Query: Foot exercise

title: Short Foot Exercise Promotes Quantitative Somatosensory Function in Ankle Instability: A Randomized Controlled Trial
abstract: Ankle sprain reduces capacity for neurosensory information processing, and these patients commonly progress to chronic ankle instability (CAI) To address this problem, the short foot exercise (SFE) may be used. However, there has been no previous research on the neurosensory impact of SFE. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess improvement of quantitative neurosensory indicators after SFE and to determine the effect of proprioceptive sensory exercise (PSE) in patients with CAI.  The present study included 30 adults (age range: 19 29 years; 50% female) Selection criteria for CAI (Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool =24) were implemented, and participants were randomly allocated to 2 groups: SFE (n1=15) and PSE (n2=15) Exercises were conducted 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Measurements of quantitative somatosensory of joint position sense and vibration sensory thresholds, dynamic balance, and ankle instability assessment were evaluated before and after completion of each intervention. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance.  In a time by group comparison, the SFE group showed a more significant improvement with regards to eversion joint position sense (F1,28=4.543, p<0.05) For vibration sensory threshold, the SFE group showed a more significant improvement (F1,28=8.280, p<0.01) Balance index according to anterio posterior, mediolateral, and overall index the SFE group a more significant improvement (F1,28=6.666, 4.585, 5.207, p<0.05) And ankle instability SFE group showed a more significant improvement (F1,28=6.890, p<0.05)  SFE is more effective than PSE for treating ankle sprain patients. There is a need to develop and promote an effective and controlled exercise program to facilitate the return of ankle sprain patients to normal daily life.

title: Fall Prevention by Short Foot Exercise in Diabetic Patients
abstract: A fall during walking is a common problem in diabetic patients due to neuromuscular complications of the foot, especially intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) Short foot exercise (SFE) has been reported to strengthen IFMs in healthy individuals. This present study was aimed to investigate effects of SFE on medial longitudinal arch integrity (navicular drop test, NDT) and dynamic postural control (star excursion balance test, SEBT) The SEBT values were measured on single leg standing in 8 directions (anterior, anteromedial, medial, posteromedial, posterior, posterolateral, lateral, and anterolateral) at baseline, week 4, 8, and 12 (follow up) in 15 diabetic patients: control group (n 7) and SFE group (n 8) Results showed that NDT was reduced in SFE group compared to control at week 8 and follow up. The normalized SEBT values in SFE group was significantly higher than baseline only in medial direction and increased from baselines in anteromedial, medial, and posteromedial directions at week 4 and 8, respectively. At the follow up point, only posteromedial direction showed an improvement of normalized SEBT in SFE group. In conclusion, 8 week SFE reduced foot pronation and improved dynamic postural control in a single leg standing phase of diabetic foot. The SFE should be continuously applied to diabetic foot since the benefits were not well persistent in the follow up phase.

title: Effects of Visual Feedback Short Foot Exercise on Foot Pressure in Adults with Flexible Flat Foot
abstract: Flexible flat foot is that the medial longitudinal arch collapses in weight bearing and returns normal arch when weight is removed and the weight bearing shifts toward medial part of the foot, which can cause pathological problems in the alignment of the lower extremities and the entire body.  To compare the foot pressure for adults with flexible flat foot.  Quasi Experimental  24 participants with flexible flat foot were recruited and were randomly divided into Visual feedback Short Foot Exercise (VSFE) group and Short Foot Exercise (SFE) group. To compare changes of foot pressure about pre and post intervention, the contact pressure measurement was conducted.  In the VSFE, significant differences were observed for the foot pressure of the 1st toe, 1st, 3rd and 4 5th metatarsal, midfoot, medial and lateral heel (p<.05) The foot pressure of the 3rd and 4 5th metatarsal, midfoot showed significant differences in the SFE (p<.05) The contact pressure of the 1st toe, 3rd metatarsal showed significant differences between the groups.  Visual feedback short foot exercise can be useful for moving the pressure from medial to lateral part, and can prevent possible pathological problems.

