Query: shame

title: Crime, Shame, And Reintegration
abstract: Preface 1. Whither criminological theory? 2. The dominant theoretical traditions: labeling, subcultural, control, opportunity and learning theories 3. Facts a theory of crime ought to fit 4. The family model of the criminal process: reintegrative shaming 5. Why and how does shaming work? 6. Social conditions conducive to reintegrative shaming 7. Summary of the theory 8. Testing the theory 9. Reintegrative shaming and white collar crime 10. Shaming and the good society References Index.

title: On a Psychology of Shame
abstract: "Zur Psychologie der Scham" which translates as "On the Psychology of Shame" was written by Simmel in 1901 for the Vienna newspaper Die Zeit. Unlike other articles by the German philosopher, in this one he reviews and explicitly questions the work and research of one his contemporaries: Havelock Ellis (1859 1939) the physician and sexologist whose explanations of the origin of the feeling of shame and embarrassment gave rise at the time to debate on the matter. It is, in turn, Simmel's response and contribution to this debate, from a perspective that draws on both psychological and sociological elements. It is thus not confined to a merely critical review, making it Simmel's own contribution to the specific issue of shame; a contribution which, incidentally, is closely related to the part of his work concerned with emotions, feelings and attachments between humans.

title: The Interpersonal Adaptiveness of Dispositional Guilt and Shame: A Meta Analytic Investigation.
abstract: Despite decades of empirical research, conclusions regarding the adaptiveness of dispositional guilt and shame are mixed. We use meta analysis to summarize the empirical literature and clarify these ambiguities. Specifically, we evaluate how guilt and shame are uniquely related to pro social orientation and, in doing so, highlight the substantial yet under acknowledged impact of researchers' methodological choices. A series of meta analyses was conducted investigating the relationship between dispositional guilt (or shame) and pro social orientation. Two main methodological moderators of interest were tested: test format (scenario vs. checklist) and statistical analysis (semi partial vs. zero order correlations) Among studies employing zero order correlations, dispositional guilt was positively correlated with pro social orientation (k 63, Mr .13, p .001) whereas dispositional shame was negatively correlated, (k 47, Mr .05, p .07) Test format was a significant moderator for guilt studies only, with scenario measures producing significantly stronger effects. Semi partial correlations resulted in significantly stronger effects among guilt and shame studies. Although dispositional guilt and shame are differentially related to pro social orientation, such relationships depend largely on the methodological choices of the researcher, particularly in the case of guilt. Implications for the study of these traits are discussed.

title: Compassion Based Therapy for Trauma Related Shame and Posttraumatic Stress: Initial Evaluation Using a Multiple Baseline Design.
abstract: Accumulating research suggests that shame can strongly contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Interventions that promote self compassion have shown promise for reducing shame related to various clinical problems, but this approach has not been systematically evaluated for traumatized individuals. The aim of this study was to develop a brief compassion based therapy and assess its efficacy for reducing trauma related shame and PTSD symptoms. Using a multiple baseline experimental design, the intervention was evaluated in a community sample of trauma exposed adults (N=10) with elevated trauma related shame and PTSD symptoms. Participants completed weekly assessments during a 2 4 or 6 week baseline phase and a 6 week treatment phase, and at 2 and 4weeks after the intervention. By the end of treatment, 9 of 10 participants demonstrated reliable decreases in PTSD symptom severity, while 8 of 10 participants showed reliable reductions in shame. These improvements were maintained at 2 and 4 week follow up. The intervention was also associated with improvements in self compassion and self blame. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the intervention. Results suggest that the intervention may be useful as either a stand alone treatment or as a supplement to other treatments.

title: A relational model of sexual minority mental and physical health: The negative effects of shame on relationships, loneliness, and health.
abstract: Sexual minorities (e.g. lesbians, gay men, bisexual individuals) are at an increased risk for poorer mental and physical health outcomes than heterosexuals, and some of these health disparities relate to minority stressors such as discrimination. Yet, there is little research elucidating pathways that predict health or that promote resiliency among sexual minorities. Building on the minority stress model, the present study utilized relational cultural theory to situate sexual minority health within a relational framework. Specifically, the study tested mediators of the relationships between distal (i.e. discrimination, rejection, victimization) and proximal stressors (i.e. internalized homophobia, sexual orientation concealment) and psychological and physical distress for sexual minorities. Among 719 sexual minority adults, structural equation modeling analyses were used to test 4 models reflecting the mediating effects of shame, poorer relationships with a close peer and the lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender (LGBT) community, and loneliness on the associations between minority stressors and psychological distress (i.e. depression and anxiety) and physical distress (i.e. distressing physical symptoms) As hypothesized, the associations between distal and proximal minority stressors and distress were mediated by shame, poorer relationships with a close peer and the LGBT community, and loneliness. Findings underscore the possible relational and interpersonal mechanisms by which sexual minority stressors lead to psychological and physical distress.

