Query: covid children impact

title: Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID 19
abstract: Disease containment of COVID 19 has necessitated widespread social isolation. We aimed to establish what is known about how loneliness and disease containment measures impact on the mental health in children and adolescents.  For this rapid review, we searched MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, and Web of Science for articles published between 01/01/1946 and 03/29/2020. 20% of articles were double screened using pre defined criteria and 20% of data was double extracted for quality assurance.  83 articles (80 studies) met inclusion criteria. Of these, 63 studies reported on the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of previously healthy children and adolescents (n=51,576; mean age 15.3) 61 studies were observational; 18 were longitudinal and 43 cross sectional studies assessing self reported loneliness in healthy children and adolescents. One of these studies was a retrospective investigation after a pandemic. Two studies evaluated interventions. Studies had a high risk of bias although longitudinal studies were of better methodological quality. Social isolation and loneliness increased the risk of depression, and possibly anxiety at the time loneliness was measured and between 0.25 to 9 years later. Duration of loneliness was more strongly correlated with mental health symptoms than intensity of loneliness.  Children and adolescents are probably more likely to experience high rates of depression and probably anxiety during and after enforced isolation ends. This may increase as enforced isolation continues. Clinical services should offer preventative support and early intervention where possible and be prepared for an increase in mental health problems.

title: COVID 19 Impact on Behaviors across the 24 Hour Day in Children and Adolescents: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep
abstract: In the wake of the COVID 19 pandemic, social restrictions to contain the spread of the virus have disrupted behaviors across the 24 h day including physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep among children (5 12 years old) and adolescents (13 17 years old) Preliminary evidence reports significant decreases in physical activity, increases in sedentary behavior, and disrupted sleep schedules/sleep quality in children and adolescents. This commentary discusses the impact of COVID 19 related restrictions on behaviors across the 24 h day in children and adolescents. Furthermore, we suggest recommendations through the lens of a socio ecological model to provide strategies for lasting behavior change to insure the health and well being of children and adolescents during the COVID 19 pandemic.

title: Policy brief: The impact of COVID 19 on children
abstract: Children are not the face of this pandemic. But they risk being among its biggest victims. While they have thankfully been largely spared from the direct health effects of COVID 19 at least to date the crisis is having a profound effect on their wellbeing. All children, of all ages, and in all countries, are being affected, in particular by the socio economic impacts and, in some cases, by mitigation measures that may inadvertently do more harm than good. This is a universal crisis and, for some children, the impact will be lifelong. Moreover, the harmful effects of this pandemic will not be distributed equally. They are expected to be most damaging for children in the poorest countries, and in the poorest neighbourhoods, and for those in already disadvantaged or vulnerable situations. This policy brief provides a deeper analysis of these effects. It identifies also a series of immediate and sustained actions for the attention of governments and policymakers.

title: Psychological Impact of the COVID 19 Pandemic on Adults and Their Children in Italy
abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has abruptly changed the life of millions in the areas stricken by the pandemic as movements and social contacts have been severely restricted. We assessed the psychological impact of COVID 19 on adults and children, with special attention to health care workers (HCWs)  On March 20 26, 2020, a self rated online survey was conducted in Italy. Psychological impact was assessed with the Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES R) in adults, and the Children Revised Impact of Event Scale Revised 13 items (CRIES 13) in their 8 to 18 year old offspring. Linear mixed effects models were applied to the data, accounting for age, sex, education, and other demographic characteristics.  Data were available from 2,419 adults (78*4% females, mean age 38*1 13*1 year; 15*7% HCW) and 786 children (50*1% male, mean age 12*3 3*2) Median (IQR) for IES R score was 30*0 (21*0 40*0) corresponding to mild psychological impact, with 33.2% reporting severe psychological impact. IES R scores were lower in HCW (29*0) than non HCW (31*0) but HCW involved in COVID 19 care had higher scores (33*0 [26*0 43*2] than uninvolved HCW (28*0 [19*0 36*0] Median CRIES 13 score was 21*0 (11*0 32*0) with 30*9% of the children at high risk for post traumatic stress disorder. Parent and child scores were correlated.  Up to 30% of adult and children in the pandemic area are at high risk for post traumatic stress disturbances. The risk is greater for HCW directly involved in COVID 19 care and their children.  Authors declare they have no conflict of interests. Ethics Approval Statement: Expedited approval was obtained from the institutional ethics committee.

title: Impact of COVID 19 on children: special focus on the psychosocial aspect.
abstract: Although medical literature shows that children are minimally susceptible to 2019 Corona virus disease (COVID 19) they are hit the hardest by psychosocial impact of this pandemic. Being quarantined in homes and institutions may impose greater psychological burden than the physical sufferings caused by the virus. School closure, lack of outdoor activity, aberrant dietary and sleeping habits are likely to disrupt children's usual lifestyle and can potentially promote monotony, distress, impatience, annoyance and varied neuropsychiatric manifestations. Incidences of domestic violence, child abuse, adulterated online contents are on the rise. Children of single parent and frontline workers suffer unique problems. The children from marginalized communities are particularly susceptible to the infection and may suffer from extended ill consequences of this pandemic, such as child labor, child trafficking, child marriage, sexual exploitation and death etc. Parents, pediatricians, psychologists, social workers, hospital authorities, government and non governmental organizations have important roles to play to mitigate the psychosocial ill effects of COVID 19 on children and adolescents. To provide the basic amenities, social security, medical care, and to minimize the educational inequities among the children of the different strata of the society are foremost priorities.

