nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Space-time measures for subluminal and superluminal motions

In present work we examine the implications on both, space-time measures and causal structure, of a generalization of the local causality postulate by asserting its validity to all motion regimes, the subluminal and superluminal ones. The new principle implies the existence of a denumerable set of metrical null cone speeds, \{$c_k\}$, where $c_1$ is the speed of light in vacuum, and $c_k/c \simeq \epsilon^{-k+1}$ for $k\geq2$, where $\epsilon^2$ is a tiny dimensionless constant which we introduce to prevent the divergence of the $x, t$ measures in Lorentz transformations, such that their generalization keeps $c_k$ invariant and as the top speed for every regime of motion. The non divergent factor $\gamma_k$ equals $k\epsilon^{-1}$ at speed $c_k$. We speak then of $k-$timelike and $k-$null intervals and of k-timelike and k-null paths on space-time, and construct a causal structure for each regime. We discuss also the possible transition of a material particle from the subluminal to the first superluminal regime and vice versa, making discrete changes in $v^2/c^2$ around the unit in terms of $\epsilon^2$ at some event, if ponderable matter particles follow k-timelike paths, with $k=1,2$ in this case.
A Functional Limit Theorem for Limit Order Books with State Dependent Price Dynamics

We consider a stochastic model for the dynamics of the two-sided limit order book (LOB). Our model is flexible enough to allow for a dependence of the price dynamics on volumes. For the joint dynamics of best bid and ask prices and the standing buy and sell volume densities, we derive a functional limit theorem, which states that our LOB model converges in distribution to a fully coupled SDE-SPDE system when the order arrival rates tend to infinity and the impact of an individual order arrival on the book as well as the tick size tends to zero. The SDE describes the bid/ask price dynamics while the SPDE describes the volume dynamics.
MITEoR: a scalable interferometer for precision 21 cm cosmology

We report on the MIT Epoch of Reionization (MITEoR) experiment, a pathfinder low-frequency radio interferometer whose goal is to test technologies that improve the calibration precision and reduce the cost of the high-sensitivity 3D mapping required for 21 cm cosmology. MITEoR accomplishes this by using massive baseline redundancy, which enables both automated precision calibration and correlator cost reduction. We demonstrate and quantify the power and robustness of redundancy for scalability and precision. We find that the calibration parameters precisely describe the effect of the instrument upon our measurements, allowing us to form a model that is consistent with $\chi^2$ per degree of freedom < 1.2 for as much as 80% of the observations. We use these results to develop an optimal estimator of calibration parameters using Wiener filtering, and explore the question of how often and how finely in frequency visibilities must be reliably measured to solve for calibration coefficients. The success of MITEoR with its 64 dual-polarization elements bodes well for the more ambitious Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) project and other next-generation instruments, which would incorporate many identical or similar technologies.
Measuring Newton's Gravitational Constant With a Gravitational Oscillator

Newton's gravitational constant G, which determines the strength of gravitational interactions both in Newton's theory and in Einstein's General Relativity, is the least well known of all the fundamental constants. Given its importance, and with recent disparities between experimental measurements, a new approach is suggested. It is based on a purely gravitational oscillator without any non-gravitational restoring forces. The suggested technique is based on the oscillation period of a test mass oscillating through a hole bored in a solid sphere in free space, or, equivalently, in orbit. The period of oscillation depends only on the density of the solid sphere, providing a method with systematic errors different from terrestrial approaches to the determination of G. Deviations from standard Newtonian gravity and the equality of gravitational and inertial mass can also be searched for.
1FGL J0523.5−2529: A NEW PROBABLE GAMMA-RAY PULSAR BINARY

We report optical photometric and Southern Astrophysical Research spectroscopic observations of an X-ray source found within the localization error of the Fermi Large Area Telescope unidentified γ-ray source 1FGL J0523.5−2529. The optical data show periodic flux modulation and radial velocity variations indicative of a binary with a 16.5 hr period. The data suggest a massive non-degenerate secondary (≳ 0.8 M☉), and we argue the source is likely a pulsar binary. The radial velocities have good phase coverage and show evidence for a measurable eccentricity (e = 0.04). There is no clear sign of irradiation of the secondary in either photometry or spectroscopy. The spatial location out of the Galactic plane and γ-ray luminosity of the source are more consistent with classification as a recycled millisecond pulsar than as a young pulsar. Future radio timing observations can confirm the identity of the primary and further characterize this interesting system.
What drives the time evolution of the spacetime geometry

