Query: nigeria migration

title: International migration, remittance and food security during food crises: the case study of Nigeria
abstract: The paper argues for the need to integrate the linkages between migration, remittances and food crises in the migration food security literature. Food crises that are exacerbated by erratic climatic changes, violence and other uncertainties are important drivers of international migration. Research on the impact of migration and remittances on food security has grown lately, but it is arguably not comprehensive in its approach. The role of remittances in improving household food security experience during food crises is a vital stream being neglected, and the impact of remittances on food security over a long term is yet to be studied comprehensively. To fill this gap, we analysed the case study of Nigeria using a World Bank Living Standards dataset, and followed an instrumental variable approach. Our results showed that remittance is valuable in meeting both short and long term food security, and it is a veritable instrument for meeting household food security during food crises. It is particularly crucial for female headed households who are more vulnerable to food insecurity. Although it does not significantly improve dietary diversity, households receiving remittances are less likely to adopt unhealthy coping practices such as eating less nutritious food, and less likely to be worried about meeting household food requirements due to lack of money. We conclude that remittances do not only smoothen consumption; it also places households on higher food security equilibrium during food crises.

title: International Migration, Kinship Networks and Social Capital in Southwestern Nigeria
abstract: International migration attracts global concern as international migration and its remittances are highly important mechanisms with profound implications for family, community, and national and international sustainability across borderlines. The demand for workers in most industrialized countries in order to sustain national economies and aspiration of migrants from less industrialized nations for better job opportunities and better ways of life have continued to foster migration and challenge constructions of social capital. As well as various push and pull factors, kinship networks and familial social relations serve as major drivers of migration. Consequently, various social structures and development projectiles in the giving and receiving nations are implicated. Thus, this study delved into interrogating the contours of how remittances in terms of patterns and perceptions embedded in migrations and social relations of migrants and their kin in selected locations in Ibadan. This study utilized a purely qualitative method of research because the subject matter focuses on making sense of meanings people attach to migration, remittance and supports as social capital towards understanding migration dynamics. Data were purposively collected through in depth interviews in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. A total of 40 interviews were conducted. This article makes an important contribution to the data and literature on motivations to migrate.

title: The linkages between international migration, remittances and household welfare in Nigeria
abstract: Despite the increase in international remittance flows to Nigeria, there is dearth of studies on the linkages between international migration, remittances and household welfare in the country. This paper investigated the linkages between international migration, remittances and household welfare in Nigeria by examining household consumer and durable assets as welfare indicators as against the use of income and recurrent expenditure as indicators of the impact of migration and remittance on households. Data was from the 2009 World Bank Migration survey and were analyzed by descriptive statistics, asset index technique, and quintile estimation, ordinary least square and probit regressions. More of the migrants were single, males, students, had primary education, and had a mean age of 30 years prior to migration. The main determinants of receipt of remittance by households were age of the household head, region of residence, place of residence, and employment status of head of household. On aggregate levels, the proportion of remittance receiving households in the fourth welfare quintile (13.88% was more than non remittance receiving households (11.47% while the proportion of non migrant households in the fourth quintile (8.01% was greater than the migrant households .00% The results also showed that having an international migrant and receiving of remittances significantly increases household welfare in Nigeria. Other variables that significantly affected household welfare in the area were age of the head of household, household size, region of residence, education and rural/urban place of residence.

title: Role of Land Access in Youth Migration and Youth Employment Decisions: Empirical Evidence from Rural Nigeria
abstract: The paper examines the role of land access in youth migration and employment decisions using a two wave panel data set from the Living Standards Measurement StudyaIntegrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS ISA) from Nigeria. Overall, the findings show that the size of expected land inheritance is significantly and negatively associated with long distance migration and migration to urban areas, while a similar impact is negligible when a broader definition of migration is adopted and when migration is deemed as temporary. A more disaggregated analysis by considering individual characteristics of the youth shows that results are more elastic for older youth and those that are less educated, while we find no difference when comparisons are made by gender. Similar analysis on the influence of land access on youth employment choices shows strong evidence that the larger the size of the expected land inheritance the lower the likelihood of the youth being involved in non agricultural activities and a higher chance of staying in agriculture or the dual sector. The results further reveal that youth in areas with a high level of agricultural commercialization and modernization seem to be more responsive to land access considerations in making migration and employment decisions than are youth residing in less commercialized areas. Finally, the results from the differential analysis suggest that rural to urban migration and the likelihood of youth involvement in the dual economy is more responsive to the size of the expected land inheritance for less educated youth as compared to more educated ones.

