nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
BLACK HOLES AT THE CENTERS OF NEARBY DWARF GALAXIES

Using a distance-limited portion of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7, we have identified 28 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in nearby ( d ≤ 80 ?> Mpc) low-mass, low-luminosity dwarf galaxies. The accreting objects at the galaxy centers are expected to be intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) with M BH ≤ 10 6 ?> M ⊙ ?> . The AGNs were selected using several optical emission-line diagnostics after careful modeling of the continuum present in the spectra. We have limited our survey to objects with spectral characteristics similar to those of Seyfert nuclei, excluding emission-line galaxies with ambiguous spectra that could be powered by stellar processes. Thus, as a set, the host galaxies in our sample are the least massive objects in the very local universe certain to contain central black holes. Our sample is dominated by narrow-line (type 2) AGNs, and it appears to have a much lower fraction of broad-line objects than that observed for luminous, optically selected Seyfert galaxies. Given our focus on the nearest objects included in the SDSS, our survey is more sensitive to low-luminosity emission than previous optical searches for AGNs in low-mass galaxies. The [O iii] λ 5007 ?> luminosities of the Seyfert nuclei in our sample have a median value of L 5007 = 2 × 10 5 ?> L ⊙ ?> and extend down to ∼ 10 4 ?> L ⊙ ?> . Using published data for broad-line IMBH candidates, we have derived an [O iii] bolometric correction of log ( L bol / L 5007 ) = 3.0 ± 0.3 ?> , which is significantly lower than values obtained for high-luminosity AGNs. Applying this correction to our sample, we obtain minimum black hole mass estimates that fall mainly in the 103 M ⊙ ?> –104 M ⊙ ?> range, which is roughly where the predicted mass functions for different black hole seed formation scenarios overlap the most. In the stellar mass range that includes the bulk of the AGN host galaxies in our sample, we derive a lower limit on the AGN fraction of a few percent, indicating that active nuclei in dwarf galaxies are not as rare as previously thought.
A simple, distance-dependent formulation of the Watts-Strogatz model for directed and undirected small-world networks

Small-world networks-complex networks characterized by a combination of high clustering and short path lengths-are widely studied using the paradigmatic model of Watts and Strogatz (WS). Although the WS model is already quite minimal and intuitive, we describe an alternative formulation of the WS model in terms of a distance-dependent probability of connection that further simplifies, both practically and theoretically, the generation of directed and undirected WS-type small-world networks. In addition to highlighting an essential feature of the WS model that has previously been overlooked, namely the equivalence to a simple distance-dependent model, this alternative formulation makes it possible to derive exact expressions for quantities such as the degree and motif distributions and global clustering coefficient for both directed and undirected networks in terms of model parameters.
Quantization of the Nonlinear Sigma Model Revisited

We revisit the subject of perturbatively quantizing the nonlinear sigma model in two dimensions from a rigorous, mathematical point of view. Our main contribution is to make precise the cohomological problem of eliminating potential anomalies that may arise when trying to preserve symmetries under quantization. The symmetries we consider are twofold: (i) diffeomorphism covariance for a general target manifold; (ii) a transitive group of isometries when the target manifold is a homogeneous space. We show that there are no anomalies in case (i) and that (ii) is also anomaly-free under additional assumptions on the target homogeneous space, in agreement with the work of Friedan. We carry out some explicit computations for the $O(N)$-model. Finally, we show how a suitable notion of the renormalization group establishes the Ricci flow as the one loop renormalization group flow of the nonlinear sigma model.
A Tandem Cell for Nanopore-based DNA Sequencing with Exonuclease

