Query: effect of working mothers on child development

title: The Effects of Working Women on Child Development: A Case Study of University of Sindh, Jamshoro
abstract: Women's outside work has now become emerging trend and due to their employment participation this new trend impacts the overall national development. Several new employment opportunities also encouraged by women participation in workforce and made positive effects on national development but instead of this broad national benefit women's work is again being criticized due to which they found difficulty to make decision to either go for work or not. The opponents argued that women' work effect their child care and development. The working women's roles invisibility reflecting the widespread worldview in Europe, United Kingdom and United States that considered women's work complementary to the family. The study of 60 respondents was attempt to find out the effects of women on their child development, in which 3 types of questionnaires were used to focus 3 different age group of Child and their developments in relation to their mothers work it was found that most of the University employed working mothers are not willing to give up their jobs, the child development of early age group is not having any relation to their mothers work because child of this age are not that much mature to understand their mothers less time devotion while the child of growing age including 4 10 reflects that they are inversely effected due to mothers work as the child of this age group are quiet sharp, they are in learning process of events that surrounds and similarly the next age class reflects that having positive effects of their mothers work because this child of this group needs freedom and less interruptions by their birth relations and mothers' work made it possible for them.

title: Research Group on Human Capital Working Paper Series Connecting the Dots The Early Impacts of Increased Paid Maternity Leave on Child Development Working
abstract: This paper evaluates the effect of extended maternal care on children's development at age 4 and 5 using observational data prior to and after the Canadian parental leave reform, which extended total paid leave from 25 to 50 weeks. In contrast with previous research on the Canadian parental leave reform, we estimate the impact of the reform while controlling for underlying trends in the outcome variables. We find that the policy change had positive effects on the cognitive development of children as well as parent reported measures of child health and family well being. Effects on behavioral development are mainly not significant. These results must be interpreted with respect to the effective treatment period and the type of care displaced. We find that mothers increased their time at home from 7 to 11 months and that the type of care displaced was mainly unregulated and provided by individuals without specific training.

title: THE EFFECT of PHYSICAL and ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF A "CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER" ON A CENTER'S SELECTION
abstract: The role of education is a key factor for an individual's development. After the 1980s the findings of educational research has shown that preschool age is a very important period in one's development. The single parent family structure and an increase in the number of working mothers have required children to attend schools in "child development centers" (CDC) Preschool education is becoming important in the new millennium because a child's personality, emotions, cognitive and social abilities develop during the first five years. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons for selecting CDCs by parents and children by focusing on physical and environmental factors. The sample was a diverse group of 95 parents and instructors who use CDCs at two different locations in Turkey. The instrument used in the study was a self designed standardized questionnaire. The results should enlighten later CDC design studies, and give support for architects who design preschool education centers. The study may be used for educational, governmental and advertising purposes to contribute to changing the negative situation of poorly designed centers.

title: The Effect of Maternal Work Conditions on Child Development
abstract: This study goes beyond the much studied impact of mothers' labor force participation on children's development and investigates how mothers' working environment affects children's cognitive and non cognitive performance. Using data from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Occupational Information Network and applying a value added plus specification we find a negative impact of the hazards involved in mothers' jobs on their children's non cognitive achievement, but not on their cognitive performance. Nevertheless, stratification according to mothers' verbal skills reveals that only the personality development of children of mothers with high verbal skills is affected. Upon further investigation,we find that a possible mechanism through which maternal work conditions affect child outcomes is through reduced mother child interactions

title: Effects of Working Mothers on Children.
abstract: AUTHOR Warshaw, Rhonda TITLE Effects of Working Mothers 'on Children. FOB DATE Apr. 76 HOTB 5p. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the. iestern Psychological Association (Los Angeles, California, April 8r11> 1976) 2DBS PRICE HP 10.83 HC S1.67 Plus Postage.  Achievement; *child Development; *Pa<<ily Bole; *8others; *Parent Child Relationship; *Research Projects; *Sex Bole; Sex Stereotypes; Boiens Studies; *Rorking Bo Ben " ABSTBier Ttte authorexamines Bateraal eiployient as, a coiplex process and as one of a nuaber of variables, that affects the child. The effects of a working Bother on several variables concerned with child's adjostBent are also* discpssed. Other aceas .explored involve the relationship between a child's faiily adjustment and academic achievem<<nt as well as the effects the presence of a working aotbec in' the household has on those variables. In addition, a measure of sex role* stereotyping, adsinistered to deteraiae the effect of aaternal employment on a.child's sex role perceptions, is also* presented. ?G)

title: When Does Time Matter? Maternal Employment, Children's Time With Parents, and Child Development
abstract: This study tests the two assumptions underlying popularly held notions that maternal employment negatively affects children because it reduces time spent with parents: (1) that maternal employment reduces children's time with parents, and (2) that time with parents affects child outcomes. We analyze children's time diary data from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and use child fixed effects and IV estimations to account for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that working mothers trade quantity of time for better "quality" of time. On average, maternal work has no effect on time in activities that positively influence children's development, but it reduces time in types of activities that may be detrimental to children's development. Stratification by mothers' education reveals that although all children, regardless of mother's education, benefit from spending educational and structured time with their mothers, mothers who are high school graduates have the greatest difficulty balancing work and childcare. We find some evidence that fathers compensate for maternal employment by increasing types of activities that can foster child development as well as types of activities that may be detrimental. Overall, we find that the effects of maternal employment are ambiguous because (1) employment does not necessarily reduce children's time with parents, and (2) not all types of parental time benefit child development.