I show that in a general, dynamic spacetime, the rate of change of gravitational momentum is related to the difference between the number of bulk and boundary degrees of freedom. All static spacetimes maintain holographic equipartition; i.e. in these spacetimes, the number of degrees of freedom in the boundary is equal to the number of degrees of freedom in the bulk. It is the departure from holographic equipartition that drives the time evolution of the spacetime. This result, which is equivalent to Einstein's equations, provides an elegant, holographic, description of spacetime dynamics.
Role of diquark correlations and the pion cloud in nucleon elastic form factors

Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon in the spacelike region are investigated within the framework of a covariant and confining Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model. The bound-state amplitude of the nucleon is obtained as the solution of a relativistic Faddeev equation, where diquark correlations appear naturally as a consequence of the strong coupling in the color $\overline{3} qq$ channel. Pion degrees of freedom are included as a perturbation to the ``quark-core'' contribution obtained using the Poincar\'e covariant Faddeev amplitude. While no model parameters are fit to form-factor data, excellent agreement is obtained with the empirical nucleon form factors (including the magnetic moments and radii) where pion loop corrections play a critical role for ${Q}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. Using charge symmetry, the nucleon form factors can be expressed as proton quark sector form factors. The latter are studied in detail, leading, for example, to the conclusion that the $d$-quark sector of the Dirac form factor is much softer than the $u$-quark sector, a consequence of the dominance of scalar diquark correlations in the proton wave function. On the other hand, for the proton quark sector Pauli form factors we find that the effect of the pion cloud and axial-vector diquark correlations overcomes the effect of scalar diquark dominance, leading to a larger $d$-quark anomalous magnetic moment and a form factor in the $u$-quark sector that is slightly softer than in the $d$-quark sector.
Recommending targeted strangers from whom to solicit information on social media

We present an intelligent, crowd-powered information collection system that automatically identifies and asks targeted strangers on Twitter for desired information (e.g., current wait time at a nightclub). Our work includes three parts. First, we identify a set of features that characterize one's willingness and readiness to respond based on their exhibited social behavior, including the content of their tweets and social interaction patterns. Second, we use the identified features to build a statistical model that predicts one's likelihood to respond to information solicitations. Third, we develop a recommendation algorithm that selects a set of targeted strangers using the probabilities computed by our statistical model with the goal to maximize the over-all response rate. Our experiments, including several in the real world, demonstrate the effectiveness of our work.
Microwave down-conversion with an impedance-matched Λ system in driven circuit QED.

By driving a dispersively coupled qubit-resonator system, we realize an "impedance-matched" Λ system that has two identical radiative decay rates from the top level and interacts with a semi-infinite waveguide. It has been predicted that a photon input from the waveguide deterministically induces a Raman transition in the system and switches its electronic state. We confirm this through microwave response to a continuous probe field, observing near-perfect (99.7%) extinction of the reflection and highly efficient (74%) frequency down-conversion. These proof-of-principle results lead to deterministic quantum gates between material qubits and microwave photons and open the possibility for scalable quantum networks interconnected with waveguide photons.
The two-loop sunrise graph in two space-time dimensions with arbitrary masses in terms of elliptic dilogarithms

We present the two-loop sunrise integral with arbitrary non-zero masses in two space-time dimensions in terms of elliptic dilogarithms. We find that the structure of the result is as simple and elegant as in the equal mass case, only the arguments of the elliptic dilogarithms are modified. These arguments have a nice geometric interpretation.
New activity pattern in human interactive dynamics

We investigate the response function of human agents as demonstrated by written correspondence, uncovering a new pattern for how the reactive dynamics of individuals is distributed across the set of each agent’s contacts. In long-term empirical data on email, we find that the set of response times considered separately for the messages to each different correspondent of a given writer, generate a family of heavy-tailed distributions, which have largely the same features for all agents, and whose characteristic times grow exponentially with the rank of each correspondent. We furthermore show that this new behavioral pattern emerges robustly by considering weighted moving averages of the priority-conditioned response-time probabilities generated by a basic prioritization model. Our findings clarify how the range of priorities in the inputs from one’s environment underpin and shape the dynamics of agents embedded in a net of reactive relations. These newly revealed activity patterns might be universal, being present in other general interactive environments, and constrain future models of communication and interaction networks, affecting their architecture and evolution.
Charge coupled devices for detection of coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering

In this article the feasibility of using charge coupled devices (CCD) to detect low-energy neutrinos through their coherent scattering with nuclei is analyzed. The detection of neutrinos through this standard model process has been elusive because of the small energy deposited in such interaction. Typical particle detectors have thresholds of a few keV, and most of the energy deposition expected from coherent scattering is well below this level. The CCD detectors discussed in this paper can operate at a threshold of approximately 30 eV, making them ideal for observing this signal. On a CCD array of 500 g located next to a power nuclear reactor the number of coherent scattering events expected is about 3000 events/year. Our results shows that a detection with a confidence level of 99% can be reached within 16 days of continuous operation; with the current 52 g detector prototype this time lapse extends to five months.
Micro and macro benefits of random investments in financial markets

