nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
BAYESIAN INVESTIGATION OF ISOCHRONE CONSISTENCY USING THE OLD OPEN CLUSTER NGC 188

This paper provides a detailed comparison of the differences in parameters derived for a star cluster from its color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) depending on the filters and models used. We examine the consistency and reliability of fitting three widely used stellar evolution models to 15 combinations of optical and near-IR photometry for the old open cluster NGC 188. The optical filter response curves match those of theoretical systems and are thus not the source of fit inconsistencies. NGC 188 is ideally suited to this study thanks to a wide variety of high-quality photometry and available proper motions and radial velocities that enable us to remove non-cluster members and many binaries. Our Bayesian fitting technique yields inferred values of age, metallicity, distance modulus, and absorption as a function of the photometric band combinations and stellar models. We show that the historically favored three-band combinations of UBV and VRI can be meaningfully inconsistent with each other and with longer baseline data sets such as UBVRIJHKS. Differences among model sets can also be substantial. For instance, fitting Yi et al. () and Dotter et al. () models to UBVRIJHKS photometry for NGC 188 yields the following cluster parameters: age = {5.78 ± 0.03, 6.45 ± 0.04} Gyr, [Fe/H] = {+0.125 ± 0.003, −0.077 ± 0.003} dex, ( m − M ) V ?> = {11.441 ± 0.007, 11.525 ± 0.005} mag, and A V ?> = {0.162 ± 0.003, 0.236 ± 0.003} mag, respectively. Within the formal fitting errors, these two fits are substantially and statistically different. Such differences among fits using different filters and models are a cautionary tale regarding our current ability to fit star cluster CMDs. Additional modeling of this kind, with more models and star clusters, and future Gaia parallaxes are critical for isolating and quantifying the most relevant uncertainties in stellar evolutionary models.
Understanding the cosmic web

We investigate the characteristics and the time evolution of the cosmic web from redshift, z=2, to present time, within the framework of the \nexus{} algorithm. This necessitates the introduction of new analysis tools optimally suited to describe the very intricate and hierarchical pattern that is the cosmic web. In particular, we characterising filaments (walls) in terms of their linear (surface) mass density, which is very good in capturing the evolution of these structures. At early times the cosmos is dominated by tenuous filaments and sheets, which, during subsequent evolution, merge together, such that the present day web is dominated by fewer, but much more massive, structures. We show also that voids are more naturally described in terms of their boundaries and not their centres. We illustrate this for void density profiles, which, when expressed as a function of the distance from void boundary, show a universal profile in good qualitative agreement with the theoretical shell-crossing framework of expanding underdense regions.
The EAGLE simulations of galaxy formation: calibration of subgrid physics and model variations

We present results from thirteen cosmological simulations that explore the parameter space of the "Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments" (EAGLE) simulation project. Four of the simulations follow the evolution of a periodic cube L = 50 cMpc on a side, and each employs a different subgrid model of the energetic feedback associated with star formation. The relevant parameters were adjusted so that the simulations each reproduce the observed galaxy stellar mass function at z = 0.1. Three of the simulations fail to form disc galaxies as extended as observed, and we show analytically that this is a consequence of numerical radiative losses that reduce the efficiency of stellar feedback in high-density gas. Such losses are greatly reduced in the fourth simulation - the EAGLE reference model - by injecting more energy in higher density gas. This model produces galaxies with the observed size distribution, and also reproduces many galaxy scaling relations. In the remaining nine simulations, a single parameter or process of the reference model was varied at a time. We find that the properties of galaxies with stellar mass <~ M* (the "knee" of the galaxy stellar mass function) are largely governed by feedback associated with star formation, while those of more massive galaxies are also controlled by feedback from accretion onto their central black holes. Both processes must be efficient in order to reproduce the observed galaxy population. In general, simulations that have been calibrated to reproduce the low-redshift galaxy stellar mass function will still not form realistic galaxies, but the additional requirement that galaxy sizes be acceptable leads to agreement with a large range of observables.
Hall scrambling on black hole horizons

We explore the effect of the electrodynamics $\ensuremath{\theta}$ angle on the macroscopic properties of black hole horizons. Using only classical Einstein-Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory in ($3+1$) dimensions, in the form of the membrane paradigm, we show that in the presence of the $\ensuremath{\theta}$ term, a black hole horizon behaves as a Hall conductor, for an observer hovering outside. We study how localized perturbations created on the stretched horizon scramble on the horizon by dropping a charged particle. We show that the $\ensuremath{\theta}$ angle affects the way perturbations scramble on the horizon, in particular, it introduces vortices without changing the scrambling time. This Hall scrambling of information is also expected to occur on cosmological horizons.
Topology, Magnetic Field, and Strongly Interacting Matter

