nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A panchromatic analysis of starburst galaxy M82: Probing the dust properties

We combine near-ultraviolet (NUV), optical and IR imaging of the nearby starburst galaxy M82 to explore the properties of the dust both in the interstellar medium of the galaxy and the dust entrained in the superwind. The three NUV filters of Swift-Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope enable us to probe in detail the properties of the extinction curve in the region around the 2175 A bump. The NUV colour-colour diagram strongly rules out a 'bump-less' Calzetti-type law, which can either reflect intrinsic changes in the dust properties or in the star formation history compared to starbursts well represented by such an attenuation law. We emphasize that it is mainly in the NUV region where a standard MilkyWay-type law is preferred over the Calzetti law. The age and dust distribution of the stellar populations is consistent with the scenario of an encounter with M81 in the recent <400 Myr. The radial variation of NUV/optical/IR photometry in the galaxy region-including the polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbon-dominated emission at 8 μm-confirms the central location of the star formation. The radial gradients of the NUV and optical colours in the superwind region supports the hypothesis that the emission in the wind cone is driven by scattering from dust grains entrained in the ejecta. The observed wavelength dependence, αλ, reveals either a grain size distribution n(a) αa, or a flatter distribution with a maximum size cutoff, suggesting that only small grains are entrained in the supernova-driven wind.
Spin and charge ordering in three-leg ladders in oxyborates.

We study the spin ordering within the three-leg ladders present in the oxyborate Fe3O2BO3 consisting of localized classical spins interacting with conduction electrons (one electron per rung). We also consider the competition with antiferromagnetic superexchange interactions to determine the magnetic phase diagram. Besides a ferromagnetic phase we find (i) a phase with ferromagnetic rungs ordered antiferromagnetically and (ii) a zigzag canted spin ordering along the legs. We also determine the induced charge ordering within the different phases and the interplay with lattice instability. Our model is discussed in connection with the lattice dimerization transition observed in this system, emphasizing the role of the magnetic structure.
Overcoming loss of contrast in atom interferometry due to gravity gradients

Long-time atom interferometry is instrumental to various high-precision measurements of fundamental physical properties, including tests of the equivalence principle. Due to rotations and gravity gradients, the classical trajectories characterizing the motion of the wave packets for the two branches of the interferometer do not close in phase space, an effect which increases significantly with the interferometer time. The relative displacement between the interfering wave packets in such open interferometers leads to a fringe pattern in the density profile at each exit port and a loss of contrast in the oscillations of the integrated particle number as a function of the phase shift. Paying particular attention to gravity gradients, we present a simple mitigation strategy involving small changes in the timing of the laser pulses which is very easy to implement. A useful representation-free description of the state evolution in an atom interferometer is introduced and employed to analyze the loss of contrast and mitigation strategy in the general case. (As a by-product, a remarkably compact derivation of the phase-shift in a general light-pulse atom interferometer is provided.) Furthermore, exact results are obtained for (pure and mixed) Gaussian states which allow a simple interpretation in terms of the alignment of Wigner functions in phase-space. Analytical results are also obtained for expanding Bose–Einstein condensates within the time-dependent Thomas–Fermi approximation. Finally, a combined strategy for rotations and nonaligned gravity gradients is considered as well.
A Spectral Framework for Anomalous Subgraph Detection

A wide variety of application domains is concerned with data consisting of entities and their relationships or connections, formally represented as graphs. Within these diverse application areas, a common problem of interest is the detection of a subset of entities whose connectivity is anomalous with respect to the rest of the data. While the detection of such anomalous subgraphs has received a substantial amount of attention, no application-agnostic framework exists for analysis of signal detectability in graph-based data. In this paper, we describe a framework that enables such analysis using the principal eigenspace of a graph's residuals matrix, commonly called the modularity matrix in community detection. Leveraging this analytical tool, we show that the framework has a natural power metric in the spectral norm of the anomalous subgraph's adjacency matrix (signal power) and of the background graph's residuals matrix (noise power). We propose several algorithms based on spectral properties of the residuals matrix, with more computationally expensive techniques providing greater detection power. Detection and identification performance are presented for a number of signal and noise models, including clusters and bipartite foregrounds embedded into simple random backgrounds, as well as graphs with community structure and realistic degree distributions. The trends observed verify intuition gleaned from other signal processing areas, such as greater detection power when the signal is embedded within a less active portion of the background. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed techniques in detecting small, highly anomalous subgraphs in real graphs derived from Internet traffic and product co-purchases.
Joint Inference of Multiple Label Types in Large Networks