In this paper, making use of recent statistical physics techniques and models, we address the specific role of randomness in financial markets, both at the micro and the macro level. In particular, we review some recent results obtained about the effectiveness of random strategies of investment, compared with some of the most used trading strategies for forecasting the behaviour of real financial indexes. We also push forward our analysis by means of a self-organised criticality model, able to simulate financial avalanches in trading communities with different network topologies, where a Pareto-like power law behaviour of wealth spontaneously emerges. In this context, we present new findings and suggestions for policies based on the effects that random strategies can have in terms of reduction of dangerous financial extreme events, i.e. bubbles and crashes.
Stationarity of Bivariate Dynamic Contagion Processes

The Bivariate Dynamic Contagion Processes (BDCP) are a broad class of bivariate point processes characterized by the intensities as a general class of piecewise deterministic Markov processes. The BDCP describes a rich dynamic structure where the system is under the influence of both external and internal factors modelled by a shot-noise Cox process and a generalized Hawkes process respectively. In this paper we mainly address the stationarity issue for the BDCP, which is important in applications. We investigate the stationary distribution by applying the the Markov theory on the branching system approximation representation of the BDCP. We find the condition under which there exists a unique stationary distribution of the BDCP intensity and the resulting BDCP has stationary increments. Moments of the stationary intensity are provided by using the Markov property.
Collective Phenomena Emerging from the Interactions between Dynamical Processes in Multiplex Networks.

We introduce a framework to intertwine dynamical processes of different nature, each with its own distinct network topology, using a multilayer network approach. As an example of collective phenomena emerging from the interactions of multiple dynamical processes, we study a model where neural dynamics and nutrient transport are bidirectionally coupled in such a way that the allocation of the transport process at one layer depends on the degree of synchronization at the other layer, and vice versa. We show numerically, and we prove analytically, that the multilayer coupling induces a spontaneous explosive synchronization and a heterogeneous distribution of allocations, otherwise not present in the two systems considered separately. Our framework can find application to other cases where two or more dynamical processes such as synchronization, opinion formation, information diffusion, or disease spreading, are interacting with each other.
THE BLACK HOLE MASS FUNCTION DERIVED FROM LOCAL SPIRAL GALAXIES

We present our determination of the nuclear supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass function for spiral galaxies in the local universe, established from a volume-limited sample consisting of a statistically complete collection of the brightest spiral galaxies in the southern (δ < 0°) hemisphere. Our SMBH mass function agrees well at the high-mass end with previous values given in the literature. At the low-mass end, inconsistencies exist in previous works that still need to be resolved, but our work is more in line with expectations based on modeling of black hole evolution. This low-mass end of the spectrum is critical to our understanding of the mass function and evolution of black holes since the epoch of maximum quasar activity. The sample is defined by a limiting luminosity (redshift-independent) distance, DL = 25.4 Mpc (z = 0.00572) and a limiting absolute B-band magnitude, . These limits define a sample of 140 spiral galaxies, with 128 measurable pitch angles to establish the pitch angle distribution for this sample. This pitch-angle distribution function may be useful in the study of the morphology of late-type galaxies. We then use an established relationship between the logarithmic spiral arm pitch angle and the mass of the central SMBH in a host galaxy in order to estimate the mass of the 128 respective SMBHs in this volume-limited sample. This result effectively gives us the distribution of mass for SMBHs residing in spiral galaxies over a lookback time, tL ⩽ 82.1 Myr and contained within a comoving volume, VC = 3.37 × 104 Mpc3. We estimate that the density of SMBHs residing in spiral galaxies in the local universe is × 104  M☉ Mpc−3. Thus, our derived cosmological SMBH mass density for spiral galaxies is × 10−7 h67.77. Assuming that black holes grow via baryonic accretion, we predict that % of the universal baryonic inventory (ΩBH/ωb) is confined within nuclear SMBHs at the center of spiral galaxies.
Multilepton and multiphoton signatures of supersymmetry at the LHC

Motivated by the absence of any clear signal of physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) at the LHC after Run 1, I will discuss one slight (but tantalizing) hint of new physics and one non-minimal extension of the SM. In the first part of the talk I will do the exercise of explaining a small excess of multilepton events recently observed by the CMS collaboration by means of a simplified model of gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking (GMSB). In the second part of the talk I will discuss how the standard phenomenology of GMSB can be significantly modified by the non-minimal assumption that supersymmetry is broken in more than one hidden sector. Multiple hidden sectors give rise to light neutral fermions called pseudo-goldstini and due to the extra decay steps they give rise to, where soft photons are emitted, these models give rise to multiphoton plus missing energy signatures. I will compare against existing LHC searches and propose new searches designed to probe these models.
Recent developments in the type IIB matrix model

