Query: graphene oxide synthesis using modified hummers method

title: Synthesis of Graphene Oxide using Modified Hummers Method: Solvent Influence
abstract: The aim of this study is to study the influence of different solvents on the structure and electrical properties of graphene oxide. GO was obtained from graphite flakes by using modified hummers method in which different from conventional hummer's method. In this method, the experiment was synthesized without sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and ice bath, but carried out at room temperature. Prepared GO powders were then dissolved into different solvents, namely acetone and ethanol. Then spin coated onto silicon wafer and IDE to produce acetone GO (A GO) and ethanol GO (E GO) SEM result shows that several square micron GO were obtained. In addition, due to the large agglomerates and contact between the flakes in E GO sample, current voltage pattern indicated the E GO produced higher current flow than A GO. Meanwhile, GO characterized using FTiR shows that both samples contain several functional groups such as hydroxyl, epoxy, carboxyl and carbonyl. Besides that, due to the lower diffraction peak of A GO, XRD result shows the interlayer spacing of A GO sample is slightly higher than E GO sample.

title: Synthesis of graphene oxides particle of high oxidation degree using a modified Hummers method
abstract: High oxidation degree graphene oxide particles were synthesized using a modified Hummers' method. Six different types of particles were synthesized by varying the operating conditions, including the temperature, the reactant ratios, and the oxidation time. The oxidation degree, represented by the oxygen content, and the atomic oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio were determined using CHNSO elemental analysis, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy universal attenuated total reflectance sensor (FTIR UATR) and Raman spectroscopy. The structural morphology of graphene oxide was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) The thermal stability of the particles was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) The SEM images showed that the prepared GO samples had different graphitic layer structures. The TEM images showed different stacking levels and transparency of GO flakes caused by the difference in oxidation level. The oxygen content and O/C ratios ranged between 34.7 and 50.0 wt% and 0.43 and 0.8, respectively. The highest oxygen content and O/C ratio were found to be 50 wt% and 0.8, respectively, for GO prepared at 95 degC with a 1 hr reaction time (GO2 a) A quantitative analysis on the FTIR UATR spectra was performed and was in reasonable agreement with the CHNSO analysis results. The Raman spectra showed two characteristic bands (D and G) with different relative intensities, as characterized by the ID/IG ratio, suggesting that the prepared samples had different crystallite sizes and defects. The crystallite size (La) of the prepared GO particles was estimated using the Tuinstra Koenig model and were ranging between 9 and 24 nm. The TGA results were correlated with the elemental analysis results and showed a clear dependence of the weight loss on the GO elemental compositions. GO2 a exhibited the lowest thermal stability because of a high oxygen content, whereas GO1 b exhibited the highest thermal stability.

title: Synthesis and Characterization of Graphite Oxide, Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide from Graphite Waste using Modified Hummers's Method and Zinc as Reducing Agent

title: Effective removal of arsenic from an aqueous solution by ferrihydrite/goethite graphene oxide composites using the modified Hummers method
abstract: This work presents the synthesis of graphene oxide and modified graphene oxide by adding oxygenated groups, using the modified Hummers method. The synthetized materials are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X ray, isotherm adsorption curves, and kinetic adsorption tests. In addition, two varieties of ferric hydroxides, i.e. goethite and ferrihydrite, are coupled to the graphene oxide and the modified graphene oxide, and their arsenic adsorption properties are studied. Results show that the modified composites have a deviation from the linear vanaEUR(tm)t Hoff equation, suggesting that multiple interactions and a multi layer adsorption are occurring. Also, the results show that composites of graphene oxide/or modified graphene oxide with goethite have a better adsorption capacity than those coupled to ferrihydrite.

title: Graphene oxide based coconut shell waste: synthesis by modified Hummers method and characterization
abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) based on coconut shell waste was successfully synthesized using a modified Hummers method, and the obtained GO was confirmed using XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, UV Vis spectroscopy, and SEM EDX. The XRD spectroscopy obtained the fractional content of the 2H graphite phase of 71.53% 14.47% phosphorus, 10.02% calcium, and 3.97% potassium in coconut shell charcoal, where the GO sample tend to forms a phase of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) FTIR spectra shows compound functional groups of hydroxyl OH) at peak 1 (3449.92 cm 1) carboxyl COOH) at peak 2 (1719.42 cm 1) and peak 3 (1702.62 cm 1) and alcohol (C OH) at peak 4 (1628.12 cm 1) and epoxy (CO) at peak 5 (1158.51 cm 1) which is similar to the GO synthesis from pure graphite. Raman spectroscopy analysis shows that the value of the ID/IG intensity ratio of the GO sample was 0.89 with a 2D single layer, and SEM results showed that surface morphology with an abundance of granular particles were found with different size distribution. The UV visible results showed sufficient optical properties characterized by the spectrum, which formed because of the light absorption of the energy passed on the sample. The bandgap energy value of the sample obtained by the Tauc plot method was 4.38 eV, which indicates semiconductor properties.