title: Impact of COVID 19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations
abstract: COVID 19 pandemic and lockdown has brought about a sense of fear and anxiety around the globe. This phenomenon has led to short term as well as long term psychosocial and mental health implications for children and adolescents. The quality and magnitude of impact on minors is determined by many vulnerability factors like developmental age, educational status, pre existing mental health condition, being economically underprivileged or being quarantined due to infection or fear of infection.  This paper is aimed at narratively reviewing various articles related to mental health aspects of children and adolescents impacted by COVID 19 pandemic and enforcement of nationwide or regional lockdowns to prevent further spread of infection.  We conducted a review and collected articles and advisories on mental health aspects of children and adolescents during the COVID 19 pandemic. We selected articles and thematically organized them. We put up their major findings under the thematic areas of impact on young children, school and college going students, children and adolescents with mental health challenges, economically underprivileged children, impact due to quarantine and separation from parents and the advisories of international organizations. We have also provided recommendations to the above.  There is a pressing need for planning longitudinal and developmental studies, and implementing evidence based elaborative plan of action to cater to the psycho social and mental health needs of the vulnerable children and adolescents during pandemic as well as post pandemic. There is a need to ameliorate children and adolescents' access to mental health support services geared towards providing measures for developing healthy coping mechanisms during the current crisis. For this innovative child and adolescent mental health policies policies with direct and digital collaborative networks of psychiatrists, psychologists, paediatricians, and community volunteers are deemed necessary.

title: The Impact of COVID 19 Global Pandemic on Morbidity and Mortality of Liver Transplant Recipients Children and Adults: A Systematic Review of Case Series
abstract: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) changed the surgical everyday practice overnight. Currently, the first articles reporting outcomes of liver transplant recipients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) are published. The aim of the present study was to summarise the existing evidence of impact of COVID 19 global pandemic on liver transplant recipients. Electronic databases were searched in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items in Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) Five studies were selected from a pool of 12 studies with a total of 854 liver transplant recipients of whom 700 were children and the rest 154 were adults. The present evidence, based on case reports and series demonstrated lower mortality in liver transplant recipients compared to general population.

title: Impact of COVID 19 pandemic on the mental health of children in Bangladesh: A cross sectional study
abstract: COVID 19 pandemic poses a significant mental health threat among children in Bangladesh. This study aims to explore the impact of COVID 19 on the mental health of children aged<15 years during the lockdown in Bangladesh. An online cross sectional study was conducted from 25th April to 9th May 2020 among 384 parents having at least one child aged less than 15 years using non probability sampling. K means clustering used to group children according to mental health score and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed to identify the relationship among the parental behavior and child mental health, and also these associations were assessed through chi square test. Children were classified into four groups where 43% of child had subthreshold mental disturbances (mean Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 10; 2.8) 30.5% had mild (mean MDD 10; 8.9) 19.3% suffered moderately (mean MDD 10; 15.9) and 7.2% of child suffered from severe disturbances (mean MDD 10; 25.2) The higher percentage of mental health disturbances of children with the higher education level of parents, relative infected by COVID 19 (yes) parents still need to go the workplace (yes) and parent's abnormal behavior but lower to their counterparts. This paper demonstrates large proportions of children are suffering from mental health disturbances in Bangladesh during the period of lockdown. Implementation of psychological intervention strategies and improvement in house hold financial conditions, literacy of parents, taking care of children, and job security may help in improving the psychological/mental status of children and the authors believe that the findings will be beneficial to accelerate the rate of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) linked to health status in Bangladesh.

title: Early impact of COVID 19 lockdown on children's sleep: a four week longitudinal study.
abstract: Dellagiulia A, Lionetti F, Fasolo M, Verderame C, Sperati A, Alessandri G. Early impact of COVID 19 lockdown on children's sleep: a 4 week longitudinal study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(9)

title: The Impact of the COVID 19 Outbreak on the Medical Treatment of Chinese Children with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):A Multicenter Cross section Study in the Context of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern
abstract: To investigate the impact of the COVID 19 outbreak on the medical advice seeking of Chinese children with chronic kidney disease (CKD)  An anonymous online questionnaire survey was conducted in 17 pediatric nephropathy diagnosis and treatment centers in China. The questions collected basic information on the patients and their parents and data on changes in the approach to medical treatment and their needs in the context of the outbreak etc. This is a Multicenter Cross section Study.  A total of 735 valid questionnaires were collected. 555 patients (75.5% and their parents said that the outbreak had a significant influence on their medical treatment: 264 patients (47.6% said that it would be delayed by 2 to 4 weeks and 199 patients (35.9% by 4 to 8 weeks. 510 patients (84.16% hoped to get in touch with specialists through online consultation, and 528 patients (84.5% hoped that online consultation could be implemented and that medication could be delivered to them. A total of 458 patients (62.3% said that their greatest concern was that the CKD would be aggravated or that they would experience a relapse; only 203 patients were infected by 2019 nCoV. A total of 313 patients (42.5% experienced anxiety and thus required the intervention of psychologists.  The COVID 19 outbreak has affected the medical treatment of children with CKD. Online consultation, medication delivery and psychological counselling are the greatest needs reported by patients and their families and could especially provide solutions for the management of low income children with CKD in remote rural areas in the context of the COVID 19 epidemic.