nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A hot Jupiter transiting a mid-K dwarf found in the pre-OmegaCam Transit Survey

We describe the pre-OmegaTranS project, a deep survey for transiting extra-solar planets in the Carina region of the Galactic Disk. In 2006-2008 we observed a single dense stellar field with a very high cadence of ~2min using the ESO Wide Field Imager at the La Silla Observatory. Using the Astronomical Wide-field System for Europe and the Munich Difference Imaging Analysis pipeline, a module that has been developed for this project, we created the light curves of 16000 stars with more than 4000 data points which we searched for periodic transit signals using a box-fitting least-squares detection algorithm. All light curves are publicly available. In the course of the pre-OmegaTranS project we identified two planet candidates - POTS-1b and POTS-C2b - which we present in this work. With extensive follow-up observations we were able to confirm one of them, POTS-1b, a hot Jupiter transiting a mid-K dwarf. The planet has a mass of 2.31+-0.77M_Jup and a radius of 0.94+-0.04R_Jup and a period of P=3.16d. The host star POTS-1 has a radius of 0.59+-0.02R_Sun and a mass of 0.70+-0.05M_Sun. Due to its low apparent brightness of I=16.1mag the follow-up and confirmation of POTS-1b was particularly challenging and costly.
Boosting Top Partner Searches in Composite Higgs Models

Fermionic third generation top partners are generic in composite Higgs models. They are likely to decay into third generation quarks and electroweak bosons. We propose a novel cut-and-count-style analysis in which we cross correlate the model-dependent single and model-independent pair production processes for the top partners X5/3 and B. In the class of composite Higgs models we study, X5/3 is very special as it is the lightest exotic fermion. A constraint on the mass of X5/3 directly extends to constrains on all top partner masses. By combining jet substructure methods with conventional reconstruction techniques we show that in this kind of final state a smooth interpolation between the boosted and unboosted regime is possible. We find that a reinterpretation of existing searches can improve bounds on the parameter space of composite Higgs models. Further, at 8 TeV a combined search for X5/3 and B in the l+jets final state can be more sensitive than a search involving same-sign dileptons.
Note: cryogenic coaxial microwave filters.

The careful filtering of microwave electromagnetic radiation is critical for controlling the electromagnetic environment for experiments in solid-state quantum information processing and quantum metrology at millikelvin temperatures. We describe the design and fabrication of a coaxial filter assembly and demonstrate that its performance is in excellent agreement with theoretical modelling. We further perform an indicative test of the operation of the filters by making current-voltage measurements of small, underdamped Josephson junctions at 15 mK.
Average expansion rate and light propagation in a cosmological Tardis spacetime

We construct the first exact statistically homogeneous and isotropic cosmological solution in which inhomogeneity has a significant effect on the expansion rate. The universe is modelled as a Swiss Cheese, with dust FRW background and inhomogeneous holes. We show that if the holes are described by the quasispherical Szekeres solution, their average expansion rate is close to the background under certain rather general conditions. We specialise to spherically symmetric holes and violate one of these conditions. As a result, the average expansion rate at late times grows relative to the background, \ie backreaction is significant. The holes fit smoothly into the background, but are larger on the inside than a corresponding background domain: we call them Tardis regions. We study light propagation, find the effective equations of state and consider the relation of the spatially averaged expansion rate to the redshift and the angular diameter distance.
Prospect Agents and the Feedback Effect on Price Fluctuations

A microeconomic approach is proposed to derive the fluctuations of risky asset price, where the market participants are modeled as prospect trading agents. As asset price is generated by the temporary equilibrium between demand and supply, the agents' trading behaviors can affect the price process in turn, which is called the feedback effect. The prospect agents make actions based on their reactions to gains and losses, and as a consequence of the feedback effect, a relationship between the agents' trading behavior and the price fluctuations is constructed, which explains the implied volatility skew and smile observed in actual market.
SURFACE BRIGHTNESS PROFILES OF DWARF GALAXIES. I. PROFILES AND STATISTICS

Radial surface brightness profiles of spiral galaxies are classified into three types: (I) single exponential, or the light falls off with one exponential to a break before falling off (II) more steeply, or (III) less steeply. Profile breaks are also found in dwarf disks, but some dwarf Type IIs are flat or increasing out to a break before falling off. Here we re-examine the stellar disk profiles of 141 dwarfs: 96 dwarf irregulars (dIms), 26 Blue Compact Dwarfs (BCDs), and 19 Magellanic-type spirals (Sms). We fit single, double, or even triple exponential profiles in up to 11 passbands: GALEX FUV and NUV, ground-based UBVJHK and Hα, and Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5 μm. We find that more luminous galaxies have brighter centers, larger inner and outer scale lengths, and breaks at larger radii; dwarf trends with MB extend to spirals. However, the V-band break surface brightness is independent of break type, MB, and Hubble type. Dwarf Type II and III profiles fall off similarly beyond the breaks but have different interiors and IIs break ∼twice as far as IIIs. Outer Type II and III scale lengths may have weak trends with wavelength, but pure Type II inner scale lengths clearly decrease from the FUV to visible bands whereas Type III inner scale lengths increase with redder bands. This suggests the influence of different star formation histories on profile type, but nonetheless the break location is approximately the same in all passbands. Dwarfs continue trends between profile and Hubble types such that later-type galaxies have more Type II but fewer Type I and III profiles than early-type spirals. BCDs and Sms are over-represented as Types III and II, respectively, compared to dIms.
Generating the observed baryon asymmetry from the inflaton field

