Query: J1772

title: Analyzing the impacts of charging plug in electric vehicles in low voltage distribution networks: A case study of utilization of droop charging control system based on the SAE J1772 Standard
abstract: Despite the significant advantages of Plugin Electric Vehicles (PEVs) the mass charging of PEVs can cause an increase of the peak load demand and worsen the voltage quality specifically in Low Voltage (LV) distribution networks. In this context, different technical approaches and charging control strategies have been proposed. Nevertheless, most of these methods necessitate advanced communication systems. In this work, based on the SAE J1772 standard, initially an interface unit for controlling the charging current of PEVs is introduced. A droop charging control system, which only needs local measurements, is proposed for the AC charging of PEVs. Using the field measurements and existing statistical studies, the PEV charging loads are modelled and the capability of the proposed system is evaluated for an LV test system with different electric loads and high penetration of PEVs. The results of the simulations confirm the feasibility of the proposed method.

title: Dian Dong Che Dian Chi Guan Li Xi Tong Yu Chong Dian Fa Gui (SAE J1772)Zhi Yan Jiu

title: A review of available chargers for electric vehicles: United States of America, European Union, and Asia
abstract: This research focuses on the incompatibility of chargers for electric vehicles between different vehicle brands and types. The basics of electric vehicles and their charging are presented. The three biggest electric vehicle markets (United States of America, European Union, and Asia) were studied to establish which electric vehicles and consequently what kind of chargers were sold between 2013 and 2015 and to examine the market share of existing chargers for all three studied markets. A short overview of various countries' policies for these markets is included as regards promoting and favouring electric vehicles and standardizing the chargers. This study has revealed that the most common charger in the USA is J1772, in the European Union Mennekes and in China GB/T. The number of J1772 and CHAdeMO chargers is decreasing rapidly, while Mennekes (which also has the highest share) and especially GB/T chargers are on the rise. China also made the most significant breakthrough in 2015 with GB/T as a leading charger type.

title: Enhancing the Role of Electric Vehicles in the Power Grid: Field Validation of Multiple Ancillary Services
abstract: With increased penetration of distributed energy resources and electric vehicles (EVs) different EV integration strategies can be used for mitigating various adverse effects, and supporting the grid. However, the research regarding EV smart charging has mostly remained on simulations, whereas the experimental validation has rarely been touched upon. This paper focuses mainly on evaluating the technical feasibility of a series produced EV to provide flexibility in real distribution grids. The implemented controller uses contemporary and widely supported standards for limiting the EV charging rate, which essentially means that it is applicable to any EV complying with IEC 61851 and SAE J1772 standards. The field test validation is conducted in a real Danish distribution grid with a Nissan Leaf providing three ancillary services through unidirectional ac charging, namely, congestion management, local voltage support, and primary frequency regulation. Several performance parameters, such as EV response time and accuracy, are assessed and benchmarked with current requirements. Ultimately, this paper aims to strengthen the applied research within the EV integration domain through validating smart grid concepts on original standard compliant equipment.

title: A High Power Factor Battery Charger for Electric Vehicle using Canonical Switching Cell Converter
abstract: In today's scenario, the transportation sector has gained new advancements in research and development activities, which has emphasized the development of clean and green transportation systems. To meet this target, conventional vehicles are being replaced by fuel cell vehicles, EVs (Electric Vehicles) and HEVs (Hybrid Electric Vehicles)  In this context, EV technology has emerged as the most cost effective and emission free way to meet the customer demands, since it uses emission free battery power i.e. the clean energy to produce the propelling power for the vehicle  However, to meet the goals of clean and efficient transportation, the charging of the battery packs should also be efficient enough to avoid any wastage of energy in terms of power quality such as increased input rms current and hence increased charger losses. According to EV standard SAE J1772  typical characteristics of the off board and onboard battery chargers should include high energy density and light weight. Moreover, it must be proficient to deliver the generated power efficiently to maximize the energy utilization and distance covered per charging. Recently, most of the research work, has been dedicated to develop the diode bridge rectifier (DBR) fed single stage battery chargers for EVs. Fig.l shows the typical arrangement of the classical DBR fed E rickshaw battery chargers with unidirectional configuration. Moreover, Table I gives the specification of the E rickshaw, which battery is under test to demonstrate the performance of the conventional EV charger with front end diode bridge.