A tandem cell is proposed for DNA sequencing in which an exonuclease enzyme cleaves bases (mononucleotides) from a strand of DNA for identification inside a nanopore. It has two nanopores and three compartments with the structure [cis1, upstream nanopore (UNP), trans1 = cis2, downstream nanopore (DNP), trans2]. The exonuclease is attached to the exit side of UNP in trans1/cis2. A cleaved base cannot regress into cis1 because of the remaining DNA strand in UNP. A profiled electric field over DNP with positive and negative components slows down base translocation through DNP. The proposed structure is modeled with a Fokker-Planck equation and a piecewise solution presented. Results from the model indicate that with probability approaching 1 bases enter DNP in their natural order, are detected without any loss, and do not regress into DNP after progressing into trans2. Sequencing efficiency with a tandem cell would then be determined solely by the level of discrimination among the base types inside DNP.
Searchers Seeking: What Happens When you Frustrate Searchers?

People searching for information occasionally experience difficulties finding what they want on the Web. This might happen if they cannot quite come up with the right search terms. What do searchers do when this happens? Intuitively one imagines that they will try a number of associated search terms to zero in on their intended search target. Certainly the provision of spelling suggestions and related search terms assume that frustrated searchers will use these to implement this strategy. Is this assumption correct? What do people really do? 
We ran an experiment where we asked people to find some relevant links, but we prevented them from using the most obvious search terms, which we termed taboo words. To make the experiment more interesting we also provided the traditional forms of assistance: spelling suggestions and related search suggestions. We assigned participants using a magic square to get no assistance, one kind of assistance, or both. Forty eight people participated in the experiment. 
What emerged from the analysis was that when people are frustrated in their searching attempts, a minority soldier on, attempting to find other terms, but the majority will stick with their original query term and simply progress from page to page in a vain attempt to find something relevant. This confirms findings by other researchers about the difficulties of query re-formulation. Our finding will serve to inform the developers of user interfaces to search engines, since it would be helpful if we could find a better way of supporting frustrated searchers.
Simulation studies for Tin Bolometer Array for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay

It is important to identify and reduce the gamma radiation which can be a significant source of background for any double beta decay experiment. The TIN.TIN detector array, which is under development for the search of Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in $^{124}$Sn, has the potential to utilize the hit multiplicity information to discriminate the gamma background from the events of interest. Monte Carlo simulations for optimizing the design of a Tin detector module has been performed by varying element sizes with an emphasis on the gamma background reduction capabilities of the detector array.
Examining a covariant and renormalizable quantum field theory in de Sitter space by studying “black hole radiation”

Respecting that any consistent quantum field theory in curved space–time must include black hole radiation, in this paper, we examine the Krein–Gupta–Bleuler (KGB) formalism as an inevitable quantization scheme in order to follow the guideline of the covariance of minimally coupled massless scalar field and linear gravity on de Sitter (dS) background in the sense of Wightman–Garding approach, by investigating thermodynamical aspects of black holes. The formalism is interestingly free of pathological large distance behavior. In this construction, also, no infinite term appears in the calculation of expectation values of the energy–momentum tensor (we have an automatic and covariant renormalization) which results in the vacuum energy of the free field to vanish. However, the existence of an effective potential barrier, intrinsically created by black holes gravitational field, gives a Casimir-type contribution to the vacuum expectation value of the energy–momentum tensor. On this basis, by evaluating the Cas...
Diversification and Endogenous Financial Networks

We test the hypothesis that interconnections across financial institutions can be explained by a diversification motive. This idea stems from the empirical evidence of the existence of long-term exposures that cannot be explained by a liquidity motive (maturity or currency mismatch). We model endogenous interconnections of heterogenous financial institutions facing regulatory constraints using a maximization of their expected utility. Both theoretical and simulation-based results are compared to a stylized genuine financial network. The diversification motive appears to plausibly explain interconnections among key players. Using our model, the impact of regulation on interconnections between banks -currently discussed at the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision- is analyzed.
A new integral loss function for Bayesian optimization

