Query: diversity of fresh water molluscan

title: Studies on the bio diversity of fresh water molluscan fauna of damoh and Sagar districts

title: Fresh water molluscan diversity from a perinnial tank near Hotagi, Solapur (District) Maharastra, India.
abstract: It is essential to know the status and trends of freshwater molluscan diversity in order to monitor and assess the impact of human activities on freshwater systems and to conserve the freshwater biodiversity conservation. The present work deals with the assessment of freshwater molluscan diversity to focus mainly on the distribution of various classes. The present survey on the molluscan fauna from Hotagi tank (latitude 17deg 20' 20" longitude 75deg 68' 00" shown abundance both the classes of gastropoda and bivalvia. All together 11 species were identified in the freshwater Hotagi tank. Among all these species Lamellidens corrianus and Bellamya bengalensis were found to be abundant. The present study is considered as a first report of its kind as far as molluscan diversity concerned especially form the Hotagi tank from Solapur district Maharashtra.

title: Diversity of fresh water bivalve molluscan fauna from aurangabad district with reference to their biotic potential

title: Diversity of Molluscan communities in Kondakarla Freshwater Lake, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
abstract: Kondakarla Lake is the second largest natural fresh water lake in Andhra Pradesh, India located at a distance of 42 km from Visakhapatnam. The molluscan faunal diversity was investigated during the study period from July 2012 to June 2014. The study aimed to keep records mainly on the taxonomy, distribution, status, and conservation need of the different species.  Samples were collected with the help of local people by using Peterson's grab sampler, Surber and D Frame. The collected samples were washed and preserved in plastic screw cap bottles and preserved in 70 80% ethyl alcohol and in 5% formalin solution.  Altogether 14 species of these 28.57% of class Bivalvia and 71.429% of Gastropoda were recorded at four selected stations.  Mesogastropoda dominant with 2 families which contributed to 50% of the total population followed by Trigoinoida and Bsommatophora each contributed to 25% The number and Percentage composition of Population Status were recorded during the study period. The recorded range of various diversity indexes were noted at different seasons.  Kondakarla freshwater lake consisting of 28.571% of class Bivalvia and 71.429% of gastropoda was recorded at four stations during the study period. The Population Status was 07.143% abundant, 57.143% species were common, 21.429% species were moderate and 14.286% species were rare in the total catch.  Bivalvia, Diversity Index, Gastropoda, Population Status, Mollusca INTRODUCTION The Indian freshwater community is a rich diversity of molluscs, representing 212 species belonging to 21 families, 164 species were recorded from rivers and streams  Approximately 5,000 species of freshwater snails were inhabitant lakes, ponds, and streams worldwide  Freshwater mussels are soft bodied animals that are usually producing an external skeleton is composed of a limy material or calcium carbonate, which How to cite this article Amaravathi D, Sekhar PSR, Rao KR. Diversity of Molluscan communities in Kondakarla Freshwater Lake, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. SSR Inst.  2019; 5(1) 2140 2147. Access this article online www.ijlssr.com serves both protective and supportive purposes. Freshwater molluscs grouped into two main classes i.e. Bivalves, and Gastropods. These are found in a wide range of freshwater habitats and have varied life history strategies, with lifespan that vary from species to species three months i.e. pea clams, 120 years for pearl mussels. They find their highest levels of endemism and diversity in ancient lakes, large river basins, and artesian basins and all of these habitats can be found within the Eastern Mediterranean region  The freshwater snails are bioindicators and play a crucial role in the natural ecosystem. They are saprophytic animals and purify water bodies as they consume algae, zooplankton, diatoms, and organic waste. They provide food for many kinds of animals such as fish, birds and also for human beings and they are part of food webs  Research Article SSR Inst.   Page 2141 Being mollusks are significant to humans throughout history food source, tools, jewelry, and even pets  The present study aimed to keep records mainly on the taxonomy, distribution, status, and conservation need of the different species found at Kondakarla freshwater lake.  Lake is the second largest natural fresh water lake in Andhra Pradesh located at a distance of 42 km from Visakhapatnam and 7 km from Anakapalle. It is located north east of Kondakarla village, lies between latitudes 17deg35'30" and 17deg36'02" N, and longitudes 82deg59 27 and 83deg1 0 E. Samplings were done between 6.30 am and 11.30 am on every bimonthly and analyzed in department of Environmental sciences laboratory, Andhra University. Four stations were selected for the present study to the collection of Molluscans during the period June 2 0 1 2 to may 2014. They are (Station IKakarapalli (E) Station IIKondakarla Bird sanctuary (W) Station IIIVadrapalli (N) Station IVAvasomavaram (S)  Fig. 1: Kondakarla Ava Freshwater lake study area Collection, Preservation, and IdentificationMolluscans were collected from each sampling site with the help of local people by using the boat, nylon scoop net, gloves, Peterson's grab sampler, Surber and D Frame. The Specimens were assembled to use hand picking and scoop method, and collected samples were washed and preserved in plastic screw cap bottles and preserved in 70 80% ethyl alcohol and in 5% formalin solution  Diversity was estimated by counting the total number of species per square meter for each sample. The specimens were categorized and identified on the basis of characteristics of the shell such as shape, size, color, and ornamentation of coiled shell [8 12] Other characteristics include whorls as rounded, angular, keel over including shape, length and number of the spire, aperture as sinistral/dextral, opercula (trap door) absence/presence and their shape. Few minute characteristics such as the size and shape of apex, suture deepness, low, the shape, position, size of umbilicus and columellar, Imperforated and perforated, the outer covering (periostracum) pigment, patterning (ribbed and striated) eye and tentacle position were also studied this course of work [13,14] The mathematical expression of ShannonWiener Index (H) Simpson Index, Menhinick Index, Buzas and Gibson's Index, and evenness was calculated by using online calculator   The present study revealed, the occurrence of fourteen species belongs to two classes, three orders, four families and ten genera. List of molluscan fauna including their Class, order, family, genus, species and IUCN status were recorded in the present investigation was given in Table 1. SSR Inst.   Total 28.57% of class Bivalvia and 71.42% of gastropoda was recorded at four stations during the study period. The listed species are Lamellidens corrianus, Lamellidens marginalis, Parreysia favidens, Parreysia corrugate, Bellamya bengalensis, Bellamya dissimilis, Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata, Tarebia granifera, Tarebia granifera, Bithynia pulchella, Pila globosa, Lymnaea acuminate, Gyraulus convexiusculus and Indoplanorbis

