Query: PE ABS BLENDS

title: Influence of ABS Type and Compatibilizer on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PC/ABS Blends
abstract: The present work aimed to study the influence of ABS type and compatibilizer on the thermal and mechanical properties of PC/ABS blends. For that, blends of PC with two types of ABS, with different rubber content, were prepared at 70 wt% of PC and 30 wt% of ABS, without and with compatibilizer at loadings of 1, 3 and 5 wt% The effectiveness of those formulations was examined by means of morphological (SEM) thermal (DSC, TGA) and mechanical (tensile and microhardness) properties. It was shown that the compatibilizer had in general beneficial effects on the global properties of PC/ABS blends, and that the optimal amount of compatibilizer depends on the ABS type.

title: New insights on the compatibilization of PA6/ABS blends: A co localized AFM Raman study
abstract: Polyamides belong to the major class of engineering polymers with very attractive properties but fail in a brittle manner under stress concentrators. PA6/ABS blends are well established commercial materials due to their stiffness/toughness balance even when stress concentrators are present. The pair PA6/ABS is immiscible and exhibits poor mechanical properties due to unfavorable interactions, thus, an efficient compatibilization is mandatory for practical applications. Deep understanding of the processing structure properties interplays requires multiple characterization techniques to provide insights on the impact of the processing/compatibilization on morphology and phases' distribution. In this work an advanced co localized AFM Raman strategy was used to study the compatibilization of PA6/ABS blends with SAN g Maleic Anhydride. AFM and TEM allowed nanomechanical analysis and characterization of the blends' morphologies. Co localized AFM Raman provided new fundamental insights on the compatibilizer's effect on the PA6's g polymorphic crystallization. The amount and distribution of this g phase were found to depend on the blending protocol.

title: Effects of mixing protocol on morphology and properties of PA6/ABS blends compatibilized with MMA MA
abstract: The effect of different mixing protocols in the preparation of PA6/ABS/MMA MA (57.5/37.5/5 wt blends on their morphological, rheological, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical behavior were studied. Despite the second phase size reduction due to copolymer incorporation, mixing sequence seems to play an important role in the properties of the blends. When PA6 is blended with the pre blended ABS/MMA MA system, compatibilizer is preferentially located in ABS phase and a co continuous structure is formed. The co continuity is believed to be responsible for the enhancements in toughness, but excessive presence of MMA MA in ABS phase seems to hamper thermomechanical properties. On the other hand, when ABS is blended with the PA6/MMA MA system previously prepared, compatibilizer is preferentially located in PA6 phase and a particle in matrix morphology is observed. The absence of excessive amount of MMA MA in ABS phase avoids the negative effect on thermomechanical resistance, however enhancements in toughness are not so pronounced.

title: Compatibility of recycled PVC/ABS blends. Effect of previous degradation
abstract: The aim of the present study is to analyze the compatibility between recycled poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) With this objective, blends made from recycled PVC obtained from credit cards and both virgin ABS and recycled ABS obtained from the electrical and electronic sector were prepared, and the range of compositions from 0 to 100 wt% were analyzed. The level of degradation existing within the recycled materials was analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The existence of partial compatibility between the components of the blend was determined using differential scanning calorimetry. The presence of the elastomeric phase in the ABS is a significant factor which needs to be taken into account when studying the phenomena of interfacial adhesion. In addition, dynamic mechanical analysis has been used to analyze the effect of temperature upon stiffness, in the function of the composition of the blend. The tensile strength of the blends has been adjusted according to the equivalent box model, which has allowed the determination of the level of adhesion at the interface of the blend components. Finally, a morphological study of the fracture has been completed using scanning electron microscopy.  2007.

title: Phase morphology development during processing of compatibilized and uncompatibilized PBT/ABS blends
abstract: The development of the multiphase morphology of uncompatibilized blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene terpolymer (ABS) and PBT/ABS blends compatibilized with methyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate (MMA GMA) reactive copolymers during compounding in a twin screw extruder and subsequent injection molding was investigated. Uncompatibilized PBT/ABS 60/40 (wt and compatibilized PBT/ABS/MMA GMA with 2 and 5 wt of MMA GMA showed refined cocontinuous morphologies at the front end of the extruder, which coarsened towards the extruder outlet. Coarsening in uncompatibilized PBT/ABS blends is much more pronounced than in the compatibilized PBT/ABS/MMA GMA equivalents and decreases with increasing amounts of the MMA GMA. For both systems, significant refinement on the phase morphology was found to occur after the blends pass through the extruder die. This phenomenon was correlated to the capacity of the die in promoting particles break up due to the extra elongational stresses developed at the matrix entrance. Injection molding induces coarsening of the ABS domains in the case of uncompatibilized PBT/ABS blends, while the reactive blend kept its refined phase morphology. Therefore, the compatibilization process of PBT/ABS/MMA GMA blends take place progressively leading to a further refinement of the phase morphology in the latter steps, owing to the slow reaction rate relative to epoxide functions and the carboxyl/hydroxyl groups.

