nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The traces of anisotropic dark energy in light of Planck

We study a dark energy model with non-zero anisotropic stress, either linked to the dark energy density or to the dark matter density. We compute approximate solutions that allow to characterise the behaviour of the dark energy model and to assess the stability of the perturbations. We also determine the current limits on such an anisotropic stress from the cosmic microwave background data by the Planck satellite, and derive the corresponding constraints on the modified growth parameters like the growth index, the effective Newton's constant and the gravitational slip.
Constraining Majorana CP phase in the precision era of cosmology and the double beta decay experiment

We show that precision measurement of (1) the sum of neutrino masses by cosmological observation and (2) the lifetime of neutrinoless double beta decay in ton-scale experiments, with supplementary use of (3) effective mass measured in a single beta decay experiment, would allow us to obtain information on the Majorana phase of neutrinos. To quantify the sensitivity to the phase, we use the CP exclusion fraction, a fraction of the CP phase parameter space that can be excluded for a given set of assumed input parameters, a global measure for CP violation. We illustrate the sensitivity under varying assumptions, from modest to optimistic ones, on experimental errors and theoretical uncertainty of nuclear matrix elements. Assuming that the latter can be reduced to a factor of ${\simeq }1.5$, we find that one of the two Majorana phases (denoted as $\alpha _{21}$) can be constrained by excluding ${\simeq }10$–$40{\%}$ of the phase space at the $2\sigma$ confidence level even with a modest choice of experimental error for the lowest neutrino mass of 0.1 eV. The characteristic features of the sensitivity to $\alpha _{21}$, such as dependences on the true values of $\alpha _{21}$, are addressed.
Algorithms for multi-armed bandit problems

Although many algorithms for the multi-armed bandit problem are well-understood theoretically, empirical confirmation of their effectiveness is generally scarce. This paper presents a thorough empirical study of the most popular multi-armed bandit algorithms. Three important observations can be made from our results. Firstly, simple heuristics such as epsilon-greedy and Boltzmann exploration outperform theoretically sound algorithms on most settings by a significant margin. Secondly, the performance of most algorithms varies dramatically with the parameters of the bandit problem. Our study identifies for each algorithm the settings where it performs well, and the settings where it performs poorly. Thirdly, the algorithms' performance relative each to other is affected only by the number of bandit arms and the variance of the rewards. This finding may guide the design of subsequent empirical evaluations. In the second part of the paper, we turn our attention to an important area of application of bandit algorithms: clinical trials. Although the design of clinical trials has been one of the principal practical problems motivating research on multi-armed bandits, bandit algorithms have never been evaluated as potential treatment allocation strategies. Using data from a real study, we simulate the outcome that a 2001-2002 clinical trial would have had if bandit algorithms had been used to allocate patients to treatments. We find that an adaptive trial would have successfully treated at least 50% more patients, while significantly reducing the number of adverse effects and increasing patient retention. At the end of the trial, the best treatment could have still been identified with a high level of statistical confidence. Our findings demonstrate that bandit algorithms are attractive alternatives to current adaptive treatment allocation strategies.
Regular path queries on graphs with data: A rigid approach

Regular path queries (RPQ) is a classical navigational query formalism for graph databases to specify constraints on labeled paths. Recently, RPQs have been extended by Libkin and Vrgo$\rm \check{c}$ to incorporate data value comparisons among different nodes on paths, called regular path queries with data (RDPQ). It has been shown that the evaluation problem of RDPQs is PSPACE-complete and NLOGSPACE-complete in data complexity. On the other hand, the containment problem of RDPQs is in general undecidable. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to extend regular path queries with data value comparisons, called rigid regular path queries with data (RRDPQ). The main ingredient of this approach is an automata model called nondeterministic rigid register automata (NRRA), in which the data value comparisons are \emph{rigid}, in the sense that if the data value in the current position $x$ is compared to a data value in some other position $y$, then by only using the labels (but not data values), the position $y$ can be uniquely determined from $x$. We show that NRRAs are robust in the sense that nondeterministic, deterministic and two-way variant of NRRAs, as well as an extension of regular expressions, are all of the same expressivity. We then argue that the expressive power of RDPQs are reasonable by demonstrating that for every graph database, there is a localized transformation of the graph database so that every RDPQ in the original graph database can be turned into an equivalent RRDPQ over the transformed one. Finally, we investigate the computational properties of RRDPQs and conjunctive RRDPQs (CRRDPQ). In particular, we show that the containment of CRRDPQs (and RRDPQs) can be decided in 2EXPSPACE.
Searching for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay of130Te with CUORE

Neutrinoless double-beta (0) decay is a hypothesized lepton-number-violating process that offers the only known means of asserting the possible Majorana nature of neutrino mass. The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is an upcoming experiment designed to search for 0 decay of 130Te using an array of 988 TeO2 crystal bolometers operated at 10 mK. The detector will contain 206 kg of 130Te and have an average energy resolution of 5 keV; the projected 0 decay half-life sensitivity after five years of livetime is 1.6 × 1026 y at 1 (9.5 × 1025 y at the 90% confidence level), which corresponds to an upper limit on the effective Majorana mass in the range 40–100 meV (50–130 meV). In this paper, we review the experimental techniques used in CUORE as well as its current status and anticipated physics reach.
Transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect in subwavelength dielectric gratings.

