Query: Sources of water 2017

title: Gully formation in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: multiple sources of water, temporal sequence and relative importance in gully erosion and deposition processes
abstract: We report on a decade of fieldwork designed to determine the conditions required for erosion of Mars like gully channels in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) of Antarctica. We have outlined the major factors in the morphological evolution of gullies in the Inland Mixed Zone of the MDV: (1) the distribution of ice sources; (2) the temporal aspects of ice melting; and (3) the relative significance of melting events in gullies. We show that significant erosion of gully channels can be achieved if geometrical and environmental conditions combine to concentrate ice where it can rapidly melt. In contrast, annual melting of surface ice and snow deposits during late season discharge events contribute to transport of water, but flux rarely surpasses the infiltration capacity of the active layer. These small discharge events do not erode channels of significant width. Even when the flux is sufficient to carve a c. 10 20 cm deep channel during late summer (January February) runoff, these small channels seldom persist through multiple seasons, because they are seasonally muted and filled with aeolian deposits. We briefly discuss the application of these results to the study of gully systems on Mars.  Eight videos showing activity and events are available at https:/doi. org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3935992 Martian gullies are important tools for understanding the fate of volatiles on the surface in the late Amazonian. Since their discovery (Malin Edgett 2000) it has been clear that gullies are climate related and involve phase changes of volatiles at the surface or within the shallow subsurface. A decade of changedetection efforts has shown that modification of existing gullies is temporally associated with the loss of CO2 frost at the surface (Dundas et al. 2015) with rare instances being more consistent with the removal of H2O frost (Vincendon 2015) This has promoted a fundamental question: is the erosion and deposition observed today sufficient to gradually form gullies over thousands of years, or does contemporary activity represent only the ephemeral modification of larger gullies that formed from higherenergy events under different climate conditions? On Earth, the same question can be asked about gullies that form in the frozen polar desert of Antarctica and the Transantarctic Mountains (Marchant Head 2007; Hauber et al. this volume, in review) The combination of extremely lowmean annual temperatures (c. 18degC: Riordan 1973; Doran et al. 2002) hyper arid conditions (3 50 mmwater equivalent snowfall: Thompson et al. 1971; Thompson 1973; Fountain et al. 1999) an absence of pluvial activity of any significance and a lack of vascular plants makes the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) a more appropriate geomorphological analogue for Mars than any other location on Earth (Marchant Head 2007) Despite cold and dry conditions, sinuous channels (McKnight et al. 1999) have formed and are currently evolving in this desiccated landscape. Unlike larger glacier fed streams, however, which From: CONWAY, S. J. CARRIVICK, J. L. CARLING, P. A. DE HAAS, T. HARRISON, T. N. (eds) Martian Gullies and their Earth Analogues. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 467, https:/doi.org/10.1144/SP467.4 (c) 2017 The Author(s) Published by The Geological Society of London. All rights reserved.  http:/www.geolsoc.org.uk/permissions. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics experience near continuous flow during austral summer (December January) ephemeral gullies permit the documentation of flow initiation, a signal generally obscured in higher flux streams. Further, while we are currently unable to study gullies on Mars in situ, deconstructing the behaviour of MDV gullies in detail provides hypotheses and constraints that can be used to make more detailed testable predictions about their counterparts onMars. In this contribution, we utilize a variety of environmental monitoring techniques to document the presence of water snow/ice reservoirs, their volumes and distribution in relation to the gullies, the conditions under which they undergo melting, and their relative contributions to erosion and deposition in MDV gully systems. Despite their small size (c. 4500 km of ice free area, slightly more than the size of the State of Rhode Island)  (Levy 2013) the MDV exhibit a wide spectrum of glacial, periglacial and fluvial landforms, the distribution of which is controlled by the range in climate conditions that occur in the Trans Antarctic Mountains at this location (Marchant Denton 1996; Marchant Head 2007; Head Marchant 2014) Based on elevation, distance from the coast, temperature and meltwater availability, a hydrological continuum exists in the MDV (Head Marchant 2014; Levy 2015) This range of processes and landforms is bracketed by: (1) coastal environments where peak summer (January) conditions produce enough surface melting of sub aerial cold based glaciers to produce stream channels tens of kilometres long (Conovitz et al. 1998; McKnight et al. 1999) and (2) high elevation inland environments devoid of significant geomorphological evidence for surface or near surface water flow, potentially since the Miocene (Sugden et al. 1995; Marchant et al. 2002) The transition between these two end members, referred to as the Inland Mixed Zone (IMZ) in Marchant Head (2007) and Zone 2 in Marchant Denton (1996) hosts features indicative of fluvial transport, but not as widespread nor at the scale observed at the coast, with fluvial activity concentrated primarily on warmer equator facing slopes (Marchant Denton 1996; Fountain et al. 1999) It follows, then, that the upper extent of this zone represents the coldest and driest region of the MDV where concentrated fluvial erosion and transport can occur. Our study site, the South Fork of Upper Wright Valley, is found at this upper extent of the IMZ  Two narrow gullies incise the southern equator facing wall of the valley  These channels are prominent evidence for fluvial activity that is hydrologically distinct from streams in the neighbouring Taylor Valley, in that these gullies lack a large glacial meltwater source. Like gullies on Mars, it is unknown whether these channels form through iterative annual erosion from small amounts of summer (December February) melting or through punctuated and anomalous high energy flow events. Determining how these gullies form under conditions of limited and episodic liquid water availability will provide the minimum requirements for what is necessary to create a fluvial transport system on Earth. Here, we use a decade of field data and observations in South Fork to test the hypothesis that previously documented peak season melting of surface snow deposits (Levy et al. 2009) is sufficient, over long timescales, to erode gully channels gradually in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. This terrestrial investigation allows us to assess the conditions required in polar deserts on Earth to produce net erosion in gully channels and accumulation on alluvial fans. South Fork geographical and hydrological

