nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Online Networks and Subjective Well‐Being

We argue that the use of online networks may threaten subjective well-being in several ways, due to the inherent attributes of Internet-mediated interaction and through its effects on social trust and sociability. We test our hypotheses on a representative sample of the Italian population. We find a significantly negative correlation between online networking and well-being. This result is partially confirmed after accounting for endogeneity. We explore the direct and indirect effects of the use of social networking sites (SNS) on well-being in a SEM analysis. We find that online networking plays a positive role in subjective well-being through its impact on physical interactions, whereas SNS use is associated with lower social trust. The overall effect of networking on individual welfare is significantly negative.
How they (should have) built the pyramids

A novel method is proposed for moving large, pyramid construction size, stone blocks. The method is inspired by a well known introductory physics homework problem, and is implemented by tying 12 identical rods of appropriately chosen radius to the faces of the block. The rods form the corners and new faces that transform the square prism into a dodecagon which can then be moved more easily by rolling than by dragging. Experimental results are presented and compared to independent work by another group which utilized wooden attachments providing a cylindrical shape. It is found that a small scale stone block converted to dodecagons can be moved across level open ground with a dynamic coefficient of friction of the order 0.2. For full scale pyramid blocks, the wooden rods would need to be posts of order 30 cm in diameter, similar in size to those used as masts on ships in the Nile.
Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff Equations in Modified Gauss-Bonnet Gravity

Based on a stringy inspired Gauss-Bonnet (GB) modification of classical gravity, we constructed a model for neutron stars. We derived the modified forms of Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equations for a generic function of $f(G)$ gravity. The hydrostatic equations remained unchanged but the dynamical equations for metric functions are modified due to the effects of GB term.
Autocorrelation study of the Θ transition for a coarse-grained polymer model.

By means of Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations of a coarse-grained model for flexible polymers, we investigate how the integrated autocorrelation times of different energetic and structural quantities depend on the temperature. We show that, due to critical slowing down, an extremal autocorrelation time can also be considered as an indicator for the collapse transition that helps to locate the transition point. This is particularly useful for finite systems, where response quantities such as the specific heat do not necessarily exhibit clear indications for pronounced thermal activity.
Is information a selectable trait?

There is little doubt in scientific circles that--counting from the origin of life towards today--evolution has led to an increase in the amount of information stored within the genomes of the biosphere. This trend of increasing information on average likely holds for every successful line of descent, but it is not clear whether this increase is due to a general law, or whether it is a secondary effect linked to an overall increase in fitness. Here, we use "digital life" evolution experiments to study whether information is under selection if treated as an organismal trait, using the Price equation. By measuring both sides of the equation individually in an adapting population, the strength of selection on a trait appears as a "gap" between the two terms of the right-hand-side of the Price equation. We find that information is strongly selected (as it encodes all fitness-producing traits) by comparing the strength of selection on information to a weakly selected trait (sequence length), as well as to a neutral marker. We observe that while strength of selection on arbitrary traits can vary during an experiment (including reversing sign), information is a selectable trait that must increase in a fixed environment.
Classical Black Holes Are Hot

In the early 1970s it is was realized that there is a striking 
 formal analogy between the Laws of black-hole mechanics and the Laws 
 of classical thermodynamics. Before the discovery of Hawking 
 radiation, however, it was generally thought that the analogy was 
 only formal, and did not reflect a deep connection between 
 gravitational and thermodynamical phenomena. It is still commonly 
 held that the surface gravity of a stationary black hole can be 
 construed as a true physical temperature and its area as a true 
 entropy only when quantum effects are taken into account; in the 
 context of classical general relativity alone, one cannot cogently 
 construe them so. Does the use of quantum field theory in curved 
 spacetime offer the only hope for taking the analogy seriously? I 
 think the answer is `no'. To attempt to justify that answer, I 
 shall begin by arguing that the standard argument to the contrary is 
 not physically well founded, and in any event begs the question. 
 Looking at the various ways that the ideas of ``temperature'' and 
 ``entropy'' enter classical thermodynamics then will suggest 
 arguments that, I claim, show the analogy between classical 
 black-hole mechanics and classical thermodynamics should be taken 
 more seriously, without the need to rely on or invoke quantum 
 mechanics. In particular, I construct an analogue of a Carnot cycle 
 in which a black hole ``couples'' with an ordinary thermodynamical 
 system in such a way that its surface gravity plays the role of 
 temperature and its area that of entropy. Thus, the connection 
 between classical general relativity and classical thermodynamics on 
 their own is already deep and physically significant, independent of 
 quantum mechanics.
On Zero-Sum Optimal Stopping Games