We demonstrate theoretically a large transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect (TMOKE) in subwavelength gratings consisting of alternating magneto-insulating and nonmagnetic dielectric nanostripes. The reflectivity of the grating reaches 96% at the frequencies corresponding to the maximum of the TMOKE response. The combination of a large TMOKE response and high reflectivity is important for applications in 3D imaging, magneto-optical data storage, and magnonics.
Coherent transmutation of electrons into fractionalized anyons

Nailing down a quantum spin liquid Quantum spin liquids (QSLs) possess magnetic interactions that, even at absolute zero temperature, remain in a disordered liquid-like spin state. It is very difficult to prove unambiguously that a material is a QSL, because there is always a possibility that it can become ordered below the lowest measured temperature. Barkeshli et al. used quantum field theory to propose a direct way to identify a QSL by placing it in contact with other exotic materials, such as superconductors or magnets. The theory predicted that, at such a boundary, electrons entering the QSL would turn into excitations lacking charge or lacking spin. Future experiments may be able to detect this transmutation. Science, this issue p. 722 Theory suggests a means of identifying quantum spin liquids by placing them in contact with a superconductor. Electrons have three quantized properties—charge, spin, and Fermi statistics—that are directly responsible for a vast array of phenomena. Here we show how these properties can be coherently and dynamically stripped from the electron as it enters a certain exotic state of matter known as a quantum spin liquid (QSL). In a QSL, electron spins collectively form a highly entangled quantum state that gives rise to the fractionalization of spin, charge, and statistics. We show that certain QSLs host distinct, topologically robust boundary types, some of which allow the electron to coherently enter the QSL as a fractionalized quasi-particle, leaving its spin, charge, or statistics behind. We use these ideas to propose a number of universal, conclusive experimental signatures that would establish fractionalization in QSLs.
What is the dual of two entangled CFTs

It has been conjectured that the dual of the eternal black hole in AdS is two entangled but disconnected CFTs. We show that the entanglement created by the process of Hawking radiation creates several challenges for this conjecture. The nature of fuzzball states suggests a different picture, where the dual to two entangled CFTs is two entangled but disconnected spacetimes. We argue for a process of `quick tunneling' where the Einstein-Rosen bridge of the eternal hole tunnels rapidly into fuzzball states, preventing the existence of the eternal hole as a semiclassical spacetime. The regions behind the horizon then emerge only in the approximation of fuzzball complementarity, where one considers the impact of probes with energy $E\gg T$.
Stationary black hole metrics and inverse problems in two space dimensions

We study the wave equation for a stationary Lorentzian metric in the case of two space dimensions. Assuming that the metric has a singularity of the appropriate form, surrounded by an ergosphere which is a smooth Jordan curve, we prove the existence of a black hole with a boundary (called the event horizon) that is piecewise smooth, generally having corners. We consider a physical model of acoustic black hole whose event horizon has corners. Finally we consider the determination of a black hole by the boundary measurements.
Prospect Theory for Online Financial Trading

Prospect theory is widely viewed as the best available descriptive model of how people evaluate risk in experimental settings. According to prospect theory, people are typically risk-averse with respect to gains and risk-seeking with respect to losses, known as the “reflection effect”. People are much more sensitive to losses than to gains of the same magnitude, a phenomenon called “loss aversion”. Despite of the fact that prospect theory has been well developed in behavioral economics at the theoretical level, there exist very few large-scale empirical studies and most of the previous studies have been undertaken with micro-panel data. Here we analyze over 28.5 million trades made by 81.3 thousand traders of an online financial trading community over 28 months, aiming to explore the large-scale empirical aspect of prospect theory. By analyzing and comparing the behavior of winning and losing trades and traders, we find clear evidence of the reflection effect and the loss aversion phenomenon, which are essential in prospect theory. This work hence demonstrates an unprecedented large-scale empirical evidence of prospect theory, which has immediate implication in financial trading, e.g., developing new trading strategies by minimizing the impact of the reflection effect and the loss aversion phenomenon. Moreover, we introduce three novel behavioral metrics to differentiate winning and losing traders based on their historical trading behavior. This offers us potential opportunities to augment online social trading where traders are allowed to watch and follow the trading activities of others, by predicting potential winners based on their historical trading behavior.
Better bitmap performance with Roaring bitmaps

