Query: practice basketball

title: Deliberate Practice, Functional Performance and Psychological Characteristics in Young Basketball Players: A Bayesian Multilevel Analysis
abstract: Early sport specialization has increased its popularity mostly based on the deliberate practice theory premises. In this study, we examined the influence of the age of onset of deliberate basketball practice on body size, functional performance (countermovement jump, line drill and yo yo intermittent recovery level 1) motivation for achievement and competitiveness, motivation for deliberate practice and sources of enjoyment among young Brazilian basketball players. In addition, we adjusted for the influence of gender, age group, maturity status and state basketball federation on the outcomes.  The sample included 120 female and 201 male adolescent basketball players aged 14.0 (1.7) years, on average. We grouped players by the age of onset of deliberate basketball practice as related to biologic maturation milestones (pre puberty deliberate practice onset, mid puberty deliberate practice onset and late puberty deliberate practice onset)  There was no substantial variation among contrasting players by the onset of deliberate practice in all of the outcomes. Adjusting for gender, male players with late puberty deliberate practice onset had better functional performance than players with pre and mid puberty onset of practice. Females players with late puberty deliberate practice onset had slightly worst functional performance than players with pre and mid puberty onset of practice.  Early deliberate basketball practice does not appear to provide an advantage for the development of physiological functions. Likewise, enjoyment, motivation for deliberate practice and motivation for achievement and competition do not appear to be negatively influenced by early deliberate basketball practice. The debate about the relationship between time spent in deliberate practice and performance development in young athletes will need to emphasize the coaching pedagogical quality and the training environment and account for informal practice and deliberate play.

title: Gaze Behavior in Basketball Free Throws Developed in Constant and Variable Practice
abstract: There are a limited number of studies focusing on the mechanisms explaining why variable practice gives an advantage in a novel situation and constant practice in performance in trained conditions. We hypothesized that this may be due to the different gaze behavior that is developed under different conditions. Twenty participants, randomly assigned to two different groups, practiced basketball free throws for three consecutive days, performing 100 throws per day. The constant group (n 10) practiced at a free throw distance (4.57 m) only. The variable practice group (n 10) randomly performed 20 shots per five throw distances (3.35, 3.96, 4.57, 5.18, and 5.79 m) on each day, also accumulating 100 shots per day. We analyzed the total gaze fixation duration, a number of fixations, and the average fixation duration on a basketball rim in a pretest and posttest at the 4.57 m distance. We computed a linear mixed model with test (pretest posttest) group (constant variable) and test x group interaction in order to analyze the total fixation duration and number of fixations. The average fixation duration was analyzed with a repeated measure two way ANOVA, with practice conditions as a between participants factor and test type as a within participants factor. We found that the total fixation duration increased significantly in the posttest, regardless of the practice conditions (p 0.001, effect size 0.504) The number of fixations also increased significantly in the posttest (p 0.037, effect size 0.246) The average fixation duration increased in both groups; however, insignificantly. We also did not find any significant differences between groups. Our results suggest that variable and constant practice conditions may lead to the development of similar gaze behavior.

title: Training load and match play demands in basketball based on competition level: A systematic review
abstract: Basketball is a court based team sport that requires a broad array of demands (physiological, mechanical, technical, tactical) in training and competition which makes it important for practitioners to understand the stress imposed on the basketball player during practice and match play. Therefore, the main aim of the present systematic review is to investigate the training and match play demands of basketball in elite, sub elite, and youth competition. A search of five electronic databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Cochrane) was conducted until December 20th, 2019. Articles were included if the study: (i) was published in English; (ii) contained internal or external load variables from basketball training and/or competition; and (iii) reported physiological or metabolic demands of competition or practice. Additionally, studies were classified according to the type of study participants into elite (20) sub elite (9) and youth (6) A total of 35 articles were included in the systematic review. Results indicate that higher level players seem to be more efficient while moving on court. When compared to sub elite and youth, elite players cover less distance at lower average velocities and with lower maximal and average heart rate during competition. However, elite level players have a greater bandwidth to express higher velocity movements. From the present systematic review, it seems that additional investigation on this topic is warranted before a "clear picture" can be drawn concerning the acceleration and deceleration demands of training and competition. It is necessary to accurately and systematically assess competition demands to provide appropriate training strategies that resemble match play.