Gauge theories with compact symmetry groups possess topologically nontrivial configurations of gauge field. This characteristic has dramatic implications for the vacuum structure of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and for the behavior of QCD plasma, as well as for condensed matter systems with chiral quasi-particles. I review the current status of this problem with an emphasis both on the interplay between chirality and a background magnetic field and on the observable manifestations of topology in heavy-ion collisions, Dirac semimetals, neutron stars, and the early Universe.
Quantum noise of a white-light cavity using a double-pumped gain medium

Laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors implement Fabry-Perot cavities to increase their peak sensitivity. However, this is at the cost of reducing their detection bandwidth, which originates from the propagation phase delay of the light. The “white-light-cavity” idea, first proposed by Wicht et al. , is to circumvent this limitation by introducing anomalous dispersion, using a double-pumped gain medium, to compensate for such a phase delay. In this article, starting from the Hamiltonian of the atom-light interaction, we apply an input-output formalism to evaluate the quantum noise of the system. We find that apart from the additional noise associated with the parametric amplification process noted by others, the stability condition for the entire system poses an additional constraint. By surveying the parameter regimes where the gain medium remains stable (not lasing) and stationary, we find that there is no net enhancement of the shot-noise-limited sensitivity. Therefore, other gain media or different parameter regimes should be explored for realizing the white-light cavity.
New form of the C metric with cosmological constant

The new form of the C-metric proposed by Hong and Teo, in which the two structure functions are factorised, has proved useful in its analysis. In this paper, we extend this form to the case when a cosmological constant is present. The new form of this solution has two structure functions which are partially factorised; moreover, the roots of the structure functions are now regarded as fundamental parameters. This leads to a natural representation of the solution in terms of its so-called domain structure, in which the allowed coordinate range can be visualised as a "box" in a two-dimensional plot. The solution is then completely parameterised by the locations of the edges of this box, at least in the uncharged case. We also briefly analyse other possible domain structures---in the shape of a triangle and trapezoid---that might describe physically interesting space-times within the AdS C-metric.
LinkMirage: How to Anonymize Links in Dynamic Social Systems

Social network based trust relationships present a critical foundation for designing trustworthy systems, such as Sybil defenses, secure routing, and anonymous/censorshipresilient communications. A key issue in the design of such systems, is the revelation of users' trusted social contacts to an adversary-information that is considered sensitive in today's society. 
In this work, we focus on the challenge of preserving the privacy of users' social contacts, while still enabling the design of social trust based applications. First, we propose LinkMirage, a community detection based algorithm for anonymizing links in social network topologies; LinkMirage preserves community structures in the social topology while anonymizing links within the communities. LinkMirage considers the evolution of the social network topologies, and minimizes privacy leakage due to temporal dynamics of the system. 
Second, we define metrics for quantifying the privacy and utility of a time series of social topologies with anonymized links. We analyze the privacy and utility provided by LinkMirage both theoretically, as well as using real world social network topologies: a Facebook dataset with 870K links and a large-scale Google+ dataset with 940M links. We find that our approach significantly outperforms the existing state-of-art. 
Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of LinkMirage in real-world applications such as Sybil defenses, reputation systems, anonymity systems and vertex anonymity. We also prototype LinkMirage as a Facebook application such that real world systems can bootstrap privacy-preserving trust relationships without the cooperation of the OSN operators.
Experimental investigation on the temperature dependence of the nuclear level density parameter

The effect of temperature (T) and angular momentum (J) on the inverse level density parameter (k) has been studied by populating the compound nucleus 97 Tc in the reaction 4 He + 93 Nb at four incident beam energies of 28, 35, 42 and 50 MeV. For all the four energies, the value of k decreases with increasing J. The T dependence of k has been compared for two angular momentum windows with different theoretical predictions as well as with FTBCS1 calculation which takes into account the quasiparticle-number fluctuations in the pairing field. Interestingly, the experimental data are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations at higher J but deviate from all the calculations at lower J.
Roman Urdu Opinion Mining System (RUOMiS)

