Query: literature review on global warming kenya

title: The Water Crisis in Kenya: Causes, Effects and Solutions
abstract: Located on the eastern coast of Africa, Kenya, a generally dry country with a humid climate, is enduring a severe water crisis. Several issues such as global warming (causing recurrent and increasingly severe droughts as well as floods) the contamination of drinking water, and a lack of investment in water resources have enhanced the crisis. This article provides an overview of Kenya's water crisis, along with a brief review of the literature and some empirical background. It reviews the main causes of the water crisis and how it affects the health of millions of Kenyans. Furthermore, the article summarizes some of the main solutions proposed to overcome the crisis.

title: Eco friendly yield scaled global warming potential assists to determine the right rate of nitrogen in rice system: A systematic literature review.
abstract: Rice paddies are one of the largest greenhouse gases (GHGs) facilitators that are predominantly regulated by nitrogen (N) fertilization. Optimization of N uses based on the yield has been tried a long since, however, the improvement of the state of the art technologies and the stiffness of global warming need to readjust N rate. Albeit, few individual studies started to, herein attempted as a systematic review to generalize the optimal N rate that minimizes global warming potential (GWP) concurrently provides sufficient yield in the rice system. To satisfy mounted food demand with inadequate land less environmental impact, GHGs emissions are increasingly evaluated as yield scaled basis. This systematic review (20 published studies consisting of 21 study sites and 190 observations) aimed to test the hypothesis that the lowest yield scaled GWP would provide the minimum GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions from rice system at near optimal yields. Results revealed that there was a strong polynomial quadratic relationship between CH4 emissions and N rate and strong positive correlation between N2O emissions and N rate. Compared to control the low N dose emitted less (23% CH4 whereas high N dose emitted higher (63% CH4 emission. The highest N2O emission observed at moderated N level. In total GWP, about 96% and 4% GHG was emitted as CH4 and N2O, respectively. The mean GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions from rice was 5758 kg CO2 eq ha 1. The least yield scaled GWP (0.7565 (kg CO2 eq. ha 1) was recorded at 190 kg N ha 1 that provided the near utmost yield. This dose could be a suitable dose in midseason drainage managed rice systems especially in tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. This yield scaled GWP supports the concept of win win for food security and environmental aspects through balancing between viable rice productivity and maintaining convincing greenhouse gases.

title: An Extended Literature Review to Analyses the Economic Impact of Global Warming on Shipping Routes of Developing Countries
abstract: Global warming has created potential opportunities, one of which is the opening of new shorter shipping routes as a result of melting Arctic polar ice. It is expected that by the end of the 21st century, vast areas of the Arctic will be icefree. In view of these emerging developments, this extended literature review as part of a doctoral study attempts to anticipate the economic impact of emerging Arctic routes on developing countries such as South Africa, whose foreign trade rely heavily on viable coastal sea routes. The author firstly aims to demonstrate the limited studies conducted on the economic impact of the emerging route on developing countries and secondly the potential geopolitical challenges that could be faced. This review concludes with recommendations for further studies.

title: A review of historical and recent locust outbreaks: Links to global warming, food security and mitigation strategies.
abstract: Locusts differ from ordinary grasshoppers in their ability to swarm over long distances and are among the oldest migratory pests. The ecology and biology of locusts make them among the most devastating pests worldwide and hence the calls for actions to prevent the next outbreaks. The most destructive of all locust species is the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) Here, we review the current locust epidemic 2020 outbreak and its causes and prevention including the green technologies that may provide a reference for future directions of locust control and food security. Massive locust outbreaks threaten the terrestrial environments and crop production in around 100 countries of which Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya are the most affected. Six large locust outbreaks are reported for the period from 1912 to 1989 all being closely related to long term droughts and warm winters coupled with occurrence of high precipitation in spring and summer. The outbreaks in East Africa, India and Pakistan are the most pronounced with locusts migrating more than 150 km/day during which the locusts consume food equivalent to their own body weight on a daily basis. The plague heavily affects the agricultural sectors, which is the foundation of national economies and social stability. Global warming is likely the main cause of locust plague outbreak in recent decades driving egg spawning of up to 2 400,000 eggs per square meter. Biological control techniques such as microorganisms, insects and birds help to reduce the outbreaks while reducing ecosystem and agricultural impacts. In addition, green technologies such as light and sound stimulation seem to work, however, these are challenging and need further technological development incorporating remote sensing and modelling before they are applicable on large scales. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the 2020 locust outbreak is the worst in 70 years probably triggered by climate change, hurricanes and heavy rain and has affected a total of 70,000 hectares in Somalia and Ethiopia. There is a need for shifting towards soybean, rape, and watermelon which seems to help to prevent locust outbreaks and obtain food security. Furthermore, locusts have a very high protein content and is an excellent protein source for meat production and as an alternative human protein source, which should be used to mitigate food security. In addition, forestation of arable land improves local climate conditions towards less precipitation and lower temperatures while simultaneously attracting a larger number of birds thereby increasing the locust predation rates.