title: Geophysical assessment for vertical leachate migration profile and physicochemical study of groundwater around the Olusosun dumpsite Lagos, south west Nigeria
abstract: AbstractThe study was aimed at assessing the vertical movement of leachate from 2001 through 2015, and groundwater physicochemical parameters analysis around the Olusosun dumpsite, through a time lapse study. Tracking the leachate vertical migration profile was achieved through analysis of VES time lapse data obtained from previous investigations on the dumpsite between 2001 and 2006, and 2D resistivity data acquired from this study in 2014 and 2015. Seventeen borehole and hand dug well water samples were obtained randomly from 17 sampling locations around the dumpsite, first, in August 2014 (wet season) and then a repeat in December 2015 (dry season) The results of the VES data and 2D resistivity analysis showed that there is a constant and progressive increase in the depth of migration of the contaminants generated on this site into the subsurface environment over the years. It also showed that the contaminated zones are characterised by resistivity values ranging from 0.63 to 12.5 Om, and a maximum depth of 120 m has been impacted by the contaminants. The results of the water sample analysis showed clear variations for the various elemental constituents analysed for. Most of the physicochemical parameters analysed fell within the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) standard limit. Comparing the wet and dry season results, there was generally an increase in the mean concentrations of TDS, EC, temperature, hardness, Ca2+ Mg2+ K+ Na+ \text{Cl} $Cl \text{NO}}_{3} $NO3 Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr from the dry season study, particularly the samples with close proximity to the dumpsite. On the other hand, there was reduction in the mean concentrations of \text{SO}}_{4}{2 $SO42 \text{PO}}_{4}{3 $PO43 Fe, pH, and Ni from the dry season study when compared with the wet season. This trend could be attributed to the fact that in the absence of rainfall during the dry season period, contaminant accumulation in groundwater continued undiluted due to continuous breakdown of the biodegradables units with time, and this led to the generally high concentration of the physicochemical properties during the dry season. The implication is that the water around the study area has lower quality in the drier season when compared to the quality of water during the wet season, and so water treatment should be given more priority during the dry season before consumption and usage for other domestic purposes to avoid waterborne diseases. Generally, the information obtained from the geophysical study will facilitate decisions on improving protection for groundwater resources around the study area.

title: Focused hydrocarbon migration in shallow sediments of a pockmark cluster in the Niger Delta (Off Nigeria)
abstract: The Niger Delta is one of the largest hydrocarbon basin offshore Africa and it is well known for the presence of active pockmarks on the seabed. During the Guineco MeBo cruise in 2011, long cores were taken from a pockmark cluster in order to investigate the state of its current activity. Gas hydrates, oil and pore water were sampled for geochemical studies. The resulting dataset combined with seismic data reveal that shallow hydrocarbon migration in the upper sedimentary section was focused exclusively within the pockmarks. There is a clear tendency for gas migration within the hydrate bearing pockmarks, and oil migration within the carbonate rich one. This trend is interpreted as a consequence of hydrate dissolution followed by carbonate precipitation in the course of the evolution of these pockmarks. We also demonstrate that Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM) is the main process responsible for the depletion of pore water sulfate, with depths of the Sulfate Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) ranging between 1.8 and 33.4 m. In addition, a numerical transport reaction model was used to estimate the age of hydrate layer formation from the present day sulfate profiles. The results show that the sampled hydrate layers were formed between 21 and 3750 years before present. Overall, this work shows the importance of fluid flow on the dynamics of pockmarks, and the investigated cluster offers new opportunities for future cross site comparison studies. Our results imply that sudden discharges of gas can create hydrate layers within the upper sedimentary column which can affect the seafloor morphology over few decades. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: The Impact of Rural Urban Migration on Poultry Production in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria
abstract: This study was conducted to reveal the impact of rural urban migration on broiler production in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Data were collected from 795 household heads and farmers/managers/supervisors of 25 selected broiler farms in the study area. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis was utilized to analyze the data. Able bodied young men constituted most of the rural urban migrants. All the broiler farmers visited except 5 experienced labour shortage. Consequent upon labour shortage, most of the farms could not stock birds up to full capacity of their pens. This translated into foregone revenue for the poultry farms. Rural urban migration significantly and positively correlated with shortage of labour, under stocking and foregone revenue. It was recommended that the States governments in the Niger Delta Region should embark on infrastructural development for the rural areas and encourage farmers to adopt mechanized/automated poultry farming operations in collaboration with donor agencies so as to make provision for lost labour in the broiler farming.

