Query: related study about rice farmers

title: Reputation effect of the moral hazard on contract farming market development: Game theory application on rice farmers in Benin
abstract: A good reputation is the basis for rice farmers to survive and gain trust from buyers in a competitive business environment. However, due to the existence of information asymmetry between buyers and rice farmers, the moral hazard problem is the key obstacle that impedes the benefits of related shareholders and hinders the efficiency of contract farming negotiations. It is crucial to design a control mechanism to avoid the negative impact of the moral hazard. This paper studies the principal and agent relationship between rice farmers and buyer in contract farming negotiation. Because of the influence of information asymmetry, many buyers have suffered from being cheated by rice farmers who fail to comply with the terms of the contract or provide fraudulent products in practice. These frequent cases will function to deteriorate any long term relationships between rice farmers and buyers. The study focuses on the analysis of the causes of moral risks and the effect of reputation on moral risk utilizing repeated game theory. The purpose of this paper is to help both rice farmers and buyers effectively avoid moral hazards and achieve a win win situation in contract farming negotiation. The result show that the rice farmer in contract farming practices has the incentive to maintain his reputation in order to gain more profits in the future. That also accounts for the reasons why the rice farmer will invest more to improve the customer's service level, caring about the quality of product and the comments of finished contractor customer, to keep a longer farmer buyer relationship. The rice farmer in contract farming practices has the incentive to maintain his reputation in order to gain more profits in the future and this means that contract farming can be developed with great success in Benin.  Contract farming negotiation, moral hazard, reputation model, game theory, rice

title: Health Risk Assessment Related to Dermal Exposure of Chlorpyrifos: A Case Study of Rice Growing Farmers in Nakhon Nayok Province, Central Thailand
abstract: To date, pesticides, especially organophosphate pesticide such as chlorpyrifos, have been frequently applied to paddy fields over time to maintain product quality, protect agricultural crops from various pests, and increase yield. This study evaluates dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos in rice farmers along with providing a health risk assessment. Thirty five rice farmers participated and completed an in person interview, and patch technique was used to evaluate dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos. The chlorpyrifos residue was extracted from the gauze patches and quantified by gas chromatography equipped with flame photometric detector (GC FPD) The results showed that chlorpyrifos concentrations were greater in males (526.34 478.84 mg/kg) than females (500.75 595.15 mg/kg) Average daily dose sampled from seven points on male and female farmers were 31.72 x 10 4, 193.32 x 10 4, 5.38 x 10 4, 190.48 x 10 4, 170.47 x 10 4, 465.91 x 10 4, and 43.04 x 10 4 mg/kg day. The hazard quotient (HQ) at the mean and 95th percentile level was found to be greater than acceptable (HQ 1) Rice growing farmers in this area may be at risk for adverse health effects due to continuous dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos from their improper use of personal protective equipment (PPE)

title: Health symptoms related to pesticide exposure and agricultural tasks among rice farmers from northern Thailand
abstract: PurposeThe objective of this cross sectional study was to investigate health symptoms related to occupational pesticide exposure and agricultural tasks in rice farmers.MethodsData on demographic variables and health symptoms associated with pesticide exposure were collected from 182 rice farmers (exposed subjects) and 122 non farmers (controlled group) using interviews and measuring whole blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity during August and October 2012.ResultsRice farmers had a significantly lower median AChE activity than the controls (9,594 vs. 10,530 U/L, respectively) and a significantly higher prevalence of difficulty in breathing and chest pain [odds ratio (OR) 2.8, P 0.01 and OR 2.5, P 0.05, respectively] The prevalence of dry throat and cramp was associated with those farmers who sprayed and mixed pesticides (OR 2.5 and 2.6 for dry throat, OR 2.5 and 2.9 for cramp, respectively; P 0.01) The prevalence of numbness and diarrhea was associated with those farmers who scattered seed (OR 2.2, P 0.01 and OR 3.6, P 0.05, respectively) The prevalence of numbness and increasing anxiety was also associated with those farmers who harvested crops (OR 3.6, P 0.01 and OR 3.0, P 0.05, respectively).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that occupational pesticide exposure and agricultural tasks in the paddy field may be associated with the increasing prevalence of respiratory tract and muscle symptoms. This possibility warrants further investigation in more detail.