title: Modified hummers method synthesis and structural characterisation of graphene oxide
abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesised using modified hummers method. X Ray Diffraction (XRD) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Raman Spectroscopy (RM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were utilised to acquire the structural properties of GO. Each spectroscopic technique reveals unique features about the surface morphology of graphene oxide. XRD confirmed the crystalline nanosheets stacking of a carbon honeycomb. SEM and TEM revealed wrinkles and folding of planar honeycomb layers. FTIR and RM indicated the presence of carbonyl, alkoxy, epoxy, and hydroxyl functional groups. AFM further confirmed the surface roughness and the thickness of the GO nanosheets.

title: Synthesis of Graphene Oxide (GO) by Modified Hummers Method and Its Thermal Reduction to Obtain Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)
abstract: Over the span of years, improvements over various synthesis methods of graphene are constantly pursued to provide safer and more effective alternatives. Though the extraction of graphene through Hummers method is one of the oldest techniques yet it is one of the most suitable methods for the formation of bulk graphene. Graphene can be obtained in the form of reduced Graphite oxide, sometimes also referred as Graphene oxide. The effectiveness of this oxidation process can be evaluated by the magnitude of carbon/oxygen ratio of the obtained graphene. Here, graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by oxidizing the purified natural flake graphite (NFG) by a modified Hummers method. The attempts have been made to synthesize GO having few layers by using a modified Hummers method where the amount of NaNO3 has been decreased, and the amount of KMnO4 is increased. The reaction has been performed in a 9:1 (by volume) mixture of H2SO4/H3PO4. This modification is successful in increasing the reaction yield and reducing the toxic gas evolution while using a varied proportion of KMnO4 and H2SO4 as those required by Hummers method. A new component of K2S2O8 has been introduced to the reaction system to maintain the pH value. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was thereafter extracted by thermal modification of GO. Here, GO has been used as a precursor for graphene synthesis by thermal reduction processes. The results of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy analysis show that the NFG when oxidized by strong oxidants like KMnO4 and NaNO3, introduced oxygen atoms into the graphite layers and formed bonds like C=O, C H, COOH and C O C with the carbon atoms in the graphite layers. The structure and morphology of both GO and rGO were analyzed using X ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR TEM) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

title: High Yield and Stepwise Synthesis of Graphene Oxide by Modified Hummers' Method
abstract: Graphene is a carbon based material that has attracted tremendous attention due to its eccentric chemical and physical properties. Additionally, graphene can be converted into graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) depending on its application. In this paper, a simple step by step synthetisation of GO using Modified Hummers' method is report. The synthetisation enables the production of large scale by increasing the KMnO4 ratio. The prepared GO was then characterised by FTIR spectra in order to confirm the functional groups of the prepared sample. UV Vis characterisation was done and the results supported the FTIR results, confirming the existence of oxygen functional groups. In addition, the prepared GO was characterised using XRD, FESEM, and RAMAN to investigate its interlayer distance, surface morphology, and structural information respectively.

title: Comprehensive Experimental Design on Synthesis of Graphene Oxide by Modified Hummers' Method
abstract: In this paper, the preparation of grapheme oxide by graphite powder by Hummers method, the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the material changed significantly, and it was concluded that the composition and structure of the material changed obviously during the processing. The above inferences were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) X ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD) Raman spectroscopy and X ray pohoto electron spectroscopy(XPS) An exploration was done on transferring scientific research projects to undergraduate comprehensive experimental teaching, which included the preparation and characterizations (e.g. morphology, structure and composition) of graphene oxide. By comparing the macrostructure, microstructure and compositional differences between graphite powder and graphene oxide, students are made aware of the important of material synthesis conditions and differences in nanomaterial dimensions. Using the comprehensive experimental platform to transform mature scientific research results into experimental teaching content, we can open up students' scientific research horizons, ideas, master new testing techniques, and effectively cultivate students' scientific research ability, analytical problems, and problem solving. To lay the foundation for future work or study.

title: Optical and structural study of synthesized graphene oxide by Snowden Meier and modified Hummers method
abstract: The use of nanoparticles in various fields, including medical, medicine, industry and the environment, has been widely developed. Amongly, graphene oxide as a 2D material has been widely used due to the high surface, low production cost, hydrophilicity, and etc. In this research, the synthesis of graphene oxide was carried out using Snowden Meier and modified Hummers method, and the characteristics were performed by FTIR, UV vis, and Raman spectroscopy and XRD pattern analysis. The results show that the quality of the synthesized graphene oxide by the modified Hummers method is more than the Snowden Meier method. 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