nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pandora Particle Flow Algorithm

A high-energy e + e collider, such as the ILC or CLIC, is arguably the best option to comple- ment and extend the LHC physics programme. A lepton collider will allow for exploration of Standard Model Physics, such as precise measurements of the Higgs, top and gauge sectors, in addition to enabling a multitude of New Physics searches. However, physics analyses at such a collider will place unprecedented demands on calorimetry, with a required jet energy resolution of sE=E. 3:5 %. To meet these requirements will need a new approach to calorimetry. The particle flow approach to calorimetry requires both fine granularity detectors and sophis- ticated software algorithms. It promises to deliver unparalleled jet energy resolution by fully reconstructing the paths of individual particles through the detector. The energies of charged particles can then be extracted from precise inner detector tracker measurements, whilst photon energies will be measured in the ECAL, and only neutral hadron energies (10% of jet energies) will be measured in the HCAL, largely avoiding the typically poor HCAL resolution. This document introduces the Pandora particle flow algorithms, which offer the current state of the art in particle flow calorimetry for the ILC and CLIC. The performance of the algorithms is investigated by examining the reconstructed jet energy resolution and the ability to separate the hadronic decays ofW and Z bosons.
Spin in an arbitrary gravitational field

We study the quantum mechanics of a Dirac fermion on a curved spacetime manifold. The metric of the spacetime is completely arbitrary, allowing for the discussion of all possible inertial and gravitational field configurations. In this framework, we find the Hermitian Dirac Hamiltonian for an arbitrary classical external field (including the gravitational and electromagnetic ones). In order to discuss the physical content of the quantum-mechanical model, we further apply the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation, and derive the quantum equations of motion for the spin and position operators. We analyze the semiclassical limit of these equations and compare the results with the dynamics of a classical particle with spin in the framework of the standard Mathisson-Papapetrou theory and in the classical canonical theory. The comparison of the quantum-mechanical and classical equations of motion of a spinning particle in an arbitrary gravitational field shows their complete agreement.
Distributed Online Learning via Cooperative Contextual Bandits

In this paper, we propose a novel framework for decentralized, online learning by many learners. At each moment of time, an instance characterized by a certain context may arrive to each learner; based on the context, the learner can select one of its own actions (which gives a reward and provides information) or request assistance from another learner. In the latter case, the requester pays a cost and receives the reward but the provider learns the information. In our framework, learners are modeled as cooperative contextual bandits. Each learner seeks to maximize the expected reward from its arrivals, which involves trading off the reward received from its own actions, the information learned from its own actions, the reward received from the actions requested of others and the cost paid for these actions-taking into account what it has learned about the value of assistance from each other learner. We develop distributed online learning algorithms and provide analytic bounds to compare the efficiency of these with algorithms with the complete knowledge (oracle) benchmark (in which the expected reward of every action in every context is known by every learner). Our estimates show that regret-the loss incurred by the algorithm-is sublinear in time. Our theoretical framework can be used in many practical applications including Big Data mining, event detection in surveillance sensor networks and distributed online recommendation systems.
Multiple-choice Assessment for Upper-division Electricity and Magnetism

The Colorado Upper-division Electrostatics (CUE) diagnostic was designed as an open-ended assessment in order to capture elements of student reasoning in upper-division electrostatics. The diagnostic has been given for many semesters at several universities resulting in an extensive database of CUE responses. To increase the utility and scalability of the assessment, we used this database along with research on students’ difficulties to create a multiple-choice version. The new version explores the viability of a novel test format where students select multiple responses and can receive partial credit based on the accuracy and consistency of their selections. This format was selected with the goal of preserving insights afforded by the open-ended format while exploiting the logistical advantages of a multiple-choice assessment. Here, we present examples of the questions and scoring of the multiple-choice CUE as well as initial analysis of the test’s validity, item difficulty, discrimination, and overall consistency with the open-ended version.
Manipulation of a two-photon pump in superconductor-semiconductor heterostructures.

We investigate the photon statistics, entanglement, and squeezing of a p-n junction sandwiched between two superconducting leads and show that such an electrically driven photon pump generates correlated and entangled pairs of photons. In particular, we demonstrate that the squeezing of the fluctuations in the quadrature amplitudes of the emitted light can be manipulated by changing the relative phase of the order parameters of the superconductors. This reveals how macroscopic coherence of the superconducting state can be used to tailor the properties of a two-photon state.
Can the Higgs Boson Save Us From the Menace of the Boltzmann Brains

