Query: Biological control of pest in vegetables

title: Conservation Biological Control in Organic Greenhouse Vegetables
abstract: Organic vegetable production plays an important role in improving farmers' income and peoples' quality of life. The ban of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers in organic farming represents a challenge to secure yields and meet high cosmetic standards that require great care in pest and disease management for greenhouse vegetables. Conservation biological control (CBC) in the greenhouse environment is a promising alternative both to pesticide use and to classical biological control from an environmental and economic perspective. The present chapter reviews certain approaches that aim at improving plant habitat management in and surrounding greenhouses to attract and/or support beneficial predaceous natural enemies that suppress pests on vegetables. First, the main insect pest species occurring on vegetables (especially in the context of China) are recalled. Second, strategies based on plant support systems directly targeting pests (i.e. trap plants) or indirectly by benefiting natural enemies (i.e. banker plants) are reviewed. Third, the potential benefits of managing habitats outside greenhouses to enhance CBC inside them are discussed. It is expected that the review will be especially important to develop CBC strategies in organic vegetable systems further.

title: Biological control in pest management in Turkey: Comparison of the attributes of participant and non participant greenhouse farmers in government subsidized biological control practices
abstract: The adoption of biological control methods is increasing in crop production due to concerns and awareness of consumers about food safety and pesticide residue conundrum. Biological control methods are a key component in pest management practices as they minimize the usage of pesticides, hence create less environmental and health problems. Biological control practices have been supported in Turkey since the year 2010 to ensure economical greenhouse production and to reduce the consumption of pesticides for sustainable agricultural production. This solved the pesticide residue conundrum in fresh fruits and vegetables both domestically consumed and exported. The main objective of this study was to compare the attributes of the participant and non participant farmers in government subsidized biological control practices for pest management in greenhouse pepper cultivation. The data used in this study were collected from 84 greenhouse growers by using a face to face interview in Kas district, Antalya province, in the Mediterranean coastal region of Turkey. The results show a statistically highly significant (p<0.05) relationship between the government subsidized biological control implemented farms and non implemented farms with respect to age of farmers, educational level, retirement status of farmers, number of workers, use of agricultural credit, greenhouse working experience, pepper yield, type of greenhouse covering, type of greenhouse ventilation, crop production system, internet usage, farmers association membership, and so on. The results also show that farmers believe biological control practices improve crop quality and yield as well as improve the environment and human health. The agricultural extension agencies and government subsidy policy played an important role in motivating farmers to intensify biological control practices on their farms.  biological control, greenhouse production, government policy, pest management, sustainability, sweet pepper, Turkey Data of the article First received: 29 November 2018 Last revision received: 05 September 2019Accepted: 07 September 2019  (2015) Perceptions of the beneficial and harmful effects of pesticides among Iranian rice growers influence the adoption of biological control.  124 131 Ahangama D, Gilstrap FE (2007) Constraints to the implementation of biological control in Sri Lanka, Biocontrol Sci Techn, 17 (8) 773 795 Bale JS, Van Lenteren JC, Bigler F (2008) Biological control and sustainable food production. Philos Trans R Soc London [Biol] 363 (1492) 761 776. Ciccarese, L. Silli, V. (2016) The role of organic farming for food security: local nexus with a global view.  (2013) In order to evaluate controls of pesticides in food of plant origin intended for export to the European union. European Commission, Health and Consumers Directorate General. Final Report af an Audit, Carried out in, Turkey. DG(SANCO) 2013 6684 MR FINAL Erkilic L, Demirbas H (2007) Biological control of citrus insect pests in Turkey. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources. (Abbreviation unknown) 2 (056) 1 6 https:/pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c232/87abf066548b7134f7a0fbc0c7ffc625c79c.pdf FAO (2017) Good Agricultural Practices for greenhouse vegetable production in the South East European countries, Principles for sustainable intensification of smallholder farms, FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, Rome, 2017n.230. ISSN 2070 2515. http:/www.fao.org/3/a i6787e.pdf Isin S, Yildirim I, (2007) Fruit growers' perceptions on the harmful effects of pesticides and their reflection on practices: the case of Kemalpasa, Turkey. Crop Prot. 26, 917 922https:/www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261219406002250 Koseoglu M, Yamak R (2008) Uygulamali Istatistik. Celepler Matbaacilik, 3. Baski. Trabzon. Pretty,  (2015) Integrated Pest Management for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in Asia and Africa. Insects (6) 152 182. doi:10.3390/insects6010152 Sharma A, Diwevidi VD, Singh S, Pawar KK, Jerman M, Singh LB, Singh S, Srivastawa D (2013) Biological Control and its Important in Agriculture. IJBB, 4 (3) 175 180 https:/www.ripublication.com/ijbbr_spl/ijbbrv4n3spl_03.pdf TOJ (2017) Bitkisel Uretimde Biyolojik ve/veya Biyoteknik Mucadele Destekleme Odemesi Uygulama Tebligi" in 2017. Turkish Official Journal (TOJ, Publication date: 17.09.2017, number: 30183, Ankara, 2017.  Topakci N, Kececi M (2017) The development of greenhouse biological control application in Turkey: From research to practice the example of Antalya.  (2017) Turkish Statistical Institute, Crop Production Statistics. https:/biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr Yamane T (2001) Basic Sampling Methods.  Translators, Esin, A. M.A. Bakir, C. Aydin and E. Gurbuzsel (Eds. Literatur Publishing,