title: The Basketball Pass: A Systematic Review
abstract: The aim of this study was to review and organise current literature about the basketball pass and find the main factors that influence its learning skills and performance. Thirty seven studies were included after the screening process. The documents were classified into main research topics. This review identified the following conclusions: (i) the assessment of passing performance should be made under uncertain and variable conditions to obtain information on players' responses to competitive scenarios, (ii) it is advisable to incorporate new and random activities to facilitate the transference of learning to the competition, (iii) it is recommended to include overwhelming factors during the practice to minimise the effect of pressure and choking, (iv) optimal physical conditioning is essential to maintain passing performance during a basketball game, (v) small sided games and changing environments stand as the best training situations to improve passing skills. Furthermore, limited information is available about biomechanical aspects and physical conditioning training programs to improve passing skills in basketball. Likewise, there is sparse data on passing skills development in children.

title: Acquisition of a Complex Basketball Dribbling Task in School Children as a Function of Bilateral Practice Order
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate order of practice effects for the acquisition of a complex basketball skill in a bilateral transfer paradigm. The task required participants to dribble as fast as possible in slalom like movements across six javelins and return to the initial position. Fifty two right handed school children (M age 11.7 years) practiced this skill in eight sessions over 4 weeks under one of two training schedules: (a) with the dominant hand, before changing to their nondominant hand (D ND group) or (b) with the nondominant hand, before changing to the dominant hand (ND D group) All tests were conducted with the right hand or the left hand only, and a transfer test was given with both hands alternating. The results of a retention test yielded significantly larger learning gains for the ND D group as compared to the D ND group. It is interesting that this performance advantage was independent of the respective hand tested. The same pattern of result was found in the transfer test, with significantly shorter movement times for the ND D group with both hands alternating. Such order of practice effects for the acquisition of complex skills can be explained with hemispheric brain asymmetries for the processing of specific task requirements.

title: Associations Between Two Athlete Monitoring Systems Used to Quantify External Training Loads in Basketball Players
abstract: Monitoring external training load (eTL) has become popular for team sport for managing fatigue, optimizing performance, and guiding return to play protocols. During indoor sports, eTL can be measured via inertial measurement units (IMU) or indoor positioning systems (IPS) Though each device provides unique information, the relationships between devices has not been examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the association of eTL between an IMU and IPS used to monitor eTL in team sport. Retrospective analyses were performed on 13 elite male National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I basketball players (age: 20.2 1.2 years, height: 201.1 7.6 cm, mass: 96.8 8.8 kg) from three practices during the off season training phase. A one way analysis of variance was used to test differences in eTL across practices. Pearson's correlation examined the association between the Distance traveled during practice captured by IPS compared to PlayerLoad (PL) PlayerLoad per Minute (PL/Min) 2 Dimensional PlayerLoad (PL2D) 1 Dimensional PlayerLoad Forward (PL1D FWD) Side (PL1D SIDE) and Up (PL1D UP) captured from the IMU. Regression analyses were performed to predict PL from Distance traveled. The eTL characteristics during Practice 1: PL 420.4 102.9, PL/min 5.8 1.4, Distance 1645.9 377.0 m; Practice 2: PL 472.8 109.5, PL/min 5.1 1.2, Distance 1940.0 436.3 m; Practice 3: PL 295.1 57.8, PL/min 5.3 1.0, Distance 1198.2 219.2 m. Significant (p 0.05) differences were observed in PL, PL2D, PL1D FWD, PL1D SIDE, PL1D UP, and Distance across practices. Significant correlations (p 0.001) existed between Distance and PL parameters (Practice 1: r 0.799 0.891; Practice 2: r 0.819 0.972; and Practice 3: 0.761 0.891) Predictive models using Distance traveled accounted for 73.5 89.7% of the variance in PL. Significant relationships and predictive capacities exists between systems. Nonetheless, each system also appears to capture unique information that may still be useful to performance practitioners regarding the understanding of eTL.