The standard ΛCDM model provides an excellent fit to current cosmological observations but suffers from a potentially serious Boltzmann Brain problem. If the universe enters a de Sitter vacuum phase that is truly eternal, there will be a finite temperature in empty space and corresponding thermal fluctuations. Among these fluctuations will be intelligent observers, as well as configurations that reproduce any local region of the current universe to arbitrary precision. We discuss the possibility that the escape from this unacceptable situation may be found in known physics: vacuum instability induced by the Higgs field. Avoiding Boltzmann Brains in a measure-independent way requires a decay timescale of order the current age of the universe, which can be achieved if the top quark pole mass is approximately 178 GeV. Otherwise we must invoke new physics or a particular cosmological measure before we can consider ΛCDM to be an empirical success.
Dynamics of a liquid crystal close to the Fréedericksz transition

We study experimentally and numerically the dynamics of the director of a liquid crystal driven by an electric field close to the critical point of the Fréedericksz transition (FT). We show that the Landau-Ginzburg (LG) equation, although it describes correctly the stationary features of FT in a rather large range of the control parameter, cannot be used to describe the dynamics in the same range. The reasons of this discrepancy are related not only to the approximations done to obtain this equation but most importantly to the finite value of the anchoring energy and to small asymmetries on boundary conditions. The difference between static and dynamics is discussed. These results are useful in all of the cases where FT is used as an example for other orientational transitions.
Correlation dynamics during a slow interaction quench in a one-dimensional Bose gas.

We investigate the response of a one-dimensional Bose gas to a slow increase of its interaction strength. We focus on the rich dynamics of equal-time single-particle correlations treating the Lieb-Liniger model within a bosonization approach and the Bose-Hubbard model using the time-dependent density-matrix renormalization group method. For short distances, correlations follow a power law with distance with an exponent given by the adiabatic approximation. In contrast, for long distances, correlations decay algebraically with an exponent understood within the sudden quench approximation. This long distance regime is separated from an intermediate distance one by a generalized Lieb-Robinson criterion. At long times, in this intermediate regime, bosonization predicts that single-particle correlations decay following a stretched exponential, an unconventional behavior. We develop here an intuitive understanding for the propagation of correlations, in terms of a generalized light cone, applicable to a large variety of systems and quench forms.
Through the eye of the needle: recent advances in understanding biopolymer translocation

In recent years polymer translocation, i.e., transport of polymeric molecules through nanometer-sized pores and channels embedded in membranes, has witnessed strong advances. It is now possible to observe single-molecule polymer dynamics during the motion through channels with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. These striking experimental studies have stimulated many theoretical developments. In this short theory–experiment review, we discuss recent progress in this field with a strong focus on non-equilibrium aspects of polymer dynamics during the translocation process.
Supersymmetry breaking in the three-dimensional nonlinear sigma model

In this work we discuss the dynamical generation of mass in a deformed ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetric nonlinear sigma model in a two-dimensional ($D=1+1$) space-time. We introduce the deformation by imposing a constraint that explicitly breaks supersymmetry. Through the tadpole method, we compute the effective potential at leading order in $1/N$ expansion showing that the model exhibit a dynamical generation of mass to the matter fields. Supersymmetry is recovered in the limit of the deformation parameter going to zero.
Topological nonsymmorphic crystalline insulators

In this work, we identify a new class of Z2 topological insulator protected by non-symmorphic crystalline symmetry, dubbed a "topological non-symmorphic crystalline insulator". We construct a concrete tight-binding model with the non-symmorphic space group pmg and confirm the topological nature of this model by calculating topological surface states and defining a Z2 topological invariant. Based on the projective representation theory, we extend our discussion to other non-symmorphic space groups that allows to host topological non-symmorphic crystalline insulators.
Systematic study of the experimental measurements on ratios of different Υ states

The world data on yields and ratios of different $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ states created in hadron collisions at $\sqrt{s}=19\text{--}8000$ GeV are examined in a systematic way. We derive that the ratios of $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(2S)/\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(1S)$ and $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(3S)/\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(1S)$ are $0.290\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007(\mathrm{stat}.)\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014(\mathrm{syst}.)$ and $0.131\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005(\mathrm{stat}.)\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003(\mathrm{syst}.)$, respectively, for $p+p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV. A small energy dependence of these ratios is observed within the broad collision energies. In addition, the rapidity, transverse momentum, and transverse mass dependence of these ratios are also reported.
Limits on strong FCNC top couplings at the LHC

The best limit on the strong FCNC anomalous couplings was obtained using the direct top production process at the Large Hadron Collider by the ATLAS collaboration. We perform a similar analysis but using a next-to-leading order generator, MEtop. We then show how the limits could be improved if the FCNC single top process pp→ tj would be included as signal. Finally we discuss a slightly modified analysis with an extra hard jet in the final state.
Squeezed states and Hermite polynomials in a complex variable

