nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Using proximity to predict activity in social networks

The structure of a social network contains information useful for predicting its evolution. We show that structural information also helps predict activity. People who are "close" in some sense in a social network are more likely to perform similar actions than more distant people. We use network proximity to capture the degree to which people are "close" to each other. In addition to standard proximity metrics used in the link prediction task, such as neighborhood overlap, we introduce new metrics that model different types of interactions that take place between people. We study this claim empirically using data about URL forwarding activity on the social media sites Digg and Twitter. We show that structural proximity of two users in the follower graph is related to similarity of their activity, i.e., how many URLs they both forward. We also show that given friends' activity, knowing their proximity to the user can help better predict which URLs the user will forward. We compare the performance of different proximity metrics on the activity prediction task and find that metrics that take into account the attention-limited nature of interactions in social media lead to substantially better predictions.
Measuring tie strength in implicit social networks

Given a set of people and a set of events attended by them, we address the problem of measuring connectedness or tie strength between each pair of persons. The underlying assumption is that attendance at mutual events gives an implicit social network between people. We take an axiomatic approach to this problem. Starting from a list of axioms, which a measure of tie strength must satisfy, we characterize functions that satisfy all the axioms. We then show that there is a range of tie-strength measures that satisfy this characterization.
 A measure of tie strength induces a ranking on the edges of the social network (and on the set of neighbors for every person). We show that for applications where the ranking, and not the absolute value of the tie strength, is the important thing about the measure, the axioms are equivalent to a natural partial order. To settle on a particular measure, we must make a non-obvious decision about extending this partial order to a total order. This decision is best left to particular applications. We also classify existing tie-strength measures according to the axioms that they satisfy; and observe that none of the "self-referential" tie-strength measures satisfy the axioms. In our experiments, we demonstrate the efficacy of our approach; show the completeness and soundness of our axioms, and present Kendall Tau Rank Correlation between various tie-strength measures.
Higgs Descendants

We deﬁne a Higgs descendant (cid:1) to be a particle beyond the standard model whose mass arises predominantly from the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs boson. Higgs descendants arise naturally from new physics whose intrinsic mass scale is unrelated to the electroweak scale. The coupling of (cid:1) to the Higgs boson is ﬁxed by the mass and spin of (cid:1) , yielding a highly predictive setup in which there may be substantial modiﬁcations to the properties of the Higgs boson. For example, if the decay of the Higgs boson to (cid:1) is kinematically allowed, then this branching ratio is largely determined. Depending on the stability of (cid:1) , Higgs decays may result in a variety of possible visible or invisible ﬁnal states. Alternatively, loops of (cid:1) may affect Higgs boson production or its decays to standard model particles. If (cid:1) is stable dark matter, then the mandatory coupling between (cid:1) and the Higgs boson gives a lower bound on the direct detection cross section as a function of the (cid:1) mass. We also present a number of explicit models which are examples of Higgs descendants. Finally, we comment on Higgs descendants in the context of the excesses near 125 GeV recently observed at ATLAS and CMS.
Evidence of market manipulation in the financial crisis

We provide direct evidence of market manipulation at the beginning of the financial crisis in November 2007. The type of manipulation, a "bear raid," would have been prevented by a regulation that was repealed by the Securities and Exchange Commission in July 2007. The regulation, the uptick rule, was designed to prevent manipulation and promote stability and was in force from 1938 as a key part of the government response to the 1929 market crash and its aftermath. On November 1, 2007, Citigroup experienced an unusual increase in trading volume and decrease in price. Our analysis of financial industry data shows that this decline coincided with an anomalous increase in borrowed shares, the selling of which would be a large fraction of the total trading volume. The selling of borrowed shares cannot be explained by news events as there is no corresponding increase in selling by share owners. A similar number of shares were returned on a single day six days later. The magnitude and coincidence of borrowing and returning of shares is evidence of a concerted effort to drive down Citigroup's stock price and achieve a profit, i.e., a bear raid. Interpretations and analyses of financial markets should consider the possibility that the intentional actions of individual actors or coordinated groups can impact market behavior. Markets are not sufficiently transparent to reveal even major market manipulation events. Our results point to the need for regulations that prevent intentional actions that cause markets to deviate from equilibrium and contribute to crashes. Enforcement actions cannot reverse severe damage to the economic system. The current "alternative" uptick rule which is only in effect for stocks dropping by over 10% in a single day is insufficient. Prevention may be achieved through improved availability of market data and the original uptick rule or other transaction limitations.
High-order short-time expansions for ATM option prices under the CGMY model

