Query: Peanut sheller

title: Peanut sheller design parameters

title: Cost of Aflatoxin to the Farmer, Buying Point, and Sheller Segments of the Southeast United States Peanut Industry
abstract: Aflatoxin in peanut imposes considerable economic cost to the southeast U.S. peanut industry. A federal marketing agreement administered by the Peanut Administrative Committee ensures the consumer that only edible quality peanuts are allowed entry into edible markets. The 1993 1996 crop years were analyzed to estimate the net cost due to aflatoxin to the farmer, buying point, and sheller segments of the southeast peanut industry. Farmer stock peanuts are examined for visible Aspergillus flavus, the mold primarily responsible for aflatoxin contamination in peanut. Detected lots with aflatoxin (Segregation III) are removed from edible channels because the lot is presumed to be at high risk for aflatoxin contamination and the value of farmer stock peanuts is reduced. The farmer segment net cost due to Segregation III lots averaged $2,595,937 per year. Segregation III lots are generally placed under loan in the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Buying points are paid to handle peanuts for CCC, but

title: Design of an Automated Powered Peanut Shelling Machine.
abstract: Groundnut is predominantly grown by communal farmers in Zimbabwe. The price of shelled kernel is approximately double that of pod. Hand shelling of peanuts is a time consuming and laborious process which is mostly used in the remote areas in Zimbabwe. Manual shelling of peanuts using "Manual Sheller's" has been adopted to reduce the time invested in hand shelling. These machines have high defective rates of almost 50% which reduce the overall gain achieved by the farmer after harvesting. As a result, the need has risen to design an automated powered peanut Sheller machine automated using a Program Logic Controller and having a servomotor as its actuator to solve the high labour, huge amounts of time lost through shelling and the low efficiency of previous Sheller designs. First hand results were obtained in this project by determining the crushing force required to shell peanuts at approximately 10% moisture content. Regression models were then used to standardise these results to enhance accuracy. Shelling throughput, automatic gap adjustment, shelling efficiency, mechanical damage are some of the parameters used to determine the overall performance of the peanut Sheller. However exhaustive research on peanut engineering properties has to be done in future to lay out a foundation for improved future designs. On an overall note, this project includes the design and assembling of different components to come up with an environmentally friendly machine that meets the set objectives.

title: Design and Experiment of a Peanut Shelling Machine
abstract: Peanut is an important economic crop and there are strict requirements for the degree of damage to peanut seed, seed coat and germ, which are difficult to guarantee by an ordinary sheller. Manual operation often cannot satisfy modern agricultural production due to heavy labor intensity, low efficiency and work quality. For the above reasons, a suitable peanut shelling machine is needed to replace manual operation and conventional sheller. A peanut shelling machine has been designed, which imitated manual peanut peeling method. The mechanical structure of the peanut shelling machine consists of a frame, a feeding mechanism, a pneumatic gripper and peanut shelling positioning mechanism. The control system is composed of a MCU, LCD 12864 liquid crystal display, and keys. Experimental results showed that, the peanut shelling rate is 20/min and the success rate is 92.3% Furthermore, it provided a new approach to achieve automatic peanut shelling operation and well satisfied agricultural production.

title: THE ROLE OF POSTHARVEST MACHINERIES AND PACKAGING IN MINIMIZING AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN PEANUT
abstract: As a tropical country with relatively high humidity and temperature, Indonesia is struggling with aflatoxin which frequently contaminates peanut. Aflatoxin is a carcinogenic toxic substance that could cause liver cancer. Due to the increasing concern on food safety, the Indonesian Drugs and Foods Agency specifies the maximum aflatoxin allowed in peanut as much as 20 ppb. However, researches showed that aflatoxin contamination in peanut in Indonesia is much higher than the threshold. The study was carried out to observe the effect of using postharvest machineries and packaging treatments on aflatoxin contamination in peanut. Reduction of postharvest processes was conducted by using series of machineries, e.g. thresher, dryer, and sheller. Packaging treatments, e.g. vacuum plastic pack, hermetic glass chamber, and polyethylene (PE) plastic wrap were carried out during storage at ambient temperature (25 27degC) The results showed that using machineries in postharvest handling produced peanut free from aflatoxin contamination. However, without effective packaging, the aflatoxin level would increase during storage. Hermetic packaging could protect peanut from the mold as indicated by low level of aflatoxin contamination.