title: Shame and guilt in neurosis.
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title: Faces of Shame: Implications for Self Esteem, Emotion Regulation, Aggression, and Well Being
abstract: There is an increasing interest in psychological research on shame experiences and their associations with other aspects of psychological functioning and well being, as well as with possible maladaptive outcomes. In an attempt to confirm and extend previous knowledge on this topic, we investigated the nomological network of shame experiences in a large community sample (N 380; 66.1% females) adopting a multidimensional conceptualization of shame. Females reported higher levels of shame (in particular, bodily and behavioral shame) guilt, psychological distress, emotional reappraisal, and hostility. Males had higher levels of self esteem, emotional suppression, and physical aggression. Shame feelings were associated with low self esteem, hostility, and psychological distress in a consistent way across gender. Associations between characterological shame and emotional suppression, as well as between bodily shame and anger occurred only among females. Moreover, characterological and bodily shame added to the prediction of low self esteem, hostility, and psychological distress above and beyond the influence of trait shame. Finally, among females, emotional suppression mediated the influence of characterological shame on hostility and psychological distress. These findings extend current knowledge on the nomological net surrounding shame experiences in everyday life, supporting the added value of a multidimensional conceptualization of shame feelings.

title: Shame closely tracks the threat of devaluation by others, even across cultures
abstract: Prominent theories of shame hold that shame is inherently maladaptive. However, direct tests of the fit between shame and its probable target domain have not previously been conducted. Here we test the alternative hypothesis that shame, although unpleasant (like pain) serves the adaptive function of defending against the social devaluation that results when negative information reaches others by deterring actions that would lead to more devaluation than benefits, for example. If so, the intensity of shame people feel regarding a given item of negative information should track the devaluation that would happen if that item became known. Indeed, the data indicate a close match between shame intensities and audience devaluation, which suggests that shame is an adaptation. We test the theory that shame evolved as a defense against being devalued by others. By hypothesis, shame is a neurocomputational program tailored by selection to orchestrate cognition, motivation, physiology, and behavior in the service of: (i) deterring the individual from making choices where the prospective costs of devaluation exceed the benefits, (ii) preventing negative information about the self from reaching others, and (iii) minimizing the adverse effects of devaluation when it occurs. Because the unnecessary activation of a defense is costly, the shame system should estimate the magnitude of the devaluative threat and use those estimates to cost effectively calibrate its activation: Traits or actions that elicit more negative evaluations from others should elicit more shame. As predicted, shame closely tracks the threat of devaluation in the United States (r .69) India (r .79) and Israel (r .67) Moreover, shame in each country strongly tracks devaluation in the others, suggesting that shame and devaluation are informed by a common species wide logic of social valuation. The shame devaluation link is also specific: Sadness and anxiety emotions that coactivate with shame fail to track devaluation. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first empirical demonstration of a close, specific match between shame and devaluation within and across cultures.

title: sister citizen: shame, stereotypes, and black women in America
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title: Swimming in a Sea of Shame: Incorporating Emotion into Explanations of Institutional Reproduction and Change
abstract: We theorize the role in institutional processes of what we call the "shame nexus," a set of shame related constructs: felt shame, systemic shame, sense of shame, and episodic shaming. As a discrete emotion, felt shame signals to a person that a social bond is at risk, and it catalyzes a fundamental motivation to preserve valued bonds. Systemic shame we conceptualize as a form of disciplinary power, animated by persons' sense of shame a mechanism of ongoing intersubjective surveillance and self regulation. We theorize how the duo of systemic shame and sense of shame drives the self regulation that underpins persons' conformity to institutional prescriptions and institutional reproduction. We conceptualize episodic shaming as a form of juridical power used by institutional guardians to elicit renewed conformity and reassert institutional prescriptions, and also explain how episodic shaming may have unintended effects, including institutional disruption and recreation, when it triggers sensemaking among targ.