Following the lines of the recent paper of J.-P. Gazeau and F. H. Szafraniec [ (2011)], we construct here three types of coherent states, related to the Hermite polynomials in a complex variable which are orthogonal with respect to a non-rotationally invariant measure. We investigate relations between these coherent states and obtain the relationship between them and the squeezed states of quantum optics. We also obtain a second realization of the canonical coherent states in the Bargmann space of analytic functions, in terms of a squeezed basis. All this is done in the flavor of the classical approach of V. Bargmann [ (1961)].
Foundations of Rigid Geometry I

In this research oriented manuscript, foundational aspects of rigid geometry are discussed, putting emphasis on birational side of formal schemes and topological feature of rigid spaces. Besides the rigid geometry itself, topics include the general theory of formal schemes and formal algebraic spaces, based on a theory of complete rings which are not necessarily Noetherian (cf. ). The manuscript is encyclopedic and almost self-contained, and contains plenty of new results. A discussion on relationship with J. Tate's rigid analytic geometry, V. Berkovich's analytic geometry and R. Huber's adic spaces is also included. As a model example of applications, a proof of Nagata's compactification theorem for schemes is given in the appendix.
Dirac operators on noncommutative principal torus bundles

Spectral triples over noncommutative principal $\T^n$-bundles are studied, extending recent results about the noncommutative geometry of principal U(1)-bundles. We relate the noncommutative geometry of the total space of the bundle with the geometry of the base space. Moreover, strong connections are used to build new Dirac operators. We discuss as a particular case the commutative case, the noncommutative tori and theta deformed manifolds.
A new algorithm for calculating the curvature perturbations in stochastic inflation

We propose a new approach for calculating the curvature perturbations produced during inflation in the stochastic formalism. In our formalism, the fluctuations of the e-foldings are directly calculated without perturbatively expanding the inflaton field and they are connected to the curvature perturbations by the $\delta N$ formalism. The result automatically includes the contributions of the higher order perturbations because we solve the equation of motion non-perturbatively. In this paper, we analytically prove that our result (the power spectrum and the nonlinearity parameter) is consistent with the standard result in single field slow-roll inflation. We also describe the algorithm for numerical calculations of the curvature perturbations in more general inflation models.
Approximations of potentials through the truncation of their inverses

The inverse of an $\infty \times \infty$ symmetric band matrix can be constructed in terms of a matrix continued fraction. For Hamiltonians with Coulomb plus polynomial potentials, this results in an exact and analytic Green's operator which, even in finite-dimensional representation, exhibits the exact spectrum. In this work we propose a finite dimensional representation for the potential operator such that it retains some information about the whole Hilbert-space representation. The potential should be represented in a larger basis, then the matrix should be inverted, then truncated to the desired size, and finally inverted again. This procedure results in a superb low-rank representation of the potential operator. The method is illustrated with a typical nucleon-nucleon potential.
Bound orbits and gravitational theory

It can be easily shown that bound orbits around a static source can exist only in 4 dimension and in none else for any long range force. This is so not only for Maxwell’s electromagnetic and Newton’s gravity but also for Einstein’s gravitation theory. In contrast to Maxwell’s electrodynamics and Newton’s gravity, GR has a natural higher dimensional generalization in Lovelock gravity which remarkably admits bound orbits around a static black hole in all even d = 2N + 2 dimensions where N is degree of Lovelock polynomial action. This is as general a result as Bertrand’s theorem of classical mechanics in which existence of closed orbits uniquely singles out the inverse square law for a long range central force.
An integrable 3D lattice model with positive Boltzmann weights

In this paper we construct a three-dimensional (3D) solvable lattice model with non-negative Boltzmann weights. The spin variables in the model are assigned to edges of the 3D cubic lattice and run over an infinite number of discrete states. The Boltzmann weights satisfy the tetrahedron equation, which is a 3D generalization of the Yang–Baxter equation. The weights depend on a free parameter 0 < q < 1 and three continuous field variables. The layer-to-layer transfer matrices of the model form a two-parameter commutative family. This is the first example of a non-trivial solvable 3D lattice model with non-negative Boltzmann weights.
Multi-field G-inflation

We propose a multi-field extension of (generalized) G-inflation, based on covariant multi-galileons and their generalization preserving second-order field equations. We compute the quadratic action for cosmological perturbations. By comparing the formulas for cosmological perturbations, it is highlighted that multi-field DBI galileon inflation is not included in the multi-field version of generalized G-inflation. Our result indicates that the generalized covariant multi-galileon theory is not the most general multi-scalar-tensor theory with second-order field equations.
Lefschetz thimbles and stochastic quantization: Complex actions in the complex plane

