nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Generic framework for anisotropic flow analyses with multiparticle azimuthal correlations

We present a new generic framework which enables exact and fast evaluation of all multi-particle azimuthal correlations. The framework can be readily used along with a correction framework for systematic biases in anisotropic flow analyses due to various detector inefficiencies. A new recursive algorithm has been developed for higher order correlators for the cases where their direct implementation is not feasible. We propose and discuss new azimuthal observables for anisotropic flow analyses which can be measured for the first time with our new framework. Effects of finite detector granularity on multi-particle correlations are quantified and discussed in detail. We point out the existence of a systematic bias in traditional differential flow analyses which stems solely from the applied selection criteria on particles used in the analyses, and is also present in the ideal case when only flow correlations are present. Finally, we extend the applicability of our generic framework to the case of differential multi-particle correlations.
The measurement and interpretation of superallowed 0+→ 0+ nuclear β decay

Measurements of the decay strength of superallowed 0+? 0+ nuclear ? transitions shed light on the fundamental properties of weak interactions. Because of their impact, such measurements were first reported 60?years ago in the early 1950s and have continued unabated ever since, always taking advantage of improvements in experimental techniques to achieve ever higher precision. The results helped first to shape the Electroweak Standard Model but more recently have evolved into sensitively testing that model's predictions. Today they provide the most demanding test of vector-current conservation and of the unitarity of the Cabibbo?Kobayashi?Maskawa matrix, as well as the most restrictive limit on the presence of a scalar current. Here, we review the experimental and theoretical methods that have been, and are being, used to characterize superallowed 0+? 0+ ? transitions and to extract fundamentally important parameters from their analysis.
Augur: a Modeling Language for Data-Parallel Probabilistic Inference

It is time-consuming and error-prone to implement inference procedures for each new probabilistic model. Probabilistic programming addresses this problem by allowing a user to specify the model and having a compiler automatically generate an inference procedure for it. For this approach to be practical, it is important to generate inference code that has reasonable performance. In this paper, we present a probabilistic programming language and compiler for Bayesian networks designed to make effective use of data-parallel architectures such as GPUs. Our language is fully integrated within the Scala programming language and benefits from tools such as IDE support, type-checking, and code completion. We show that the compiler can generate data-parallel inference code scalable to thousands of GPU cores by making use of the conditional independence relationships in the Bayesian network.
Connecting radio variability to the characteristics of gamma-ray blazars

We present results from four years of twice-weekly 15 GHz radio monitoring of about 1500 blazars with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory 40 m telescope. Using the intrinsic modulation index to measure variability amplitude, we find that, with >6σ significance, the radio variability of radio-selected gamma-ray-loud blazars is stronger than that of gamma-ray-quiet blazars. Our extended data set also includes at least 21 months of data for all AGN with ‘clean’ associations in the Fermi Large Area Telescope First AGN Catalog, 1LAC. With these additional data, we examine the radio variability properties of a gamma-ray-selected blazar sample. Within this sample, we find no evidence for a connection between radio variability amplitude and optical classification. In contrast, for our radio-selected sample we find that the BL Lac object subpopulation is more variable than the flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) subpopulation. Radio variability is found to correlate with the synchrotron peak frequency, with low- and intermediate-synchrotron-peaked blazars varying more than high-synchrotron-peaked ones. We find evidence for a significant negative correlation between redshift and radio variability among bright FSRQs.
Constraining supersymmetry with heavy scalars: Using the CMB

.expectations for the microscopic properties of dark matter, as well as the possibility of dark radiation and a cosmic axion background. In this paper we examine how correlated and mixed isocurvature perturbations are generated in such models, as well as the connection to dark radiation. WMAP constraints on multiple correlated isocurvature modes allow up to half of the primordial perturbations to be isocurvature, contrary to the case of a single isocurvature mode where perturbations must be dominantly adiabatic. However, such bounds are strongly prior dependent, and have not been investigated with the latest Planck data. In this paper we use the example of a SUSY non-thermal history to establish theoretical priors on cosmological parameters. Of particular interest, we nd that priors on dark radiation are degenerate with those on the total amount of isocurvature { they are inversely correlated. Dark radiation is tightly constrained in the early universe and has been used recently to place stringent constraints on string-based approaches to beyond the standard model. Our results suggest such constraints can require more input from theory. Specically, we nd that in many cases constraints on dark radiation are avoidable because the density can be reduced at the expense of predicting an amount of multi-component isocurvature. The latter are poorly constrained by existing probes, and lead to the interesting possibility that such models could have new predictions for the next generation of observations. Our results are not only important for establishing the post-inationary universe in the presence of SUSY, but also suggest that data from cosmological probes { such as Planck { can help guide model building in models of the MSSM, split-SUSY, and beyond. Our model also demonstrates the utility of UV models in constructing cosmological priors.
Newton to Einstein — dust to dust