title: The effect of extrusion conditions and the use of a compatibilizer in the crystallization of PBT/ABS blends
abstract: Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) terpolymer blends were prepared in a twin screw extruder and the use of methyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate ethyl acrylate (MGE) terpolymer as compatibilization additive was evaluated. The effect of different screw profiles and mixing conditions were evaluated on the crystallization of the blends. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate melting and crystallization behaviors of the PBT/ABS blends. The binary PBT/ABS blend has shown a double melting peak when cooled at lower cooling rates, mainly due to its melt recrystallization during the heating up step. ABS has not affected the melting characteristics of neat PBT. The presence of MGE, as a reactive compatibilizer, in the PBT/ABS blends has reduced its heat of fusion and has partially inhibited its melt recrystallization under heating. As result, it has prevented the occurrence of double melting peak. The epoxy functional groups of the MGE may react in situ to the carbonyls and hydroxyls end groups of the PBT molecules, thereby hindering the mobility of PBT molecules during the crystallization process due to its grafting to the compatibilizer molecules. The melt mixed blends prepared at lower feeding rate have shown a higher degree of crystallinity for the PBT/ABS blend, probably due to degradation of PBT caused by longer residence time in the extruder. The highest shear stress imposed to the blends at higher screw speed increased the degree of crystallinity of PBT, also due to its degradation.

title: Systematic evaluation of the preparation of conducting PANI/ABS blends
abstract: Films of blended poly(acrylonitrile butadi ene styrene) (ABS) and polyaniline (PANI) were pro duced by codissolving both components in a common organic solvent, which was then evaporated. The influ ence of the preparation conditions on the properties of the blends was analyzed by factorial design. The factors evaluated were the PANI content in the blend, the m cre sol to chloroform solvent ratio, the dopant used (dode cylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) or camphor sulfonic acid) and its concentration, and the acrylonitrile content in the ABS. The responses analyzed were the flexibility and electrical conductivity of the blends. The results showed that the PANI content in the blend and the acry lonitrile content in the ABS were the major factors influ encing both of the assessed responses. The dopant affected only the conductivity, DBSA being preferred for the development of more conductive PANI/ABS blends. The solvent ratio did not have any influence, owing to the uniform expanded coil conformation expected for PANI molecules at the studios ratios. After the best con ditions had been established, a percolation threshold study was performed that pointed to a low threshold of 3 wt PANI necessary in the blend, giving a flexible blend with a conductivity of 3 S/cm. V C 2009 Wiley

title: The performance and morphology of PMMA/SAN/ABS blends
abstract: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) graft copolymers were synthesized via seeded emulsion polymerization techniques by grafting styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) on polybutadiene (PB) particles. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/styrene acrylonitrile (SAN)/ABS blends were prepared by melt blending ABS graft copolymers with PMMA and SAN resins. The properties, morphology and grafted chains behaviors of PMMA/SAN/ABS blends were investigated. The results showed that with the increase of the ratio of PMMA/SAN, the toughness of PMMA/SAN/ABS blends slightly decreased, the transmittance first increased and then decreased, and tensile strength was not dependent on the ratio of PMMA/SAN. The evolution of impact strength of the blends was similar with the tendency of grafted degree (GD) with the increase of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) and tert dodecyl mercaptan (TDDM) From transmission electron microscopy (TEM) it was found that ABS graft copolymers were uniformly dispersed in PMMA/SAN matrix.

title: Effect of compatibilization and ABS type on properties of PBT/ABS blends
abstract: Toughened blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with appropriate ABS materials can be prepared without a compatibilizer within limited melt processing situations. As illustrated by transmission electron microscopy, coarsening of uncompatibilized blends occurs under certain molding conditions resulting in a deleterious effect on blend properties. Methyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) ethyl acrylate (MGE) terpolymers were shown to be effective reactive compatibilizers for PBT/ABS blends that broaden the processing window and provide improved low temperature impact properties, ABS dispersion, and morphological stability. A twin screw extruder is more effective than the single screw extruder used here for processing these reactive blends. Several ABS types with different rubber contents were examined; generally, materials with very high rubber contents were found to be more beneficial for toughening PBT. Among these high rubber content materials, the ABS material having the lowest melt viscosity was found to be superior for optimizing morphology and impact properties. At leat 30% of this material, containing a minimum of 36% rubber, is required for producing toughened blends. Moderate amounts of GMA functionality in the compatibilizer >5% and small amounts of compatibilizer in the blend

title: Analysis of the Morphological Development of PBT/ABS Blends during the Twin Screw Extrusion and Injection Molding Processes
abstract: The aim of this work was to observe the development of the phase morphology of the PBT/ABS blends during their extrusion mixing and injection molding steps. The evolution of the blend morphology during the mixing stage was analyzed using a specially designed co rotational twin screw extruder with a collecting device located along the barrel. Blend samples were collected in line along the length of the extruder barrel during the blending process. Samples obtained from the extruded pellets and from injection molded specimens were also used to observe the blend morphology. All the samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) They were prepared by cryo ultramicrotomy and the rubbery phase of the ABS contained in the blends was stained with osmium tetroxide (OsO4) A special function was established and is proposed to analyze the blend morphology trends through image analysis. In binary blends, the ABS phase showed better dispersion after the mixture passed through the extruder die. However, a coalescence phenomenon was observed during the next molding step. Compatibilized PBT/ABS blends showed better dispersion than binary blends, even after injection molding. The special function used to quantify the dispersion throughout the mixing and molding steps showed an excellent performance.