Query: neuroscience soccer goalkeeper

title: Area per player in small sided games to replicate the external load and estimated physiological match demands in elite soccer players
abstract: The current study determined the area per player during small or large sided games with or without goalkeeper that replicates the relative (m*min 1) total distance, high intensity running distance, sprint distance and metabolic power covered during official matches. Time motion analysis was performed on twenty five elite soccer players during 26 home matches. A total of 2565 individual samples for SSGs using different pitch sizes and different number of players were collected and classified as SSGs with (SSG G) or without goalkeeper (SSG P) A between position comparison was also performed. The area per player needed to replicate the official match demands was largely greater in SSG G vs SSG P for total distance [187+ 53 vs 115+ 35 m2, effect size (ES) 1.60 95%CI 0.94/2.21] high intensity running distance [262+ 72 vs 166+ 39 m2, ES: 1.66(0.99/2.27) and metabolic power [177+ 42 vs 94+ 40, ES: 1.99(1.31/2.67) but similar for sprint distance (316+ 75 vs 295+ 99 m2, ES: 0.24( 0.32/0.79) with direction of larger area per player for sprint distance high intensity running total distance metabolic power for both SSG G and SSG P. In SSG G, forwards required greater area per player than central defenders [ES: 2.96(1.07/4.35) wide midfielders [ES: 2.45(0.64/3.78) and wide defenders [ES: 3.45(1.13/4.99) Central midfielders required greater area per player than central defenders [ES: 1.69(0.20/2.90) and wide midfielders [ES: 1.35( 0.13/2.57) In SSG P, central defenders need smaller area per player (ES: 6.01/ 0.92) to overall replicate the match demands compared to all other positions. The current results highlight that soccer players need a specific area per player during the small side games with or without goalkeeper to replicate the overall match demands, especially to perform high intensity running or sprint distance. Additionally, central defenders, central midfielders and forwards need to be trained with tailored area per player or specific rules/additional exercises.

title: The physical demands of professional soccer goalkeepers throughout a week long competitive microcycle and transiently throughout match play
abstract: The physical demands of English Premier League soccer goalkeepers were quantified during training and match play in a two part study. Goalkeeper specific micromechanical electrical systems (MEMS) devices, profiled training and match day activities throughout one competitive week (n=8; part A) Changes in MEMS derived outputs were also profiled throughout match play (100 matches; n=8, 18+ 14 observations per goalkeeper; part B) In part A, goalkeeping training elicited the most dives (51+ 11) versus all activities (all p<=0.030) except shooting training (p=0.069) Small sided games elicited the fewest (5+ 3) dives (all p<=0.012) High speed distance covered in match (103+ 72 m) was similar to goalkeeping training (p=0.484) while exceeding shooting training, small sided games, pre match shooting, and pre match warm up (all p=0.012) Most changes of direction (34+ 12) and explosive efforts (70+ 18) occurred during goalkeeping training, with values exceeding match (both p=0.012) In part B, between half reductions in total distance, but increased high speed changes of direction and explosive efforts, occurred (both p<=0.05) Excluding the number of high jumps, all variables differed from 0 15 min during at least one match epoch, with more dives (1.3+ 1.4 vs 1.0+ 1.1) and explosive efforts (2.5+ 2.4 vs 2.0+ 1.8) performed between 75 90 min versus 0 15 min (all p<0.05) These data highlight the differing physical demands of various activities performed by professional soccer goalkeepers throughout a competitive week.