Bitmap indexes are commonly used in databases and search engines. By exploiting bit‐level parallelism, they can significantly accelerate queries. However, they can use much memory, and thus, we might prefer compressed bitmap indexes. Following Oracle's lead, bitmaps are often compressed using run‐length encoding (RLE). Building on prior work, we introduce the Roaring compressed bitmap format: it uses packed arrays for compression instead of RLE. We compare it to two high‐performance RLE‐based bitmap encoding techniques: Word Aligned Hybrid compression scheme and Compressed ‘n’ Composable Integer Set. On synthetic and real data, we find that Roaring bitmaps (1) often compress significantly better (e.g., 2×) and (2) are faster than the compressed alternatives (up to 900× faster for intersections). Our results challenge the view that RLE‐based bitmap compression is best.
Electromagnetic Fault Injection: Towards a Fault Model on a 32-bit Microcontroller

Injection of transient faults as a way to attack cryptographic implementations has been largely studied in the last decade. Several attacks that use electromagnetic fault injection against hardware or software architectures have already been presented. On micro controllers, electromagnetic fault injection has mostly been seen as a way to skip assembly instructions or subroutine calls. However, to the best of our knowledge, no precise study about the impact of an electromagnetic glitch fault injection on a micro controller has been proposed yet. The aim of this paper is twofold: providing a more in-depth study of the effects of electromagnetic glitch fault injection on a state-of-the-art micro controller and building an associated register-transfer level fault model.
New Results from the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment

This presentation describes a precision result of the neutrino mixing parameter, $\sin^2 2\theta_{13}$, and the first direct measurement of the antineutrino mass-squared difference $\sin^2(\Delta_{ee}) \equiv \cos^2 \theta_{12} \sin^2 \Delta_{31} + \sin^2 \theta_{12} \sin^2 \Delta_{32}$ from the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. The above results are based on the six detector data-taking from 24 December 2011 to 28 July 2012. By using the observed antineutrino rate and the energy spectrum analysis, the results are $\sin^2 2\theta_{13}=0.090^{+0.008}_{-0.009}$ and $| \Delta m^2_{ee}| = 2.59^{+0.19}_{-0.20} \cdot 10^{-3} $eV$^2$ with a $\chi^2$/NDF of 162.7/153. The value of $| \Delta m^2_{ee}| $ is consistent with $| \Delta m^2_{\mu\mu}|$ measured in muon neutrino beam experiments.
A FIRST‐ORDER BSPDE FOR SWING OPTION PRICING: CLASSICAL SOLUTIONS

In a companion paper, we studied a control problem related to swing option pricing in a general non‐Markovian setting. The main result there shows that the value process of this control problem can uniquely be characterized in terms of a first‐order backward stochastic partial differential equation (BSPDE) and a pathwise differential inclusion. In this paper, we additionally assume that the cash flow process of the swing option is left‐continuous in expectation. Under this assumption, we show that the value process is continuously differentiable in the space variable that represents the volume in which the holder of the option can still exercise until maturity. This gives rise to an existence and uniqueness result for the corresponding BSPDE in a classical sense. We also explicitly represent the space derivative of the value process in terms of a nonstandard optimal stopping problem over a subset of predictable stopping times. This representation can be applied to derive a dual minimization problem in terms of martingales.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of DNA Open States

This research is a review and assay of literature data on the properties of DNA open states. The states result from large fluctuations of a duplex and have a great influence on a wide range of biochemical processes, including electric charge transfer in DNA. A comparative analysis of kinetic and thermodynamic experimental data on DNA open states has been performed for a wide temperature range. Apparent contradictions between the data of different experiments have been explained. Based on differences in thermodynamic properties and other characteristics three different types of DNA open states have been identified; a modern definition of the term "open state" has been given. A brief review of simple mathematical models of DNA has been presented; in most of the models the state of every base pair is defined by one or two variables. The central problems of investigation of heterogeneous DNA within the approaches of the level considered are examined. The roles of every model group in experimental data interpretation are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the study of transfer and localization of base pair vibration energy in mechanical models. These processes have been shown to play a key role in heterogeneous duplex dynamics, and their theoretical treatment is critically important for the development of modern molecular biology and biophysics. The key features of theoretical approaches, that enabled description of various experimental data, have been considered. The future development of the models has been described, some particular details of their optimization have been suggested; probable ways of improving some experimental techniques have been proposed.
VALIDATION OF KEPLER'S MULTIPLE PLANET CANDIDATES. III. LIGHT CURVE ANALYSIS AND ANNOUNCEMENT OF HUNDREDS OF NEW MULTI-PLANET SYSTEMS