title: Training and Competition Load in Female Basketball: A Systematic Review
abstract: The scientific literature on women's basketball is still limited, mainly in performance parameters. The purpose of this study was to analyse the state of art on the internal and external loads supported by female basketball players during sports practice. The design of this research is theoretical. The most relevant databases were searched for pertinent published studies according to the following keywords: "basketball" "female" or "woman" "training" or "competition" "load" or "demand" Of the 644 studies initially identified, 26 were selected for a complete review. These investigations were characterised by having as an objective an individualization of training for this type of population. Of the selected studies, it was evaluated: (i) goal (training, competition or both) (ii) category (stages: U14, U16, U18 and senior; level: state, national or international) (iii) type of load (Internal, External or both) (iv) instruments used and (v) variables analysed. The most studied goal was competition, mainly in senior national level, carrying out an analysis of the external and internal load together. Depending on the instruments and the variables used, the subjective load analysis was recurrent and important in the publication of articles in this topic. The quality of the studies was good, but for a better description of women's basketball, there is a need to jointly investigate sports training and competition, to study the training categories and to use micro technology that guarantees obtaining objective and reliable data.

title: Development and Validation of a Checklist to Assess Proficient Performance of Basketball Straight Speed Dribbling Skill
abstract: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a checklist to assess proficient performance of basketball straight speed dribbling skill. The sample was composed of 100 children and adolescents between 7 and 15 years of age with and without structured practice in basketball. The validation process tested the validity domain, decision, tendencies, reliability, responsiveness, and objectivity. The results show that the checklist contains criteria that represent the speed dribbling skill and is sensible to distinguish between different proficiency levels of performance. The results also expressed high reliability and objectivity (intra and inter rater) In light of the findings, we concluded that the checklist can be used to reliably analyze performance and evaluate the process of learning and development of the straight speed dribbling skill.

title: Case Report: A Near Miss of Pulmonary Embolism in a Division 1 Collegiate Basketball Player
abstract: The clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism (PE) is often associated with classic vital instability such as tachycardia, hypoxia, and tachypnea. This critical diagnosis is often less likely if a patient is negative by Pulmonary Embolism Rule Out Criteria (PERC) standards with a low pre test probability of disease. Caution must be used when evaluating elite athletes with the PERC rule due to low resting heart rate and certain risk factors, which are inherent to athletics.  We report the case of a 20 year old male Division 1 collegiate athlete with pleuritic chest pain diagnosed with PE despite being PERC negative. His presenting heart rate (HR) of 79 beats per minute was correctly determined to be tachycardic relative to his resting HR of 47 60 beats per minute. Despite his PERC negative status, PE was found after an elevated D dimer and subsequent computed tomography angiography.  Special consideration should be used when evaluating elite athletes for PE, as their resting physiology may differ from the general population. Additionally, certain risk factors for thromboembolic disease are inherent in competitive athletics and should be considered during an initial risk assessment. The presented patient was successfully treated with oral anticoagulation for three months and was able to return to play.

title: Making Every "Point" Count: Identifying the Key Determinants of Team Success in Elite Men's Wheelchair Basketball
abstract: Wheelchair basketball coaches and researchers have typically relied on box score data and the Comprehensive Basketball Grading System to inform practice, however, these data do not acknowledge how the dynamic perspectives of teams change, vary and adapt during possessions in relation to the outcome of a game. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the key dynamic variables associated with team success in elite men's wheelchair basketball and explore the impact of each key dynamic variable upon the outcome of performance through the use of binary logistic regression modeling. The valid and reliable template developed Francis et al. (2019) was used to analyze video footage in SportsCode from 31 games at the men's 2015 European Wheelchair Basketball Championships. The 31 games resulted in 6,126 rows of data which were exported and converted into a CSV file, analyzed using R (R Core Team, 2015) and subjected to a data modeling process. Chi square analyses identified significant (p 0.05) relationships between Game Outcome and 19 Categorical Predictor Variables. Automated stepwise binary regression model building was completed using 70% of the data (4,282 possessions) and produced a model that included 12 Categorical Predictor Variables. The accuracy of the developed model was deemed to be acceptable at accurately predicting the remaining 30% of the data (1,844 possessions) and produced an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.759. The model identified the odds of winning are more than double when the team in possession are in a state of winning at the start of the possession are increased five fold when the offensive team do not use a 1.0 or 1.5 classified player, but are increased six fold when the offensive team use three or more 3.0 or 3.5 players. The final model can be used by coaches, players and support staff to devise training and game strategies that involve selecting the most appropriate offensive and defensive approaches when performing ball possessions to enhance the likelihood of winning in elite men's wheelchair basketball.