title: Stakeholders' Information needs, Information Searching and Sharing Behaviour about Rice related Information through Rice Knowledge Management Portal
abstract: (2018)  http:/www.ijcmas.com In this study an attempt was made to analyze the information need of various stakeholders and how Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) is capable enough in integrating with the information needs in purposively selected Nalgonda and West Godavari districts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states respectively. In total, 80 farmers along with 30 scientists and 30 extension personnel were selected as respondents for assessing their information need on rice cultivation and it was measured with modified Standardized Information Need Index (SINI) using ex post facto research design. The study revealed that the information on disease management was perceived most important by majority of farmers (index value =83) followed by local market price and pest management. Similarly, scientists perceived information on disease management was most important need for them (index value =83.3) followed by pest management and weather information. In case of extension personnel, information on price and source of input (index value 86.7) perceived highest rank whereas information on disease management and local market price were second and third rank respectively. In the study it was found that plant protection information was searched most by farmers, scientists and extension personnel. Furthermore, it was found that majority of the farmers were sharing information when they meet informally and majority of scientists sharing information when they meet either officially and non officially, majority of extension personnel shared information when meeting with farmers in their field. The study implied that RKMP played a significant role in meeting the information needs of various stakeholders by providing relevant and timely information on rice cultivation through its various domains. Hence, such knowledge management portals are need of the hour in bridging the information gap/digital divide which exists between lab and land. K e y w o r d s Information need, Information need index, Information sharing, Information searching, Rice farmers, ICT Accepted: 26 December 2017

title: Seroprevalence Study of Leptospirosis Among Rice Farmers in Khuzestan Province, South West Iran, 2012
abstract: Leptospirosis as an emerging infectious disease is considered as an important public health problem worldwide.  The current study aimed to identify potential risks for leptospirosis among rice farmers in Khuzestan province, Iran.  A cross sectional study was carried out in Khuzestan, South west Iran, from October to December, 2012. Randomly selected participants were placed in two groups: Rice farmers as cases, and non farmers as controls. Blood samples obtained from the participants were tested for IgM anti leptospira antibodies using Serion ELISA classic ESR 125M. The assays were performed and interpreted according to the manufacturer's instructions. A questionnaire including variables related to Leptospira spp. exposure was administered to each participant. SPSS software version 16 was employed; Chi square and Fisher's exact tests were used to analyze data.  Of the total 288 samples, 65 (22.5% were positive for IgM anti leptospira antibodies. Among the positive samples, 52 (36.1% were from the case (rice farmer) and 14 (9.7% from the control groups. There was a significant difference between the case and control groups regarding leptospiral infection (P 0.0001) Mean age in male and female in the case and control groups were 44.2, 41.9 and 43.5, 41.2 years, respectively (P 0.05) In the case group, males and those more than 35 years were at a higher risk of infection.  Rice farmers are significantly infected with leptospirosis, and infection prevalence is highly affected by gender (male) and age (above 35 years) Rice farming parts of Khuzestan, Iran may be considered as endemic for leptospirosis.

title: Analyses of resource use, productivity and technical efficiency among local rice farmers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
abstract: This study analyzed the effect of resource use on productivity and technical efficiency of rice farmers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected using well structured questionnaire from 40 rice farmers randomly selected. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means and percentages and econometric models such as regression, stochastic frontier and instrumental variable estimator were adopted for data analyses using STATA 13.0. Rice production in this study area is commercialized with about 50% of farmers cultivating 2.2hectares of land. The ordinary least squares regression (OLS) estimates found household size to be significant and negatively related to yield of rice at 1% and training and mandays used for planting at 5% level each. Conversely, number of times trained in rice production and use of fertilizer in production were all significant and positively related to the yield of rice in the study area at I% level each and land ownership at 5% level. MLE result further revealed that while farmers are 65% technically efficient in use of input resources, the estimated value of g is 0.796934 which clearly indicates that 79.69% of total variation rice yield is due to technical inefficiency. Government need to discover the synergies between credit/fertilizer supply and farmers and develop an efficient and on time distribution channels for farm inputs to allow farmers attain their productive potential in rice farming and in addition, identify the potentials of farmer clusters for market development for their produce to generate increased income for their production. Training is a critical factor influencing output and thus calls for increased capacity building among farmers in rice production to help them cope with exogenous elements such as changing weather conditions.  Technical efficiency, Stochastic frontier, Output and Rice farmers

