nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
LATTICE GAUGE THEORIES AT THE ENERGY FRONTIER

This White Paper has been prepared as a planning document for the Division of High Energy Physics of the U. S. Department of Energy. Recent progress in lattice-based studies of physics beyond the standard model is summarized, and major current goals of USQCD research in this area are presented. Challenges and opportunities associated with the recently discovered 126 GeV Higgs-like particle are highlighted. Computational resources needed for reaching important goals are described. The document was
Loop-erased random walk on a percolation cluster is compatible with Schramm-Loewner evolution.

We study the scaling limit of a planar loop-erased random walk (LERW) on the percolation cluster, with occupation probability p≥p(c). We numerically demonstrate that the scaling limit of planar LERW(p) curves, for all p>p(c), can be described by Schramm-Loewner evolution (SLE) with a single parameter κ that is close to the normal LERW in a Euclidean lattice. However, our results reveal that the LERW on critical incipient percolation clusters is compatible with SLE, but with another diffusivity coefficient κ. Several geometrical tests are applied to ascertain this. All calculations are consistent with SLE(κ), where κ=1.732±0.016. This value of the diffusivity coefficient is outside the well-known duality range 2≤κ≤8. We also investigate how the winding angle of the LERW(p) crosses over from Euclidean to fractal geometry by gradually decreasing the value of the parameter p from 1 to p(c). For finite systems, two crossover exponents and a scaling relation can be derived. This finding should, to some degree, help us understand and predict the existence of conformal invariance in disordered and fractal landscapes.
Charm quark energy loss in infinite QCD matter using a parton cascade model

We utilize the Parton Cascade Model to study the evolution of charm quarks propagating through a thermal brick of QCD matter. We determine the energy loss and the transport coefficient '$\hat{q}$' for charm quarks. The calculations are done at a constant temperature of 350 MeV and the results are compared to analytical calculations of heavy quark energy loss in order to validate the applicability of using a Parton Cascade Model for the study of heavy quarks dynamics in hot and dense QCD matter.
Universality classes of inflation

We investigate all single-field, slow-roll inflationary models whose slow-roll parameters scale as 1/N in the limit of a large number of e-folds N. We proof that all such models belong to two universality classes, characterised by a single parameter. One class contains small field models like hilltop inflation, while the other class consists of large field models like chaotic inflation. We give the leading expressions for the spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio r, which are universal for each class, plus subleading corrections for a number of models. This predicts r either to be unobservably small, r < 0.01, or close to the present observational limit, r ≈ 0.07.
PGNAA neutron source moderation setup optimization

Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to design a prompt {\gamma}-ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) thermal neutron output setup using MCNP5 computer code. In these simulations the moderator materials, reflective materials and structure of the PGNAA 252Cf neutrons of thermal neutron output setup were optimized. Results of the calcuations revealed that the thin layer paraffin and the thick layer of heavy water moderated effect is best for 252Cf neutrons spectrum. The new design compared with the conventional neutron source design, the thermal neutron flux and rate were increased by 3.02 times and 3.27 times. Results indicate that the use of this design should increase the neutron flux of prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis significantly.
GEM module design for the ILD TPC

A Time Projection Chamber (TPC) using micro-pattern gas detectors is planned as the main tracking device for a detector at the next Linear Collider. A novel support structure for Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs), which minimizes the material and improves the flatness of the foils, has been developed and tested with multiple GEM modules in a large TPC prototype at DESY. Reducing dead material at the GEM module boundaries improves the field homogeneity. In addition, it was shown in simulation that a field shaping ring at the border of the module can improve the charge collection in regions with non-homogeneous fields. This shaping wire was integrated into the module design and a successful test beam campaign with three modules has been carried out. First results regarding resolution and field distortions will be discussed.
Applications of Nanoparticles for Particle Physics: A Whitepaper for Snowmass 2013

The last decade has been the decade of nanotechnology, a length scale which is of particular interest since it is here that we see the transition from the classical to the quantum world. In this transition to the quantum regime new phenomena appear that have proven valuable in a wide range of applications. This whitepaper focusses on the simplest nanotechnology, the spherical nanoparticles and their possible application to particle physics.
Thermal amplification of field-correlation harvesting

We study the harvesting of quantum and classical correlations from a hot scalar field in a periodic cavity by a pair of spatially separated oscillator-detectors. Specifically, we utilize non-perturbative and exact (non-numerical) techniques to solve for the evolution of the detectors-field system and then we examine how the entanglement, Gaussian quantum discord, and mutual information obtained by the detectors change with the temperature of the field. While (as expected) the harvested entanglement rapidly decays to zero as temperature is increased, we find remarkably that both the mutual information and the discord can actually be increased by multiple orders of magnitude via increasing the temperature. We go on to explain this phenomenon by taking advantage of the translational invariance of the field and use this to make accurate predictions of the behavior of thermal amplification; by this we also introduce a new perspective on field-correlation harvesting that we feel is worthy of consideration in its own right. The thermal amplification of discord harvesting represents an exciting prospect for discord-based quantum computation, including its use in entanglement activation.
Structure of unbound neutron-rich $^{9}$He studied using single-neutron transfer