title: Rearing Trissolcus japonicus and Trissolcus mitsukurii for Biological Control of Halyomorpha halys
abstract: Simple Summary Halyomorpha halys is a severe agricultural pest of Asian origin, which threatens cultivation of vegetables and fruits worldwide. Classical biological control is foreseen as the most effective approach to reduce populations of H. halys. The egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus is the most important candidate biological control agent. Adventive populations of T. japonicus are already present in limited distributions in North America and in Europe. Trissolcus mitsukurii is a second Asian species that attacks H. halys and has been found in Northern Italy. Efficient laboratory rearing procedures of these biological control agents are needed for release programs to help control the pest. We present data that will help to optimize progeny production with minimal effort.  Halyomorpha halys is a severe agricultural pest of Asian origin that has invaded many countries throughout the world. Pesticides are currently the favored control methods, but as a consequence of their frequent use, often disrupt Integrated Pest Management. Biological control with egg parasitoids is seen as the most promising control method over the long term. Knowledge of the reproductive biology under laboratory conditions of the most effective candidates (Trissolcus japonicus and Trissolcus mitsukurii) for optimizing production for field releases is strongly needed. Rearing of these egg parasitoids was tested by offering three different host supply regimes using new emerged females and aged, host deprived females in different combinations. Results showed a mean progeny per female ranging from 80 to 85 specimens for T. japonicus and from 63 to 83 for T. mitsukurii. Sex ratios were strongly female biased in all combinations and emergence rates exceeded 94% overall. Cumulative curves showed that longer parasitization periods beyond 10 14 days (under the adopted rearing regimes) will not lead to a significantly increase in progeny production. However, ageing females accumulate eggs in their ovaries that can be quickly laid if a sufficient number of host eggs are supplied, thus optimizing host resources. Our data showed that offering H. halys egg masses to host deprived female Trissolcus once a week for three weeks allowed its eggs to accumulate in the ovary, providing the greatest number of offspring within a three week span.

title: A Review of the Biology and Control of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with Special Reference to Biological Control Using Entomopathogenic Fungi
abstract: Simple Summary The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is considered one of the most destructive insect pests of vegetables and ornamental crops globally. Synthetic chemical pesticides are mainly used to control B. tabaci, however, their extensive usage has led to a series of detrimental concerns to human health and environmental contamination. It is therefore of significant interest to develop a safer and eco friendly alternative for controlling B. tabaci. Here, we review the use of entomopathogenic fungi as a proven, biologically sustainable method to effectively control B. tabaci. The development of entomopathogenic fungi in an integrated pest management strategy against B. tabaci can reduce our reliance on chemical pesticides, and help us to secure food safety while preserving nature.  Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) consists of genetically diverse species known to cause significant destruction in several crops around the world. Nymphs and adults of B. tabaci cause damage to plants during feeding, and they can act as a virus vector, thus causing significant yield loss to crops in the tropical and subtropical regions. Chemical pesticides are widely used to control B. tabaci due to their immediate action, but this approach has several drawbacks including food safety issues, insecticide resistance, environmental pollution, and the effect on non target organisms. A biological control agent using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) has therefore been developed as an alternative against the conventional use of chemical pesticides in an integrated pest management (IPM) system to effectively control B. tabaci. It is apparent from this review that species of hyphomycetes fungi are the most common EPF used to effectively control B. tabaci, with the second instar being the most susceptible stage of infection. Therefore, this review article focuses specifically on the control of B. tabaci with special emphasis on the use of EPF as biological control agents and their integration in IPM.

title: Synopsis of Cotesia species, biological agents for pest control on vegetables in Vietnam, with description of one new species
abstract: The biology of four allied species of the genus Cotesia Cameron is reviewed. All these species were reared from larvae of pest insects mainly belonging to the families Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Pieridae and Plutellidae. They are larval endoparasitoids and considered as important agents for biological control of pest insects infesting different vegetable crops in Vietnam, such as cabbage, kohlrabi, small colza, cauliflower, peanut, soybeans, and various other legumes. Of those four species, Cotesia clethrogynae Long sp. n. is described as new and illustrated; the biology and distribution of the other three allied species are given, they are illustrated and compared, and a key to four species is provided.This paper resulted from the identification of a new species of Cotesia reared from limantrid larvae of Clethrogynae turbata Butler and the necessity to compare related species. The host is an important pest infestant on soybean, different beans, peas and peanut in Vietnam.