We consider the problem of maximizing a real-valued continuous function $f$ using a Bayesian approach. Since the early work of Jonas Mockus and Antanas \v{Z}ilinskas in the 70's, the problem of optimization is usually formulated by considering the loss function $\max f - M_n$ (where $M_n$ denotes the best function value observed after $n$ evaluations of $f$). This loss function puts emphasis on the value of the maximum, at the expense of the location of the maximizer. In the special case of a one-step Bayes-optimal strategy, it leads to the classical Expected Improvement (EI) sampling criterion. This is a special case of a Stepwise Uncertainty Reduction (SUR) strategy, where the risk associated to a certain uncertainty measure (here, the expected loss) on the quantity of interest is minimized at each step of the algorithm. In this article, assuming that $f$ is defined over a measure space $(\mathbb{X}, \lambda)$, we propose to consider instead the integral loss function $\int_{\mathbb{X}} (f - M_n)_{+}\, d\lambda$, and we show that this leads, in the case of a Gaussian process prior, to a new numerically tractable sampling criterion that we call $\rm EI^2$ (for Expected Integrated Expected Improvement). A numerical experiment illustrates that a SUR strategy based on this new sampling criterion reduces the error on both the value and the location of the maximizer faster than the EI-based strategy.
Recurrence Plots of Exchange Rates of Currencies

Used to investigate the presence of distinctive recurrent behaviours in natural processes, the recurrence plots can be applied to the analysis of economic data, and, in particular, to the characterization of exchange rates of currencies too. In this paper, we will show that these plots are able to characterize the periods of oscillation and random walk of currencies and enhance their reply to news and events, by means of texture transitions. The examples of recurrence plots given here are obtained from time series of exchange rates of Euro.
$\Delta I=1/2$ Rule and $\hat B_K$ : 2014

I summarize the status of the $\Delta I=1/2$ rule in $K\to\pi\pi$ decays within an {\it analytic} approach based on the dual representation of QCD as a theory of weakly interacting mesons for large $N$, where $N$ is the number of colours. This approximate approach, developed in the 1980s by William Bardeen, Jean-Marc G\'erard and myself, allowed us already 28 years ago to identify the dominant dynamics behind the $\Delta I=1/2$ rule. However, the recent inclusion of lowest-lying vector meson contributions in addition to the pseudoscalar ones to hadronic matrix elements of current-current operators and the calculation of the corresponding Wilson coefficients in a momentum scheme at the NLO improved significantly the matching between quark-gluon short distance contributions and meson long distance contributions over our results in 1986. We obtain satisfactory description of the ${\rm Re}A_2$ amplitude and ${\rm Re}A_0/{\rm Re}A_2=16.0\pm 1.5$ to be compared with its experimental value of $22.3$. While this difference could be the result of present theoretical uncertainties in our approach, it cannot be excluded that New Physics (NP) is here at work. The analysis by Fulvia De Fazio, Jennifer Girrbach-Noe and myself shows that indeed a tree-level $Z^\prime$ or $G^\prime$ exchanges with masses in the reach of the LHC and special couplings to quarks can significantly improve the theoretical status of the $\Delta I=1/2$ rule. I stress that our approach allows to understand the physics behind recent numerical results obtained in lattice QCD not only for the $\Delta I=1/2$ rule but also for the parameter $\hat B_K$ that enters the evaluation of $\varepsilon_K$. In contrast to the $\Delta I=1/2$ rule the chapter on $\hat B_K$ in QCD appears to be basically closed.
DFT: A Theory Full of Holes?