The 8He(d,p) reaction was studied in inverse kinematics at 15.4A MeV using the MUST2 Si-CsI array in order to shed light on the level structure of 9He. The well known 16O(d,p)17O reaction, performed here in reverse kinematics, was used as a test to validate the experimental methods. The 9He missing mass spectrum was deduced from the kinetic energies and emission angles of the recoiling protons. Several structures were observed above the neutron-emission threshold and the angular distributions were used to deduce the multipolarity of the transitions. This work confirms that the ground state of 9He is located very close to the neutron threshold of 8He and supports the occurrence of parity inversion in 9He.
UNRAVELING THE ORIGIN OF OVERIONIZED PLASMA IN THE GALACTIC SUPERNOVA REMNANT W49B

Recent observations have shown several supernova remnants (SNRs) have overionized plasmas, where ions are stripped of more electrons than they would be if in equilibrium with the electron temperature. Rapid electron cooling is necessary to produce this situation, yet the physical origin of that cooling remains uncertain. To assess the cooling scenario responsible for overionization, in this paper we identify and map the overionized plasma in the Galactic SNR W49B based on a 220 ks Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer observation. We performed a spatially resolved spectroscopic analysis, measuring the electron temperature by modeling the continuum and comparing it to the temperature given by the flux ratio of the He-like and H-like lines of sulfur and argon. Using these results, we find that W49B is overionized in the west, with a gradient of overionization increasing from east to west. As the ejecta expansion is impeded by molecular material in the east but not in the west, our overionization maps suggest the dominant cooling mechanism is adiabatic expansion of the hot plasma.
Unconventional scaling of resistivity in two-dimensional Fermi liquids

We study the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of interacting two-dimensional metallic systems. We perform a numerical simulation of the nonequilibrium state based on semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory. Through our simulation, we demonstrate that deviations from the predictions of standard Fermi-liquid theory can arise due to the special scattering geometry of umklapp processes, in special cases even in the ultra-low-temperature limit. Umklapp scattering is required to relax the total momentum of the quasiparticle distribution function. We investigate the transport properties of a two-dimensional system of quasiparticles with repulsive on-site interactions and nonmagnetic impurity scattering on a square lattice with a single-orbital tight-binding model of the dispersion. We demonstrate that unconventional scaling properties of the electrical resistivity, which are often interpreted as indication of a non-Fermi-liquid state, can arise due to special geometric conditions of the Fermi surface. The appearance of robust deviations from the predictions of Fermi-liquid theory within our simple model presents a novel viewpoint in order to interpret unconventional transport properties in electron-electron scattering dominated metallic systems.
Quantum Discord Determines the Interferometric Power of Quantum States

Quantum metrology exploits quantum mechanical laws to improve the precision in estimating technologically relevant parameters such as phase, frequency, or magnetic fields. Probe states are usually tailored to the particular dynamics whose parameters are being estimated. Here we consider a novel framework where quantum estimation is performed in an interferometric configuration, using bipartite probe states prepared when only the spectrum of the generating Hamiltonian is known. We introduce a figure of merit for the scheme, given by the worst-case precision over all suitable Hamiltonians, and prove that it amounts exactly to a computable measure of discord-type quantum correlations for the input probe. We complement our theoretical results with a metrology experiment, realized in a highly controllable room-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance setup, which provides a proof-of-concept demonstration for the usefulness of discord in sensing applications. Discordant probes are shown to guarantee a nonzero phase sensitivity for all the chosen generating Hamiltonians, while classically correlated probes are unable to accomplish the estimation in a worst-case setting. This work establishes a rigorous and direct operational interpretation for general quantum correlations, shedding light on their potential for quantum technology.
Thermodynamics, entropy, and stability of thin shells in 2+1 flat spacetimes

The thermodynamic equilibrium states of a static thin ring shell in a (2+1)-dimensional flat spacetime is analyzed. Inside the ring the spacetime is flat, whereas outside it is conical flat. The first law of thermodynamics applied to the thin shell leads to a shell's entropy which is a function of its mass alone. Two simple forms for this mass function are given leading to two different expressions for the entropy. The equations of thermodynamic stability are analyzed resulting in certain allowed regions for the free parameters. Contrary to the usual (3+1)-dimensional case this shell's entropy is purely classic, as the only fundamental constant that enters into the problem is the (2+1)-dimensional gravitational constant $G_3$, which has units of inverse mass.
Scaling laws for near-barrier Coulomb and nuclear breakup

