Query: spathiphyllum

title: The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Spathiphyllum cannifolium
abstract: We reported and characterized the complete nucleotide sequence of the Spathiphyllum cannifolium chloroplast (cp) genome in this study. The circular molecule of the cp genome is 171,420 bp containing a pair of 31,460 bp IR regions, separated by a small single copy region (SSC) of 16,331 bp and a large single copy region (LSC) of 92,169 bp, respectively. A total of 132 genes were successfully annotated in the cp genome, including 87 protein coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The G C content of the whole cp genome is 35.62% while the LSC, SSC, and IR region are 33.94, 28.02, and 40.05% respectively.

title: Green spathe of peace lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii) An assimilate source for developing fruit
abstract: Peace lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel) is a herbaceous, commercially important ornamental plant characterized by greening of its originally white spathe during a post anthesis period and fruit development. It is a useful model plant for gaining insight into source sink relationship. To clarify what is the triggering signal for spathe greening and its potential physiological role, the greening process has been examined in fertilized vs unfertilized and decapitated (with spadix removed) plants. Results showed that spathe of fertilized plants is viable for a longer period of time and greening process is more intensive in comparison with decapitated or unfertilized plants. Greening process comprised chloroplast differentiation as well as chlorophyll accumulation, and resulted in the photosynthetically active organs. Photosynthesis performance index (PIABS) of spathe in fertilized flowers was significantly higher than that in unfertilized and decapitated plants, indicating its better overall photosynthetic performance. Spathe removal during fruit development revealed approximately 30% smaller fruits in comparison with intact ones, implicating that green spathe contribute significantly as assimilate source for developing fruits. Cytokinin analysis showed that t Z type cytokinins were the most abundant in the spadix (t Z and t ZR) and the greening spathe (t ZR) while overall cytokinin pool was significantly lower in the spathe of the decapitated plants. Exogenous treatment of spathe in decapitated plants with t Z enhanced the intensity of greening. We may conclude that spathe greening in peace lily is genetically programmed process that may be mediated by fructification and, in part, by cytokinins originated in the developing fruit which was confirmed herein for the first time.

title: Complete chloroplast genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Spathiphyllum 'Parrish'
abstract: Spathiphyllum is a very important tropical plant used as a small, potted, ornamental plant in South China, with an annual output value of hundreds of millions of yuan. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete nucleotide sequence of the Spathiphyllum 'Parrish' chloroplast genome. The whole chloroplast genome is 168,493 bp in length, and includes a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions (IRa and IRb, each 31,600 bp) separated by a small single copy (SSC, 15,799 bp) region and a large single copy (LSC, 89,494 bp) region. Our annotation revealed that the S. 'Parrish' chloroplast genome contained 132 genes, including 87 protein coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. In the repeat structure analysis, we detected 281 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) which included mononucleotides (223) dinucleotides (28) trinucleotides (12) tetranucleotides (11) pentanucleotides (6) and hexanucleotides (1) in the S. 'Parrish' chloroplast genome. In addition, we identified 50 long repeats, comprising 18 forward repeats, 13 reverse repeats, 17 palindromic repeats, and 2 complementary repeats. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion/deletion (indel) analyses of the chloroplast genome of the S. 'Parrish' relative S. cannifolium revealed 962 SNPs in S. 'Parrish' There were 158 indels (90 insertions and 68 deletions) in the S. 'Parrish' chloroplast genome relative to the S. cannifolium chloroplast genome. Phylogenetic analysis of five species found S. 'Parrish' to be more closely related to S. kochii than to S. cannifolium. This study identified the characteristics of the S. 'Parrish' chloroplast genome, which will facilitate species identification and phylogenetic analysis within the genus Spathiphyllum.

