Query: Semantic web

title: The Semantic Web
abstract: Contrastive reasoning is the reasoning with contrasts which are expressed as contrary conjunctions like the word "but" in natural language. Contrastive answers are more informative for reasoning with inconsistent ontologies, as compared with the usual simple Boolean answer, i.e. either "yes" or "no" In this paper, we propose a method of computing contrastive answers from inconsistent ontologies. The proposed approach has been implemented in the system CRION (Contrastive Reasoning with Inconsistent ONtologies) as a reasoning plug in in the LarKC (Large Knowledge Collider) platform. We report several experiments in which we apply the CRION system to some realistic ontologies. This evaluation shows that contrastive reasoning is a useful extension to the existing approaches of reasoning with inconsistent ontologies.

title: The Semantic Web" in Scientific American

title: SWRL A semantic Web rule language combining OWL and ruleML

title: Survey on challenges of Question Answering in the Semantic Web
abstract: Semantic Question Answering (SQA) removes two major access requirements to the Semantic Web: the mastery of a formal query language like SPARQL and knowledge of a specific vocabulary. Because of the complexity of natural language, SQA presents difficult challenges and many research opportunities. Instead of a shared effort, however, many essential components are redeveloped, which is an inefficient use of researcher's time and resources. This survey analyzes 62 different SQA systems, which are systematically and manually selected using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, leading to 72 selected publications out of 1960 candidates. We identify common challenges, structure solutions, and provide recommendations for future systems. This work is based on publications from the end of 2010 to July 2015 and is also compared to older but similar surveys.

title: Semantic Web Machine Reading with FRED
abstract: A machine reader is a tool able to transform natural language text to formal structured knowledge so as the latter can be interpreted by machines, according to a shared semantics. FRED is a machine reader for the semantic web: its output is a RDF/OWL graph, whose design is based on frame semantics. Nevertheless, FRED's graph are domain and task independent making the tool suitable to be used as a semantic middleware for domainor task specific applications. To serve this purpose, it is available both as REST service and as Python library. This paper provides details about FRED's capabilities, design issues, implementation and evaluation.

title: Semantic web technologies in AEC industry: A literature overview
abstract: Over the recent years, the usage of semantic web technologies has notably increased in the domains of architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) These technologies are typically considered as complementary to existing and often used Building Information Modelling (BIM) software. The usage of these technologies in the AEC domains is thereby motivated by (1) a desire to overcome the interoperability issue among software tools used in diverse disciplines, or at least improve information exchange processes; (2) a desire to connect to various domains of application that have opportunities to identify untapped valuable resources closely linked to the information already obtained in the AEC domains; and/or (3) a desire to exploit the logical basis of these technologies, which is currently undisclosed in the AEC domains. Through an extensive literature study and survey, this article investigates the development and application progress of semantic web technologies in the AEC domains in accordance with these three primary perspectives. These examinations and analyses provide a complete strategical map that can serve as a robust stepping stone for future research regarding the application of semantic web technologies in the AEC domains. Results show that semantic web technologies have a key role to play in logic based applications and applications that require information from multiple application areas (e.g. BIM Infra GIS Energy) Notwithstanding fast developments and hard work, challenging research opportunities are situated in (1) the creation and maintenance of the links between the various data sets and in (2) devising beneficial implementation approaches that rely on appropriate combinations of declarative and procedural programming techniques, semantic and legacy data formats, user input, and automated procedures.

title: Semantic Web in data mining and knowledge discovery: A comprehensive survey
abstract: Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) is a research field concerned with deriving higher level insights from data. The tasks performed in that field are knowledge intensive and can often benefit from using additional knowledge from various sources. Therefore, many approaches have been proposed in this area that combine Semantic Web data with the data mining and knowledge discovery process. This survey article gives a comprehensive overview of those approaches in different stages of the knowledge discovery process. As an example, we show how Linked Open Data can be used at various stages for building content based recommender systems. The survey shows that, while there are numerous interesting research works performed, the full potential of the Semantic Web and Linked Open Data for data mining and KDD is still to be unlocked.

title: DAML S: Semantic Markup for Web Services
abstract: The Semantic Web should enable greater access not only to content but also to services on the Web. Users and software agents should be able to discover, invoke, compose, and monitor Web resources offering particular services and having particular properties. As part of the DARPA Agent Markup Language program, we have begun to develop an ontology of services, called DAML S, that will make these functionalities possible. In this paper we describe the overall structure of the ontology, the service profile for advertising services, and the process model for the detailed description of the operation of services. We also compare DAML S with several industry efforts to define standards for characterizing services on the Web.

title: Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV) A gateway to reusable semantic vocabularies on the Web
abstract: One of the major barriers to the deployment of Linked Data is the difficulty that data publishers have in determining which vocabularies to use to describe the semantics of data. This system report describes Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV) a high quality catalogue of reusable vocabularies for the description of data on the Web. The LOV initiative gathers and makes visible indicators that have not been previously harvested such as the interconnections between vocabularies, version history along with past and current referent (individual or organization) LOV goes beyond existing Semantic Web vocabulary search engines and takes into consideration the value's property type, matched with a query, to improve vocabulary terms scoring. By providing an extensive range of data access methods (SPARQL endpoint, API, data dump or UI) we try to facilitate the reuse of well documented vocabularies in the Linked Data ecosystem. We conclude that the adoption in many applications and methods of LOV shows the benefits of such a set of vocabularies and related features to aid the design and publication of data on the Web.

title: Semantic Web