Query: vidhani berman

title: Optimal phase conflict removal for layout of dark field alternating phase shifting masks
abstract: We describe new, efficient algorithms for layout modification and phase assignment for dark field alternating type phase shifting masks in the single exposure regime. We make the following contributions. First, we suggest new two coloring and compaction approach that simultaneously optimizes layout and phase assignment which is based on planar embedding of an associated conflict graph. We also describe additional approaches to cooptimization of layout and phase assignment for alternating PSM. Second, we give optimal and fast algorithms to minimize the number of phase conflicts that must be removed to ensure two colorability of the conflict graph. We reduce this problem to the join problem which asks for a minimum weight edge set such that a node is incident to an odd number of edges of if belongs to a given node subset of a weighted graph. Third, we suggest several practical algorithms for the join problem. In sparse graphs, our algorithms are faster than previously known methods. Computational experience with industrial VLSI layout benchmarks shows the advantages of the new algorithms.

title: Optimal phase conflict removal for layout of dark field alternatingphase shifting masks
abstract: We describe new, efficient algorithms for layout modification and phase assignment for dark field alternating type phase shifting masks in the single exposure regime. We make the following contributions. First, we suggest new two coloring and compaction approach that simultaneously optimizes layout and phase assignment which is based on planar embedding of an associated conflict graph. We also describe additional approaches to cooptimization of layout and phase assignment for alternating PSM. Second, we give optimal and fast algorithms to minimize the number of phase conflicts that must be removed to ensure two colorability of the conflict graph. We reduce this problem to the T join problem which asks for a minimum weight edge set A such that a node u is incident to an odd number of edges of A if u belongs to a given node subset T of a weighted graph. Third, we suggest several practical algorithms for the T join problem. In sparse graphs, our algorithms are faster than previously known methods. Computational experience with industrial VLSI layout benchmarks shows the advantages of the new algorithms.

title: The T join Problem in Sparse Graphs: Applications to Phase Assignment Problem in VLSI Mask Layout
abstract: Given a graph G with weighted edges, and a subset of nodes T, the T join problem asks for a minimum weight edge set A such that a node u is incident to an odd number of edges of A iff u E T. We describe the applications of the T join problem in sparse graphs to the phase assignment problem in VLSI mask layout and to conformal refinement of finite element meshes. We suggest a practical algorithm for the T join problem. In sparse graphs, this algorithm is faster than previously known methods. Computational experience with industrial VLSI layout benchmarks shows the advantages of the new algorithm.

title: Drug resistance and tolerance in fungi
abstract: Systemic fungal infections pose a serious clinical problem. Treatment options are limited, and antifungal drug resistance is increasing. In addition, a substantial proportion of patients do not respond to therapy despite being infected with fungi that are susceptible to the drug. The discordance between overall treatment outcome and low levels of clinical resistance may be attributable to antifungal drug tolerance. In this Review, we define and distinguish resistance and tolerance and discuss the current understanding of the molecular, genetic and physiological mechanisms that contribute to those phenomena. Distinguishing tolerance from resistance might provide important insights into the reasons for treatment failure in some settings. In this Review, Berman and Krysan define and distinguish resistance and tolerance, and discuss the current understanding of the molecular, genetic and physiological mechanisms that contribute to those phenomena. Distinguishing tolerance from resistance might provide important insights into the reasons for treatment failure in some settings.

title: WEIGHTED PLURIPOTENTIAL THEORY RESULTS OF BERMAN BOUCKSOM
abstract: The main goal of these notes, compiled in 2008 2009, is to present a more or less self contained discussion of some of the recent results and techniques of R. Berman and S. Boucksom in the setting of weighted pluripotential theory. We include some background results on pluripotential theory and weighted pluripotential theory, although many items are stated without proof (references are provided) Although slightly dated and certainly not error free, we hope someone finds them helpful.

title: An alternative proof of the Barker, Berman, Plemmons (BBP) result on diagonal stability and extensions Corrected Version
abstract: The original version of this paper appeared in Linear Algebra and its Applications, volume 430, pp.34 40, 2009. Here we correct a slight gap in the statement and proof of Lemma 3.1 in that paper. We revisit the theorem of Barker, Berman and Plemmons on the existence of a diagonal quadratic Lyapunov function for a stable linear time invariant (LTI) dynamical system  We use recently derived results to provide an alternative proof of this result and to derive extensions.

title: Changes in U.S. air pollution during the COVID 19 pandemic
abstract: The COVID 19 global pandemic has likely affected air quality due to extreme changes in human behavior. We assessed air quality during the COVID 19 pandemic for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the continental United States from January 8th April 21st in 2017 2020. We considered pollution during the COVID 19 period (March 13 April 21st) and the pre COVID 19 period (January 8th March 12th) with 2020 representing 'current' data and 2017 2019 representing 'historical' data. County level pollution concentrations were compared between historical versus current periods, and counties were stratified by institution of early or late non essential business closures. Statistically significant NO2 declines were observed during the current COVID 19 period compared to historical data: a 25.5% reduction with absolute decrease of 4.8 ppb. PM2.5 also showed decreases during the COVID 19 period, and the reduction is statistically significant in urban counties and counties from states instituting early non essential business closures. Understanding how air pollution is affected during COVID 19 pandemic will provide important clues regarding health effects and control of emissions. Further investigation is warranted to link this finding with health implications.

title: The Protein Data Bank
abstract: The Protein Data Bank [PDB; Berman, Westbrook et al. (2000)  242; http:/www.pdb.org/ is the single worldwide archive of primary structural data of biological macromolecules. Many secondary sources of information are derived from PDB data. It is the starting point for studies in structural bioinformatics. This article describes the goals of the PDB, the systems in place for data deposition and access, how to obtain further information and plans for the future development of the resource. The reader should come away with an understanding of the scope of the PDB and what is provided by the resource.

title: All that is solid melts into air the experience of modernity
abstract: "A bubbling caldron of ideas Enlightening and valuable." Mervyn Jones, New Statesman. The political and social revolutions of the nineteenth century, the pivotal writings of Goethe, Marx, Dostoevsky, and others, and the creation of new environments to replace the oldall have thrust us into a modern world of contradictions and ambiguities. In this fascinating book, Marshall Berman examines the clash of classes, histories, and cultures, and ponders our prospects for coming to terms with the relationship between a liberating social and philosophical idealism and a complex, bureaucratic materialism.From a reinterpretation of Karl Marx to an incisive consideration of the impact of Robert Moses on modern urban living, Berman charts the progress of the twentieth century experience. He concludes that adaptation to continual flux "is" possible and that therein lies our hope for achieving a truly modern society."

title: 3 D printing: The new industrial revolution
abstract: This article examines the characteristics and applications of 3 D printing and compares it with mass customization and other manufacturing processes. 3 D printing enables small quantities of customized goods to be produced at relatively low costs. While currently used primarily to manufacture prototypes and mockups, a number of promising applications exist in the production of replacement parts, dental crowns, and artificial limbs, as well as in bridge manufacturing. 3 D printing has been compared to such disruptive technologies as digital books and music downloads that enable consumers to order their selections online, allow firms to profitably serve small market segments, and enable companies to operate with little or no unsold finished goods inventory. Some experts have also argued that 3 D printing will significantly reduce the advantages of producing small lot sizes in low wage countries via reduced need for factory workers.