Convincing a customer is always considered as a challenging task in every business. But when it comes to online business, this task becomes even more difficult. Online retailers try everything possible to gain the trust of the customer. One of the solutions is to provide an area for existing users to leave their comments. This service can effectively develop the trust of the customer however normally the customer comments about the product in their native language using Roman script. If there are hundreds of comments this makes difficulty even for the native customers to make a buying decision. This research proposes a system which extracts the comments posted in Roman Urdu, translate them, find their polarity and then gives us the rating of the product. This rating will help the native and non-native customers to make buying decision efficiently from the comments posted in Roman Urdu.
Mechanisms of plasma disruption and runaway electron losses in tokamaks

Based on the analysis of data from the numerous dedicated experiments on plasma disruptions in the TEXTOR tokamak the mechanisms of the formation of runaway electron beams and their losses are proposed. The plasma disruption is caused by strong stochastic magnetic field formed due to nonlinearly excited low-mode number magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes. It is hypothesized that the runaway electron beam is formed in the central plasma region confined by an intact magnetic surface due to the acceleration of electrons by the inductive toroidal electric field. In the case of plasmas with the safety factor $q(0) 1$ ($q=5/4$, $q=4/3$, ...). The thermal quench time the current quench time are estimated. The runaway electron beam current is modeled as a sum of toroidally symmetric part and a small amplitude helical current with a predominant $m/n=1/1$ component. The runaway electrons are lost due to two effects: ($i$) by outward drift of electrons in a toroidal electric field until they touch wall and ($ii$) by the formation of stochastic layer of runaway electrons at the beam edge. Such a stochastic layer for high--energy runaway electrons is formed in the presence of the $m/n=1/1$ MHD mode. It has a mixed topological structure with a stochastic region open to wall. The effect of external resonant magnetic perturbations on runaway electron loss is discussed. A possible cause of the sudden MHD signals accompanied by runaway electron bursts is explained by the redistribution of runaway current during the resonant interaction of high--energetic electron orbits with the $m/n=1/1$ MHD mode.
Quantum gravity as an information network self-organization of a 4D universe

I propose a quantum gravity model in which the fundamental degrees of freedom are information bits for both discrete space-time points and links connecting them. The Hamiltonian is a very simple network model consisting of a ferromagnetic Ising model for space-time vertices and an antiferromagnetic Ising model for the links. As a result of the frustration between these two terms, the ground state self-organizes as a new type of low-clustering graph with finite Hausdorff dimension 4. The spectral dimension is lower than the Hausdorff dimension: it coincides with the Hausdorff dimension 4 at a first quantum phase transition corresponding to an IR fixed point while at a second quantum phase transition describing small scales space-time dissolves into disordered information bits. The large-scale dimension 4 of the universe is related to the upper critical dimension 4 of the Ising model. At finite temperatures the universe graph emerges without big bang and without singularities from a ferromagnetic phase transition in which space-time itself forms out of a hot soup of information bits. When the temperature is lowered the universe graph unfolds and expands by lowering its connectivity, a mechanism I have called topological expansion. The model admits topological black hole excitations corresponding to graphs containing holes with no space-time inside and with "Schwarzschild-like" horizons with a lower spectral dimension.
Exact results for a noise-induced bistable system.

A stochastic system where bistability is caused by noise has been recently investigated by Biancalani et al. . They have computed the mean switching time for such a system using a continuous Fokker-Planck equation derived from the Taylor expansion of the master equation to estimate the parameter of such a system from experiment. In this article, we provide the exact solution for the full discrete system without resorting to continuous approximation and obtain the expression for the mean switching time. We further extend this investigation by solving exactly the master equation and obtaining the expression of other quantities of interests such as the dynamics of the moments and the equilibrium time.
Methods for studying the accuracy of light propagation in N -body simulations

It is proposed to use exact, cosmologically relevant solutions to Einstein's equations to accurately quantify the precision of ray tracing techniques through Newtonian N-body simulations. As an initial example of such a study, the recipe in (Green & Wald, 2012) for going between N-body results and a perturbed FLRW metric in the Newtonian gauge is used to study light propagation through quasi-spherical Szekeres models. The study is conducted by deriving a set of ODEs giving an expression for the angular diameter distance in the Newtonian gauge metric. The accuracy of the results obtained from the ODEs is estimated by using the ODEs to determine the distance-redshift relation in mock N-body data based on quasi-spherical Szekeres models. The results are then compared to the exact relations. From this comparison it is seen that the obtained ODEs can accurately reproduce the distance-redshift relation along both radial and non-radial geodesics in spherically symmetric models. The reproduction of geodesics in non-symmetric Szekeres models is slightly less accurate, but still good. These results indicate that the employment of perturbed FLRW metrics for standard ray tracing techniques yields fairly accurate results, at least regarding distance-redshift relations. It is possible though, that this conclusion will be rendered invalid if other typical ray tracing approximations are included and if light is allowed to travel through several structures instead of just one.
Comparison of Selection Methods in On-line Distributed Evolutionary Robotics