We tackle the problem of inferring node labels in a partially labeled graph where each node in the graph has multiple label types and each label type has a large number of possible labels. Our primary example, and the focus of this paper, is the joint inference of label types such as hometown, current city, and employers, for users connected by a social network. Standard label propagation fails to consider the properties of the label types and the interactions between them. Our proposed method, called EdgeExplain, explicitly models these, while still enabling scalable inference under a distributed message-passing architecture. On a billion-node subset of the Facebook social network, EdgeExplain significantly outperforms label propagation for several label types, with lifts of up to 120% for recall@1 and 60% for recall@3.
Quantization of systems with temporally varying discretization. II. Local evolution moves

Several quantum gravity approaches and field theory on an evolving lattice involve a discretization changing dynamics generated by evolution moves. Local evolution moves in variational discrete systems (1) are a generalization of the Pachner evolution moves of simplicial gravity models, (2) update only a small subset of the dynamical data, (3) change the number of kinematical and physical degrees of freedom, and (4) generate a dynamical (or canonical) coarse graining or refining of the underlying discretization. To systematically explore such local moves and their implications in the quantum theory, this article suitably expands the quantum formalism for global evolution moves, constructed in Paper I [P. A. Hohn, “Quantization of systems with temporally varying discretization. I. Evolving Hilbert spaces,”  (2014); ], by employing that global moves can be decomposed into sequences of local moves. This formalism is spelled out for systems with Euclidean configuration spaces. Various types of local moves, the different kinds of constraints generated by them, the constraint preservation, and possible divergences in resulting state sums are discussed. It is shown that non-trivial local coarse graining moves entail a non-unitary projection of (physical) Hilbert spaces and “fine grained” Dirac observables defined on them. Identities for undoing a local evolution move with its (time reversed) inverse are derived. Finally, the implications of these results for a Pachner move generated dynamics in simplicial quantum gravity models are commented on.
Security Implications of Distributed Database Management System Models

Security features must be addressed when escalating a distributed database. The choice between the object oriented and the relational data model, several factors should be considered. The most important of these factors are single and multilevel access controls (MAC), protection and integrity maintenance. While determining which distributed database replica will be more secure for a particular function, the choice should not be made exclusively on the basis of available security features. One should also query the effectiveness and efficiency of the delivery of these characteristics. In this paper, the security strengths and weaknesses of both database models and the thorough problems initiate in the distributed environment are conversed.
New developments for dual methods in lattice field theory at non-zero density

In recent years the complex action problem of lattice field theory at finite density was overcome for several system by mapping them to dual variables (flux lines and surfaces). We illustrate this mapping for the case of the U(1) gauge Higgs system and present some representative physics results for this model. Conceptual challenges such as spectroscopy in the dual approach, as well as algorithmic developments are discussed and related ideas for systems with fermions are addressed. Models where the dual variables approach solves the complex action problem can serve as reference systems for other approaches to finite density lattice field theory and we discuss some examples. Finally we address the strategy of a partial dualization in certain limits, e.g., for strong coupling and large mass.
Ising model on random networks and the canonical tensor model

We introduce a statistical system on random networks of trivalent vertices for the purpose of studying the canonical tensor model, which is a rank-three tensor model in the canonical formalism. The partition function of the statistical system has a concise expression in terms of integrals, and has the same symmetries as the kinematical ones of the canonical tensor model. We consider the simplest non-trivial case of the statistical system corresponding to the Ising model on random networks, and find that its phase diagram agrees with what is implied by regrading the Hamiltonian vector field of the canonical tensor model with N = 2 as a renormalization group flow. Along the way, we obtain an explicit exact expression of the free energy of the Ising model on random networks in the thermodynamic limit by the Laplace method. This paper provides a new example connecting a model of quantum gravity and a random statistical system.
Embeddings of the black holes in a flat space

We study the explicit embeddings of static black holes. We obtain two new minimal embeddings of the Schwarzchild-de Sitter metric which smoothly cover both horizons of this metric. The lines of time for these embeddings are more complicated than hyperbolas. Also we shortly discuss the possibility of using non-hyperbolic embeddings for calculation of the black hole Hawking temperature in the Deser and Levin approach.
On the conflict between precision and robustness in the proportion regulation of cell types