The short-time asymptotic behavior of option prices for a variety of models with jumps has received much attention in recent years. In the present work, a novel second-order approximation for ATM option prices under the CGMY L\'evy model is derived, and then extended to a model with an additional independent Brownian component. Our results shed light on the connection between both the volatility of the continuous component and the jump parameters and the behavior of ATM option prices near expiration. In case of an additional Brownian component, the second-order term, in time-t, is of the form $ d_{2} t^{(3-Y)/2}$, with the coefficient $d_{2}$ depending only on the overall jump intensity parameter C and the tail-heaviness parameter Y. This extends the known result that the leading term is $(\sigma/\sqrt{2\pi})t^{1/2}$, where $\sigma$ is the volatility of the continuous component. In contrast, under a pure-jump CGMY model, the dependence on the two parameters C and Y is already reflected in the leading term, which is of the form $d_{1} t^{1/Y}$. Information on the relative frequency of negative and positive jumps appears only in the second-order term, which is shown to be of the form $d_{2} t$ and whose order of decay turns out to be independent of Y. The third-order asymptotic behavior of the option prices as well as the asymptotic behavior of the corresponding Black-Scholes implied volatilities are also addressed. Our numerical results show that in most cases the second-order term significantly outperform the first-order approximation.
LHC Evidence Of A 126 GeV Higgs Boson From H ! With Three And Four Generations

Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanSearches for Higgs boson at the LHC have excluded standard model (SM) Higgs boson mass inthe range between 127 GeV to 600 GeV. With a fourth generation, the excluded range is wider. Toclose the windows between 114 GeV to 127 GeV, the mode H → γγ plays an important role. Thereare evidences that the Higgs boson mass is about 126 GeV from LHC data. H → γγ can occurat one loop level in the SM. In the SM with three generations (SM3), the dominant contributionis from W boson with some cancellation from top quark in the loop. With SM4, the large massof the fourth generation quarks and charged lepton cancel the W boson contribution signiﬁcantly,the decay width is suppressed by a factorin the range of 0.25 ∼ 0.55 for the fourth generation massin the range of 500 to 1000 GeV. This reduction factor makes σ(pp → HX)Br(H → γγ) for SM4comparable to that for SM3 for Higgs boson mass in the window allowed mentioned earlier. UsingH → γγ alone, therefore, it is diﬃcult at present to distinguish whether the Higgs boson is fromSM3 or SM4. We also comments on some other detection channels.
Predicting Links and Inferring Attributes using a Social-Attribute Network (SAN)

The eects of social inuence and homophily suggest that both network structure and node attribute information should inform the tasks of link prediction and node attribute inference. Recently, Yin et al.  proposed Social-Attribute Network (SAN), an attribute-augmented social network, to integrate network structure and node attributes to perform both link prediction and attribute inference. They focused on generalizing the random walk with restart algorithm to the SAN framework and showed improved performance. In this paper, we extend the SAN framework with several leading supervised and unsupervised link prediction algorithms and demonstrate performance improvement for each algorithm on both link prediction and attribute inference. Moreover, we make the novel observation that attribute inference can help inform link prediction, i.e., link prediction accuracy is further improved by rst inferring missing attributes. We comprehensively evaluate these algorithms and compare them with other existing algorithms using a novel, largescale Google+ dataset, which we make publicly available 1 .
Vacuum structure and the arrow of time

We nd ourselves in an extended era of entropy production. Unlike most other observations, the arrow of time is usually regarded as a constraint on initial con- ditions. I argue, however, that it primarily constrains the vacuum structure of the theory. I exhibit simple scalar eld potentials in which low-entropy initial conditions are not necessary, or not sucient, for an arrow of time to arise. I argue that the string theory landscape gives rise to an arrow of time independently of the initial entropy, assuming a plausible condition on the lifetime of its metastable vacua. The dynamical resolution of the arrow of time problem arises from the same structural properties of the string landscape that allow it to solve the cosmological constant problem without pro- ducing an empty universe, particularly its high dimensionality and the large dierence in vacuum energy between neighboring vacua.
Probably a discovery: Bad mathematics means rough scientific communication

According to the media, in spring of this year the experiment CDF at Fermilab has made most likely ("this result has a 99.7 percent chance of being correct", Discovery News) a great discovery ("the most significant in physics in half a century", NYT). However, since the very beginning, practically all particle physics experts did not believe that was the case. This is the last of a quite long series of fake claims based on trivial mistakes in the probabilistic reasoning. The main purpose of this note is to invite everybody, but especially journalists and general public, most times innocent victims of misinformation of this kind, to mistrust claims not explicitly reported in terms of how much we should believe something, under well stated conditions and assumptions.
RAPID, MACHINE-LEARNED RESOURCE ALLOCATION: APPLICATION TO HIGH-REDSHIFT GAMMA-RAY BURST FOLLOW-UP

