Query: IOT AND AGRICULTURE

title: IoT and agriculture data analysis for smart farm
abstract: In this paper, we propose developing a system optimally watering agricultural crops based on a wireless sensor network. This work aimed to design and develop a control system using node sensors in the crop field with data management via smartphone and a web application. The three components are hardware, web application, and mobile application. The first component was designed and implemented in control box hardware connected to collect data on the crops. Soil moisture sensors are used to monitor the field, connecting to the control box. The second component is a web based application that was designed and implemented to manipulate the details of crop data and field information. This component applied data mining to analyze the data for predicting suitable temperature, humidity, and soil moisture for optimal future management of crops growth. The final component is mainly used to control crop watering through a mobile application in a smartphone. This allows either automatic or manual control by the user. The automatic control uses data from soil moisture sensors for watering. However, the user can opt for manual control of watering the crops in the functional control mode. The system can send notifications through LINE API for the LINE application. The system was implemented and tested in Makhamtia District, Suratthani Province, Thailand. The results showed the implementation to be useful in agriculture. The moisture content of the soil was maintained appropriately for vegetable growth, reducing costs and increasing agricultural productivity. Moreover, this work represents driving agriculture through digital innovation.

title: Evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) and its significant impact in the field of Precision Agriculture
abstract: During recent years, one of the most familiar name scaling new heights and creating a benchmark is Internet of Things (IoT) It is indeed the future of communication that has transformed Things (Objects) of the real world into smarter devices. The functional aspect of IoT is to unite every object of the world in such a manner that humans have the ability to control them via Internet. Furthermore, these objects also provide regular as well as timely updates on their current status to its end user. Although IoT concepts were proposed a couple of years ago, it may not be incorrect to quote that this term has become a benchmark for establishing communication among objects. In context to the present standings of IoT, identification of the most prominent applications in the field of IoT have been highlighted and a comprehensive review has been done specifically in the field of Precision Agriculture. This article evaluates contributions made by various researchers and academicians over the past few years. Furthermore, existing challenges faced while performing agricultural activities have been highlighted along with future research directions to equip novel researchers of this domain to assess the current standings of IoT and to further improve upon them with more inspiring and innovative ideas.

title: Improving weather dependent zone specific irrigation control scheme in IoT and big data enabled self driven precision agriculture mechanism
abstract: Precision agriculture involves manipulation of variations in field productivity, maximization of income, scale backing of wastes, and minimizing of the impact on surroundings using automated machine controlled information assortment and documentation. This work focuses on the efficient control of farm irrigation by exploiting the capabilities of Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data based Decision Support System (DSS) to generate adequate valve control commands. Three varieties of prediction techniques such as Deep Neural Network (DNN) Random Forest (RF) and Resilient Back Propagation Neural Network model are tested to predict soil Moisture Content (MC) in one hour advance by considering 6 numbers of different sensors. The real time data collection is performed using the proposed IoT node deployment strategy tested in the field. An integrated IoT based DSS framework is proposed to accumulate 17 numbers of soil and environmental parameters to predict future variation of soil MC in 1 h advance. Further, Structural Similarity (SSIM) Index is used to visualize and maintain uniform MC all over the agriculture area during the entire cropping period. Site and zone specific irrigation control scheme is tested in the test site using fuzzy logic based weather dependent model. The complete system architecture, deployment strategy and performance of the proposed IoT based DSS mechanism is discussed in this article.

title: IoT Based Smart Irrigation Systems: An Overview on the Recent Trends on Sensors and IoT Systems for Irrigation in Precision Agriculture
abstract: Water management is paramount in countries with water scarcity. This also affects agriculture, as a large amount of water is dedicated to that use. The possible consequences of global warming lead to the consideration of creating water adaptation measures to ensure the availability of water for food production and consumption. Thus, studies aimed at saving water usage in the irrigation process have increased over the years. Typical commercial sensors for agriculture irrigation systems are very expensive, making it impossible for smaller farmers to implement this type of system. However, manufacturers are currently offering low cost sensors that can be connected to nodes to implement affordable systems for irrigation management and agriculture monitoring. Due to the recent advances in IoT and WSN technologies that can be applied in the development of these systems, we present a survey aimed at summarizing the current state of the art regarding smart irrigation systems. We determine the parameters that are monitored in irrigation systems regarding water quantity and quality, soil characteristics and weather conditions. We provide an overview of the most utilized nodes and wireless technologies. Lastly, we will discuss the challenges and the best practices for the implementation of sensor based irrigation systems.

title: Security and Privacy for Green IoT Based Agriculture: Review, Blockchain Solutions, and Challenges
abstract: This paper presents research challenges on security and privacy issues in the field of green IoT based agriculture. We start by describing a four tier green IoT based agriculture architecture and summarizing the existing surveys that deal with smart agriculture. Then, we provide a classification of threat models against green IoT based agriculture into five categories, including, attacks against privacy, authentication, confidentiality, availability, and integrity properties. Moreover, we provide a taxonomy and a side by side comparison of the state of the art methods toward secure and privacy preserving technologies for IoT applications and how they will be adapted for green IoT based agriculture. In addition, we analyze the privacy oriented blockchain based solutions as well as consensus algorithms for IoT applications and how they will be adapted for green IoT based agriculture. Based on the current survey, we highlight open research challenges and discuss possible future research directions in the security and privacy of green IoT based agriculture.

