Query: COVID 19 URBANISM LATIN AMERICA

title: COVID 19 in Latin America
abstract: This JLAG Perspectives forum on Covid 19 in Latin America brings together the diverse voices of geographers from different parts of world to better understand the complex and multidimensional implications of Covid 19 in Latin America While each individual contribution is short and narrowly focused both topically and geographically, together they present a more complete picture of the immensity of the challenges, both present and future, brought on and exposed by Covid 19

title: COVID 19 in Latin America: Novel transmission dynamics for a global pandemic?
abstract: The COVID 19 virus expanded from China into Western Asia, Europe, and North America, impacting many of the world's wealthiest countries. Brazil reported Latin America's first case in late February 2020, and in less than a month, over 7,000 COVID 19 cases have been confirmed among nearly every country and territory in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) The LAC outbreak appears to be about two weeks behind the United States and Canada and about three to four weeks behind Western Europe. Thus, the global COVID 19 pandemic is entering a new phase, not only expanding beyond primarily temperate Northern Hemisphere countries into the tropics but also spreading to a geopolitical region marked by significantly worse poverty, water access and sanitation, and distrust in public governance  We believe that these aspects of the Latin American context are likely to substantially affect the transmission dynamics and scope of the COVID 19 outbreak in LAC, with potential implications for the trajectory of the global pandemic.

title: COVID 19 in Latin America: The implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil

title: Deep impact of COVID 19 in the healthcare of Latin America: the case of Brazil
abstract: 79 n less than two months, an emerging threat entirely and radcally changed the life of the population in Latin America.1 rom February 25, 2020, when the Severe Acute Respiratory yndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) the etiological agent f the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) was firstly conrmed in Brazil, proceeding as an imported case from Italy, up o April 17, 2020, more than 81,000 cases have been reported in he Latin America and Caribbean region.2 More than 63,000 of hem in South America, and more than 28,000 just in Brazil.3 COVID 19 endanger a broad spectrum of disease, going rom asymptomatic cases that may recover with no specific nterventions, up to complicated severe, life threatening and ven fatal disease, that may lead to unknown non acute conequences, still to be better defined.1,2 In such a complex linical scenario, the epidemiological situation of Brazil and ost countries in Latin America before February 25, 2020, as already intricate, with overlapping epidemics of multiple ector borne diseases, including especially dengue and yellow ever, but also, still struggling with long term consequences, nd endemicity, of 2014 2016 epidemics of chikungunya and ika.1,4 Sadly, also the last years' vaccine coverages in multiple ountries of Latin America, but also some areas of individual ations, have significantly decrease, allowing the imminent enace of imported cases and spreading with local transmision of this once not reported old diseases, such as is especially he case of measles, that in fact, due to forced migration from enezuela arrived especially to Roraima and Amazonas to lead o thousands of cases in the region.4 If this is not enough, the political scenario is not friendly or evidence based decisions. The high rank stakeholders ave not broadly followed the recommendations of the World ealth Organization before or after the arrival of COVID 19 to he new world. Once world recognized for the efforts in the ght against major infectious threats, such as HIV, tuberculois, and malaria, Brazil is going facing now a challenge in the

title: Personal Safety during the COVID 19 Pandemic: Realities and Perspectives of Healthcare Workers in Latin America
abstract: Healthcare workers exposed to coronavirus (COVID 19) may not have adequate access to personal protective equipment (PPE) safety procedures, and diagnostic protocols. Our objective was to evaluate the reality and perceptions about personal safety among healthcare workers in Latin America. This is a cross sectional, online survey based study administered to 936 healthcare professionals in Latin America from 31 March 2020 to 4 April 2020. A 12 item structured questionnaire was developed. A total of 936 healthcare workers completed the online survey. Of them, 899 (95.1% were physicians, 28 (2.9% were nurses, and 18 (1.9% were allied health professionals. Access to protective equipment was as follows: gel hand sanitizer (n 889; 95% disposable gloves (n 853; 91.1% disposable gowns (n 630; 67.3% disposable surgical masks (785; 83.9% N95 masks (n 516; 56.1% and facial protective shields (n 305; 32.6% The vast majority (n 707; 75.5% had access to personal safety policies and procedures, and 699 (74.7% participants had access to diagnostic algorithms. On a 1 to 10 Likert scale, the participants expressed limited human resources support (4.92 0.2; mean SD) physical integrity protection in the workplace (5.5 0.1; mean SD) and support from public health authorities (5.01 0.12; mean SD) Healthcare workers in Latin America had limited access to essential PPE and support from healthcare authorities during the COVID 19 pandemic.