1/3 T . We then confirm the validity of this expression performing continuum-discretized coupled-channels (CDCC) calculations. Scaling laws for the Coulomb breakup cross section are also investigated. In this case, our CDCC calculations indicate that this cross section has a linear dependence on the atomic number of the target. This behavior is explained by qualitative arguments. Our findings, which are consistent with previously obtained results for higher energies, are important when planning for experiments involving exotic weakly bound nuclei.
Out of the white hole: a holographic origin for the Big Bang

While most of the singularities of General Relativity are expected to be safely hidden behind event horizons by the cosmic censorship conjecture, we happen to live in the causal future of the classical Big Bang singularity, whose resolution constitutes the active field of early universe cosmology. Could the Big Bang be also hidden behind a causal horizon, making us immune to the decadent impacts of a naked singularity? We describe a braneworld description of cosmology with both 4d induced and 5D bulk gravity (otherwise known as Dvali-Gabadadze-Porati, or DGP model), which exhibits this feature: the universe emerges as a spherical 3-brane out of the formation of a 5D Schwarzschild black hole. In particular, we show that a pressure singularity of the holographic fluid, discovered earlier, happens inside the white hole horizon, and thus need not be real or imply any pathology. Furthermore, we outline a novel mechanism through which any thermal atmosphere for the brane, with comoving temperature of ∼20% of the 5D Planck mass can induce scale-invariant primordial curvature perturbations on the brane, circumventing the need for a separate process (such as cosmic inflation) to explain current cosmological observations. Finally, we note that 5D space-time is asymptotically flat, and thus potentially allows an S-matrix or (after minor modifications) an AdS/CFT description of the cosmological Big Bang.
Optimal Time-Trial Bicycle Racing with Headwinds and Tailwinds

Many time-trial and triathlon bicycle races take place on relatively flat, closed-circuit courses. In the absence of hills, riding-speed is limited almost solely by aerodynamic drag; consequently, winds can have a big effect on elapsed times. I analyze the special case of a straight out-and-back race in a steady wind, assuming the rider has a given total amount of energy to expend and can choose only two speeds - the aided speed with tailwind and the hindered speed into headwind. In this ideal circumstance the problem of choosing optimal riding speeds reduces to a constrained nonlinear optimization that can be solved with elementary calculus. My analysis reveals a practical rule of thumb that can be used more generally to choose optimal riding speeds for time-trial racing on closed-circuit courses in the presence of headwinds and tailwinds.
Radio emission from the bow shock of G2

The radio flux from the synchrotron emission of electrons accelerated in the forward bow shock of G2 is expected to have peaked when the forward shock passes close to the pericenter from the Galactic center, around autumn of 2013. This radio flux is model dependent. We find that if G2 were to be a momentum-supported bow shock of a faint star with a strong wind, the radio synchrotron flux from the forward-shock heated ISM is well below the quiescent radio flux of Sgr A*. By contrast, if G2 is a diffuse cloud, the radio flux is predicted to be much larger than the quiescent radio flux and therefore should have already been detected or will be detected shortly. No such radiation has been observed to date. Radio measurements can reveal the nature of G2 well before G2 completes its periapsis passage.
Standard model explanation of the ultrahigh energy neutrino events at IceCube

The recent observation of two PeV events at IceCube, followed by an additional 26 events between 30 - 300 TeV, has generated considerable speculations on its origin, and many exotic New Physics explanations have been invoked. For a reliable interpretation, it is however important to first scrutinize the Standard Model (SM) expectations carefully, including the theoretical uncertainties, mainly due to the parton distribution functions. Assuming a new isotropic cosmic neutrino flux with a simple unbroken power-law spectrum, $\Phi\propto E^{-s}$ for the entire energy range of interest, we find that with $s=1.5$ - 2, the SM neutrino-nucleon interactions are sufficient to explain all the observed events so far, without the need for any beyond the SM explanation. With more statistics, this powerful detector could provide a unique test of the SM up to the PeV scale, and lead to important clues of New Physics.
Enabling Reproducible Science with VisTrails

With the increasing amount of data and use of computation in science, software has become an important component in many different domains. Computing is now being used more often and in more aspects of scientific work including data acquisition, simulation, analysis, and visualization. To ensure reproducibility, it is important to capture the different computational processes used as well as their executions. VisTrails is an open-source scientific workflow system for data analysis and visualization that seeks to address the problem of integrating varied tools as well as automatically documenting the methods and parameters employed. Growing from a specific project need to supporting a wide array of users required close collaborations in addition to new research ideas to design a usable and efficient system. The VisTrails project now includes standard software processes like unit testing and developer documentation while serving as a base for further research. In this paper, we describe how VisTrails has developed and how our efforts in structuring and advertising the system have contributed to its adoption in many domains.
#Santiago is not #Chile, or is it?: a model to normalize social media impact