In Dictyostelium discoideum the proportion of cell types is known to be actively regulated, recovering, for example, after the removal of a given cell type. However, we have recently shown that regulation is intrinsically imprecise: it controls the proportion above/below certain upper and lower thresholds, but not within an allowed range of values that these thresholds define. To explain this finding we present a model based on (i) a global negative feedback, and (ii) a cell-autonomous positive feedback leading to a hysteresis-like behaviour (i.e, a bistability of cell type). The simulated cell-type proportion is indeed found to span a range of values as a consequence of the bistability. We conclude that there is a general conflict between the precision of proportion regulation and the robustness of the differentiation of cell types.
Photon Generation from Quantum Vacuum using a Josephson Metamaterial

When one of the parameters in the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion of a system is modulated, particles can be generated out of the quantum vacuum. This phenomenon is known as the dynamical Casimir effect, and it was recently realized experimentally in systems of superconducting circuits, for example by using modulated resonators made of coplanar waveguides, or arrays of superconducting quantum intereference devices (SQUIDs) forming a Josephson metamaterial. In this paper, we consider a simple electrical circuit model for dynamical Casimir effects, consisting of an LC resonator, with the inductor modulated externally at 10.8 GHz and with the resonant frequency tunable over a range of $\pm$ 400 MHz around 5.4 GHz. The circuit is analyzed classically using a circuit simulator (APLAC). We demonstrate that if an additional source of classical noise couples to the resonator (on top of the quantum vacuum), for example via dissipative "internal modes", then the resulting spectrum of the photons in the cavity will present two strongly asymmetric branches. However, according to the theory of the dynamical Casimir effect, these branches should be symmetric, a prediction which is confirmed by our experimental data. The simulation presented here therefore shows that the origin of the photons generated in our experiment with Josephson metamaterials is the quantum vacuum, and not a spurious classical noise source.
RELATIVISTIC RING MODELS

Relativistic thick ring models are constructed using previously found analytical Newtonian potential-density pairs for flat rings and toroidal structures obtained from Kuzmin–Toomre family of disks. In particular, we present systems with one ring, two rings and a disk with a ring. Also, the circular velocity of a test particle and its stability when performing circular orbits are presented in all these models. In general, we find that regions of non-stability appear between the rings when they become thinner.
Baryon stopping in the color glass condensate formalism: A phenomenological study

The net-baryon production at forward rapidities is investigated considering the color glass condensate formalism. We assume that at large energies the coherence of the projectile quarks is lost and that the leading baryon production mechanism changes from recombination to independent fragmentation. The phenomenological implications for net-baryon production in $pp/pA/AA$ collisions are analyzed and predictions for Large Hadron Collider energies are presented.
New libraries for simulating neutron scattering in dark matter detector calibrations

Dark matter detectors require calibrations of their energy scale and efficiency to detect nuclear recoils in the $1-50$ keV range. Most calibrations use neutron scattering and require MCNP or Geant4 simulations of neutron propagation through the detector. For most nuclei heavier than $^{16}$O, these simulations' libraries ignore the contribution of resolved resonances to the neutron elastic differential cross-section. For many isotopes and neutron energies of importance to dark matter detection, this invalid assumption can severely distort simulated nuclear recoil spectra. The correct angular distributions can be calculated from the resonance parameters using R-matrix formalism. A set of neutron scattering libraries with high resolution angular distributions for MCNP and Geant4 of $^{19}$F, $^{40}$Ar, $^{50,52}$Cr, $^{56}$Fe, $^{136}$Xe, and $^{206,207,208}$Pb is presented. An MCNPX library for simulating the production of low-energy neutrons in the $^9$Be$(\gamma,n)^8$Be reaction is also presented. Example dark matter detector calibrations are simulated with the new libraries showing how detector sensitivity could be overestimated by factors of two by relying on existing MCNP and Geant4 libraries.
Diverse and Widespread Contamination Evident in the Unmapped Depths of High Throughput Sequencing Data

Trace quantities of contaminating DNA are widespread in the laboratory environment, but their presence has received little attention in the context of high throughput sequencing. This issue is highlighted by recent works that have rested controversial claims upon sequencing data that appear to support the presence of unexpected exogenous species.  I used reads that preferentially aligned to alternate genomes to infer the distribution of potential contaminant species in a set of independent sequencing experiments. I confirmed that dilute samples are more exposed to contaminating DNA, and, focusing on four single-cell sequencing experiments, found that these contaminants appear to originate from a wide diversity of clades. Although negative control libraries prepared from ‘blank’ samples recovered the highest-frequency contaminants, low-frequency contaminants, which appeared to make heterogeneous contributions to samples prepared in parallel within a single experiment, were not well controlled for. I used these results to show that, despite heavy replication and plausible controls, contamination can explain all of the observations used to support a recent claim that complete genes pass from food to human blood.  Contamination must be considered a potential source of signals of exogenous species in sequencing data, even if these signals are replicated in independent experiments, vary across conditions, or indicate a species which seems a priori unlikely to contaminate. Negative control libraries processed in parallel are essential to control for contaminant DNAs, but their limited ability to recover low-frequency contaminants must be recognized.
Support vector comparison machines