As the number of observed gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) continues to grow, follow-up resources need to be used more efficiently in order to maximize science output from limited telescope time. As such, it is becoming increasingly important to rapidly identify bursts of interest as soon as possible after the event, before the afterglows fade beyond detectability. Studying the most distant (highest redshift) events, for instance, remains a primary goal for many in the field. Here, we present our Random Forest Automated Triage Estimator for GRB redshifts (RATE GRB-z) for rapid identification of high-redshift candidates using early-time metrics from the three telescopes onboard Swift. While the basic RATE methodology is generalizable to a number of resource allocation problems, here we demonstrate its utility for telescope-constrained follow-up efforts with the primary goal to identify and study high-z GRBs. For each new GRB, RATE GRB-z provides a recommendation—based on the available telescope time—of whether the event warrants additional follow-up resources. We train RATE GRB-z using a set consisting of 135 Swift bursts with known redshifts, only 18 of which are z > 4. Cross-validated performance metrics on these training data suggest that ∼56% of high-z bursts can be captured from following up the top 20% of the ranked candidates, and ∼84% of high-z bursts are identified after following up the top ∼40% of candidates. We further use the method to rank 200 + Swift bursts with unknown redshifts according to their likelihood of being high-z.
Luttinger's theorem, superfluid vortices and holography

Strongly coupled field theories with gravity duals can be placed at finite density in two ways: electric field flux emanating from behind a horizon, or bulk charged fields outside of the horizon that explicitly source the density. We discuss field-theoretical observables that are sensitive to this distinction. If the charged fields are fermionic, we discuss a modified Luttinger's theorem that holds for holographic systems, in which the sum of boundary theory Fermi surfaces counts only the charge outside of the horizon. If the charged fields are bosonic, we show that the resulting superfluid phase may be characterized by the coefficient of the transverse Magnus force on a moving superfluid vortex, which again is sensitive only to the charge outside of the horizon. For holographic systems, these observables provide a field-theoretical way to distinguish how much charge is held by a dual horizon, but they may be useful in more general contexts as measures of deconfined (i.e. ‘fractionalized’) charge degrees of freedom.
Gravitational Waves from Compact Binaries as Probes of the Universe

The future detection of gravitational wave forces us to consider the many ways in which astrophysics, gravitational wave theory and fundamental theory will interact. In this paper, I summarize some recent work done to develop such an interface. In particular, I concentrate on how non-vacuum astrophysical environments can modify the gravitational wave signal emitted by compact binary inspirals, and whether signatures from the former are detectable by current and future gravitational wave detectors. I also describe the interface between gravitational wave modeling and fundamental theory, focusing on the status of the parameterized post-Einsteinian framework (a general framework to detect deviations away from General Relativity in future gravitational wave data) and its current data analysis implementation.
Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Observational Phenomenology and Relativistic Extensions

A wealth of astronomical data indicate the presence of mass discrepancies in the Universe. The motions observed in a variety of classes of extragalactic systems exceed what can be explained by the mass visible in stars and gas. Either (i) there is a vast amount of unseen mass in some novel form — dark matter — or (ii) the data indicate a breakdown of our understanding of dynamics on the relevant scales, or (iii) both. Here, we first review a few outstanding challenges for the dark matter interpretation of mass discrepancies in galaxies, purely based on observations and independently of any alternative theoretical framework. We then show that many of these puzzling observations are predicted by one single relation — Milgrom’s law — involving an acceleration constant a0 (or a characteristic surface density Σ† = a0/G) on the order of the square-root of the cosmological constant in natural units. This relation can at present most easily be interpreted as the effect of a single universal force law resulting from a modification of Newtonian dynamics (MOND) on galactic scales. We exhaustively review the current observational successes and problems of this alternative paradigm at all astrophysical scales, and summarize the various theoretical attempts (TeVeS, GEA, BIMOND, and others) made to effectively embed this modification of Newtonian dynamics within a relativistic theory of gravity.
Is the LHC observing the pseudoscalar state of a two-Higgs-doublet model?

The ATLAS and CMS collaborations have recently shown data suggesting the presence of a Higgs boson in the vicinity of 125 GeV. We show that a two-Higgs-doublet model spectrum, with the pseudoscalar state being the lightest, could be responsible for the diphoton signal events. In this model, the other scalars are considerably heavier and are not excluded by the current LHC data. If this assumption is correct, future LHC data should show a strengthening of the �� signal, while the signals in the ZZ ð�Þ ! 4‘ and WW ð�Þ ! 2‘2� channels should diminish and eventually disappear, due to the absence of diboson tree-level couplings of the CP-odd state. The heavier CP-even neutral scalars can now decay into channels involving the CP-odd light scalar which, together with their larger masses, allow them to avoid the existing bounds on Higgs searches. We suggest additional signals to confirm this scenario at the LHC, in the decay channels of the heavier scalars into AA and AZ. Finally, this inverted two-Higgs-doublet spectrum is characteristic in models where fermion condensation leads to electroweak symmetry breaking. We show that in these theories it is possible to obtain the observed diphoton signal at or somewhat above the prediction for the standard model Higgs for the typical values of the parameters predicted.
Are general quantum correlations monogamous?