title: Removal Effects of Formaldehyde and Total Volatile Organic Compounds of Spathiphyllum wallisii by Water Stress
abstract: This study aimed to investigate the pollutant removal efficiency of Spathiphyllum wallisii in an indoor space according to the degree of water stress. The control group was a without plants group, and the treatment groups included well watered S. wallisii and water stressed S. wallisii. The temperature in the chamber according to presence or absence of water stress of S. wallisii was maintained at 23 1, an indoor comfortable temperature, for both control and treatment groups. Humidity also significantly differed between the control and treatment groups, but there was no significant difference between the treatment groups. In terms of indoor pollutants owing to water stress, the formaldehyde concentration was 0.30 mg*m 3 in the control group, 0.05 mg*m 3 in the well watered S. wallisii group, and 0.09 mg*m 3 in the water stressed S. wallisii group. The control and treatment groups exhibited statistically significant differences, but there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups according to the water stress in the plants. All of the total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) of well watering S. wallisii were removed after 5 hours, whereas 0.34 mg*m 3 of TVOC of water stressed S. wallisii were m aintained. T VOC of t he c ontrol g roup w as 1 .25 mg*m 3. Thus, the three groups showed statistically significant differences. In addition, the carbon dioxide concentration was 459 ppm in the control group, which was not significantly different from that in the well watered S. wallisii group. However, the carbon dioxide concentration was slightly higher in the water stressed S. wallisii group than that in the control group. The porosity change rate of the well watered S. wallisii group was high and that of the water stressed S. wallisii group was low. Thus, the space containing S. wallisii showed greater indoor pollutant removal efficiency, regardless of the water stress than the space without plants. Therefore, the indoor space arranged rather than the space in which the S. wallisii not disposed is effective for the air purification, and the S. wallsii which is subjected to water stressed drop the change of stomatal size and the carbon dioxide in the indoor pollutants removal, also moisture management is necessary to effectively remove indoor pollutants.

title: Investigation of in situ changes in electrical behavior during one day with environmental effects of Spathiphyllum spp. and African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha)
abstract: Plants play an extremely important role in environmental cleanliness by reducing harmful gases in the atmosphere. Spathiphyllum spp. and African violet Saintpaulia ionantha plants are widely found in many countries of the world, decorative inside. Since these two plants are commercially propagated throughout the world, they have economic importance at the same time. Spathiphyllum spp. also has a separate prescription due to its ability to clean some air toxins in the interior. Simultaneously monitoring, the frequencies and electrical voltage values per hour were measured by using oscilloscope for during one day on the leaves of these plants. African violet plant decrease and Spathiphyllum spp. increase are showed in frequency values especially at night and in the near morning. The change in voltage values in the Spathiphyllum spp. plant was particularly reduced in the morning and the changes were clearer until the evening, and the voltage change in the African violet plant was at very low levels.

title: Allergy to Spathiphyllum wallisii, an indoor allergen.
abstract: Spathiphyllum wallisii is an indoor ornamental house plant belonging to the Araceae family, which comprises 36 known species of Spathiphyllum found in tropical areas [1 3] These plants may contain alkaloids, calcium oxalate crystals, and proteolytic enzymes  Cases of contact dermatitis and occupational allergy (eg, rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and urticaria) have been reported in persons exposed to S wallisii [1,3 5] Allergy to houseplants is rare [2 5] We report a case of hypersensitivity to S wallisii. The patient was a 34 year old white woman with allergy to lipid transfer proteins and shellfish and rhinoconjunctivitis due to house dust mites, grass pollen, and Platanus pollen. She also experienced hypersensitivity to cat dander. Her condition was well controlled with specific immunotherapy for house dust mites. At a routine visit, she reported immediate episodes of bronchospasm associated with severe rhinoconjunctivitis on returning home. She related her symptoms to the spathe flower she was recently given. Prick testing was performed with standard aeroallergens, including latex and palm profilin (Leti) Prick by prick tests were performed on the patient and on both atopic and nonatopic controls with flower spikes the patient had brought from home. Basic pulmonary function testing (spirometry) and specific blood testing with ImmunoCAP determinations of grass profilin (Phl p 12) and Pru p 3 were conducted, as were in vitro SDSPAGE and immunoassays of the flower's spikes, leaves, and stem. Prick testing was performed as follows. A flower spike was slightly crushed and placed on the patient's skin in a drop of physiological saline solution. A positive test result was defined as a wheal of at least 3 mm. The allergenic extract of the flower spikes, leaves, and stem was made with the sample donated by the patient. The samples were chopped and suspended in phosphate buffered saline. After homogenization for 2 hours at 4degC, the supernatants were centrifuged and separated. Next, they were dialyzed and lyophilized. Protein concentrations were measured according to the Bradford technique [6] The proteins of the extracts were separated by SDS PAGE and then transferred to a membrane for further incubation with the patient's serum. The prick by prick test with the flower was positive, with a wheal diameter of 3 mm after the first 15 minutes. This doubled in size, with an erythema diameter of 20 mm after 45 minutes, in both atopic and nonatopic negative controls. The natural rubber latex prick test was negative. Negative results were also recorded in the prick test for palm profilin and the ImmunoCAP determination result for grass profilin (Phl p 12) The result of spirometry was normal (FEV1 >80% and the patient's serum was positive for Pru p 3 (ImmunoCAP) The in vitro immunoblot test revealed several protein bands ranging between 11 kDa and 14 kDa, with a more intense 13 kDa band in the allergenic leaf extract. Occupational allergy caused by plants has been reported in patients who are continually exposed, such as florists and gardeners [2,4,7] Hypersensitivity to indoor ornamental houseplants, on the other hand, is rarely reported. Yucca (Yucca aloifolia) ficus (Ficus benjamina) and the Spathiphyllum genus are the most studied indoor plants with respect to this condition, and a high degree of cross reactivity between them has been reported [1,3] Allergy to spathe flower [1,2,4,5] is characterized by a heavy band of about 14 kDa in IgE immunoblotting. This has not been fully identified, although it has the same molecular mass as profilins [4] Furthermore, proteins with a molecular weight of 14 15 kDa have been recognized in various vegetables and in rubber latex  thus justifying possible cross reactivity between these plants. The patient we report was tested only for S wallisii owing to the clear cause effect relationship based on the patient's symptoms on exposure, the absence of exposure to other indoor house plants, and her clear improvement after withdrawal of the plant. Prick testing with palm profilin and latex was negative, as was ImmunoCAP with grass profilin. For that Figure. Immunoblot. Lane 1, extract of flower spikes; Lane 2, extract of leaves; Lane 3, extract of stem. Several protein bands ranging between 11 and 14 kDa can be seen, with a 13 kDa band in the allergenic extract of leaves, which is of greater intensity. MW indicates molecular weight (in kDa) 75