title: Design and Implementation of AC Conductive Charging System for Electrical Vehicles
abstract: An AC conductive charge system (CCS) based on SAE J1772 for electrical vehicle (EV) is proposed in this paper. This system is instituted by charge station management system (CSMS) and vehicle charge controller (VCC) The functions of CSMS include identifying the legal user ID, starting the charging management procedure, transmitting the control pilot signal to EV and waiting EV connector connected for charging. The VCC is used to confirm EV connector latched, transmit the charging messages to battery management system (BMS) and enable the onboard charger to charge the power battery pack. Finally, a CCS and 4kW onboard charger based on 48V/60Ah lithium ion battery is implemented in this paper to verify the AC conductive charging for EV and the SAEJ1772 Standard.

title: Optimal Combined Bidding of Vehicle to Grid Ancillary Services
abstract: Vehicle to grid (V2G) has the potential of reducing the cost of owning and operating electric vehicles (EVs) while increasing utility system flexibility. Unidirectional V2G is a logical first step because it can be implemented on standard J1772 chargers and it does not degrade EV batteries from cycling. In this work an optimal combined bidding formulation for regulation and spinning reserves is developed to be used by aggregators. This formulation takes into account unplanned departures by EV owners during contract periods and compensates accordingly. Optional load level and price constraints are also developed. These algorithms maximize profits to the aggregator while increasing the benefits the customers and utility. Simulations over a three month period on the ERCOT system show that implementation of these algorithms can provide significant benefits to customers, utilities, and aggregators. Comparisons with bidirectional V2G show that while the benefits of unidirectional V2G are significantly lower, so are the risks.

title: Economic Approach to Design of a Level 2 Residential Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
abstract: Increase in atmospheric adulteration due to exponential growth in urbanization, industrialization, and number of on road vehicles have necessitated the need for emission free transportation. The major challenges in the proliferation of electric vehicles are the lack of international standards. This paper presents simulation and hardware implementation of a low cost residential EVSE based on SAE J1772 standard. This is accomplished by using Arduino microcontroller for detection and communication with an electric vehicle. The main difference of the proposed system to existing EVSE is its low cost and amperage adjustment for better load control. The resultant system is capable of detecting various states and provides communication as specified by the CCS standard. The proposed EVSE includes necessary protective features like ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) continuous monitoring of temperature, humidity, and potential earth for protection against short circuit. Simulation of the pilot circuit is done using Labcenter Electronics: Proteus software and simultaneously a hardware model was developed and tested. Results indicate system to be economical and compliant with future improvement in energy storage devices and smart grid.

title: Development of a Demand Side Management Device for Electric Vehicle Charging in Developing Countries
abstract: Many electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) available in the market utilize the J1772 charging standard. Uncoordinated charging in countries with electrically congested power grids and absence of time of use (ToU) tariffs may result in the overloading of distribution networks from an increase of electrical charging. This paper proposes a unique mechanism to control the charging rate from EVSE utilizing a J1772 pilot interruption method. A in line plug and play prototype has been developed and tested on levels 1 and 2 charging equipment along with an electric vehicle. The device can be utility controlled which can support charging schemes on an incentive system to customers. The results showcased a dynamic charge rate which can facilitate increased charging whilst minimizing overloads in small island developing states (SIDS) Utilizing this proposed method, SIDS can be assured that the effect of EV penetration on their weak grids can be mitigated. This allows for the upgrading of infrastructure to be planned and implemented as funds become available.

title: A Unique Approach to Demand Side Management of Electric Vehicle Charging for Developing Countries
abstract: Increased penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) can lead to uncoordinated charging which can result in electrical distribution network overloads and possibly outages as well as increased peak demands. This can particularly occur in power systems with minimal and insufficient demand side management schemes where there is no time of use (TOU) tariffs. Such is usually characteristic of small Caribbean island power systems and their numerous distinctive policy, technical and infrastructural challenges. This manuscript documents a unique approach for EV charging (AC level 1 and 2) in Trinidad and Tobago with application to other developing countries. A prototype device is designed and developed for connection to the EV that allows remote (IEEE 802.11 Standard) modification by the electrical utility of the pilot control signal of the J1772 charger.