This article is a rough, quirky overview of both the history and present state of the art of density functional theory. The field is so huge that no attempt to be comprehensive is made. We focus on the underlying exact theory, the origin of approximations, and the tension between empirical and nonempirical approaches. Many ideas are illustrated on the exchange energy and hole. Features unique to this article include how approximations can be systematically derived in a nonempirical fashion and a survey of warm dense matter.
Mode Selection and Single-mode Lasing by Active Transformation Optics

Using the correspondence between (saturated) nonlinear and (unsaturated) linear dielectric constants, we propose a simple and systematic method to achieve selective excitation of lasing modes that would have been dwarfed by more dominant ones of lower thresholds. The key element of this method is incorporating the control of modal interactions into the spatial pump profile, and it is most valuable in the presence of spatially and spectrally overlapping modes, where it would be difficult to achieve selective excitation otherwise.
Poincaré's Forgotten Conferences on Wireless Telegraphy

At the beginning of the twentieth century while Henri Poincar\'e (1854-1912) was already deeply involved in the developments of wireless telegraphy, he was invited, in 1908, to give a series of lectures at the \'Ecole Sup\'erieure des Postes et T\'el\'egraphes (today Sup'T\'elecom). In the last part of his presentation he established that the necessary condition for the existence of a stable regime of maintained oscillations in a device of radio engineering completely analogous to the triode: the singing arc, is the presence in the phase plane of stable limit cycle. The aim of this work is to prove that the correspondence highlighted by Andronov between the periodic solution of a non-linear second order differential equation and Poincar\'e's concept of limit cycle has been carried out by Poincar\'e himself, twenty years before in these forgotten conferences of 1908.
Theoretical Foundations of Equitability and the Maximal Information Coefficient

The maximal information coecient (MIC) is a tool for nding the strongest pairwise relationships in a data set with many variables . MIC is useful because it gives similar scores to equally noisy relationships of dierent types. This property, called equitability, is important for analyzing high-dimensional data sets. Here we formalize the theory behind both equitability and MIC in the language of estimation theory. This formalization has a number of advantages. First, it allows us to show that equitability is a generalization of power against statistical independence. Second, it allows us to compute and discuss the population value of MIC, which we call MIC . In doing so we generalize and strengthen the mathematical results proven in  and clarify the relationship between MIC and mutual information. Introducing MIC also enables us to reason about the properties of MIC more abstractly: for instance, we show that MIC is continuous and that there is a sense in which it is a canonical \smoothing" of mutual information. We also prove an alternate, equivalent characterization of MIC that we use to state new estimators of it as well as an algorithm for explicitly computing it when the joint probability density function of a pair of random variables is known. Our hope is that this paper provides a richer theoretical foundation for MIC and equitability going forward. This paper will be accompanied by a forthcoming companion paper that performs extensive empirical analysis and comparison to other methods and discusses the practical aspects of both equitability and the use of MIC and its related statistics.
The Matthew effect in empirical data

The Matthew effect describes the phenomenon that in societies, the rich tend to get richer and the potent even more powerful. It is closely related to the concept of preferential attachment in network science, where the more connected nodes are destined to acquire many more links in the future than the auxiliary nodes. Cumulative advantage and success-breads-success also both describe the fact that advantage tends to beget further advantage. The concept is behind the many power laws and scaling behaviour in empirical data, and it is at the heart of self-organization across social and natural sciences. Here, we review the methodology for measuring preferential attachment in empirical data, as well as the observations of the Matthew effect in patterns of scientific collaboration, socio-technical and biological networks, the propagation of citations, the emergence of scientific progress and impact, career longevity, the evolution of common English words and phrases, as well as in education and brain development. We also discuss whether the Matthew effect is due to chance or optimization, for example related to homophily in social systems or efficacy in technological systems, and we outline possible directions for future research.
An all-sky search for continuous gravitational waves in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array data set