On a filtered probability space $$(\Omega ,\mathcal {F},P,\mathbb {F}=(\mathcal {F}_t)_{t=0,\ldots ,T})$$(Ω,F,P,F=(Ft)t=0,…,T), we consider stopping games $$\overline{V}:=\inf _{{\varvec{\rho }}\in \mathbb {T}^{ii}}\sup _{\tau \in \mathcal {T}}\mathbb {E}[U({\varvec{\rho }}(\tau ),\tau )]$$V¯:=infρ∈Tiisupτ∈TE[U(ρ(τ),τ)] and $$\underline{V}:=\sup _{{\varvec{\tau }}\in \mathbb {T}^i}\inf _{\rho \in \mathcal {T}}\mathbb {E}[U(\rho ,{\varvec{\tau }}(\rho ))]$$V̲:=supτ∈Tiinfρ∈TE[U(ρ,τ(ρ))] in discrete time, where U(s, t) is $$\mathcal {F}_{s\vee t}$$Fs∨t-measurable instead of $$\mathcal {F}_{s\wedge t}$$Fs∧t-measurable as is assumed in the literature on Dynkin games, $$\mathcal {T}$$T is the set of stopping times, and $$\mathbb {T}^i$$Ti and $$\mathbb {T}^{ii}$$Tii are sets of mappings from $$\mathcal {T}$$T to $$\mathcal {T}$$T satisfying certain non-anticipativity conditions. We will see in an example that there is no room for stopping strategies in classical Dynkin games unlike the new stopping game we are introducing. We convert the problems into an alternative Dynkin game, and show that $$\overline{V}=\underline{V}=V$$V¯=V̲=V, where V is the value of the Dynkin game. We also get optimal $${\varvec{\rho }}\in \mathbb {T}^{ii}$$ρ∈Tii and $${\varvec{\tau }}\in \mathbb {T}^i$$τ∈Ti for $$\overline{V}$$V¯ and $$\underline{V}$$V̲ respectively.
Atomistic force field for pyridinium-based ionic liquids: reliable transport properties.

Reliable force field (FF) is a central issue in successful prediction of physical chemical properties via computer simulations. This work introduces refined FF parameters for six popular ionic liquids (ILs) of the pyridinium family (butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, dicyanamide, hexafluorophosphate, triflate, chloride). We elaborate a systematic procedure, which allows accounting for specific cation-anion interactions in the liquid phase. Once these interactions are described accurately, all experimentally determined transport properties can be reproduced. We prove that three parameters per interaction site (atom diameter, depth of potential well, point electrostatic charge) provide a sufficient basis to predict thermodynamics (heat of vaporization, density), structure (radial distributions), and transport (diffusion, viscosity, conductivity) of ILs at room conditions and elevated temperature. The developed atomistic models provide a systematic refinement upon the well-known Canongia Lopes-Pádua (CL&P) FF. Together with the original CL&P parameters the present models foster a computational investigation of ionic liquids.
Learning Deep Representation for Face Alignment with Auxiliary Attributes

In this study, we show that landmark detection or face alignment task is not a single and independent problem. Instead, its robustness can be greatly improved with auxiliary information. Specifically, we jointly optimize landmark detection together with the recognition of heterogeneous but subtly correlated facial attributes, such as gender, expression, and appearance attributes. This is non-trivial since different attribute inference tasks have different learning difficulties and convergence rates. To address this problem, we formulate a novel tasks-constrained deep model, which not only learns the inter-task correlation but also employs dynamic task coefficients to facilitate the optimization convergence when learning multiple complex tasks. Extensive evaluations show that the proposed task-constrained learning (i) outperforms existing face alignment methods, especially in dealing with faces with severe occlusion and pose variation, and (ii) reduces model complexity drastically compared to the state-of-the-art methods based on cascaded deep model.
Relax, No Need to Round: Integrality of Clustering Formulations