title: Interactions between soccer teams reveal both design and emergence: Cooperation, competition and Zipf Mandelbrot regularity
abstract: Considering soccer matches as complex systems facilitates the identification of properties that emerge from the interactions between players. Such properties include the regularities and statistical patterns that characterize couplings and sets between players established during matches. Empirical studies on the statistical distributions of number of items (e.g. words in texts) have shown that these distributions follow scaling properties according to empirical laws known as Zipf Mandelbrot. Here we investigate whether the (re)occurrence of pitch location of sets of players in a soccer match also obeys these empirical laws. Data collected from 10 soccer matches shows that, for most sets of players, this seems to be the case. Exceptions were found in particular types of sets, such as goalkeeper and goal, and left defender and right attacker from opposite teams. Rather than challenging the hypothesis that a Zipf Mandelbrot law defines this system, these exceptions may be explained by the players configuration design, which is a trait of human interaction within complex systems. This design expresses match strategy, before the team enters in such dynamical processes (the game)

title: The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical tactical and physical performance in elite soccer
abstract: The main purpose of the present study was to assess if the intervention of the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) had effects in the playing time and in the technical tactical and physical performances of the teams in the Spanish LaLiga during 2018 19 season. A total of 375 matches were grouped according the number of VAR interventions: none (VAR0) one (VAR1) and two or three (VAR2) The variables recorded were: total (TPT) and effective (EPT) playing time, passes, dribbles, crosses, shots, goals, corners, fouls, width, length, height, distance from the goalkeeper to their defence, and total (TD) and above 21 km/h distance covered. The results were: I) there was a slight increase in the TPT in VAR2 compared to VAR1 and VAR0 (99.1 vs. 96.0 vs. 95.1, respectively) II) there was a decrease in the EPT between VAR0 and VAR1 (52.5 vs. 51.5) III) there was an increase in the number of goals (1.2 vs. 1.5 vs. 1.7, in VAR0, VAR1 and VAR2) and, IV) there was a slight decrease in the TD (108,916 vs. 107,916 vs. 106,977, in VAR0, VAR1 and VAR2) In conclusion, the findings of the study suggest that the VAR hardly changes the game in elite soccer.

title: Assessment of Energy Expenditure of a Professional Goalkeeper From the English Premier League Using the Doubly Labeled Water Method.
abstract: To better understand the energy and carbohydrate (CHO) requirements of a professional goalkeeper (GK) in elite soccer, the authors quantified physical loading, energy expenditure (EE) and energy intake (EI) during a 2 games per week in season microcycle.  Daily training and match loads were assessed in a professional GK (age 26 y, height 191 cm, body mass 85.6 kg) from the English Premier League using global positioning systems (GPS) and ProZone(r) respectively. Assessments of EE (using the doubly labeled water method) and EI (using food diaries supported by the remote food photographic method and 24 h recalls) were also completed.  Physical loading was greater on match days than training days as inferred from total distance (4574 [432] vs 1959 [500] m) average speed (48  vs 40  m/min) and distance completed when jogging (993 [194] vs 645  and running (138 [16] vs 21 [20] m) Average daily energy and macronutrient intake appear reflective of a self selected "low CHO" diet (energy 3160 [381] kcal, CHO 2.6 [0.6] protein 2.4 [0.4] fat 1.9 [0.3] g/kg body mass) Mean daily EE was 2894 kcal.  The average daily EE of this professional GK was approximately 600 kcal/d lower than that previously reported in outfield players from the same team. Such data suggest that the nutritional requirements of a GK should be carefully considered depending on the required daily and weekly loading patterns.

title: Myositis Ossificans of the Adductor Longus in a Soccer Player.
abstract: A 20 year old male collegiate soccer goalkeeper presented to an athletic trainer during the season complaining of right (dominant kicking leg) groin pain. The athletic trainer identified a mass and hematoma and suspected myositis ossificans. The patient was referred to the team physician, who ordered radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other injuries. Imaging demonstrated an adductor longus muscle strain with myositis ossificans. .