title: Investigations of the biology of the pest aphid Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and of biological control agents for control of multi species aphid outbreaks in greenhouse floriculture crops
abstract: Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (known as foxglove aphid or glasshouse potato aphid) is a pest of increasing economic importance in several agricultural crops worldwide, including greenhouse vegetables and ornamentals. Developmental rates and age specific life tables for a North American population of A. solani on pansy (Viola x wittrockiana) (Gams. were determined at 6 constant temperatures, and comparisons were made to previous studies of A. solani from differing geographic regions and host crops. On pansy, A. solani developed fastest at 25 o C, passing through the four nymphal instars in an average of 6.9 d. The highest intrinsic rates of population increase (0.239 and 0.248) and shortest population doubling times (2.90 and 2.80 days) were recorded at 20 and 25 o C, respectively. Average total fecundity remained high from 10 20 o C (74 68 nymphs/adult) a significant decrease to 39 1 Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA 14853 2   Tel: 607 255 9321 3 USDA ARS Robert W. Holly Center for Agriculture and Health, Tower Road, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA, 14853

title: Parameters of the development of biological pest control in vegetables in greenhouses in the Vier und Marschlande region near Hamburg.

title: Fungal Endophytes: A Source for Biological Control Agents
abstract: Endophytic fungi are efficient biocontrol agents and offer protection to the agricultural cash crops from pest or pathogenic fungi related damage. Fungal endophyte produces a plethora of bioactive secondary metabolites with antifungal, anti larval, insecticidal, nematicidal property and opens up new scope of myco fumigation through volatile organic compounds to control storage pathogens, reduce post harvest infections and increase shelf life or facilitate safe transportation of fruits and vegetables. It is a secure way of disease control approach and a new addition to the integrated pest management system ensuring sustainable development. This chapter summarizes the bioprospecting of several potent endophytes Muscodor albus, M. vitigenus, M. roseus, M. fengyangensis, Phyllosticta capitalensis, P. paracapitalensis, Trichoderma sp. Talaromyces flavus, Acremonium sp. Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Hypoxylon investiens, Curvularia sp. Phoma sp. Penicillium sp. Nigrospora sphaerica as bio control agents against Meloidogyne incognita, Radopholus similis, Spodoptera littoralis, Planococcus ficus, Phthorimaea operculella, etc. reducing tan spot, vascular streak, rice blast and Fusarium head blight disease, GER (Gibberella ear rot) codling and European pepper moth populations, root rot of pepper, Verticillium wilt and Ginseng pathogens, etc.

title: Entompathogenic Nematodes in Cuba: From Laboratories to Popular Biological Control Agents for Pest Management in a Developing Country
abstract: The use of biological control of agrarian pest in Cuba is a practice that has accompanied the farmers for more than seven decades, since the first works developed late in 1920s decade and early in 1930. The Cuban agriculture currently experiences two extreme food production models: an intensive model with high inputs: (1) used in state farms (enterprises) and (2) began at the onset of the so called special period (during the economically critical years of the 1990s) oriented towards an agro ecology and based on low inputs (Altieri Funes Monzote, 2012) the latter are mainly used by small farmers in countryside or in urban and peri urban agriculture systems. The small farmers produce more than 80 of the food in Cuba, and most of them use biological control agents for pest management, bringing to the consumers a healthy offer of vegetables, fruits, grains, and tubers. In this frame, the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) maybe are one of biological control agents more recently generalized in Cuba with nearly 20 years of intensive use. They were initially applied in the Citrus crop and more recently have been extended to other crops. This chapter attempts to offer a brief view of research results and use of these organisms in Cuba, and the challenges for research workers, farmers and stakeholders related to the agriculture sector.

title: Biological pest management by predators and parasitoids in the greenhouse vegetables in China
abstract: China has the highest greenhouse based production in the world. In 2010, the area of greenhouses devoted to vegetable production was estimated at 4.7 million ha. With the increasing costs of pest control, expanding pesticide resistance and the growing consumer concern regarding pesticide residues in fresh vegetables, a strong demand for applying non chemical control methods is emerging in China. Biological control in the greenhouse environment is a viable alternative to pesticide use from both environmental and economic perspectives. Although we have only 17 cases of fully documented, successful biological control operations from China, involving 8 crops, 8 pest species and 14 species of natural enemies, the use of the biological control agents is much more widespread. There are 7 commercial companies and facilities producing 21 species of natural enemies, and most of them are available country wide. Several of these employ a rearing system using artificial diets, and many now move to an integrated production system, including the mass production of the biocontrol agents, quality control, methods of long distance transportation, release recommendations, and user feedback. While initially these systems relied on introduced natural enemies, they increasingly develop modified systems using native natural enemies. The increasing demand for pesticide free, high quality vegetable produce year round and the existing certification schemes make it very likely that the use of biocontrol agents will continue to increase in China.