We study exact recovery conditions for convex relaxations of point cloud clustering problems, focusing on two of the most common optimization problems for unsupervised clustering: k-means and k-median clustering. Motivations for focusing on convex relaxations are: (a) they come with a certificate of optimality, and (b) they are generic tools which are relatively parameter-free, not tailored to specific assumptions over the input. More precisely, we consider the distributional setting where there are k clusters in Rm and data from each cluster consists of n points sampled from a symmetric distribution within a ball of unit radius. We ask: what is the minimal separation distance between cluster centers needed for convex relaxations to exactly recover these k clusters as the optimal integral solution? For the k-median linear programming relaxation we show a tight bound: exact recovery is obtained given arbitrarily small pairwise separation ε > O between the balls. In other words, the pairwise center separation is δ > 2+ε. Under the same distributional model, the k-means LP relaxation fails to recover such clusters at separation as large as δ = 4. Yet, if we enforce PSD constraints on the k-means LP, we get exact cluster recovery at separation as low as δ > min{2 + √2k/m}, 2+√2 + 2/m} + ε. In contrast, common heuristics such as Lloyd's algorithm (a.k.a. the k means algorithm) can fail to recover clusters in this setting; even with arbitrarily large cluster separation, k-means++ with overseeding by any constant factor fails with high probability at exact cluster recovery. To complement the theoretical analysis, we provide an experimental study of the recovery guarantees for these various methods, and discuss several open problems which these experiments suggest.
Non-detection of X-ray emission from sterile neutrinos in stacked galaxy spectra

We conduct a comprehensive search for X-ray emission lines from sterile neutrino dark matter, motivated by recent claims of unidentied emission lines in the stacked X-ray spectra of galaxy clusters and the centers of the Milky Way and M31. Since the claimed emission lines lie around 3.5 keV, we focus on galaxies and galaxy groups (masking the central regions), since these objects emit very little radiation above 2 keV and oer a clean background against which to detect emission lines. We develop a formalism for maximizing the signal-to-noise of sterile neutrino emission lines by weighing each X-ray event according to the expected dark matter prole. In total, we examine 81 and 89 galaxies with Chandra and XMM-Newton respectively, totaling 15.0 and 14.6 Ms of integration time. We nd no signicant
Low-loss broadband antenna for efficient photon collection from a coherent spin in diamond

We report the creation of a low-loss broadband optical antenna giving highly directed output from a coherent single spin in the solid state. The device, a crystalline solid-state realization of a dielectric antenna, is engineered for individual nitrogen-vacancy electronic spins in diamond. We demonstrate a directionality close to 10. The photonic structure preserves the high spin coherence of single-crystal diamond ( T 2 ≳ 100 μ s). The single-photon count rate approaches a megahertz facilitating efficient spin readout. We thus demonstrate a key enabling technology for quantum applications such as high-sensitivity magnetometry and long-distance spin entanglement.
Dynamics of gauge field inflation

We analyze the existence and stability of dynamical attractor solutions for cosmological inflation driven by the coupling between fermions and a gauge field. Assuming a spatially homogeneous and isotropic gauge field and fermion current, the interacting fermion equation of motion reduces to that of a free fermion up to a phase shift. Consistency of the model is ensured via the Stückelberg mechanism. We prove the existence of exactly one stable solution, and demonstrate the stability numerically. Inflation arises without fine tuning, and does not require postulating any effective potential or non-standard coupling.
Constraining topological defects with temperature and polarization anisotropies

We analyze the possible contribution of topological defects to cosmic microwave anisotropies, both temperature and polarization. We allow for the presence of both inflationary scalars and tensors, and of polarized dust foregrounds that may contribute to or dominate the B-mode polarization signal. We confirm and quantify our previous statements that topological defects on their own are a poor fit to the B-mode signal. However, adding topological defects to a model with a tensor component or a dust component improves the fit around $\ensuremath{\ell}=200$. Fitting simultaneously to both temperature and polarization data, we find that textures fit almost as well as tensors ($\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}=2.0$), while Abelian Higgs strings are ruled out as the sole source of the B-mode signal at low $\ensuremath{\ell}$. The 95% confidence upper limits on models combining defects and dust are $G\ensuremath{\mu}l2.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ (Abelian Higgs strings), $G\ensuremath{\mu}l9.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ (semilocal strings) and $G\ensuremath{\mu}l7.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ (textures), a small reduction on the Planck bounds. The most economical fit overall is obtained by the standard $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$--cold dark matter model with a polarized dust component.
Sparse and Compositionally Robust Inference of Microbial Ecological Networks