In ranking problems, the goal is to learn a ranking function from labeled pairs of input points. In this paper, we consider the related comparison problem, where the label indicates which element of the pair is better, or if there is no significant difference. We cast the learning problem as a margin maximization, and show that it can be solved by converting it to a standard SVM. We use simulated nonlinear patterns, a real learning to rank sushi data set, and a chess data set to show that our proposed SVMcompare algorithm outperforms SVMrank when there are equality pairs.
New analysis of threshold photoproduction data from MAMI

In this talk I will review the recently published results by the A2 and CB-TAPS Collaborations at MAMI on neutral pion photoproduction in the near-threshold region. The combined measurement of the differential cross section and the photon beam asymmetry with low statistical errors allowed for a precise determination of the energy dependence of the real parts of the S- and P-wave amplitudes for the first time, providing the most stringent test to date of the predictions of Chiral Perturbation Theory and its energy region of agreement with experiment.
Normalized general relativity: Nonclosed universe and a zero cosmological constant

We discuss the cosmological constant problem, at the minisuperspace level, within the framework of the so-called normalized general relativity (NGR). We prove that the Universe cannot be closed, and reassure that the accompanying cosmological constant $\Lambda$ generically vanishes, at least classically. The theory does allow, however, for a special class of $\Lambda \not=0$ solutions which are associated with static closed Einstein universe and with Eddington-Lema\^{\i}tre universe.
Double percolation phase transition in clustered complex networks

The internal organization of complex networks often has striking consequences on either their response to external perturbations or on their dynamical properties. In addition to small-world and scale-free properties, clustering is the most common topological characteristic observed in many real networked systems. In this paper, we report an extensive numerical study on the effects of clustering on the structural properties of complex networks. Strong clustering in heterogeneous networks induces the emergence of a core-periphery organization that has a critical effect on the percolation properties of the networks. We observe a novel double phase transition with an intermediate phase in which only the core of the network is percolated and a final phase in which the periphery percolates regardless of the core. This result implies breaking of the same symmetry at two different values of the control parameter, in stark contrast to the modern theory of continuous phase transitions. Inspired by this core-periphery organization, we introduce a simple model that allows us to analytically prove that such an anomalous phase transition is in fact possible.
More ties than we thought

We extend the existing enumeration of neck tie-knots to include tie-knots with a textured front, tied with the narrow end of a tie. These tie-knots have gained popularity in recent years, based on reconstructions of a costume detail from The Matrix Reloaded, and are explicitly ruled out in the enumeration by Fink and Mao (2000). We show that the relaxed tie-knot description language that comprehensively describes these extended tie-knot classes is context free. It has a regular sub-language that covers all the knots that originally inspired the work. From the full language, we enumerate 266682 distinct tie-knots that seem tie-able with a normal neck-tie. Out of these 266682, we also enumerate 24882 tie-knots that belong to the regular sub-language.
Self-interacting dark matter cusps around massive black holes

We adopt the conduction fluid approximation to model the steady-state distribution of matter around a massive black hole at the center of a weakly collisional cluster of particles. By ``weakly collisional'' we mean a cluster in which the mean free time between particle collisions is much longer than the characteristic particle crossing (dynamical) time scale, but shorter than the cluster lifetime. When applied to a star cluster, we reproduce the familiar Bahcall-Wolf power-law cusp solution for the stars bound to the black hole. Here the star density scales with radius as ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}7/4}$ and the velocity dispersion as ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ throughout most of the gravitational well of the black hole. When applied to a relaxed, self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) halo with a velocity-dependent cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\sim}{v}^{\ensuremath{-}a}$, the gas again forms a power-law cusp, but now the SIDM density scales as ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}}$, where $\ensuremath{\beta}=(a+3)/4$, while its velocity dispersion again varies as ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$. Results are obtained first in Newtonian theory and then in full general relativity. Although the conduction fluid model is a simplification, it provides a reasonable first approximation to the matter profiles and is much easier to implement than a full Fokker-Planck treatment or an $N$-body simulation of the Boltzmann equation with collisional perturbations.