We investigate the relation between the standard Newtonian equations for a pressureless fluid (dust) and the Einstein equations in a double expansion in small scales and small metric perturbations. We find that parts of the Einstein equations can be rewritten as a closed system of two coupled differential equations for the scalar and transverse vector metric perturbations in Poisson gauge. It is then shown that this system is equivalent to the Newtonian system of continuity and Euler equations. Brustein and Riotto (2011) conjectured the equivalence of these systems in the special case where vector perturbations were neglected. We show that this approach does not lead to the Euler equation but to a physically different one with large deviations already in the 1-loop power spectrum. We show that it is also possible to consistently set to zero the vector perturbations which strongly constrains the allowed initial conditions, in particular excluding Gaussian ones such that inclusion of vector perturbations is inevitable in the cosmological context. In addition we derive nonlinear equations for the gravitational slip and tensor perturbations, thereby extending Newtonian gravity of a dust fluid to account for nonlinear light propagation effects and dust-induced gravitational waves.
Non-linear growth and condensation in multiplex networks

Different types of interactions coexist and coevolve to shape the structure and function of a multiplex network. We propose here a general class of growth models in which the various layers of a multiplex network coevolve through a set of nonlinear preferential attachment rules. We show, both numerically and analytically, that by tuning the level of nonlinearity these models allow us to reproduce either homogeneous or heterogeneous degree distributions, together with positive or negative degree correlations across layers. In particular, we derive the condition for the appearance of a condensed state in which one node in each layer attracts an extensive fraction of all the edges.
Theory of Classical Higgs Fields. I. Matter Fields

Higgs fields are attributes of classical gauge theory on a principal bundle $P\to X$ whose structure Lie group $G$ if is reducible to a closed subgroup $H$. They are represented by sections of the quotient bundle $P/H\to X$. A problem lies in description of matter fields with an exact symmetry group $H$. They are represented by sections of a composite bundle which is associated to an $H$-principal bundle $P\to P/H$. It is essential that they admit an action of a gauge group $G$.
Sample Complexity of Dictionary Learning and Other Matrix Factorizations

Many modern tools in machine learning and signal processing, such as sparse dictionary learning, principal component analysis, non-negative matrix factorization, K-means clustering, and so on, rely on the factorization of a matrix obtained by concatenating high-dimensional vectors from a training collection. While the idealized task would be to optimize the expected quality of the factors over the underlying distribution of training vectors, it is achieved in practice by minimizing an empirical average over the considered collection. The focus of this paper is to provide sample complexity estimates to uniformly control how much the empirical average deviates from the expected cost function. Standard arguments imply that the performance of the empirical predictor also exhibit such guarantees. The level of genericity of the approach encompasses several possible constraints on the factors (tensor product structure, shift-invariance, sparsity...), thus providing a unified perspective on the sample complexity of several widely used matrix factorization schemes. The derived generalization bounds behave proportional to (log (n)/n)1/2 with respect to the number of samples n for the considered matrix factorization techniques.
Weak percolation on multiplex networks

Bootstrap percolation is a simple but nontrivial model. It has applications in many areas of science and has been explored on random networks for several decades. In single-layer (simplex) networks, it has been recently observed that bootstrap percolation, which is defined as an incremental process, can be seen as the opposite of pruning percolation, where nodes are removed according to a connectivity rule. Here we propose models of both bootstrap and pruning percolation for multiplex networks. We collectively refer to these two models with the concept of "weak" percolation, to distinguish them from the somewhat classical concept of ordinary ("strong") percolation. While the two models coincide in simplex networks, we show that they decouple when considering multiplexes, giving rise to a wealth of critical phenomena. Our bootstrap model constitutes the simplest example of a contagion process on a multiplex network and has potential applications in critical infrastructure recovery and information security. Moreover, we show that our pruning percolation model may provide a way to diagnose missing layers in a multiplex network. Finally, our analytical approach allows us to calculate critical behavior and characterize critical clusters.
Combined Flux and Anisotropy Searches Improve Sensitivity to Gamma Rays from Dark Matter