title: Effect of electromyographic biofeedback on learning the short foot exercise.
abstract: The short foot (SF) exercise is a strengthening exercise for the intrinsic foot muscles that is difficult to master.  To examine the effect of three different electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback methods on learning the SF exercise.  Thirty six healthy subjects were randomly allocated to the control group (CTG) EMG controlled electrical stimulation group (ESG) visual EMG biofeedback group (VSG) and combination EMG controlled electrical stimulation with visual EMG biofeedback group (CBG) The CTG practiced the SF exercise for 5 minutes using the conventional method. The other groups each used the EMG biofeedback method and the conventional method. The EMG activity of the abductor hallucis (ABH) the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angle, and the foot length during the SF exercise were measured before and after 5 minutes of practice.  The EMG activity of the ABH in the VSG and CBG was significantly higher than that before practice. There were no intergroup differences in MLA morphology.  These results suggest that visual EMG biofeedback is an effective method of increasing the EMG activity of the ABH during the SF exercise in a short practice time.

title: Foot exercise and taping in patients with patellofemoral pain and pronated foot.
abstract: This study compared the effect of three foot conditions (untreated, short foot [SF] exercise, and Tape) on knee and ankle muscle activity during forward descending of stairs in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and a pronated foot. Surface electromyography activities in the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) vastus lateralis (VL) and abductor hallucis (AbdH) were recorded during forward descending stairs; Surface electromyography data were expressed as percentages of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction. A total of 18 subjects (6 males and 12 females) with PFPS and a pronated foot participated in the current study. The SF exercise was associated with significantly greater AbdH muscle activity compared to the tape condition during forward descending stairs. However, there was no significant difference in VMO or VL muscle activity, or in the VMO/VL muscle activity ratio, among the three foot conditions. The SF exercise was the most effective method of increasing AbdH muscle activity during forward descending stairs in subjects with PFPS and a pronated foot.

title: Effect of Exercise on Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis
abstract: The objectives of this study were to examine the effectiveness of different types of exercise on risk factors of diabetic foot ulcers, including glycated hemoglobin, peripheral arterial disease, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and CINAHL were searched from inception to January 2018 for relevant articles. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that examined effects of exercise on the selected risk factors. Twenty randomized controlled trials with 1357 participants were included in the meta analyses. The differences in postintervention values of glycated hemoglobin and ankle brachial index between exercise and control groups were synthesized, yielding mean differences of 0.45% (P 0.00001) and 0.03 (P 0.002) respectively; the differences in within group changes in glycated hemoglobin were synthesized, yielding mean differences of 0.19% (P 0.1) 0.25% (P 0.0006) and 0.64% (P 0.006) for aerobic versus resistance, combined versus aerobic, and combined versus resistance exercise, respectively. Exercise has a significant effect on reducing glycated hemoglobin, whereas combined exercise is more effective compared with aerobic or resistance exercise alone. Exercise also improves ankle brachial index. However, evidence regarding the association between exercise and peripheral neuropathy and risks of diabetic foot ulcers in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus remains insufficient.

title: Protocol for evaluating the effects of a therapeutic foot exercise program on injury incidence, foot functionality and biomechanics in long distance runners: a randomized controlled trial
abstract: BackgroundOverall performance, particularly in a very popular sports activity such as running, is typically influenced by the status of the musculoskeletal system and the level of training and conditioning of the biological structures. Any change in the musculoskeletal system's biomechanics, especially in the feet and ankles, will strongly influence the biomechanics of runners, possibly predisposing them to injuries. A thorough understanding of the effects of a therapeutic approach focused on feet biomechanics, on strength and functionality of lower limb muscles will contribute to the adoption of more effective therapeutic and preventive strategies for runners. randomized, prospective controlled and parallel trial with blind assessment is designed to study the effects of a "ground up" therapeutic approach focused on the foot ankle complex as it relates to the incidence of running related injuries in the lower limbs. One hundred and eleven (111) healthy long distance runners will be randomly assigned to either a control (CG) or intervention (IG) group. IG runners will participate in a therapeutic exercise protocol for the foot ankle for 8 weeks, with 1 directly supervised session and 3 remotely supervised sessions per week. After the 8 week period, IG runners will keep exercising for the remaining 10 months of the study, supervised only by web enabled software three times a week. At baseline, 2 months, 4 months and 12 months, all runners will be assessed for running related injuries (primary outcome) time for the occurrence of the first injury, foot health and functionality, muscle trophism, intrinsic foot muscle strength, dynamic foot arch strain and lower limb biomechanics during walking and running (secondary outcomes).DiscussionThis is the first randomized clinical trial protocol to assess the effect of an exercise protocol that was designed specifically for the foot and ankle complex on running related injuries to the lower limbs of long distance runners. We intend to show that the proposed protocol is an innovative and effective approach to decreasing the incidence of injuries. We also expect a lengthening in the time of occurrence of the first injury, an improvement in foot function, an increase in foot muscle mass and strength and beneficial biomechanical changes while running and walking after a year of exercising. 2014) under the name "Effects of Foot Strengthening on the Prevalence of Injuries in Long Distance Runners" Committee of Ethics in Research of the School of Medicine of the University of Sao Paulo (18/03/2015, Protocol 031/15)