Lattice field theories with a complex action can be studied numerically by allowing a complexified configuration space to be explored. Here we compare the recently introduced formulation on a Lefschetz thimble with the result from stochastic quantisation (or complex Langevin dynamics) in the case of a simple model and contrast the distributions being sampled. We also study the role of the residual phase on the Lefschetz thimble.
Mirror versus naive assignment in chiral models for the nucleon

In the framework of chiral model(s) based on the linear realization of chiral symmetry, we investigate the low-energy phenomenological properties of the nucleon and its chiral partner (identified with either N(1535) or N(1650)) in the naive assignment and compare the results with the ones obtained in the mirror assignment. We find that, within the naive assignment, we are not able to reproduce the experimental value of the isospin-odd scattering length, while the mirror assignment is in good agreement with it for both choices N(1535) and N(1650). The isospin-even scattering length is not yet conclusive in either assignment because it depends crucially on the poorly known scalar mesonic sector. The decay with ΓN(1535)→Nη turns out to be far too small in both the naive and mirror assignments, while ΓN(1650)→Nη is described correctly by both of them. In conclusion, the mirror assignment with N(1650) as the chiral partner of the nucleon is the favored configuration.
An O(D, D) invariant Hamiltonian action for the superstring

We construct O(D, D) invariant actions for the bosonic string and RNS superstring, using Hamiltonian methods and ideas from double field theory. In this framework the doubled coordinates of double field theory appear as coordinates on phase space, and T-duality becomes a canonical transformation. Requiring the algebra of constraints to close leads to the section condition, which splits the phase space coordinates into spacetime coordinates and momenta.
The dynamic pattern of human attention

A mass of traces of human activities show diverse dynamic patterns. In this paper, we comprehensively investigate the dynamic pattern of human attention defined by the quantity of interests on subdisciplines in an online academic communication forum. Both the expansion and exploration of human attention have a power-law scaling relation with browsing actions, of which the exponent is close to that in one-dimension random walk. Furthermore, the memory effect of human attention is characterized by the power-law distributions of both the return interval time and return interval steps, which is reinforced by studying the attention shift that monotonically increase with the interval order between pairs of continuously segmental sequences of expansion. At last, the observing dynamic pattern of human attention in the browsing process is analytically described by a dynamic model whose generic mechanism is analogy to that of human spatial mobility. Thus, our work not only enlarges the research scope of human dynamics, but also provides an insight to understand the relationship between the interest transitivity in online activities and human spatial mobility in real world.
Is Interstellar travel to an exoplanet Possible

It is shown that space travel, even in the most distant future, will remain confined to our own planetary system, and a similar conclusion will hold forth for any other civilization, no matter how advanced it might be, unless those extra-terrestrial species have life spans order of magnitude longer than ours. Even in such a case it is unlikely that they will travel much farther than their immediate stellar neighbourhood, as each such excursion will exhaust the resources of their home planet so much that those will dwindle rather fast and there might not be much left for the further scientific and technological advancements. So the science-fiction fancy of a "Galactic Empire" may ever remain in our fantasies only. And as for the mythical UFOs, whose quiet appearances do get reported in the press once in a while, recent explorations have shown no evidence that any such thing could have an origination within our own solar system itself. And a "quiet trip" back and forth from a distant star is almost impossible as the exhaust in any such trip will dazzle the sky like another sun or perhaps more like a gamma ray burst occurring but not in a distant part of the universe instead going off right in our own solar backyard.
Genome wide signals of pervasive positive selection in human evolution

The role of positive selection in human evolution remains controversial. On the one hand, scans for positive selection have identified hundreds of candidate loci and the genome-wide patterns of polymorphism show signatures consistent with frequent positive selection. On the other hand, recent studies have argued that many of the candidate loci are false positives and that most apparent genome-wide signatures of adaptation are in fact due to reduction of neutral diversity by linked recurrent deleterious mutations, known as background selection. Here we analyze human polymorphism data from the 1,000 Genomes project (Abecasis et al. 2012) and detect signatures of pervasive positive selection once we correct for the effects of background selection. We show that levels of neutral polymorphism are lower near amino acid substitutions, with the strongest reduction observed specifically near functionally consequential amino acid substitutions. Furthermore, amino acid substitutions are associated with signatures of recent adaptation that should not be generated by background selection, such as the presence of unusually long and frequent haplotypes and specific distortions in the site frequency spectrum. We use forward simulations to show that the observed signatures require a high rate of strongly adaptive substitutions in the vicinity of the amino acid changes. We further demonstrate that the observed signatures of positive selection correlate more strongly with the presence of regulatory sequences, as predicted by ENCODE (Gerstein et al. 2012), than the positions of amino acid substitutions. Our results establish that adaptation was frequent in human evolution and provide support for the hypothesis of King and Wilson (King and Wilson 1975) that adaptive divergence is primarily driven by regulatory changes.