In this paper, we study the impact of selection methods in the context of on-line on-board distributed evolutionary algorithms. We propose a variant of the mEDEA algorithm in which we add a selection operator, and we apply it in a taskdriven scenario. We evaluate four selection methods that induce different intensity of selection pressure in a multi-robot navigation with obstacle avoidance task and a collective foraging task. Experiments show that a small intensity of selection pressure is sufficient to rapidly obtain good performances on the tasks at hand. We introduce different measures to compare the selection methods, and show that the higher the selection pressure, the better the performances obtained, especially for the more challenging food foraging task.
Social interactions vs revisions, what is important for promotion in Wikipedia?

In epistemic communities, people are said to be selected on their contribution in knowledge to the project (articles, codes, etc.). However, the socialization process is an important factor for inclusion, sustainability as a contributor, and promotion. Finally, what matters for being promoted? Being a good contributor? Being a good animator? Knowing the boss? We explore this question by looking at the election process for administrators in the English Wikipedia. We used the candidates' revisions and/or social attributes to construct a predictive model of promotion success, based on the candidates' past behavior and a random forest algorithm. Our model explains 78% of the results, which is better than the former models. It also helps to refine the explanation of the election process.
An Introduction to Matrix Concentration Inequalities

In recent years, random matrices have come to play a major role in computational mathematics, but most of the classical areas of random matrix theory remain the province of experts. Over the last decade, with the advent of matrix concentration inequalities, research has advanced to the point where we can conquer many (formerly) challenging problems with a page or two of arithmetic. The aim of this monograph is to describe the most successful methods from this area along with some interesting examples that these techniques can illuminate.
The Temporal Dimension of Risk

Multi-period measures of risk account for the path that the value of an investment portfolio takes. In the context of probabilistic risk measures, the focus has traditionally been on the magnitude of investment loss, and not on the dimension associated with the passage of time. In this paper, the concept of a temporal path-dependent risk measure is mathematically formalized in order to capture the risk associated with the temporal dimension of a stochastic process, and its theoretical properties are analyzed. We then study the temporal dimension of investment drawdown (its duration), which measures the length of excursions below a running maximum. Its properties in the context of risk measures are analyzed both theoretically and empirically. In particular, we show that duration captures serial correlation in the returns of two major asset classes. We conclude by discussing the challenges of path-dependent temporal risk estimation in practice.
Improving image watermarking based on Tabu search by Chaos

With the fast development of communication and multimedia technology, the rights of the owners of multimedia products is vulnerable to the unauthorized copies and watermarking is one of the best known methods for proving the ownership of a product. In this paper we prosper the previous watermarking method which was based on Tabu search by Chaos. The modification applied in the permutation step of watermarking and the initial population generation of the Tabu search. We analyze our method on some well known images and experimental results shows the improvement in the quality and speed of the proposed watermarking method.
Transduction of DNA information through water and electromagnetic waves

The experimental conditions by which electromagnetic signals (EMS) of low frequency can be emitted by diluted aqueous solutions of some bacterial and viral DNAs are described. That the recorded EMS and nanostructures induced in water carry the DNA information (sequence) is shown by retrieval of that same DNA by classical PCR amplification using the TAQ polymerase, including both primers and nucleotides. Moreover, such a transduction process has also been observed in living human cells exposed to EMS irradiation. These experiments suggest that coherent long-range molecular interaction must be present in water to observe the above-mentioned features. The quantum field theory analysis of the phenomenon is presented in this article.
Permanent EDM measurement in Cs using nonlinear magneto-optic rotation

We use the technique of chopped nonlinear magneto-optic rotation (NMOR) in a room temperature $^{133}$Cs vapor cell to measure the permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) in the atom. The cell has paraffin coating on the walls to increase the relaxation time. The signature of the EDM is a shift in the Larmor precession frequency which is correlated with the application of an E field. We analyze errors in the technique, and show that the main source of systematic error is the appearance of a longitudinal B field when the E field is applied. This error can be eliminated by doing measurements on the two ground hyperfine levels. Using an E field of 2.6 kV/cm, we place an upper limit on the electron EDM of $ 2.9 \times 10^{-22} $ e-cm ($95 \%$ confidence). This limit can be increased by 7 orders-of-magnitude---and brought below the current best experimental value---with easily implementable improvements to the technique.