title: [Characteristics and Sources of Water Soluble Inorganic Ions in Fine Particulate Matter During Winter in Xuzhou]
abstract: A total of 32 daily PM2.5 samples were collected from December 2016 to February 2017 in the urban area of Xuzhou city. Water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) including F Cl NO3 SO42 Na+ Mg2+ NH4+ K+ and Ca2+ were determined by ion chromatography. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 was (164.8+ 77.3) mg*m 3 and the average total mass concentration of the nine ions was (67.5+ 36.1) mg*m 3, the contribution of the WSIIs to the PM2.5 was more than 40.9% The order of the concentrations of individual ions was NO3 SO42 NH4+ Cl Ca2+ K+ Na+ Mg2+ F NH4+ NO3 and SO42 (SNA) were the major components of the water soluble ions in the PM2.5 measurement. The average mass concentration of WSIIs in clean air, mild haze, and severe haze was (12.8+ 8.8) (59.0+ 22.8) and (86.3+ 36.0) mg*m 3, respectively. The contribution of SNA to WSIIs was 86.4% 82.8% and 78.9% respectively. The correlation between each component of SNA with each other was significant. NH4+ NO3 and SO42 were in the form of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3. Secondary formation, biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, and dust were the major sources of the water soluble ions in PM2.5.

title: 2017 Scientific Consensus Statement: land use impacts on the Great Barrier Reef water quality and ecosystem condition, Chapter 2: sources of sediment, nutrients, pesticides and other pollutants to the Great Barrier Reef
abstract: This chapter provides an up to date review of the state of knowledge relating to the source of sediment and nutrients as well as pesticides and other pollutants delivered to the Great Barrier Reef from adjacent catchments. The strengths and limitations of the various datasets are also discussed. Collectively, sediment, nutrients, pesticides and other pollutants (e.g. petroleum hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals) are described as 'pollutants' This chapter is focused on defining the major source areas of these pollutants across the Great Barrier Reef, how these sources have varied in space and time, the major processes (e.g. hillslope, gully and streambank erosion) delivering these pollutants, their relative loads to the Great Barrier Reef and a summary of the main drivers in terms of land use, land condition and agricultural practices. Plot and paddock scale studies, including the effectiveness of remediation approaches, are summarised in Chapter 4. Acknowledging that all forms of data used to estimate pollutant loads to the Great Barrier Reef have constraints and limitations, this review uses a 'multiple lines of evidence' approach and draws on data from three main sources. These include the Queensland Government load monitoring data, the latest Queensland Government whole of Great Barrier Reef Source Catchments modelling results (which underpin the Report Card 2015) as well as a summary of the numerous individual research projects and synthesis reports published over the last four years. Data and information are included that was published, publicly available and that had undergone a peer review process. In a few cases, grey literature (e.g. consulting reports) and journal publications currently in review are included. A synthesis of the broad findings of this chapter are outlined below and in Table 1. A detailed description of what has changed since the last Scientific Consensus Statement is provided in Table 20.