title: Modification and performance evaluation of a reciprocating machine for shelling peanut
abstract: A reciprocating peanut sheller was fabricated as a multi crop sheller to shell peanut, soybean, bean, etc.  The present study was mainly carried out to evaluate the performance of a reciprocating peanut sheller before and after modification by supplying the sheller with feeding mechanism (conveyor belt) increasing the friction area of shelling box, and using rubber for enhancing shelling process. The experimental results showed that, the performance of a reciprocating peanut sheller after modification is better than, that before modification. Where, the value of shelling efficiency after modification was of 98.85 damaged seeds of 1.36 unshelled seeds of 1.15 total losses of 2.51 sheller productivity of 155.98 x IO 3 Mg/ h, unit energy consumption of 2.87 kWh/Mg, cleaning efficiency of 99.06 and criterion cost of 42.17 LE/Mg at feed rate of 160 kg/h, box speed of 1.4 m/s, moisture content about 17.12 w.b. and air velocity of 8.37 m/s. But before modification shelling efficiency was of 95.32 damaged seeds of 6.12 unshelled seeds of 4.68 total losses of 10.8 sheller productivity of 89.20 x 10 3 Mg/h, unit energy consumption of 3.47 kW h/Mg, cleaning efficiency of 98.88 and criterion cost of 84.93 LE/Mg at feed rate of 100 kg/ h and the other studied operating conditions.

title: A study on the effects of example familiarity and modality on design fixation
abstract: Design fixation is a factor that negatively influences the generation of novel design concepts (Jansson Smith, 1991) When designers fixate, they tend to reproduce example features or features from their initial ideas. In order to mitigate design fixation, it is crucial to identify the factors that influence the extent of design fixation. This paper investigates two such factors: the modality of examples and the familiarity of designers with the example features. To investigate this, an experiment is conducted with mechanical engineering students who were asked to generate ideas to solve a peanut sheller design problem. The students generated ideas in five different experimental conditions: control, where no example was given; the first example given in a sketch form; the first example given as a nonfunctional prototype; a second example in sketch form; and the second example in a working prototype form. The first example was a nonfeasible solution, but it contained several features familiar to the participants. The second example was a feasible solution, but it contained less familiar features. In order to understand the extent of fixation triggered by the examples, three metrics were utilized to compare across the experimental conditions: the quantity of nonredundant ideas generated by the participants, the presence of example features in their solutions, and their fixation to the example's energy source. The results showed that in the case of the familiar example, the example modality did play an important role in the extent of design fixation. Across the examples, it was found that the first example containing several familiar features caused more fixation than the second one. Overall, this paper shows that the modality in which the example was communicated and the presence of familiar features in an example influenced the fixation caused by those examples.

title: Peanut Hull Flour as a Potential Source of Dietary Fiber
abstract: Peanut hull flour (PHF) was prepared from two types of peanuts and subsequently analyzed and evaluated as a dietary fiber source. The yield of PHF from the sheller run hulls ranged from 15 33% The PHF averaged 47.3% crude fiber. The neutral detergent fiber content was 78.1% and consisted of 25.5% lignin, 18.0% hemicellulose, and 34.6% cellulose. Fourteen elements were determined in the ash: P, Ca, Mg, and K were present in the highest concentrations. Holding capacities were 3.1g water/g flour and 1.7g oil/g flour. Cation exchange capacity was 1.0 meq/g flour; emulsifying capacity, 26.6 ml oil/g flour. Gross energy content was 4.57 Kcal/g, but about 0.52 Kcal/g would be available in the monogastric digestive system. Toasting caused a slight darkening of the flour and the flours had a slight peanut flavor. Thus, PHF seems to have potential for use as dietary fiber.

title: Application Situation and Developing Analysis on Peanut Shelling Machinery
abstract: With investigation and collection of the information of peanut sheller,the types and characteristics of the peanut sheller were briefly introduced in this paper.Based on principle and processing of the peanut sheller,it was discussed also that the advantages and the insufficiencies of every kind of peanut sheller on working principal,peculiarity of framework,power assembling,targets of performance,adaptable conditions and so on,while expounded the main problems of peanut sheller at present.Guided by market forces and the production requirement,the proposals and countermeasure have been made for accelerating the development of the peanut sheller in China.It could be provided a basis for developing and studying the peanut sheller.

title: The genome sequence of segmental allotetraploid peanut Arachis hypogaea
abstract: Like many other crops, the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. is of hybrid origin and has a polyploid genome that contains essentially complete sets of chromosomes from two ancestral species. Here we report the genome sequence of peanut and show that after its polyploid origin, the genome has evolved through mobile element activity, deletions and by the flow of genetic information between corresponding ancestral chromosomes (that is, homeologous recombination) Uniformity of patterns of homeologous recombination at the ends of chromosomes favors a single origin for cultivated peanut and its wild counterpart A. monticola. However, through much of the genome, homeologous recombination has created diversity. Using new polyploid hybrids made from the ancestral species, we show how this can generate phenotypic changes such as spontaneous changes in the color of the flowers. We suggest that diversity generated by these genetic mechanisms helped to favor the domestication of the polyploid A. hypogaea over other diploid Arachis species cultivated by humans.The genome sequence of segmental allotetraploid peanut suggests that diversity generated by genetic deletions and homeologous recombination helped to favor the domestication of Arachis hypogaea over its diploid relatives.