Query: tsegaye abie gebeyehu

title: Assessment on the Implementation of Process Approach in Teaching Writing Skill: The Case of Preparatory Schools in Hadiya Zone
abstract: The main purpose of this study was to assess the implementation of process approach in writing skills in preparatory schools of Hadiya zone which is found in southern part of Ethiopia 230kms far away from Addis Ababa (the Capital) The subjects of the study were ten (10) English teachers and 500 students of the grade levels. Simple random sampling was used for students and purposive sampling was used for teachers. The data were collected through four instruments; namely written test, questionnaire, classroom observation and document analysis. The data were analyzed using Z score, achievement test score and descriptive statistics for the written test, simple descriptive statistics for close ended questionnaire and classroom observation and thematic and inductive analysis techniques for open ended questionnaire and document analysis. The findings of this study revealed that most of the teachers and students (80% were not implementing process approach in writing skill due to shortage of time, lack of exposure, low background and lack of interest. Therefore, it was suggested that writing skills should be taught according to its principles in process approach at preparatory schools because they are facing many challenges at college courses, teachers should expose learners for different writing activities and the textbooks should be revisited in line with process approach in writing skills.

title: THE ANALYSIS OF CONFLICT IN KEBERE MALA'S NOVEL "ONE NIGHT IN THE STREET"
abstract: This research was conducted on the analysis of conflict in the novel "One Night in the Street" The analysis focused on exploring types of conflicts with regard to the plot of the novel. The researchers read the novel critically and applied textual analysis by describing the extracts taken from the novel. Therefore, descriptive research design was carried out. The researchers found that the novel is full of conflicts both internal (Tushe with himself) and external conflicts (Tushe with his father, nature and society) in which Tushe lives. The dominant conflict is man vs man conflict. The conflict has played a key role in the continuity of events in the plot. If Tushe was not set in conflict with the stated forces, he may not be in the position he has at the end of the story. The conflicts Tushe faced imply that life is full of struggles; as a result, human beings in the real world should struggle to win their problems just like what Tushe did. Other researchers should conduct researches on different literary works written in English language of Ethiopia in particular and globe in general so as to appreciate the role of literature in the society.

title: Analysis of Literary Techniques Employed in the Novel The Revelation: Flashback in Focus
abstract: This study mainly focused on a critical analysis of flashback employed in the novel The Revelation Descriptive research design with qualitative data analysis approach was employed. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the novel under scrutiny. In addition, the researcher used document analysis as data gathering tool. The novelist employed different past events in the novel to reflect different life lessons or experiences. This helped the leading character Blen to learn various life experiences; for instance, she shared the wedding tradition of her grandparents, what traditions they were practicing, the life journey of her parents and this, in turn, helped her to be conscious about her stand, especially on her education and it also helped Blen to know her parents' and grandparents' background very well. Inculcating the past events in the novel had in short motivated Blen to be dynamic in everything. In addition, the author inserted these past events to create tension in the readers mind especially when Hiwot narrated how her husband or father of Blen, Alemayehu escaped from death and left his homeland to a new country. Finally, Conclusions and recommendations have been drawn  Literature, Novel, Literary Technique, Flashback DOI 10.7176/JLLL/63 01 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

title: The Negative Representation of Women in the Language of Awngi Proverbs
abstract: This research recognizes the negative depiction of women in the cultural, economic, social and political aspects in Awngi proverbs; it shows gender related messages, power relations and social control embedded in them. Proverbs were collected by using focus group discussion and documents analysis. The proverbs collected from documents were triangulated with the information about the meanings and implications of the proverbs from focus groupdiscussions. Purposive sampling technique was applied. Data was analyzed qualitatively after which inferences and conclusions were arrived at. The result of this study shows that proverbs depict the negative representation of women as incapable in household activities and poor home management, inferior in holding power and authority, stubborn, destructive and dangerous and unintelligent, passive, talkative and lazy creatures. Women are also depicted as they have greedy and selfish behavior.