title: The Impact of Education On Fertility and Child Mortality: Do Fathers Really Matter Less than Mothers? OECD Development Centre Working Paper, No. 217 (Formerly Webdoc No. 5)
abstract: This paper takes advantage of a massive school construction program that took place in Indonesia between 1973 and 1978 to estimate the effect of education on fertility and child mortality. Time and region varying exposure to the school construction program generates instrumental variables for the average education in the household, and the difference in education between husband and wife. We show that female education is a stronger determinant of age at marriage and early fertility than male education. However, female and male education seem equally important factors in reducing child mortality. We suggest that the OLS estimate of the differential effect of women's and men's education may be biased by failure to take in to account assortative matching.

title: Effects of maternal folic acid supplementation during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy on neurocognitive development in the child: an 11 year follow up from a randomised controlled trial
abstract: Maternal folic acid (FA) supplementation before and in early pregnancy prevents neural tube defects (NTD) but it is uncertain whether continuing FA after the first trimester has benefits on offspring health. We aimed to evaluate the effect of FA supplementation throughout pregnancy on cognitive performance and brain function in the child. Follow up investigation of 11 year old children, residing in Northern Ireland, whose mothers had participated in a randomised trial of Folic Acid Supplementation in the Second and Third Trimesters (FASSTT) in pregnancy and received 400 mg/day FA or placebo from the 14th gestational week. Cognitive performance (Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, Verbal Comprehension, Working Memory, Perceptual Reasoning, and Processing Speed) was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Neuronal function was assessed using magnetoencephalographic (MEG) brain imaging. Of 119 mother child pairs in the FASSTT trial, 68 children were assessed for neurocognitive performance at 11 year follow up (Dec 2017 to Nov 2018) Children of mothers randomised to FA compared with placebo scored significantly higher in two Processing Speed tests, i.e. symbol search (mean difference 2.9 points, 95% CI 0.3 to 5.5, p 0.03) and cancellation (11.3 points, 2.5 to 20.1, p 0.04) whereas the positive effect on Verbal Comprehension was significant in girls only (6.5 points, 1.2 to 11.8, p 0.03) MEG assessment of neuronal responses to a language task showed increased power at the Beta (13 30 Hz, p 0.01) and High Gamma (49 70 Hz, p 0.04) bands in children from FA supplemented mothers, suggesting more efficient semantic processing of language. Continued FA supplementation in pregnancy beyond the early period currently recommended to prevent NTD can benefit neurocognitive development of the child. MEG provides a non invasive tool in paediatric research to objectively assess functional brain activity in response to nutrition and other interventions.

title: Does child care availability play a role in maternal employment and children's development? Evidence from Italy
abstract: This paper investigates the effects of public child care availability in Italy in mothers' working status and children's scholastic achievements. We use a newly available dataset containing individual standardized test scores of pupils attending the second grade of primary school in 2009 2010 in conjunction with data on public child care availability. Our estimates indicate a positive and significant effects of child care availability on both mothers' working status and children's Language test scores. We find that a percentage change in public child care coverage increases mothers' probability to work by 1.3 percentage points and children's Language test scores by 0.85 percent of one standard deviation; we do not find any effect on Math test scores. Moreover, the impact of a percentage change in public child care on mothers' employment and children's Language test scores is greater in provinces where child care availability is more limited.

title: WOMEN LITERACY AND INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES IN RURAL INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SCHEME (ICDS) BLOCK OF DELHI
abstract: Infant feeding practices have significant effect on the child nutrition, which largely dependent upon the mothers correct knowledge and awareness for the same.  To find out effect of rural women empowerment through literacy on infant feeding practices in an ICDS block.  Interview of the mothers of registered children up to 6 years in the rural ICDS block for the feeding practices and recording of the weight of those registered children by the salter weighing scale for their nutritional status.  Three fourth of the children had received ceremonial feed in the form of honey or gutti and 40 percent of the mothers in our study has discarded colostrums, considering it as 'bad milk' Exclusive breast feeding was received by 34.6% children. As literacy level of mothers increased the nutritional status of children was better. This could be because most of the women who are middle school passed or above are non working, so are able to give more time for care and feeding practices. The Severe malnutrition (grade III and IV) was evident only in illiterate category of mothers, where 58.7% women were working in unskilled or semiskilled job outside home.  Women living in chronic hunger are forced to unskilled jobs for income generation for the family, thereby influencing the feeding practices of their children. In such scenario AWCs and AWWs can be a unique opportunity with their focused approach to take care of severe and moderate malnutrition.