title: The challenges facing indigenous communities in Latin America as they confront the COVID 19 pandemic
abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 2019) pandemic struck Latin America in late February and is now beginning to spread across the rural indigenous communities in the region, home to 42 million people. Eighty percent of this highly marginalized population is concentrated in Bolivia, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. Health care services for these ethnic groups face distinct challenges in view of their high levels of marginalization and cultural differences from the majority. Drawing on 30 years of work on the responses of health systems in the indigenous communities of Latin America, our group of researchers believes that countries in the region must be prepared to combat the epidemic in indigenous settings marked by deprivation and social disparity. We discuss four main challenges that need to be addressed by governments to guarantee the health and lives of those at the bottom of the social structure: the indigenous peoples in the region. More than an analysis, our work provides a practical guide for designing and implementing a response to COVID 19 in indigenous communities. La pandemia de coronavirus 2019 (COVID 19) golpeo a America Latina a fines de febrero y ahora esta comenzando a extenderse por las comunidades indigenas y rurales de la region, hogar de 42 millones de personas. El 80% de esta poblacion altamente marginada se concentra en Bolivia, Guatemala, Mexico y Peru. Los servicios de atencion medica para estos grupos etnicos enfrentan desafios distintos en vista de sus altos niveles de marginacion y diferencias culturales de la mayoria. Con mas de 30 anos de trabajo e investigacion sobre las respuestas de los sistemas de salud dirigida a las comunidades indigenas de America Latina, consideramos que los paises de la region deben estar preparados para combatir la epidemia en contextos indigenas marcados por la privacion y la disparidad social. Discutimos cuatro desafios principales que deben ser abordados por los gobiernos para garantizar la salud y la vida de los que se encuentran en la parte inferior de la estructura social: los pueblos indigenas de la region. Este analisis proporciona una guia practica para disenar e implementar una respuesta a COVID 19 en comunidades indigenas.

title: COVID 19 and dengue, co epidemics in Ecuador and other countries in Latin America: Pushing strained health care systems over the edge

title: Social distancing in Latin America during the COVID 19 pandemic: an analysis using the Stringency Index and Google Community Mobility Reports
abstract: Social distancing in Latin America during the COVID 19 pandemic: an analysis using the Stringency Index and Google Community Mobility Reports Dongshan Zhu PhD* Shiva Raj Mishra MD, Xikun Han MD, and Karla Santo PhD Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China, World Heart Federation, Rue de Malatrex 32, Geneva 1201, Switzerland, Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur 10, Chitwan, Bagmati Province, Nepal, Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, 20 Weightman St, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia, Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 627 Av. Albert Einstein, Jardim Leonor, 05652 900, Sao Paulo, Brasil, Westmead Applied Research Centre,  The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27) Fisher Road, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia and Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, King St, Newtown, Sydney, NSW, 2042,

title: Assessing the Political and Social Impact of the COVID 19 Crisis in Latin America
abstract: The COVID 19 pandemic is testing the societies of the world's most unequal continent, where many depend on informal work for their livelihood. Socialdistancing measures directly affect their livelihoods, and make immediate social assistance imperative. The crisis is also testing political leadership, as some presidents are emerging as strong, unifying leaders, while others flounder, in a continent where historically trust in formal institutions is low.

title: What are the factors influencing the COVID 19 outbreak in Latin America?