Searches for dark matter annihilation signals in the diffuse gamma-ray background are promising. We present the first comprehensive study utilizing both flux and anisotropy, using the example of a spectral line signal. Besides improving sensitivity, a combined analysis will help separately determine the particle properties of dark matter and the cosmological aspects of its clumping into halo substructure. The significance of a signal in a shot-noise-dominated anisotropy analysis increases linearly with time $t$, as opposed to $\sqrt{t}$ for a flux analysis, so a flux hint might be confirmed with an anisotropy signal. A first combined line search with Fermi-LAT would provide powerful new sensitivity; one with the proposed GAMMA-400 would be dramatically better.
MOA-2011-BLG-262Lb: A SUB-EARTH-MASS MOON ORBITING A GAS GIANT PRIMARY OR A HIGH VELOCITY PLANETARY SYSTEM IN THE GALACTIC BULGE

We present the first microlensing candidate for a free-floating exoplanet–exomoon system, MOA-2011-BLG-262, with a primary lens mass of Mhost ∼ 4 Jupiter masses hosting a sub-Earth mass moon. The argument for an exomoon hinges on the system being relatively close to the Sun. The data constrain the product MLπrel where ML is the lens system mass and πrel is the lens–source relative parallax. If the lens system is nearby (large πrel), then ML is small (a few Jupiter masses) and the companion is a sub-Earth-mass exomoon. The best-fit solution has a large lens–source relative proper motion, μrel = 19.6 ± 1.6 mas yr−1, which would rule out a distant lens system unless the source star has an unusually high proper motion. However, data from the OGLE collaboration nearly rule out a high source proper motion, so the exoplanet+exomoon model is the favored interpretation for the best fit model. However, there is an alternate solution that has a lower proper motion and fits the data almost as well. This solution is compatible with a distant (so stellar) host. A Bayesian analysis does not favor the exoplanet+exomoon interpretation, so Occam's razor favors a lens system in the bulge with host and companion masses of and , at a projected separation of AU. The existence of this degeneracy is an unlucky accident, so current microlensing experiments are in principle sensitive to exomoons. In some circumstances, it will be possible to definitively establish the mass of such lens systems through the microlensing parallax effect. Future experiments will be sensitive to less extreme exomoons.
Cosmological singularity theorems and black holes

An extension of Penrose's singularity theorem is proved for spacetimes where black holes are allowed to form from non-singular initial data. With standard assumptions about the spacetime, and assuming the existence of a trapped surface which lies outside of black hole horizons and is not completely surrounded by horizons, we show that the spacetime region outside (or on) the horizons must contain singularities. If the trapped surface is surrounded by horizons, we show that the horizons divide spacetime into causally disconnected pieces. Unlike the original Penrose's theorem, our theorems provide some information about the location of singularities. We illustrate how they can be used to rule out some cosmological scenarios.
CONCOCT: Clustering cONtigs on COverage and ComposiTion

Metagenomics enables the reconstruction of microbial genomes in complex microbial communities without the need for culturing. Since assembly typically results in fragmented genomes the grouping of genome fragments (contigs) belonging to the same genome, a process referred to as binning, remains a major informatics challenge. Here we present CONCOCT, a computer program that combines three types of information - sequence composition, coverage across multiple sample, and read-pair linkage - to automatically bin contigs into genomes. We demonstrate high recall and precision rates of the program on artificial as well as real human gut metagenome datasets.
Marcel Grossmann and his contribution to the general theory of relativity

This article reviews the biography of the Swiss mathematician Marcel Grossmann (1878-1936) and his contributions to the emergence of the general theory of relativity. The first part is his biography, while the second part reviews his collaboration with Einstein in Zurich which resulted in the Einstein-Grossmann theory of 1913. This theory is a precursor version of the final theory of general relativity with all the ingredients of that theory except for the correct gravitational field equations. Their collaboration is analyzed in some detail with a focus on the question of exactly what role Grossmann played in it.
Nonthermal fluctuations of the mitotic spindle.

We present direct measurements of fluctuations in the nucleus of yeast cells. While prior work has shown these fluctuations to be active and non-thermal in character, their origin and time dependence are not understood. We show that the nuclear fluctuations we observe are quantitatively consistent with uncorrelated, active force fluctuations driving a nuclear medium that is dominated by an uncondensed DNA solution, for which we perform rheological measurements on an in vitro model system under similar conditions to what is expected in the nucleus.
A paradox in community detection

Recent research has shown that virtually all algorithms aimed at the identification of communities in networks are affected by the same main limitation: the impossibility to detect communities, even when these are well defined, if the average value of the difference between internal and external node degrees does not exceed a strictly positive value, in the literature known as detectability threshold. Here, we counterintuitively show that the value of this threshold is inversely proportional to the intrinsic quality of communities: the detection of well-defined modules is thus more difficult than the identification of ill-defined communities.
Measurement uncertainty relations