title: Diversity of molluscan fauna from freshwater bodies of Sangli district: A comprehensive study in relation to environmental variables
abstract: Molluscs as a second largest phyla includes snails, slugs, clams, oysters, scallops, cuttlefish, squid and octopus. Present study revealed, diversity of molluscan fauna from three sites i.e Khanderajuri lake, Mhaishal lake and Krishna river in the period of January, 2011 to December, 2013. Among collected molluscs 10 species were identified from seven families i.e. Physidae, Lymnaeidae, Viviparidae, Corbiculidae, Thiaridae, Planorbidae and Littorinidae included in class Gastropods and Bivalve. Seasonal variations showed quantitative difference in gastropods, Quantity was observed to be minimum in mansoon season as compared to premansoon and postmansoon season. Physicochemical alterations were showed influence on the biodiversity at the various sites.  Aquatic ecosystem is the most diverse in the world. Benthic macro invertebrates are common inhabitants of fresh water bodies as they transfer energy through food webs 1. Among invertebrate diversity molluscs constitute the second largest phylum next to arthropods. Many molluscan species are also good bio indicators for water quality or pollution on the basis of their tolerance power against extremes of physico chemical components of water 2, 3, 4 Molluscs are found to be important economically, medicinally and ecologically 5 The biological communities that are exposed to pollutants act as integrators of multiple past and present environmental effects in any ecosystem.   http:/dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975 8232.6(8).3563 70 All attribute makes them suitable to act as bioindicators 6 Molluscs occupy a prominent place among aquatic organisms suitable for biological monitoring 7 Scientists have reported that, certain gastropods and pelecypods were ideal bioindicators for trophic stages (eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic) of lakes as well as for lotic environments 8, 9, 10 Clarke attempted to show the utility of molluscs in primary classification of the lakes in their various trophic stages. Freshwater macro invertebrates are used for lake monitoring and different indexes were prepared to assess the ecological status of lentic ecosystems. Benthic macro invertebrates constitute an important part of aquatic organisms in aquatic environments. At present aquatic organisms are exposed to anthropogenic disturbance as well as natural changes in their habitats which are to be responded in various ways. Therefore, aquatic organisms also have an important role in biomonitoring 11, 12