The Kepler mission has discovered more than 2500 exoplanet candidates in the first two years of spacecraft data, with approximately 40% of those in candidate multi-planet systems. The high rate of multiplicity combined with the low rate of identified false positives indicates that the multiplanet systems contain very few false positive signals due to other systems not gravitationally bound to the target star. False positives in the multi-planet systems are identified and removed, leaving behind a residual population of candidate multi-planet transiting systems expected to have a false positive rate less than 1%. We present a sample of 340 planetary systems that contain 851 planets that are validated to substantially better than the 99% confidence level; the vast majority of these have not been previously verified as planets. We expect ∼two unidentified false positives making our sample of planet very reliable. We present fundamental planetary properties of our sample based on a comprehensive analysis of Kepler light curves, ground-based spectroscopy, and high-resolution imaging. Since we do not require spectroscopy or high-resolution imaging for validation, some of our derived parameters for a planetary system may be systematically incorrect due to dilution from light due to additional stars in the photometric aperture. Nonetheless, our result nearly doubles the number verified exoplanets.
Measuring stellar differential rotation with high-precision space-borne photometry

We introduce a method of measuring a lower limit to the amplitude of surface differential rotation from high-precision, evenly sampled photometric time series. It is applied to main-sequence late-type stars whose optical flux modulation is dominated by starspots. An autocorrelation of the time series was used to select stars that allow an accurate determination of starspot rotation periods. A simple two-spot model was applied together with a Bayesian information criterion to preliminarily select intervals of the time series showing evidence of differential rotation with starspots of almost constant area. Finally, the significance of the differential rotation detection and a measurement of its amplitude and uncertainty were obtained by an a posteriori Bayesian analysis based on a Monte Carlo Markov Chain approach. We applied our method to the Sun and eight other stars for which previous spot modelling had been performed to compare our results with previous ones. We find that autocorrelation is a simple method for selecting stars with a coherent rotational signal that is a prerequisite for successfully measuring differential rotation through spot modelling. For a proper Monte Carlo Markov Chain analysis, it is necessary to take the strong correlations among different parameters that exist in spot modelling into account. For the planet-hosting star Kepler-30, we derive a lower limit to the relative amplitude of the differential rotation of \Delta P / P = 0.0523 \pm 0.0016. We confirm that the Sun as a star in the optical passband is not suitable for measuring differential rotation owing to the rapid evolution of its photospheric active regions. In general, our method performs well in comparison to more sophisticated and time-consuming approaches.
In a hot bubble: why does superbubble feedback work, but isolated supernovae do not?

Using idealized one-dimensional Eulerian hydrodynamic simulations, we contrast the behaviour of isolated supernovae with the superbubbles driven by multiple, collocated supernovae. Continuous energy injection via successive supernovae exploding within the hot/dilute bubble maintains a strong termination shock. This strong shock keeps the superbubble over-pressured and drives the outer shock well after it becomes radiative. Isolated supernovae, in contrast, with no further energy injection, become radiative quite early (less than or similar to 0.1Myr, tens of pc), and stall at scales less than or similar to 100 pc. We show that isolated supernovae lose almost all of their mechanical energy by 1 Myr, but superbubbles can retain up to similar to 40 per cent of the input energy in the form of mechanical energy over the lifetime of the star cluster (a few tens of Myr). These conclusions hold even in the presence of realistic magnetic fields and thermal conduction. We also compare various methods for implementing supernova feedback in numerical simulations. For various feedback prescriptions, we derive the spatial scale below which the energy needs to be deposited in order for it to couple to the interstellar medium. We show that a steady thermal wind within the superbubble appears only for a large number (greater than or similar to 10(4)) of supernovae. For smaller clusters, we expect multiple internal shocks instead of a smooth, dense thermalized wind.
Spacecraft Clocks and Relativity: Prospects for Future Satellite Missions

The successful miniaturization of extremely accurate atomic clocks invites prospects for satellite missions to perform precise timing experiments. This will allow effects predicted by general relativity to be detected in Earth's gravitational field. In this paper we introduce a convenient formalism for studying these effects, and compute the fractional timing differences generated by them for the orbit of a satellite capable of accurate time transfer to a terrestrial receiving station on Earth, as proposed by planned missions. We find that (1) Schwarzschild perturbations will be measurable through their effects both on the orbit and on the signal propagation, (2) frame-dragging of the orbit will be readily measurable, and (3) in optimistic scenarios, the spin-squared metric effects may be measurable for the first time ever. Our estimates suggest that a clock with a fractional timing inaccuracy of 10-16 on a highly eccentric Earth orbit will measure all these effects, while for a low Earth circular orbit like that of the Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space mission, detection will be more challenging.