We review recent developments in the type IIB matrix model, which was conjectured to be a nonperturbative formulation of superstring theory. In the first part we review the recent results for the Euclidean model, which suggest that SO(10) symmetry is spontaneously broken. In the second part we review the recent results for the Lorentzian model. In particular, we discuss Monte Carlo results, which suggest that (3+1)‐dimensional expanding universe emerges dynamically. We also discuss some results suggesting the emergence of exponential expansion and the power‐law expansion at later times. The behaviors at much later times are studied by the classical equation of motion. We discuss a solution representing 3d expanding space, which suggests a possible solution to the cosmological constant problem.
Managing Scientific Hypotheses as Data with Support for Predictive Analytics

The sheer scale of high-resolution raw data generated by simulation has motivated nonconventional approaches for data exploration, referred to as immersive and in situ query processing. Another step toward supporting scientific progress is to enable data-driven hypothesis management and predictive analytics out of simulation results. The authors of this article present a synthesis method and tool for encoding and managing competing hypotheses as uncertain data in a probabilistic database that can be conditioned in the presence of observations.
Prediction of Foreign Box Office Revenues Based on Wikipedia Page Activity

A number of attempts have been made at estimating the amount of box office revenue a film will generate during its opening weekend. One such attempt makes extensive use of the number of views a film's Wikipedia page has attracted as a predictor of box office success in the United States. In this paper we develop a similar method of approximating box office success. We test our method using 325 films from the United States and then apply it to films from four foreign markets: Japan (95 films), Australia (118 films), Germany (105 films), and the United Kingdom (141 films). We find the technique to have inconsistent performance in these nations. While it makes relatively accurate predictions for the United States and Australia, its predictions in the remaining markets are not accurate enough to be useful.
Thermodynamic volumes for AdS–Taub–NUT and AdS–Taub–Bolt

In theories of semi-classical quantum gravity where the cosmological constant is considered a thermodynamic variable, the gravitational mass of a black hole has been shown to correspond to the enthalpy of the thermodynamic system, rather than the energy. We propose that this should be extended to all spacetime solutions, and consider the meaning of this extension of gravitational thermodynamics for the Taub–NUT and Taub–Bolt geometries in four dimensional locally anti-de Sitter spacetime. We present formulae for their thermodynamic volumes. Surprisingly, Taub–NUT has negative volume, for which there is a natural dynamical explanation in terms of the process of formation of the spacetime. A special case corresponds to pure AdS4 with an S3 slicing. The same dynamical setting can explain the negative entropy known to exist for these solutions for a range of parameters.
On the Optimal Solution of Weighted Nuclear Norm Minimization

In recent years, the nuclear norm minimization (NNM) problem has been attracting much attention in computer vision and machine learning. The NNM problem is capitalized on its convexity and it can be solved efficiently. The standard nuclear norm regularizes all singular values equally, which is however not flexible enough to fit real scenarios. Weighted nuclear norm minimization (WNNM) is a natural extension and generalization of NNM. By assigning properly different weights to different singular values, WNNM can lead to state-of-the-art results in applications such as image denoising. Nevertheless, so far the global optimal solution of WNNM problem is not completely solved yet due to its non-convexity in general cases. In this article, we study the theoretical properties of WNNM and prove that WNNM can be equivalently transformed into a quadratic programming problem with linear constraints. This implies that WNNM is equivalent to a convex problem and its global optimum can be readily achieved by off-the-shelf convex optimization solvers. We further show that when the weights are non-descending, the globally optimal solution of WNNM can be obtained in closed-form.
Reducing orbital eccentricity in initial data of binary neutron stars

We develop a method to compute low-eccentricity initial data of binary neutron stars required to perform realistic simulations in numerical relativity. The orbital eccentricity is controlled by adjusting the orbital angular velocity of a binary and incorporating an approaching relative velocity of the neutron stars. These modifications improve the solution primarily through the hydrostatic equilibrium equation for the binary initial data. The orbital angular velocity and approaching velocity of initial data are updated iteratively by performing time evolutions over $\ensuremath{\sim}3$ orbits. We find that the eccentricity can be reduced by an order of magnitude compared to standard quasicircular initial data, specifically from $\ensuremath{\sim}0.01$ to $\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.001$, by three successive iterations for equal-mass binaries leaving $\ensuremath{\sim}10$ orbits before the merger.