title: Benthic Substrates: Their Effect on Fresh Water Mollusca
abstract: Mollusks have been collected in 650 locations in central New York State since 1966 in order to determine habitat preferences of the various species. Chemical and physical data were recorded at each locality. Three large lakes (Skaneateless, Otsego, and Oneida) were studies in detail to observe patterns of molluscan distribution. The species associated with different bottom types are tabulated. Mollusks are substrate distribution in typical environments are discussed. The lake studies show that definite relationships exist between mollusk distribution and substrate pattern. Species diversity is correlated with substrate diversity (r 0.79) in 348 collection are that include several biotypes. See full text article at JSTOR

title: Studies on biomass of Seagrass, Seaweed and its associated fauna from Chilika lagoon
abstract: Chilika is the largest brackish water lagoon of India which is situated in state of Odisha. It harbours fresh water, brackish water and marine organisms. It is rich in floral and faunal diversity which is the unique feature of this lagoon. The present study is to highlight on seagrass, seaweed and its associated fauna in the southern sector of this lagoon. During the study period it was observed that there were 2 species of seagrasses (Holophila ovalis and Holodule uninervis) and a single species of seaweed (Gracillaria verrucosa) were available abundantly in this sector. The average biomass (Dry weight) of Holophila ovalis, Holodule uninervis and Gracillaria verrucosa were 113, 47.4 and 89 gms/m2 respectively. In addition to the availability of seagrass and seaweed, different species of Molluscan fauna were also collected from different vegetative parts of the seagrass and seaweed beds. The average biomass (Dry weight) of the Molluscan species in three respective seagrass and seaweed bed were 31.4, 45.6 and 255 gms/m2 respectively. Out of seven classes of Molluscan group, two classes were found from the seagrass and seaweed bed. Four species were recorded from gastropoda (Telescopium telescopium, Cerithidea cingulata, Oliva oliva and Conus virgo) and other two species were encountered from Bivalvia (Modiolus striatulus and Donax scortum) which were associated with the seagrasses and seaweed. Among different species of Gastropoda, Cerithidea cingulata was abundant and dominant species which was contributed maximum biomass (79% associated with Holophila ovalis, where as this species was counted very less (9% in the grass bed of Holodule uninervis with in the same area. The dominant species in the grass bed of Holodule uninervis was Modiolus striatulus which was contributing maximum biomass (82% This is the unique feature in its distribution. Though Modiolus striatulus is rarely available in Holophila ovalis but plentily available in the seaweed beds of Gracillaria verrucosa. The reason of its ecological distribution is unknown. As it is a preliminary study on the associated fauna linked with seagrass and seaweed bed in Chilika lagoon, a detail study is required to know its ecological reasons of their distribution.