title: Drops in physical performance during intermittent small sided and conditioned games in professional soccer players
abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify variations in external load measures between sets (3 x 4'/2' rest) of small sided and conditioned game formats (goalkeeper 5 vs. 5 goalkeeper with specific tactical demands)  Overall, 10 male professional soccer players (age: 28.1 3.8 years, experience: 7.9 2.9 years, height: 180.3 5.8 cm, weight: 76.5 6.3 kg) from a team competing in the first Portuguese league and in the UEFA Europa league participated in the study. Distance covered, high intensity running (HIr) maximal velocity (MV) high speed running (HSr) very high intensity running (VHIr) and player load (PL) were monitored by using global positioning system units.  Very large decreases in HIr 62.6, effect size [ES] 2.04) were found from set 1 to set 3. Large decreases in distance covered 12.8% ES: 1.28) and MV 19.4, ES: 1.95) were observed from the first to the third set. Large decreases in HSr 80.2% ES: 1.78) moderate decreases in PL 7.6% ES: 0.64) and large decreases in VHIr 83.0% ES: 1.88) were reported between the first and the third set.  The results of the present study indicate a significant drop in external load performance when comparing the first and the second sets with the third set.

title: An adaptive cooperation with reinforcement learning for robot soccer games
abstract: A strategy system with self improvement and self learning abilities for robot soccer system has been developed in this study. This work focuses on the cooperation strategy for the task assignment and develops an adaptive cooperation method for this system. This method was inspired by reinforcement learning (RL) and game theory. The developed system includes two subsystems: the task assignment system and the RL system. The task assignment system assigns one of the four roles, Attacker, Helper, Defender, and Goalkeeper, to each separate robot with the same physical and mechanical conditions to achieve cooperation. The assigned role to robots considers the situation in the game field. Each role has its own behaviors and tasks. The RL helps the Helper and Defender to improve the ability of their policy selection on the real time confrontation. The RL system can not only learn to figure up how Helper helps its teammates to form an attack or a defense type but also learn to stand a proper defensive strategy. Some experiments on FIRE simulator and standard platform have been demonstrated that the proposed method performs better than the competitors.

title: Effect of Zig Zag Training and Dribbling Variations Towards The Rabbit of Ball Dribbling on Football Soccer Players 9 Kerinci
abstract: The game of football is a sport that is very popular in the world in general, especially in Kerinci 9 High School. S epakbola is physical activity or physical training, consisting of running, jumping, jumping, kicking, stamping and catching the ball for the goalkeeper. The purpose of this study was to determine the Influence of exercise zig zag and variations of dribbling towards agility dribbling ball soccer player SMA Negeri 9 Kerinci. The research method used was an experimental method with a sample of 20 players from a portion of the total population of 20 players. Samples obtained by total sampling technique of this study begins with pre test and treatment ends with post test The instrument in this study was to use the dribbling ability test results of data analysis using the t test where the initial test obtained an average of 19.59 seconds and the final test averaged 17.83 seconds amounted to 3.084 when compared with 1.72913 with this already there is clearly an increase due to the initial test and the final test having different results. Thus the conclusion of this study is the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that zig zag training and dribbling variations have been proven to have a significant effect on the agility of dribbling balls in football players in Kerinci 9 High School.

title: An exploration of goal scoring strategies in an elite beach soccer tournament
abstract: Despite the increasing popularity of beach soccer, few studies have examined goal scoring strategies during match play. The aims of this study were to examine the different types of goals scored during an international tournament and determine what type of goals were associated with team performance.  Twelve national teams were analysed across 52 matches in all phases of the 2018 European Beach Soccer League tournament. Observational data collection was conducted through video analysis of all 422 goals scored throughout the tournament.  Chi square analyses revealed a significant difference in the type of goals scored x 2 (72) 102, p =0.01. Further, the amount of goals scored from a set play were significantly higher than all other goal scoring strategies (p 0.001) The amount of goals scored from goalkeeper line defence were significantly lower than all other goal scoring strategies (p 0.001) The percentage of goalkeeper line goals was significantly related to total tournament points [F(2, 10) 7.242, p 0.023, R 2 0.42]  These data indicate that teams employing the goalkeeper line strategy, where the goalkeeper plays outfield to serve as a numerical advantage, was associated with increases in scoring opportunities and team performance.