title: CLIMATE CHANGE IN VIETNAM'S MEKONG DELTA: SOC TRANG RICE FARMERS' PERCEPTIONS AND ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS
abstract: Dramatic changes in climatic conditions have precipitated increases in the severity and frequency with which saltwater intrusions occur in Vietnam's Mekong Delta. These intrusions threaten agricultural sustainability and rural livelihoods. Little research has explored how rural farmers perceive this threat, and what factors influence them to change farming practices to adapt to the altered environment. This study attempts to understand how rice farmers in Soc Trang province perceive and respond to saltwater intrusions. This geographical area is a main agricultural region in Vietnam's Mekong Delta. Data were obtained from interviews with 80 rice farmers and four key agricultural officers in two districts of Soc Trang province. Results found that farmers are becoming aware of the relationship between climate change and saltwater intrusions, and that this awareness is significantly influenced by educational levels and numerous sources of both informal and formal information. In addition, characteristics related to a farm's location, including its access to water sources, when combined with access to information, appeared likely to influence Soc Trang farmers' risk perceptions. Individual farmers have responded to the now irregular and intensifying saltwater intrusions by implementing both intentional and unintentional adaptations. Further, significant differences were observed between local adaptation strategies in various geographical locations at the district level. The absence of a strong correlation between Soc Trang rice farmers' perceptions of risks and their decisions to implement adaptive responses was also observed. This suggests that having knowledge of a threat is not sufficient to motivate individuals to take steps to mitigate it.

title: Estimating Profit Efficiency of Rice Farmers in Vietnam's Mekong Delta Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis
abstract: This study estimated profit efficiency among cooperative and noncooperative rice farmers in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam and determined factors affecting the profit efficiency using a stochastic profit frontier model. The results revealed that rice farmers in cooperative obtained higher level of profit efficiency (0.670) compared to farmers in non cooperatives (0.643) showing that rice farmers in the two groups could improve their profit efficiency by about 33.0% and 35.7% respectively. Factors related to differences in the profit efficiency included age, education and experience of the farmer, household size, credit access and technical trainings. Farmers who had higher level of education performed higher level of efficiency. Credit access was found to be significantly positive on technical inefficiency for both groups of farmers. Training for improving technical efficiency was only found for cooperative farmers. Therefore, this study suggests that technical trainings targeted individual farmers would improve their production efficiency. In addition to providing rice farmers with better chance of credit access, it is also necessary to accompany with trainings on capital manageral skills for their efficient improvements.

title: Motivations for adopting biological control among Iranian rice farmers
abstract: While research on biological control of crop pests is quite popular, it seldom targets motivations of farmers for adopting this practice. A survey of 283 rice farmers was conducted in Mazandaran province of northern Iran to study farmers' motivations for biological control adoption as an alternative control method of Asiatic rice borer [Chilo suppressalis (Walker) and explain potential differences in motivations among different groups of farmers. Face to face interviews were used to address farmers' motivations based on a list of motivation statements found in previous studies and modified by extension officers and farmers who had adopted biological control in the study area. Factor analysis of a motivation list with 15 items revealed four main groups of factors explaining the adoption of biological control by rice farmers; these were 'health maintenance' 'economic benefit' 'social acceptance' and 'environmental protection' Men gave high scores to motivations related to 'economic benefit' and 'social acceptance' whereas women preferred mostly motivations related to 'health maintenance' Well educated farmers (e.g. some college education) preferred motivations for 'health maintenance' more than farmers with lower education or no education at all. Participation in extension programs was associated with preference of non economic motivations of biological control adoption, while membership in local associations (such as rural cooperatives or producers' groups) encouraged motivations related to 'social acceptance' Farmers who used family labor force in their fields or farmers who perceived pesticides as harmful substances showed strong motivations primarily for 'health maintenance' along with 'environmental protection' Small area of land under cultivation and low annual farm income were strongly linked with motivations for 'economic benefit' Besides economic motivations, policies for the promotion of biological control adoption should embrace a wide set of farmers' motivations when developing new and properly tailored extension programs.

title: Information processing strategies and framing effects in developing country choice experiments: results from rice farmers in India
abstract: This study explores the effect of various information processing strategies specifically related to attribute nonattendance in stated choice experiments. Our approach includes two forms of stated choice task nonattendance, each derived from separately framed questions asked immediately following the completion of each choice task. We also evaluate a measure of inferred serial nonattendance based on the posterior distributions of random coefficient estimates. We find that choice task nonattendance question framing statistically impacts marginal utility coefficients and, to a lesser degree, willingness to pay estimates. While direct questions addressing attribute attendance or nonattendance affect these estimates, inferred indicators of serial nonattendance suggest that many attributes are not likely ignored as often as respondents may indicate. Further research is needed to assess inferred versus stated approaches to modeling respondent information processing strategies.