title: An Overview of Internet of Things (IoT) and Data Analytics in Agriculture: Benefits and Challenges
abstract: The surge in global population is compelling a shift toward smart agriculture practices. This coupled with the diminishing natural resources, limited availability of arable land, increase in unpredictable weather conditions makes food security a major concern for most countries. As a result, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics (DA) are employed to enhance the operational efficiency and productivity in the agriculture sector. There is a paradigm shift from use of wireless sensor network (WSN) as a major driver of smart agriculture to the use of IoT and DA. The IoT integrates several existing technologies, such as WSN, radio frequency identification, cloud computing, middleware systems, and end user applications. In this paper, several benefits and challenges of IoT have been identified. We present the IoT ecosystem and how the combination of IoT and DA is enabling smart agriculture. Furthermore, we provide future trends and opportunities which are categorized into technological innovations, application scenarios, business, and marketability.

title: Smart Sustainable Agriculture (SSA) Solution Underpinned by Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have been employed in agriculture over a long period of time, alongside other advanced computing technologies. However, increased attention is currently being paid to the use of such smart technologies. Agriculture has provided an important source of food for human beings over many thousands of years, including the development of appropriate farming methods for different types of crops. The emergence of new advanced IoT technologies has the potential to monitor the agricultural environment to ensure high quality products. However, there remains a lack of research and development in relation to Smart Sustainable Agriculture (SSA) accompanied by complex obstacles arising from the fragmentation of agricultural processes, i.e. the control and operation of IoT/AI machines; data sharing and management; interoperability; and large amounts of data analysis and storage. This study firstly, explores existing IoT/AI technologies adopted for SSA and secondly, identifies IoT/AI technical architecture capable of underpinning the development of SSA platforms. As well as contributing to the current body of knowledge, this research reviews research and development within SSA and provides an IoT/AI architecture to establish a Smart, Sustainable Agriculture platform as a solution.

title: Role of IoT Technology in Agriculture: A Systematic Literature Review
abstract: The growing demand for food in terms of quality and quantity has increased the need for industrialization and intensification in the agriculture field. Internet of Things (IoT) is a highly promising technology that is offering many innovative solutions to modernize the agriculture sector. Research institutions and scientific groups are continuously working to deliver solutions and products using IoT to address different domains of agriculture. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) by conducting a survey of IoT technologies and their current utilization in different application domains of the agriculture sector. The underlying SLR has been compiled by reviewing research articles published in well reputed venues between 2006 and 2019. A total of 67 papers were carefully selected through a systematic process and classified accordingly. The primary objective of this systematic study is the collection of all relevant research on IoT agricultural applications, sensors/devices, communication protocols, and network types. Furthermore, it also discusses the main issues and challenges that are being investigated in the field of agriculture. Moreover, an IoT agriculture framework has been presented that contextualizes the representation of a wide range of current solutions in the field of agriculture. Similarly, country policies for IoT based agriculture have also been presented. Lastly, open issues and challenges have been presented to provide the researchers promising future directions in the domain of IoT agriculture.

title: An Energy Efficient and Secure IoT Based WSN Framework: An Application to Smart Agriculture
abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have demonstrated research and developmental interests in numerous fields, like communication, agriculture, industry, smart health, monitoring, and surveillance. In the area of agriculture production, IoT based WSN has been used to observe the yields condition and automate agriculture precision using various sensors. These sensors are deployed in the agricultural environment to improve production yields through intelligent farming decisions and obtain information regarding crops, plants, temperature measurement, humidity, and irrigation systems. However, sensors have limited resources concerning processing, energy, transmitting, and memory capabilities that can negatively impact agriculture production. Besides efficiency, the protection and security of these IoT based agricultural sensors are also important from malicious adversaries. In this article, we proposed an IoT based WSN framework as an application to smart agriculture comprising different design levels. Firstly, agricultural sensors capture relevant data and determine a set of cluster heads based on multi criteria decision function. Additionally, the strength of the signals on the transmission links is measured while using signal to noise ratio (SNR) to achieve consistent and efficient data transmissions. Secondly, security is provided for data transmission from agricultural sensors towards base stations (BS) while using the recurrence of the linear congruential generator. The simulated results proved that the proposed framework significantly enhanced the communication performance as an average of 13.5% in the network throughput, 38.5% in the packets drop ratio, 13.5% in the network latency, 16% in the energy consumption, and 26% in the routing overheads for smart agriculture, as compared to other solutions.

title: An automated low cost IoT based Fertilizer Intimation System for smart agriculture
abstract: This paper presents an Internet of Things (IoT) based system by designing a novel Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium (NPK) sensor with Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and Light Emitting Diodes (LED) The principle of colorimetric is used to monitor and analyze the nutrients present in the soil. The data sensed by the designed NPK sensor from the selected agricultural fields are sent to Google cloud database to support fast retrieval of data. The concept of fuzzy logic is applied to detect the deficiency of nutrients from the sensed data. The crisp value of each sensed data is discriminated into five fuzzy values namely very low, low, medium, high and very high during fuzzification. A set of If then rules are framed based on individual chemical solutions of Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) Mamdani inference procedure is used to derive the conclusion about the deficiency of N, P and K available in soil chosen for testing and accordingly an alert message is sent to the farmer about the quantity of fertilizer to be used at regular intervals. The proposed hardware prototype and the software embedded in the microcontroller are developed in Raspberry pi 3 using Python. The developed model is tested in three different soil samples like red soil, mountain soil and desert soil. It is observed that the developed system results in linear variation with respect to the concentration of the soil solution. A sensor network scenario is created using Qualnet simulator to analyze the performance of designed NPK sensor in terms of throughput, end to end delay and jitter. From the different variety of experiments conducted, it is noticed that the developed IoT system is found to be helpful to the farmers for high yielding of crops.