Query: WORLD WATER BALANCE

title: Methodological basis of world water balance investigation and computation
abstract: Presenta una estimacion de la cantidad de agua total y su ciclo en todas las partes de la litosfera, basados en datos obtenidos de las redes meterologicas, hidrologicas, e hidrogeologicas de todo el planeta, entre el periodo 1900 1960. Describe los metodos de estimacion secular de las reservas de agua, de los elementos del ciclo hidrologico, fuentes de agua y sus cambios. Los resultados obtenidos son confrontados con otros trabajos similares de otros autores

title: World Water Balance: Vols. 1 3. Proceedings of the Reading Symposium, July 1970. UNESCO. 706 pp. Price PS9.60

title: Water balance and hydrology research in a mountainous permafrost watershed in upland streams of the Kolyma River, Russia: a database from the Kolyma Water Balance Station, 1948 1997
abstract: In 2018, 70 years have passed since the beginning of observations at the Kolyma Water Balance Station (KWBS) a unique scientific research hydrological and permafrost catchment. The volume and duration (50 continuous years) of hydrometeorological standard and experimental data, characterizing the natural conditions and processes occurring in mountainous permafrost conditions, significantly exceed any counterparts elsewhere in the world. The data are representative of mountainous territory of the North East of Russia. In 1997, the station was terminated, thereby leaving Russia without operating research watersheds in the permafrost zone. This paper describes the dataset containing the series of daily runoff from 10 watersheds with an area from 0.27 to 21.3 km2, precipitation, meteorological observations, evaporation from soil and snow, snow surveys, soil thaw and freeze depths, and soil temperature for the period 1948 1997. It also highlights the main historical stages of the station's existence, its work and scientific significance, and outlines the prospects for its future, where the Kolyma Water Balance Station could be restored to the status of a scientific research watershed and become a valuable international centre for hydrological research in permafrost. The data are available at https:/doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.881731

title: Development of Digital Atlas of World Water Balance Using Soil Water Balance Model
abstract: The digital atlas of precipitation. temperature, water holding capacity and net radiation on a 0.5 degree grid of the earth were created. These data sets were used to calculate the potential evapotranspiration of the entire grid of the world by use of the Priestly Taylor method. The evaporation was also estimated using the newly developed method that uses an empirical relationship between the Bowen ratio and soil moisture. The surplus or deficit map of water on the earth was developed using the precipitation and evapotranspiraition data. Good agreement was made between the calculated evaporation using the Bowen ratio method and the data in Atlas of World Water Balance published by UNESCO in 1977, so the method seems to be reasonable to calculate evaporation. The data set of the digital atlas are in Arcview GIS format, so it can provide a qualitative view of the distribution of water resources in the earth. and can be used as a basic data in macro scale study of the world water resources.

title: World Water Balance Symposium Reading, England July 15"23, 1970
abstract: The first International Symposium on World Water Balance, held at the University of Reading, England, July 15 23, 1970, demonstrated that the former, self imposed boundaries of hydrology (something in between meteorology and oceanography) no longer exist. Meteorologists and oceanographers are now active in hydrology and vice versa; or all are active geophysicists as R. C. Sutcliff (U.K. might prefer to have it. In a paper given early in the symposium, A. A. Sokolov (USSR) pointed out that the long history of hydrology may be divided into four stages: an early prehistory stage (which continues into the present) in which man began to measure and to keep records of fluctuations in levels of lakes and rivers; a second stage, marked by the building of dams and other structures for runoff control, requiring the volumetric measurement of stream flow; a third stage, which seeks to obtain a worldwide, steady state or 'mean value' balance in which evaporation is calculated as the difference between precipitation and runoff; and finally, a fourth stage in which the dynamic processes of water balance are studied as parts of a whole, and in which the related heat and energy balances play an essential part. In the closing session, H. L. Penman (U.K. in semi jest, summarized the conference with the steady state equation, dv/dt 0. The main emphasis of the symposium was on Sokolov's third stage given above, but there were also important contributions to various parts of the fourth stage, and in particular with regard to the process of evapotranspiration.

title: Books: World water balance and water resources of the Earth; permafrost hydrology, the Proceedings of a Workshop Seminar, 1974; Foreign Reports Available on Loan
abstract: World Water Balance and Water Resources of the Earth, USSR National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade. (In Russian, with Russian and English title pages and tables of contents.  Publishing, Moscow Leningrad, 638 pp. 164 figures and maps, 200 tables, 511 references, (annex, Atlas of World Water Balance, 65 maps) 1974.