We propose a mechanism by which the inflaton can generate baryogenesis, by taking the inflaton to be a complex scalar field with a weakly broken global symmetry, and present a new version of the Affleck--Dine mechanism. The smallness of the breaking is motivated both by technical naturalness and a requirement for inflation. We study inflation driven by a quadratic potential for simplicity and discuss generalizations to other potentials. We compute the inflationary dynamics and find that a conserved particle number is obtained toward the end of inflation. We then explain in detail the later decay to baryons. We present two promising embeddings in particle physics. (i) The first is using high-dimension operators for a gauge singlet; we find this leads to the observed asymmetry for decay controlled by the $\ensuremath{\sim}\text{grand}$ unified theory scale, and this is precisely the regime where the effective field theory applies. (ii) The second is using a colored inflaton, which requires small couplings. We also point out two observational consequences: a possible large-scale dipole in the baryon density and a striking prediction of isocurvature fluctuations for which the amplitude is found to be just below current limits and potentially detectable in future data.
Temporal Chiral Spiral in Strong Magnetic Fields

Vacuum properties of quantum chromodynamics in strong magnetic and finite electric fields are investigated. We show that when a uniform electric field is instantaneously applied in the parallel direction to a strong magnetic field, it induces temporal oscillation of the scalar and pseudoscalar condensates. This is a temporal analog to the chiral spiral. The oscillation originates with the propagation of the collective mode, which is protected by the axial anomaly and thus is nondissipative.
Enhanced Flow in Small-World Networks

The proper addition of shortcuts to a regular substrate can lead to the formation of a complex network with a highly efficient structure for navigation [J. M. Kleinberg, Nature 406, 845 (2000)]. Here we show that enhanced flow properties can also be observed in these small-world topologies. Precisely, our model is a network built from an underlying regular lattice over which long-range connections are randomly added according to the probability, Pij ∼ r−α ij , where rij is the Manhattan distance between nodes i and j, and the exponent α is a controlling parameter. The mean two-point global conductance of the system is computed by considering that each link has a local conductance given by gij ∝ r−C ij , where C determines the extent of the geographical limitations (costs) on the long-range connections. Our results show that the best flow conditions are obtained for C = 0 with α = 0, while for C ≫ 1 the overall conductance always increases with α. For C ≈ 1, α = d becomes the optimal exponent, where d is the topological dimension of the substrate. Interestingly, this exponent is identical to the one obtained for optimal navigation in small-world networks using decentralized algorithms.
Dark Matter Annihilations in the Causal Diamond

We investigate the implications of dark matter annihilations for cosmological parameter constraints using the causal entropic principle. In this approach cosmologies are weighted by the total entropy production within a causally connected region of spacetime. We calculate the expected entropy from dark matter annihilations within the causal diamond and investigate the preferred values of the cosmological constant and the mass and annihilation cross section of the annihilating dark matter and their dependence on the assumptions in the models. For realistic values of the cross section we typically find preferred values of $\Lambda $ on the order of $10^{-5}$ of the present value assuming dark matter annihilations are the primary source of entropy production. The greatest amount of entropy production from dark matter within the causal diamond is likely to occur with light keV scale dark matter with low annihilation cross section. We also investigate the effect of combining this entropy with the entropy production from stars, and show that if the primary source of entropy production is from stars, varying the dark matter cross section directly produces a preferred value of $\Omega_m$ in excellent agreement with observations.
Neutron capture rates and r-process nucleosynthesis

Simulations of r-process nucleosynthesis require nuclear physics information for thousands of neutron-rich nuclear species from the line of stability to the neutron drip line. While arguably the most important pieces of nuclear data for the r-process are the masses and beta decay rates, individual neutron capture rates can also be of key importance in setting the final r-process abundance pattern. Here we consider the influence of neutron capture rates in forming the A~80 and rare earth peaks.
The sensitivity of r-process nucleosynthesis to the properties of neutron-rich nuclei