Quantum entanglement and quantum nonlocality are known to exhibit monogamy; that is, they obey strong constraints on how they can be distributed among multipartite systems. Quantum correlations that comprise and go beyond entanglement are quantified by, e.g., quantum discord. It was observed recently that for some states quantum discord is not monogamous. We prove, in general, that any measure of correlations that is monogamous for all states and satisfies reasonable basic properties must vanish for all separable states: only entanglement measures can be strictly monogamous. Monogamy of other than entanglement measures can still be satisfied for special, restricted cases: we prove that the geometric measure of discord satisfies the monogamy inequality on all pure states of three qubits.
Analysis of hedging based on co-persistence theory

This article analyzes the relationship between co-persistence and hedging, which indicates that the co-persistence ratio is just the long-term hedging ratio. The new method of exhaustive search algorithm for deriving co-persistence ratio is derived in the article. And we also develop a new hedging strategy of combining co-persistence with dynamic hedging which can enhance the hedging effectiveness and reduce the persistence of the hedged portfolio. Finally, our strategy is illustrated to study the hedge of JIASHI300 index and HS300 stock index future.
Scaling metagenome sequence assembly with probabilistic de Bruijn graphs

Deep sequencing has enabled the investigation of a wide range of environmental microbial ecosystems, but the high memory requirements for de novo assembly of short-read shotgun sequencing data from these complex populations are an increasingly large practical barrier. Here we introduce a memory-efficient graph representation with which we can analyze the k-mer connectivity of metagenomic samples. The graph representation is based on a probabilistic data structure, a Bloom filter, that allows us to efficiently store assembly graphs in as little as 4 bits per k-mer, albeit inexactly. We show that this data structure accurately represents DNA assembly graphs in low memory. We apply this data structure to the problem of partitioning assembly graphs into components as a prelude to assembly, and show that this reduces the overall memory requirements for de novo assembly of metagenomes. On one soil metagenome assembly, this approach achieves a nearly 40-fold decrease in the maximum memory requirements for assembly. This probabilistic graph representation is a significant theoretical advance in storing assembly graphs and also yields immediate leverage on metagenomic assembly.
Multiscale analysis of spreading in a large communication network

In temporal networks, both the topology of the underlying network and the timings of interaction events can be crucial in determining how a dynamic process mediated by the network unfolds. We have explored the limiting case of the speed of spreading in the SI model, set up such that an event between an infectious and a susceptible individual always transmits the infection. The speed of this process sets an upper bound for the speed of any dynamic process that is mediated through the interaction events of the network. With the help of temporal networks derived from large-scale time-stamped data on mobile phone calls, we extend earlier results that indicate the slowing-down effects of burstiness and temporal inhomogeneities. In such networks, links are not permanently active, but dynamic processes are mediated by recurrent events taking place on the links at specific points in time. We perform a multiscale analysis and pinpoint the importance of the timings of event sequences on individual links, their correlations with neighboring sequences, and the temporal pathways taken by the network-scale spreading process. This is achieved by studying empirically and analytically different characteristic relay times of links, relevant to the respective scales, and a set of temporal reference models that allow for removing selected time-domain correlations one by one. Our analysis shows that for the spreading velocity, time-domain inhomogeneities are as important as the network topology, which indicates the need to take time-domain information into account when studying spreading dynamics. In particular, results for the different characteristic relay times underline the importance of the burstiness of individual links.
The dark bursts population in a complete sample of bright Swift long gamma-ray bursts

We study the properties of the population of optically dark events present in a carefully selected complete sample of bright Swift long gamma-ray bursts. The high level of completeness in redshift of our sample (52 objects out of 58) allows us to establish the existence of a genuine dark population, and we are able to estimate the maximum fraction of dark burst events (∼30 per cent) expected for the whole class of long gamma-ray burst. The redshift distribution of this population of dark bursts is similar to that of the whole sample. Interestingly, the rest-frame X-ray luminosity (and the de-absorbed X-ray flux) of the subclass of dark bursts is slightly higher than the average luminosity of the non-dark events. At the same time, the prompt properties do not differ and the optical flux of dark events is at the lower tail of the optical flux distribution, corrected for Galactic absorption. All these properties suggest that dark bursts events generate in much denser environments with respect to normal bright events. We can therefore exclude the high-z and the low-density scenarios and conclude that the major cause of the origin of optically dark events is the dust extinction.