title: Client satisfaction with existing labor and delivery care and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in university of Gondar teaching hospital; Northwest Ethiopia: Institution based cross sectional study
abstract: There are many reasons for mothers not receiving modern obstetric care, being dissatisfied by health care deliveries is one of the major factors. There are limited studies about maternal satisfaction with labor and delivery care services in Ethiopia and particularly in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to better understand client satisfaction on existing labor and delivery care service and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in the University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia.  This institution based cross sectional study was conducted at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital. 593 mothers who gave birth between July and September 2016 were enrolled. Study participants were selected by systematic random sampling. A standardized, interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive and summary statistics were performed. A linear regression model was fitted and variables having a P value of =0.05 in the multivariable model were considered statistically significant.  Overall, 31.3% of mothers were satisfied by the existing labor and delivery care. Living in rural areas 2.9% 95% CI: 5.75, 0.12) and the presence of a co morbidity 3.2% 95%CI: 5.70, 0.72) were the factor which have a negative influence on maternal satisfaction. On the other hand, travel time to reach to the hospital (hours) (0.79% 95% CI: 0.07, 1.52) birth by episiotomy or assisted vaginal delivery (6.3% 95%CI: 1.56, 11.04) and receiving cost free maternal health services (6.66% 95%CI: 3.31, 10.01) were the factors that had positive influence.  The level of satisfaction of laboring mothers with the labor and delivery care services was poor. Rural residency and chronic medical co morbidity were negatively associated with level of satisfaction while travel time, mode of delivery, and payment free delivery service had a statistically significant positive influence on satisfaction.

title: Social and Health Risks of Female Genital Mutilation for Medication and Braveness

title: Reducing amount and frequency of meal as a major coping strategy for food insecurity
abstract: BackgroundFood insecurity is a global problem affecting many people worldwide, including approximately 220 million people in sub Saharan Africa. Ethiopia is among the countries severely affected by hunger. However, evidence on how populations within Ethiopia cope with hunger and food insecurity is limited. This study aimed to identify household coping mechanisms in response to food insecurity at a Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System site.MethodsThis study used data from a re census collected between October 2014 and December 2014.15,159 household members in thirteen kebeles of the Dabat Health and Demographic surveillance system were included. The outcome variables of the study were food insecurity and coping strategies. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was used to assess food insecurity. If food insecurity was found, families were asked about coping mechanisms used. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to identify socio demographic determinants of reducing amount and frequency of meal as a coping mechanism in response to food insecurity.ResultOf the 15,159 households surveyed, 6671 (44.01% reported the presence of a food insecurity in their household. Decreasing meal frequency and portions (3733 (55.96% borrowing money and food (2542 (38.11% and receiving food and money aid (1779 (26.67% were among the major coping strategies used by the households. Urban dwellers (AOR 2.07: 95% CI 1.74, 2.46) mid altitude (weyina dega) and high land (dega) dwellers (AOR 2.46: 95% CI 2.08, 2.92 and AOR 1.22 95% CI 1.08, 1.38 respectively) and not married persons (AOR 1.60: 95% CI 1.07, 2.39) were more likely to consume less when faced with a food insecurity (using reducing amount and frequency of meal as a coping strategy).ConclusionHouseholds in the study area experienced a very high rate of food insecurity. Decreasing meal frequency and portions was the primary coping mechanism used by the households. Due to the severe insecurity of food in their household, many people chose to reduce the amount and frequency of their meal in order to prolong the small amount of food in their house. This finding indicates a high risk for undernourishment which can exacerbate the burden of malnutrition and related diseases in the region.

title: Risk factors for tuberculosis: A case control study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
abstract: Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in the world, despite several efforts to improve case identification and treatment compliance. It is well known cause of ill health among millions of people each year and ranks as the second leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide. Despite implementation of the World health organization recommended strategy, the reductions in the incidence of TB have been minimal in high burden countries.  A case control study was carried out to assess the risk factors of TB, where cases were newly registered bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB patients with age greater than 15 years who present at twenty health centres in Addis Ababa. Controls were age and sex matched attendees who presented in the same health centers for non TB health problems.  A total of 260 cases and 260 controls were enrolled in the study and 45.8% of cases and 46.2% of controls were in the 26 45 years age bracket. According to the multivariable logistic regression analysis, seven variables were found to be independent predictors for the occurrence of TB after controlling possible confounders. Patients who live in house with no window or one window were almost two times more likely to develop tuberculosis compared to people whose house has multiple windows (AOR 1.81; 95% CI:1.06, 3.07) Previous history of hospital admission was found to pose risk almost more than three times (AOR 3.39; 95% CI: 1.64 7.03) Having a household member who had TB was shown to increase risk of developing TB by three fold (AOR 3.00; 95% CI: 1.60, 5.62) The study showed that illiterate TB patients were found to be more than twice more likely to develop TB compared to subjects who can atleast read and write (AOR, 95% CI 2.15, 1.05, 4.40) Patients with household income of less than 1000 birrs per month were more than two times more likely to develop TB compared to those who had higher income (AOR 2.2; 95% CI: 1.28, 3.78) Smoking has also been identified as important risk factor for developing TB by four times (AOR 4.43; 95% CI: 2.10, 9.3) BCG was found to be protective against TB reducing the risk by one third (AOR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.54)  This study showed that TB is more common among the most agile and economically active age group, and number of windows, history of hospital admission, a household member who had TB, illiteracy, low household income and smoking and lack of BCG scar were identified as independent risk factors. Therefore it is imperative that the TB control effort need a strategy to address socio economic issues such as poverty, overcrowding, smoking, and infection control at health care facilities level is an important intervention to prevent transmission of TB within the facilities.