Online social networks are known to be demographically biased. Currently there are questions about what degree of representativity of the physical population they have, and how population biases impact user-generated content. In this paper we focus on centralism, a problem affecting Chile. Assuming that local differences exist in a country, in terms of vocabulary, we built a methodology based on the vector space model to find distinctive content from different locations, and used it to create classifiers to predict whether the content of a micro-post is related to a particular location, having in mind a geographically diverse selection of micro-posts. We evaluate them in a case study where we analyze the virtual population of Chile that participated in the Twitter social network during an event of national relevance: the municipal (local governments) elections held in 2012. We observe that the participating virtual population is spatially representative of the physical population, implying that there is centralism in Twitter. Our classifiers out-perform a non geographically-diverse baseline at the regional level, and have the same accuracy at a provincial level. However, our approach makes assumptions that need to be tested in multi-thematic and more general datasets. We leave this for future work.
Investment under uncertainty, competition and regulation

We investigate a randomization procedure undertaken in real option games which can serve as a basic model of regulation in a duopoly model of preemptive investment. We recall the rigorous framework of [M. Grasselli, V. Lecl\`ere and M. Ludkovsky, Priority Option: the value of being a leader, International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, 16, 2013], and extend it to a random regulator. This model generalizes and unifies the different competitive frameworks proposed in the literature, and creates a new one similar to a Stackelberg leadership. We fully characterize strategic interactions in the several situations following from the parametrization of the regulator. Finally, we study the effect of the coordination game and uncertainty of outcome when agents are risk-averse, providing new intuitions for the standard case.
Statistical inference of co-movements of stocks during a financial crisis

In order to figure out and to forecast the emergence phenomena of social systems, we propose several probabilistic models for the analysis of financial markets, especially around a crisis. We first attempt to visualize the collective behaviour of markets during a financial crisis through cross-correlations between typical Japanese daily stocks by making use of multidimensional scaling. We find that all the two-dimensional points (stocks) shrink into a single small region when a economic crisis takes place. By using the properties of cross-correlations in financial markets especially during a crisis, we next propose a theoretical framework to predict several time-series simultaneously. Our model system is basically described by a variant of the multi-layered Ising model with random fields as non-stationary time series. Hyper-parameters appearing in the probabilistic model are estimated by means of minimizing the 'cumulative error' in the past market history. The justification and validity of our approaches are numerically examined for several empirical data sets.
Baa.pl: A tool to evaluate de novo genome assemblies with RNA transcripts

Assessing the correctness of genome assemblies is an important step in any genome project. Several methods exist, but most are computationally intensive and, in some cases, inappropriate. Here I present baa.pl, a fast and easy-to-use program that uses transcript data to evaluate genomic assemblies. Through simulations using human chromosome 22, I show that baa.pl excels at detecting levels of missing sequence and contiguity. The program is freely available at: this https URL
Characterization of the International Linear Collider damping ring optics

A method is presented for characterizing the emittance dilution and dynamic aperture for an arbitrary closed lattice that includes guide field magnet errors, multipole errors and misalignments. This method, developed and tested at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring Test Accelerator (CesrTA), has been applied to the damping ring lattice for the International Linear Collider (ILC). The effectiveness of beam based emittance tuning is limited by beam position monitor (BPM) measurement errors, number of corrector magnets and their placement, and correction algorithm. The specifications for damping ring magnet alignment, multipole errors, number of BPMs, and precision in BPM measurements are shown to be consistent with the required emittances and dynamic aperture. The methodology is then used to determine the minimum number of position monitors that is required to achieve the emittance targets, and how that minimum depends on the location of the BPMs. Similarly, the maximum tolerable multipole errors are evaluated. Finally, the robustness of each BPM configuration with respect to random failures is explored.
On the Quantum-To-Classical Transition for Ekpyrotic Perturbations

We examine the processes of quantum squeezing and decoherence of density perturbations produced during a slowly contracting ekpyrotic phase in which entropic perturbations are converted to curvature perturbations before the bounce to an expanding phase. During the generation phase, the entropic fluctuations evolve into a highly squeezed quantum state, analogous to the evolution of inflationary perturbations. Subsequently, during the conversion phase, quantum coherence is lost very efficiently due to the interactions of entropy and adiabatic modes. Moreover, while decoherence occurs, the adiabatic curvature perturbations inherit their semi-classicality from the entropic perturbations. Our results confirm that, just as for inflation, an ekpyrotic phase can generate nearly scale-invariant curvature perturbations which may be treated as a statistical ensemble of classical density perturbations, in agreement with observations of the cosmic background radiation.