title: Terrestrial carbon balance in a drier world: the effects of water availability in southwestern North America.
abstract: Global modeling efforts indicate semiarid regions dominate the increasing trend and interannual variation of net CO2 exchange with the atmosphere, mainly driven by water availability. Many semiarid regions are expected to undergo climatic drying, but the impacts on net CO2 exchange are poorly understood due to limited semiarid flux observations. Here we evaluated 121 site years of annual eddy covariance measurements of net and gross CO2 exchange (photosynthesis and respiration) precipitation, and evapotranspiration (ET) in 21 semiarid North American ecosystems with an observed range of 100 1000 mm in annual precipitation and records of 4 9 years each. In addition to evaluating spatial relationships among CO2 and water fluxes across sites, we separately quantified site level temporal relationships, representing sensitivity to interannual variation. Across the climatic and ecological gradient, photosynthesis showed a saturating spatial relationship to precipitation, whereas the photosynthesis ET relationship was linear, suggesting ET was a better proxy for water available to drive CO2 exchanges after hydrologic losses. Both photosynthesis and respiration showed similar site level sensitivity to interannual changes in ET among the 21 ecosystems. Furthermore, these temporal relationships were not different from the spatial relationships of long term mean CO2 exchanges with climatic ET. Consequently, a hypothetical 100 mm change in ET, whether short term or long term, was predicted to alter net ecosystem production (NEP) by 64 gCm( 2) yr( 1) Most of the unexplained NEP variability was related to persistent, site specific function, suggesting prioritization of research on slow changing controls. Common temporal and spatial sensitivity to water availability increases our confidence that site level responses to interannual weather can be extrapolated for prediction of CO2 exchanges over decadal and longer timescales relevant to societal response to climate change.

title: Evapotranspiration and water balance of high elevation grassland on the Tibetan Plateau
abstract: High elevation grasslands of the Cyperaceae Kobresia pygmaea cover nearly half a million km(2) on the Tibetan Plateau. As a consequence of climate change, precipitation patterns in this monsoon influenced region may change with possible consequences for grassland productivity. Yet, not much is known about the water cycle in this second largest alpine ecosystem of the world. We measured the evapotranspiration of a high elevation Kobresia pasture system at 4400 m a.s.l. in the south eastern part of the plateau in two summers using three different approaches, weighable micro lysimeters, eddy covariance measurements, and water balance modeling with the soil plant atmosphere transfer model SEWAB. In good agreement among the three approaches, we found ET rates of 4 6 mm d( 1) in moist summer periods (June August) and similar to 2 mm d( 1) in dry periods, despite the high elevation and a leaf area index of only similar to 1. Measured ET rates were comparable to rates reported from alpine grasslands at 1500 2500 m a.s.l. in temperate mountains, and also matched ET rates of managed lowland grasslands in the temperate zone. At the study site with 430 mm annual precipitation, low summer rainfall reduced ET significantly and infiltration into the subsoil occurred only in moist periods. Our results show that the evapotranspiration of high elevation grasslands at 4400 m can be as high as in lowland grasslands despite large elevational changes in abiotic and biotic drivers of ET, and periodic water shortage is likely to influence large parts of the Tibetan Kobresia pastures.

title: The World Water Balance: A. Baumgartner and E. Reichel. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich, 1975, DM.98

title: Impacts of land use and land cover changes on surface energy and water balance in the Heihe River Basin of China, 2000 2010
abstract: It is well known that there are huge land use and land cover changes (LUCC) all over the world in recent decades, and plenty of ensuing effect appeared on the energy and water balance. This study aims to analyze the impacts of land use and land cover changes on the energy and water balance in the Heihe River Basin of China during 2000 2010, and four key study sites with representative hydrological stations and dramatic LUCC in the past decades were selected to illustrate the responses of the energy and water balance to LUCC. First, LUCC of the Heihe River Basin from 2000 to 2010 was analyzed based on the interpretation of remote sensing images. Then a series of indicators of the energy and water balances were simulated with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and corresponding land use and land cover data. Thereafter the impacts of LUCC on the surface energy and water balance were detected and analyzed. The spatial temporal variance of the impacts of LUCC on energy and water balance in a typical arid inland river basin was specifically presented in following analysis. The results show that different land use/cover conversions result in various energy balances. During this process, the most significant impacts on surface energy balance occurred when grassland was converted to barren or sparsely vegetated land. As for water balance, the impact is measured with variations of precipitation, runoff and evapotranspiration induced by LUCC, which were also remarkable, although seasonal trends of the effects are similar among various land use/cover conversions during 2000 2010. At last, policy suggestions, e.g. shifting the water balance by LUCC to improve the water management, are given to conclude this study.