electron He elastic scattering are calculated. We find that the TPE amplitudes are few times more significant in the scattring of electrons off He then in the electron proton scattering.