title: Climate Change and Forced Migration from Ngala and Kala Balge LGAs, N.E. Borno State, Nigeria
abstract: North Eastern Borno State, Nigeria, due to its location, size, and population is very vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Even though sufficient understanding and propagation are made on the impact of climate change and its associated problems, little effort is however made to address most of the problems emanating from it. More especially forced migration, one of the resultant effects of drought, a component of climate change is given less attention in this part of the country. Specifically, the paper explores how the expected high intensity of droughts in the study area might worsen crop production situation and lead to the only adaptation strategy, a widespread forced migration. This paper focuses on the climate change impact and one of the effects, migration, and its associated problems. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in sampling 250 respondents who were mainly family members of out migrants from Ngala and Kala Balge LGAs, Borno State, Nigeria. Available literature was also consulted for the types of climate change impacts. The results revealed that climate change leads to climatic variation over the space with numerous effects on the environment such as intermittent droughts desertification/deforestation, low water table, and the establishment of dams upstream across the courses of the main sources of water supply to the Lake Chad hence, low agricultural production especially rain fed. Many people in the study area either migrated to Cameroon's Darrak, Bullaram, Lake Doi, Lake Chad, and Mayo Mbund for fishing and petty trading or South Western Nigeria especially Lagos, Oyo states, etc. to serve as security guards and other low skilled workers, leaving all or some members of their families at home. More than half of respondents (58% indicated that the head of the households migrated as a result of poor harvest due to diminishing or fluctuating rains/drought and/or drying of river Surbewel. It is recommended that interbasin water transfer s should be embarked upon.

title: Climate change, pastoral migration, resource governance and security: the Grazing Bill solution to farmer herder conflict in Nigeria
abstract: Violent conflict between native communities and migrant herdsmen is one of Nigeria's most ubiquitous security challenges in the age of climate change. It accounts for an increasing number of human and material losses which is not only surpassed by the country's ongoing counter insurgency, but also threatens unity among its regions. It has therefore gained attention in the legislative arm of government. In response, lawmakers mainly of Northern Nigeria extraction have proposed a Grazing Bill which seeks to expand and legalize nationwide access to grazing land for pastoral farmers in defiance to agitation in host communities for legislative protection. A cardinal principle of federalism is the premium placed on preservation of local interests that are peculiar to component units while harnessing strength in areas of concerns common to federating units. Against the backdrop of Nigeria's federal system and its social, ecological and historical diversity, this paper examines the implications of the proposed Grazing Bill for managing farmer herder conflict. It argues that frameworks which downplay the country's diversity will further aggravate conflicts and insecurity in the fragile federation. The paper therefore advocates for sedentary system of cattle ranching.

title: 'The ball and the rhythm in her blood' Racialised imaginaries and football migration from Nigeria to Scandinavia
abstract: This article provides an analysis of how Nigerian women migrants are represented and constructed as racial others by officials in the Scandinavian football clubs that recruit and employ them. Situated against scholarship on race, gender, and sport, within and outside the Scandinavian region, we highlight consistencies in stereotypical representations of black athletes. We use theories of racialisation to draw attention to how ideas about race and gender are mutually imbricated in shaping Scandinavian representations of Nigerian women football migrants. Based on interviews with Scandinavian football club officials, and Nigerian women football migrants, we expose and critique the ways in which Nigerian women's migration as professionals, and their competencies as athletes, are constantly undermined by racially inscribed representations.