title: In vitro ultraviolet radiation effects on growth, chemical constituents and molecular aspects of Spathiphyllum plant
abstract: BackgroundSpathiphyllum is one of the best plants for indoor gardening as it is a rhizome and undemanding of light care. It is a member of lily family (Araceae) The plant itself should live for 10 years or more if not maltreated. Spthiphyllum cannifolium plants are used in clean air study for their ability to remove formaldehyde, benezyne, and CO2 from interior air. UV is divided into three wavelength ranges; UV radiation can have damaging effects on DNA and/or physiological processes and play central role in characterization of bioresponses. A large number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential consequences of an increase in UV B radiation on many plants.ResultsIn this investigation, plants treated with 45 min ultraviolet radiation (UV) recorded the highest values on growth parameter, anatomical structure, survival and proline Fifteen minutes of UV radiation exposure gave the second highest value of previous parameters. Conversely, exposure of plantlets to moderate dose (30 min of UV radiation exposure) recorded fewer values in previous mentioned parameters. Start codon targeted (SCoT) analyses exhibited 39 DNA bands which appeared by using seven primers. These bands were identified as 15 polymorphic and 24 monomorphic ones with 38.46% polymorphism. Twelve unique bands were identified in the resulted SCoT profile.ConclusionThe results were nearly in an ascending order with increasing of UV B radiation exposure time. Increasing exposure time to 45 min increased significantly the values of vegetative growth, anatomical parameters, and proline percentage in most cases compared with control and other UV B radiation treatments. In the contrary, 30 min recorded decreased in previous mentioned treatments. The SCoT (Start codon targeted) marker is helpful for possible distinguishing, identifying, and characterizing of UV treatments.

title: Phytoremediation of benzene vapors from indoor air by Schefflera arboricola and Spathiphyllum wallisii plants
abstract: Benzene is a carcinogenic contaminant. It is therefore important to remove it from the environment. In this study, phytoremediation of benzene from polluted air by two plant species (Schefflera arboricola and Spathiphyllum wallisii) was investigated under controlled environment using a Plexiglas chamber. The effect of inlet benzene concentrations of 3.6 29.5 mg/m3, and empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 37.5 and 70 s were tested on the plant efficiency for a period of 36 days. Results showed that the outlet benzene concentration in the control chamber (plant free) was significantly higher than that in the chamber containing the plants. The average removal efficiency (RE) at various inlet concentrations including 3.5 6.5, 10.5 16.3, and 25 30 mg/m3 were 97% 94% and 91% respectively. Also, the average RE at EBRTs of 37.5 and 75 min were 93% and 94% respectively. According to the physiological and morphological tests, no toxicity effects on the plants were found at these concentrations. It can be concluded that the plant's application is a green and environment friendly technology to remove benzene from the polluted indoor air.

title: Effect of different shade levels on growth and development of Peace lily (Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum (Liebm. Engl.

title: Allergy to Spathiphyllum wallisii, an Indoor Allergen.