About half of the heavy elements in the Solar System were created by rapid neutron capture, or r-process, nucleosynthesis. In the r-process, heavy elements are built up via a sequence of neutron captures and beta decays in which an intense neutron flux pushes material out towards the neutron drip line. The nuclear network simulations used to test potential astrophysical scenarios for the r-process therefore require nuclear physics data (masses, beta decay lifetimes, neutron capture rates, fission probabilities) for thousands of nuclei far from stability. Only a small fraction of this data has been experimentally measured. Here we discuss recent sensitivity studies that aim to determine the nuclei whose properties are most crucial for r-process calculations.
Primacy analysis in the system of Bulgarian cities

The concept of "primacy" as introduced by Jefferson in 1939 in urban geography leads to the notion of "dominant city" also known as the primate city. Practically, the notion was extended by Sheppard in view of discussing some "hierarchy". The type of dominance is not universal nor any hierarchy reversal. Both can be time and sample dependent. Thus, as an example taking into consideration the existence of both pieces of the puzzle, we consider and discuss the Bulgarian urban system. It is also interesting to compare data on two groups of cities in different time intervals: (i) the whole Bulgaria city system which contains about 250 cities, - studied in the time interval between 2004 and 2011, and (ii) a system of 33 cities, - studied over the time interval 1887 till 2010. These latter cities are selected because the population was already over 10 000 inhabitants in 1946. It is shown that new additional indices are interestingly introduced in order to compensate defects in the Sheppard index. Numerical illustrations are illuminated through a "length ratio" measure, which allows to distinguish the (often) observed departures from the hyperbolic ranking seen by Jefferson.
Quark deconfinement transition in neutron stars with the field correlator method

A phase of strong interacting matter with deconfined quarks is expected in the core of massive neutron stars. In this article, we perform a study of the hadron-quark phase transition in cold (T ¼ 0) neutron star matter and we calculate various structural properties of hybrid stars. For the quark phase, we make use of an equation of state (EOS) derived with the field correlator method (FCM) recently extended to the case of nonzero baryon density. For the hadronic phase, we consider both pure nucleonic and hyperonic matter, and we derive the corresponding EOS within a relativistic mean field approach. We make use of measured
Gravitation, Equivalence Principle, and Quantum Mechanics

Gravitation, according to General Relativity, is an attribute of space-time's geometry and hence not a force in the Newtonian sense. This is a consequence of Einstein's equivalence principle, which so far passed all experimental tests with high precision. However, the search for possible violations continues, for they, as the case may be, are expected to point towards more fundamental theoretical extensions of General Relativity. In particular, it is expected that useful insights are gained by studying the interaction between gravitational fields and genuine quantum-mechanical systems, like atoms or molecules. But this raises some fundamental issues, for General Relativity and Quantum Theory rest on partially incompatible sets of concepts. This article tries to explain in an elementary fashion how these issues recently entered modern research in atom interferometry. A shorter and editorially adapted version of this paper will appear in "Spektrum der Wissenschaft" -- the German edition of "
Scalable Probabilistic Entity-Topic Modeling

We present an LDA approach to entity disambiguation. Each topic is associated with a Wikipedia article and topics generate either content words or entity mentions. Training such models is challenging because of the topic and vocabulary size, both in the millions. We tackle these problems using a novel distributed inference and representation framework based on a parallel Gibbs sampler guided by the Wikipedia link graph, and pipelines of MapReduce allowing fast and memoryfrugal processing of large datasets. We report state-of-the-art performance on a public dataset.
Strain-induced time-reversal odd superconductivity in graphene

Time-reversal symmetry breaking superconductors are exotic phases of matter with fascinating properties, which are, however, encountered rather sparsely. Here we identify the possibility of realizing such a superconducting ground state that exhibits an $f+is$ pairing symmetry in strained graphene. Although the underlying attractive interactions need to be sufficiently strong and comparable in pristine graphene to support such pairing state, we argue that strain can be conducive for its formation even for weak interactions. We show that quantum-critical behavior near the transition is controlled by a multicritical point, characterized by various critical exponents computed here in the framework of an $\epsilon$-expansion near four spacetime dimensions. Furthermore, a vortex in this mixed superconducting state hosts a pair of Majorana fermions supporting a quartet of insulating and superconducting orders, among which topologically nontrivial quantum spin Hall insulator. These findings suggest that strained graphene could provide a platform for the realization of exotic superconducting states of Dirac fermions.
String order in dipole-blockaded quantum liquids

We study the quantum melting of quasi-one-dimensional lattice models in which the dominant energy scale is given by a repulsive dipolar interaction. By constructing an effective low-energy theory, we show that the melting of crystalline phases can occur into two distinct liquid phases having the same algebraic decay of density–density correlations but showing a different non-local correlation function expressing string order. We present possible experimental realizations using ultracold atoms and molecules, introducing an implementation based on resonantly driven Rydberg atoms that offers additional benefits compared to a weak admixture of the Rydberg state.
Generalized isospin, generalized mass groups, and generalized Gell-Mann--Okubo formalism