title: Quaternary continental molluscs from Northern Uruguay: distribution and paleoecology
abstract: Knowledge of the continental Quaternary molluscs of Northern Uruguay is good at a regional scale. Presently, around 23 genera or species level taxa are recorded. Molluscs are often found as fossil concentrates, and rarely as isolated shells. All species are extant, and all except two are present today in the geographic area studied. All properly identified species are from fresh water, except two (belonging to one genus) that are terrestrial. Molluscan diversity is associated to subenvironmental diversity of the localities. Dating made on molluscs from the Sopas Formation yielded ages of ca. 43,000 and ca. 45,000 14C y BP.

title: Effect of Soda Ash Industry Effluent on Seaweed Epiphytic and Ambient Fauna in In Situ Condition in Northwest Coast of India
abstract: The soda ash industry effluent has significantly reduced the species diversity of epiphytic fauna and planktonic fauna of seawater, their numerical density, fresh and dry weight, total number of groups and group diversity as compared to control. However, the reverse trend was shown by benthos. Therefore, considerable degradation in the water quality of seawater as well as epiphytic and planktonic fauna has been observed due to discharge of effluent. Some of the species of epiphytic fauna were specific to effluent affected as well as control sites. The epiphytic molluscan larvae and fish eggs were observed only from effluent affected and control sites respectively. Quite a number of species showed host specificity under effluent affected as well as control conditions. The maximum numerical density on seaweeds under effluent affected and control conditions was shown by Copepods and Foraminiferans respectively. Most of the species of seawater zooplankton as well as benthos from effluent affected as well as control sites were also present as epiphytic forms on different seaweeds. The epiphytic fauna contained significantly higher number of groups and species diversity compared to zooplanktonic and benthic fauna. The Decapods were observed only in benthos whereas Cladocerans, Coelenterate larvae, Cyclopoids, Ostracods and Molluscan larvae were found only in epiphytic fauna. In general, most of the physicochemical parameters of effluent, diluted effluent as well as effluent affected seawaters were many magnitude to considerably high as compared to control seawater. However, magnesium in effluent as well as sulphate and phosphate in the effluent affected seawater showed reverse trend. In general, the effluent has significantly affected the species diversity and biomass production of epiphytic and planktonic fauna. The reduction in growth of epiphytic fauna and zooplankton in the effluent affected region is inhibited due to high concentration of different salts present in effluent affected seawater. However, such salts promoted growth and species diversity of benthos.

title: Invertebrate paleoecology of the Upper Cliff Coal interval (Pennsylvanian) Plateau coal field, northern Alabama
abstract: The Upper Cliff coal interval (Early Pennsylvanian) of northern Alabama consists of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal deposited within a southwestward prograding deltaic complex as previously defined using paleobotanical and sedimentological evidence. The paleoecology of two invertebrate bearing lithofacies was studied within this context. A lower shaley siltstone lithofacies records the inundation of the Upper Cliff #1 peat accumulating swamp/marsh by fresh water influenced brackish to restricted marine deposits. The fauna is dominated by the inarticulate Orbiculoidea and the trace fossil Planolites As inundation continued, an interdistributary bay developed. Diversity and abundance of taxa increased with the establishment of a molluscan dominated Pteronites Pianolites assemblage. The assemblage consists of a low diversity and low abundance fauna of bivalves and trace fossils that suggest soft substrates with abundant organics. The overlying sandstone lithofacies consists of a basal shell bed Schizophoria zone) composed of rare indigenous Pteronites and Wilkingia and a transported component of open marine epifaunal brachiopods, gastropods, and trilobite fragments. The Schizophoria zone thins to the northeast, suggesting open marine conditions to the southwest. Directly above this bed, the fauna of the sandstone lithofacies is composed entirely of Zoophycos Higher in the section, rare Pteronites and Wilkingia occur, thus this lithofacies preserves a Wilkingia Pteronites Zoophycos assemblage of low abundance and diversity reflecting mobile organic poor substrates. The sandstone lithofacies is interpreted as a migrating sand body with a basal shell bed, initially formed probably as a result of storm activity.