16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and other environmental sequencing techniques provide snapshots of microbial communities, revealing phylogeny and the abundances of microbial populations across diverse ecosystems. While changes in microbial community structure are demonstrably associated with certain environmental conditions (from metabolic and immunological health in mammals to ecological stability in soils and oceans), identification of underlying mechanisms requires new statistical tools, as these datasets present several technical challenges. First, the abundances of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from amplicon-based datasets are compositional. Counts are normalized to the total number of counts in the sample. Thus, microbial abundances are not independent, and traditional statistical metrics (e.g., correlation) for the detection of OTU-OTU relationships can lead to spurious results. Secondly, microbial sequencing-based studies typically measure hundreds of OTUs on only tens to hundreds of samples; thus, inference of OTU-OTU association networks is severely under-powered, and additional information (or assumptions) are required for accurate inference. Here, we present SPIEC-EASI (SParse InversE Covariance Estimation for Ecological Association Inference), a statistical method for the inference of microbial ecological networks from amplicon sequencing datasets that addresses both of these issues. SPIEC-EASI combines data transformations developed for compositional data analysis with a graphical model inference framework that assumes the underlying ecological association network is sparse. To reconstruct the network, SPIEC-EASI relies on algorithms for sparse neighborhood and inverse covariance selection. To provide a synthetic benchmark in the absence of an experimentally validated gold-standard network, SPIEC-EASI is accompanied by a set of computational tools to generate OTU count data from a set of diverse underlying network topologies. SPIEC-EASI outperforms state-of-the-art methods to recover edges and network properties on synthetic data under a variety of scenarios. SPIEC-EASI also reproducibly predicts previously unknown microbial associations using data from the American Gut project.
Whole-body counter survey results 4 months after the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP accident in Minamisoma City, Fukushima

Using the first WBC unit installed in Fukushima Prefecture after the accident, the radiocesium body burdens of 566 high-risk residents of Minamisoma city were measured in July 2011 at the Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital. The analysis of the data was challenging because this chair-type, WBC unit, did not have sufficient shielding against background gamma rays and methods had to be developed to reliably compensate for the body-attenuated background radiation. Fortunately, data for repeated tests of hospital staff members using both the chair-type and well-shielded FASTSCAN WBC units, installed in September 2011, were available and could be used to check the validity of the analysis. The CEDs of all subjects, estimated under the assumption of acute inhalation in March 2011, were found to be less than 1 mSv.
Weighted Hypernetworks

Complex network theory has been used to study complex systems. However, many real life systems involve multiple kinds of objects . They can’t be described by simple graphs. In order to provide complete information of these systems, we extend the concept of evolving models of complex networks to hypernetworks. In this work, we firstly propose a non-uniform hypernetwork model with attractiveness, and obtain the stationary average hyperdegree distribution of the non-uniform hypernetwork. Furthermore, we develop a model for weighted hypernetworks that couples the establishment of new hyperedges and nodes and the weights’ dynamical evolution. We obtain the stationary average hyperdegree and hyperstrength distribution by using the hyperdegree distribution of the hypernetwork model with attractiveness, respectively. In particular, the model yields a nontrivial time evolution of nodes’ properties and scale-free behavior for the hyperdegree and hyperstrength distribution. It is expected that our work may give help to the study of the hypernetworks in real-world systems.
The dynamic nature of conflict in Wikipedia

The voluntary process of Wikipedia edition provides an environment in which the outcome is clearly a collective product of interactions involving a large number of people. We propose a simple agent-based model, developed from real data, to reproduce the collaborative process of Wikipedia edition. With a small number of simple ingredients, our model mimics several interesting features of real human behaviour, namely in the context of edit wars. We show that the level of conflict is determined by a tolerance parameter, which measures the editors' capability to accept different opinions and to change their own opinion. We propose to measure conflict with a parameter based on mutual reverts, which increases only in contentious situations. Using this parameter, we find a distribution for the inter-peace periods that is heavy tailed. The effects of wiki-robots in the conflict levels and in the edition patterns are also studied. Our findings are compared with previous parameters used to measure conflicts in edit wars.
Bayesian Analysis of Hybrid EoS based on Astrophysical Observational Data

We perform a Bayesian analysis of probability measures for compact star equations of state using new, disjunct constraints for mass and radius. The analysis uses a simple parametrization for hybrid equations of state to investigate the possibility of a first order deconfinement transition in compact stars. The latter question is relevant for the possible existence of a critical endpoint in the QCD phase diagram under scrutiny in heavy-ion collisions.
Quantum interference effects on the noise power in the CNT/aGNR/CNT junction

Based on the tight-binding model and a generalized Greenʼs function method in Landauer–Büttiker formalism, the effects of quantum interference (QI) on the noise power and Fano factor of an armchair graphene nanoribbon (aGNR) sandwiched between an infinite single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as a CNT/aGNR/CNT system are numerically investigated. Changing electrode contact positions and applying magnetic field are considered as two sources of QI. We have found different Fano-resonance and anti-resonance peaks on the transmission probability in the presence of QI sources that show profound effects on the current–voltage characteristics and noise power. Our results also show that the shot noise characteristic, either in the Poisson limit (F = 1) or sub-Poisson limit ( F < 1 ?> ), and also maximum value of the Fano factor, strongly depend on the aGNR to CNT electrodes contact positions and the magnetic field strength. These results can be useful for designing future nano-electronic devices.