title: Book Review of "Climate Change Fictions: Representations of Global Warming in American Literature"
abstract: Book review of Antonia Mehnert's Climate Change Fictions: Representations of Global Warming Resumen Resena de Climate Change Fictions: Representations of Global Warming in American Literature de Antonia Mehnert.

title: Empirical determinants of renewable energy deployment: A systematic literature review
abstract: A large share of greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the energy sector. Renewable energy (RE) appears to be a mean to decarbonize economies. To fight global warming, which might have substantial impacts on ecosystems and economies, it is essential to understand the empirical determinants of RE deployment for public policy guidance and to foster future research. This paper aims to review the growing, though limited, body of literature that has emerged in the late 2000s to study the quantitative determinants of RE development at a country level. Results show that there is little consensus on the influence of the economic, environmental, and energy related determinants predominantly studied. The other main determinants considered are regulatory, political, and demographic. Results are often tempered by the fact that authors use diverse measures of RE deployment and have a variety of frameworks. This paper ends with several recommendations to improve the comparability of future papers to enhance their potential to make credible public policy recommendations. More specifically, the recommendations concern the choice of a RE deployment indicator, the determinants considered for further exploration, and the methodologies adopted.

title: Energy performance optimization of existing buildings: A literature review
abstract: Energy retrofit and renovation of existing buildings have an effective role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions and ultimately global warming. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in this field of research. The aim of this paper is to offer a complete, precise, up to date literature review on energy performance optimization of existing buildings. The literature is analyzed and discussed towards decision making model, measures and variables, objectives and criteria, software tools, optimization methods, case studies geographical locations and case studies building types. Finally, trends and future research opportunities are presented. The results of the review show that in spite of numerous conducted studies, some optimization objectives such as aspects of comfort conditions, except thermal comfort, and some types of weather conditions have been neglected. Additionally, there is a need for creating a novel decision making tool reducing computational time of optimization and increasing reliability on the optimal packages. This article provides an extensive overview for researchers to define their outlines in this area.

title: Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in African countries: a systematic literature review.
abstract: Antimicrobial stewardship is one of the strategic objectives of the WHO global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. This paper sought to review the extent of implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) in African countries and the reported outcomes.  We searched five electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, African Journal Online, CINAHL and Google scholar for papers published between 1990 and March 2019. We combined the names of countries in the five regions of Africa with antimicrobial stewardship terms. Studies of any design, employing any stewardship strategies were included. The quality of included studies was assessed using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) quality assessment tool for before and after studies.  Of 1752 titles identified, 13 studies met the criteria for inclusion. Seven of the studies were conducted in South Africa, three in Kenya and one each in Sudan, Tanzania and Egypt. Eleven studies were of high quality with low risk of bias. The included studies mainly assessed the outcome using process measures and these were associated with improved compliance with antibiotic guidelines, appropriateness of prescribing, reduction in antibiotic use and cost savings. Decrease in rate of surgical site infections and nonsignificant change in mortality and 30 day readmission rate were reported in two studies respectively.  Findings of this review show the paucity of data on implementation of ASPs in African countries. Although the continent is faced with challenges which impact on effective implementation of ASPs, the successes reported in the included studies show that other African countries can implement these programmes.

title: Development of scientific literacy instruments based on pisa framework for high school students on global warming topic
abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop scientific literacy instruments on global warming topic for senior high school students. The instruments were adapted from The Programme for International Student Assesment (PISA) framework. The method of this study is research and development used instructional models 4D (define, design, developed and disseminate) is constrained only to a point 3D (define, design and developed) (1) Define stage include literature studies and field study, (2) design stage include designing draft scientific literacy instruments based on PISA framework, and (3) developed stage include expert review and trial test for students. The instruments are consisted test for context, competence and knowledge aspects and non test for attitude aspects. The test instrument consists of 22 essays and non test insrument is a questionnaire. The subject of this research consisted of 37 students of XI MIA at a senior high school in Bandung. The Scientific literacy instruments were analyzed using expert review from 4 validators and classic test analysis include the validity of item, reliability, discriminating power and level of difficulty. The results showed that scientfic literacy instruments have a good quality as instrumensts to measure scientific literacy of senior high school students for global warming topic.

title: Global warming and obesity: a systematic review
abstract: Global warming and the obesity epidemic are two unprecedented challenges mankind faces today. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and Scopus for articles published until July 2017 that reported findings on the relationship between global warming and the obesity epidemic. Fifty studies were identified. Topic wise, articles were classified into four relationships global warming and the obesity epidemic are correlated because of common drivers (n 21) global warming influences the obesity epidemic (n 13) the obesity epidemic influences global warming (n 13) and global warming and the obesity epidemic influence each other (n 3) We constructed a conceptual model linking global warming and the obesity epidemic the fossil fuel economy, population growth and industrialization impact land use and urbanization, motorized transportation and agricultural productivity and consequently influences global warming by excess greenhouse gas emission and the obesity epidemic by nutrition transition and physical inactivity; global warming also directly impacts obesity by food supply/price shock and adaptive thermogenesis, and the obesity epidemic impacts global warming by the elevated energy consumption. Policies that endorse deployment of clean and sustainable energy sources, and urban designs that promote active lifestyles, are likely to alleviate the societal burden of global warming and obesity.