title: Serotype and molecular diversity of nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children before and after vaccination with the ten valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in Ethiopia
abstract: BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen, and nasopharyngeal colonization is the first step for transmission and pathogenesis of pneumococcal diseases. Ethiopia introduced the 10 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in October 2011. Here we studied nasopharyngeal carriage rates of pneumococci in children and analyzed the serotype and genetic diversity of pneumococcal isolates before first dose and after completion of the vaccine.MethodA longitudinal study was conducted from February 2013 to November 2016. Totally 789 infants were enrolled at the age of 6 weeks before first dose of PCV10 vaccination, 206 were re sampled at the age of 9 months, and 201 at 2 years of age after the final dose of PCV10 at the age of 14 weeks. One hundred sixteen children were followed during all the three sampling periods. A total of 422 nasopharyngeal isolates were serotyped using gel diffusion and the Quellung reaction, 325 were typed with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and 12 were selected for multi locus sequence typing (MLST).ResultsPneumococcal carriage rates at the age of 6 weeks, 9 months and 2 years of age were 26.6% (210/789) 56.8% (117/206) and 48.3% (97/201) respectively. Out of 116 children none of them carried the same strain during the three period and the carriage rate at the age of 6 weeks, 9 months and 2 years were 32.7% (38/116) 59. (69/116) and 49.1% (57/116) respectively. Totally 59 pneumococcal serotypes were identified among 422 isolates. Serotype 6A (5.0% dominated followed by 34 (4.5% 10A (4.0% 11A (4.0% 19F (3.8% 15B (3.8% 23F (3.6% and 15A (3.6% The proportion of non PCV10 serotypes among the isolates recovered at 6 weeks, 9 months and 2 years was 79.4, 88.9 and 89.7% respectively. Molecular typing of 325 isolates collected at 6 weeks and 9 months of age showed a high genetic diversity.ConclusionThis study highlights the presence of very diverse serotypes in Ethiopia where non vaccine serotypes were predominant. Completion of the PCV10 schedule was associated with an approximately 50% reduction of vaccine type carriage and increase of non vaccine types. PCV13 would potentially reduce vaccine type carriage by further 10%

title: Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype main effect and genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis of large white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes across environments in Ethiopia
abstract: Undertaking a multi environment trial prior to releasing a high yielding and stable varieties for a specific environment is a major step in plant breeding. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the effect of Genotype x Environment Interaction (GEI) and evaluate the adaptability and stability of sixteen large white common bean genotypes. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype main effect and genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot models were used. The experimental design was 4 x 4 triple lattice across environments. AMMI analysis of variance showed environments that explained the greater proportion (72.42% of the total variation, followed by GEI (10.75% and genotype (2.32% This indicates the possibility of selecting stable genotypes. AMMI biplot analysis revealed that the first and second interaction axes captured 42.62 and 26.77% of the total variation due to GEI. GGE model showed that the nine environments used for the study belonged to two mega environments. AMMI stability value (ASV) AMMI and GGE biplot identified one common genotype, G14 (SAA 2) that was the overall best in performance in relation to yield and stability. This suggests that for reliability and optimum result it is better to combine the result of two or more analytical tools for yield and stability in recommendation genotype for verification and release.  Biplot, genotype x environment interaction (GEI) grain yield, stability, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) AMMI stability value (ASV)