title: Analysis of Variation of Water Quality in Kelani River, Sri Lanka
abstract: This research attempted to analyze the variation of surface water quality in Kelani River and finally to create a mathematical model for the Water Quality Index (WQI) by using the data that have been obtained. Kelani River is the second largest river in Sri Lanka while being the most polluted river in the country. It is one of the main sources of drinking water for human beings while being the home for many aquatic species. The ecological aspects of Kelani River are threatened due to the increasing number of industries along both sides of the watershed. The present study is conducted to analyze the water quality in Kelani River using six parameters including pH, Turbidity, Temperature, Total phosphate, Nitrates, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and ultimately finding the Water Quality Index (WQI) by collecting 5 sets of samples from seven locations from March 2017 to August 2017. The highest WQI (72.90) was reported near the Water Treatment Plant in Biyagama, while the lowest WQI (62.98) was achieved near the Water Board Pump in Ambathale. Water quality of five of the samples were in good quality range and the other two samples were in medium quality range. A mathematical model for WQI was created using the above mentioned six water quality parameters.

title: A study to assess alternative water sources for reducing energy consumption in a medical facility case study, Abu Dhabi

title: Synthesis of carbon nanotubes polyphenylene sulfone composite membranes for waste water treatment from petroleum sources
abstract: MSc report presented to the University of the Witwatersrand In the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg April 2017

title: Effects of non rainfall water inputs on ecosystem functions.
abstract: Non rainfall water inputs (NRWIs) are the least studied hydrological components in most ecosystems. These NRWI components potentially play an important role in ecosystem dynamics and are particularly important for water limited systems. In this review, we summarized recent advances investigating the effects of NRWIs on various ecosystem functions, including vegetation water relations, biogeochemical cycling, groundwater recharge, as well as reptile and invertebrate adaptations. We also identified key knowledge gaps such as the mechanisms of NRWIs alleviating vegetation water stress, sources of the NRWI components and their quantitative contributions to ecosystem functions. To better predict the ecosystem responses to climate change especially in drylands, a better understanding and quantification of NRWI contributions is essential. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1179. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1179 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

title: Water pollution and human health.
abstract: This study was conducted at Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan during 2016 2017 as a term paper for Master of Philosophy. The data regarding water pollution and human health was obtained and compiled through a thorough review of various published research articles of international reputed journal and relevant books. Water covers about 70% Earth's surface. Safe drinking water is a basic need for all humans. The WHO reports that 80% diseases are waterborne. Industrialization, discharge of domestic waste, radioactive waste, population growth, excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers and leakage from water tanks are major sources of water pollution. These wastes have negative effects on human health. Different chemicals have different affects depending on their locations and kinds. Bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases like typhoid, cholera, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, skin infection and gastrointestinal are spreading through polluted water. It is recommended to examine the water quality on regular basis to avoid its destructive effects on human health. Domestic and agriculture waste should not be disposed of without treating.

title: Impact of Different Transplanting Dates and Nutrient Sources on Soil Microbial Population and Grain Yield of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L. grown under SRI
abstract: Low productivity of rice in India is a major concern for food and nutritional security of more than 60% population which is dependent on rice. The increasing scarcity of water for agriculture is becoming a major problem in many countries, particularly the leading rice producing countries like China and India, where competition for freshwater and growing demands for other sectors are increasing in future. In such a situation, the use of water saving approaches, such as aerobic rice, direct seeded rice and system of rice intensification (SRI) may prove beneficial while improving rice productivity International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied  (2017) pp. 778 782  http:/www.ijcmas.com

title: Chemical properties of snow cover as an impact indicator for local air pollution sources
abstract: In this article, selected physical and chemical properties of water originating from melted snow collected in the area of the city of Ostrowiec Swietokrzyski (Poland) in January 2017 were determined. The analysed samples of snow were collected at 18 measurement sites located along the axis of cardinal directions of the world and with a central point in the urban area of Ostrowiec Swietokrzyski in January 2017. Chemical composition was determined using the Dionex ICS 3000 Ion Chromatograph at the Environmental Research Laboratory of the Chair of Environmental Protection and Modelling at the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce. The obtained results indicated a substantial contribution of pollutants produced by a local steelworks in the chemical composition of melted snow.