The current concepts of isospin and baryon mass groups are only well-adapted to deal with baryon multiplets involving both the u and d quarks, and some other quark k. In this paper, we generalize isospin and mass groups to accommodate baryon multiplets involving quarks of any flavor, and the Gell-Mann--Okubo (GMO) formalism is generalized accordingly. Generalized isospin proves to be a simple and valuable framework when working in non-udk baryon multiplets, and provides new quantum numbers that allows us to distinguish $\Lambda$-like baryons from $\Sigma$-like baryons in the non-udk multiplets. The generalized GMO formalism allows us to quantify the quality of flavor symmetries seen in baryon multiplets, and also allows us to predict the masses of all observable $J^P = \frac{1}{2}^+$ and $\frac{3}{2}^+$ baryons with an estimated accuracy on the order of 50 MeV in the worst cases, on mass scales that span anywhere from 1000 MeV to 15000 MeV.
Cluster-based reduced-order modelling of a mixing layer

We propose a novel cluster-based reduced-order modelling (CROM) strategy for unsteady flows. CROM combines the cluster analysis pioneered in Gunzburger’s group (Burkardt, Gunzburger & Lee,  and transition matrix models introduced in fluid dynamics in Eckhardt’s group (Schneider, Eckhardt & Vollmer,  2007, art. 066313). CROM constitutes a potential alternative to POD models and generalises the Ulam–Galerkin method classically used in dynamical systems to determine a finite-rank approximation of the Perron–Frobenius operator. The proposed strategy processes a time-resolved sequence of flow snapshots in two steps. First, the snapshot data are clustered into a small number of representative states, called centroids, in the state space. These centroids partition the state space in complementary non-overlapping regions (centroidal Voronoi cells). Departing from the standard algorithm, the probabilities of the clusters are determined, and the states are sorted by analysis of the transition matrix. Second, the transitions between the states are dynamically modelled using a Markov process. Physical mechanisms are then distilled by a refined analysis of the Markov process, e.g. using finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) and entropic methods. This CROM framework is applied to the Lorenz attractor (as illustrative example), to velocity fields of the spatially evolving incompressible mixing layer and the three-dimensional turbulent wake of a bluff body. For these examples, CROM is shown to identify non-trivial quasi-attractors and transition processes in an unsupervised manner. CROM has numerous potential applications for the systematic identification of physical mechanisms of complex dynamics, for comparison of flow evolution models, for the identification of precursors to desirable and undesirable events, and for flow control applications exploiting nonlinear actuation dynamics.
Causes and Consequences of Genetic Background Effects Illuminated by Integrative Genomic Analysis

The phenotypic consequences of individual mutations are modulated by the wild-type genetic background in which they occur. Although such background dependence is widely observed, we do not know whether general patterns across species and traits exist or about the mechanisms underlying it. We also lack knowledge on how mutations interact with genetic background to influence gene expression and how this in turn mediates mutant phenotypes. Furthermore, how genetic background influences patterns of epistasis remains unclear. To investigate the genetic basis and genomic consequences of genetic background dependence of the scallopedE3 allele on the Drosophila melanogaster wing, we generated multiple novel genome-level datasets from a mapping-by-introgression experiment and a tagged RNA gene expression dataset. In addition we used whole genome resequencing of the parental lines—two commonly used laboratory strains—to predict polymorphic transcription factor binding sites for SD. We integrated these data with previously published genomic datasets from expression microarrays and a modifier mutation screen. By searching for genes showing a congruent signal across multiple datasets, we were able to identify a robust set of candidate loci contributing to the background-dependent effects of mutations in sd. We also show that the majority of background-dependent modifiers previously reported are caused by higher-order epistasis, not quantitative noncomplementation. These findings provide a useful foundation for more detailed investigations of genetic background dependence in this system, and this approach is likely to prove useful in exploring the genetic basis of other traits as well.
Long-term memory in electricity prices: Czech market evidence

We analyze the long-term memory properties of hourly prices of electricity in the Czech Republic between 2009 and 2012. Various statistical properties of these prices are studied, and as the dynamics of electricity prices is dominated by cycles—in particular intraday and daily—we opt for detrended fluctuation analysis, which is well suited to such specific series. We find that electricity prices are non-stationary but strongly mean-reverting, which distinguishes them from prices of other financial assets, which are usually characterized as unit root series. Such behavior is attributed to specific features of electricity, in particular its non-storability. Additionally, we argue that the rapid mean-reversion is due to the principles of electricity spot prices. These properties are shown to be stable across all the years studied.