title: Immediate Effect of Short foot Exercise on Dynamic Balance of Subjects with Excessively Pronated Feet
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the immediate effect of short foot exercise (SFE) on the dynamic balance of subjects with excessively pronated feet.  selected using the navicular drop test.  The limit of stability (LOS) was measured to determine the changes in the dynamic balance from before and after SFE in the standing and sitting positions.  After the SFE, LOS increased significantly in all areas, namely, the left, right, front, back, and overall.  SFE immediately improved the dynamic balance of subjects with excessively pronated feet. Subsequent studies will be conducted to examine the effects of SFE performed over the long term on postural stability.

title: Differences in static and dynamic balance task performance after 4 weeks of intrinsic foot muscle training: the short foot exercise versus the towel curl exercise.
abstract: Proper functioning of the intrinsic foot musculature (IFM) is essential in maintaining the integrity of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) Improper functioning of the IFM leads to excessive pronation of the foot, which has been linked to various pathologies. Therefore, training the IFM to avoid excessive pronation may help prevent some of these pathologies; however, it is not clear how to train these muscles optimally.  To investigate the effects of 2 different types of IFM training on the height of the MLA and static and dynamic balance task performance.  Randomized controlled trial, repeated measures mixed model design.  University biomechanics laboratory for testing and a home based training program.  24 healthy, university age volunteers (3 groups of 8) with no history of major lower limb pathology or balance impairment.  One experimental group performed 4 wk of the short foot exercise (SFE) and the other performed 4 wk of the towel curl exercise (TCE) Participants were asked to perform 100 repetitions of their exercise per day.  Navicular height during weight bearing, the total range of movement of the center of pressure (COP) in the mediolateral (ML) direction for a static balance test and a dynamic balance test.  There were no differences in the navicular height or static balance tests. For the dynamic balance test, all groups decreased the ML COP movement on the dominant limb by a small amount ~5 mm) however, the SFE group was able to decrease COP movement much more than the TCE group in the nondominant limb.  The SFE appeared to train the IFM more effectively than the TCE; however, there were differing results between the dominant and nondominant legs. These imbalances need to be taken into consideration by clinicians.

title: Effect of foot orthoses and short foot exercise on the cross sectional area of the abductor hallucis muscle in subjects with pes planus: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: To prevent overuse injuries related to excessively pronated feet, the strengthening of the foot intrinsic muscles has been recommended. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of foot orthoses and a short foot exercise intervention on the cross sectional area (CSA) of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscle and strength of the flexor hallucis (FH) in subjects with pes planus.  Twenty eight subjects with pes planus were randomly assigned to the foot orthosis (FO) group or the combined foot orthosis and short foot exercise (FOSF) group for an 8 week intervention. The CSA of the AbdH muscle and the strength of FH were assessed before and after intervention. Data were analyzed using a mixed model ANOVA.  Significant group by intervention interaction effects were observed in CSA of the AbdH (p=0.009) and strength of the FH (p=0.015) The results of the post hoc paired t test showed that that the CSA of the AbdH muscle and the strength of the FH significantly increased after the intervention in both groups (p=0.000) The mean CSA of the AbdH muscle and the strength of FH were significantly greater in subjects in the FOSF group compared with subjects in the FO group (mean difference of FO vs. FOSF=13.61 mm(2) in CSA of AbdH muscle; 0.90 kgf in strength of FH; p=0.008) CONCLUSIONS Results from this study demonstrate that foot orthoses combined with short foot exercise is more effective in increasing the CSA of the AbdH muscle and the strength of FH compared with foot orthoses alone. Therefore, foot orthoses combined with short foot exercise are recommended for improving strength of AbdH muscle in subjects with pes planus.