Measurement uncertainty relations are quantitative bounds on the errors in an approximate joint measurement of two observables. They can be seen as a generalization of the error/disturbance tradeoff first discussed heuristically by Heisenberg. Here we prove such relations for the case of two canonically conjugate observables like position and momentum, and establish a close connection with the more familiar preparation uncertainty relations constraining the sharpness of the distributions of the two observables in the same state. Both sets of relations are generalized to means of order α rather than the usual quadratic means, and we show that the optimal constants are the same for preparation and for measurement uncertainty. The constants are determined numerically and compared with some bounds in the literature. In both cases, the near-saturation of the inequalities entails that the state (resp. observable) is uniformly close to a minimizing one.
Who watches (and shares) what on youtube? and when?: using twitter to understand youtube viewership

By combining multiple social media datasets, it is possible to gain insight into each dataset that goes beyond what could be obtained with either individually. In this paper we combine user-centric data from Twitter with video-centric data from YouTube to build a rich picture of who watches and shares what on YouTube. We study 87K Twitter users, 5.6 million YouTube videos and 15 million video sharing events from user-, video- and sharing-event-centric perspectives. We show that features of Twitter users correlate with YouTube features and sharing-related features. For example, urban users are quicker to share than rural users. We find a superlinear relationship between initial Twitter shares and the final amounts of views. We discover that Twitter activity metrics play more role in video popularity than mere amount of followers. We also reveal the existence of correlated behavior concerning the time between video creation and sharing within certain timescales, showing the time onset for a coherent response, and the time limit after which collective responses are extremely unlikely. Response times depend on the category of the video, suggesting Twitter video sharing is highly dependent on the video content. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study combining YouTube and Twitter data, and it reveals novel, detailed insights into who watches (and shares) what on YouTube, and when.
A New Approach to the Yang-Mills Gauge Theory of Gravity and It's Applications

We shall give dynamics to our spacetime manifold by first identifying the local affine symmetry as the characterizing symmetry for our geometryla Felix Klein, this symmetry is imposed on us by the Law of Inertia and the Law of Causality. We then prescribe 16 gauge vector bosons to this symmetry ´ ala Yang and Mills. The locally affine symmetric Yang-Mills Lagrangian in the presence of a background world metric, and the corresponding equations of motion, are respectively constructed and derived. Spontaneous breaking of the local affine symmetry to the local Lorentz symmetry is achieved by classical solutions to the equations of motion. In these classical solutions, the 16 gauge vector bosons are shown to select the Schwarzschild metric as one among the admissible background world metrics. Classical gravity is thus be expressed by a spontaneously broken Erlangen program. We shall also show that this Yang-Mills gauge theory of gravity can give an explanation of the form of the galactic rotation curves, of the amount of intergalactic gravitational lensing, and of the accelerating expansion of the Universe.
Black Hole Superradiance in Dynamical Spacetime

We study the superradiant scattering of gravitational waves by a nearly extremal black hole (dimensionless spin $a=0.99$) by numerically solving the full Einstein field equations, thus including backreaction effects. This allows us to study the dynamics of the black hole as it loses energy and angular momentum during the scattering process. To explore the nonlinear phase of the interaction, we consider gravitational wave packets with initial energies up to $10%$ of the mass of the black hole. We find that as the incident wave energy increases, the amplification of the scattered waves, as well as the energy extraction efficiency from the black hole, is reduced. During the interaction the apparent horizon geometry undergoes sizable nonaxisymmetric oscillations. The largest amplitude excitations occur when the peak frequency of the incident wave packet is above where superradiance occurs, but close to the dominant quasinormal mode frequency of the black hole.
THREE-HAIR RELATIONS FOR ROTATING STARS: NONRELATIVISTIC LIMIT

The gravitational field outside of astrophysical black holes is completely described by their mass and spin frequency, as expressed by the no-hair theorems. These theorems assume vacuum spacetimes, and thus they apply only to black holes and not to stars. Despite this, we analytically find that the gravitational potential of arbitrarily rapid, rigidly rotating stars can still be described completely by only their mass, spin angular momentum, and quadrupole moment. Although these results are obtained in the nonrelativistic limit (to leading order in a weak-field expansion of general relativity, GR), they are also consistent with fully relativistic numerical calculations of rotating neutron stars. This description of the gravitational potential outside the source in terms of just three quantities is approximately universal (independent of equation of state). Such universality may be used to break degeneracies in pulsar and future gravitational wave observations to extract more physics and test GR in the strong-field regime.