We present results of an all-sky search in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) Data Release 1 data set for continuous gravitational waves (GWs) in the frequency range from 5 x 10(-9) to 2 x 10(-7) Hz. Such signals could be produced by individual supermassive binary black hole systems in the early stage of coalescence. We phase up the pulsar timing array data set to form, for each position on the sky, two data streams that correspond to the two GW polarizations and then carry out an optimal search for GW signals on these data streams. Since no statistically significant GWs were detected, we place upper limits on the intrinsic GW strain amplitude h(0) for a range of GW frequencies. For example, at 10(-8) Hz our analysis has excluded with 95 per cent confidence the presence of signals with h(0) >= 1.7 x 10(-14). Our new limits are about a factor of 4 more stringent than those of Yardley et al. based on an earlier PPTA data set and a factor of 2 better than those reported in the recent Arzoumanian et al. paper. We also present PPTA directional sensitivity curves and find that for the most sensitive region on the sky, the current data set is sensitive to GWs from circular supermassive binary black holes with chirp masses of 10(9) M-circle dot out to a luminosity distance of about 100 Mpc. Finally, we set an upper limit of 4 x 10(-3) Mpc(-3) Gyr(-1) at 95 per cent confidence on the coalescence rate of nearby (z less than or similar to 0.1) supermassive binary black holes in circular orbits with chirp masses of 10(10) M-circle dot.
The coupling to matter in massive, bi- and multi-gravity

In this paper we construct a family of ways in which matter can couple to one or more `metrics'/spin-2 fields in the vielbein formulation. We do so subject to requiring the weak equivalence principle and the absence of ghosts from pure spin-2 interactions generated by the matter action. Results are presented for Massive, Bi- and Multi-Gravity theories and we give explicit expressions for the effective matter metric in all of these cases.
All-dielectric nanolaser

We demonstrate theoretically that a subwavelength spherical dielectric nanoparticle coated with a gain shell forms a nanolaser. Lasing modes of such a nanolaser are associated with the Mie resonances of the nanoparticle. We establish a general condition for the lasing threshold and show that the use of high refractive index dielectric media allows for lasing with a threshold significantly lower than that for nanolasers incorporating lossy plasmonic metals.
Reaching Consensus via Non-Bayesian Asynchronous Learning in Social Networks

We study the outcomes of information aggregation in online social networks. Our main result is that networks with certain realistic structural properties avoid information cascades and enable a population to effectively aggregate information. In our model, each individual in a network holds a private, independent opinion about a product or idea, biased toward a ground truth.  
declare their opinions asynchronously, can observe the stated opinions of their neighbors, and are free to update their declarations over time. Supposing that individuals conform with the majority report of their neighbors, we ask whether the population will eventually arrive at consensus on the ground truth. We show that the answer depends on the network structure: there exist networks for which consensus is unlikely, or for which declarations converge on the incorrect opinion with positive probability. On the other hand, we prove that for networks that are sparse and expansive, the population will converge to the correct opinion with high probability.
Community structure revealed by phase locking

Community structure can naturally emerge in paths to synchronization, and scratching it from the paths is a tough issue that accounts for the diverse dynamics of synchronization. In this paper, with assumption that the synchronization on complex networks is made up of local and collective processes, we proposed a scheme to lock the local synchronization (phase locking) at a stable state, meanwhile, suppress the collective synchronization based on Kuramoto model. Through this scheme, the network dynamics only contains the local synchronization, which suggests that the nodes in the same community synchronize together and these synchronization clusters well reveal the community structure of network. Furthermore, by analyzing the paths to synchronization, the relations or overlaps among different communities are also obtained. Thus, the community detection based on the scheme is performed on five real networks and the observed community structures are much more apparent than modularity-based fast algorithm. Our results not only provide a deep insight to understand the synchronization dynamics on complex network but also enlarge the research scope of community detection.
Improving the Interpretability of Support Vector Machines-based Fuzzy Rules

Support vector machines (SVMs) and fuzzy rule systems are functionally equivalent under some conditions. Therefore, the learning algorithms developed in the field of support vector machines can be used to adapt the parameters of fuzzy systems. Extracting fuzzy models from support vector machines has the inherent advantage that the model does not need to determine the number of rules in advance. However, after the support vector machine learning, the complexity is usually high, and interpretability is also impaired. This paper not only proposes a complete framework for extracting interpretable SVM-based fuzzy modeling, but also provides optimization issues of the models. Simulations examples are given to embody the idea of this paper.