Query: energy storage

title: Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid: A Battery of Choices
abstract: The increasing interest in energy storage for the grid can be attributed to multiple factors, including the capital costs of managing peak demands, the investments needed for grid reliability, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Although existing energy storage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there is the recognition that battery systems can offer a number of high value opportunities, provided that lower costs can be obtained. The battery systems reviewed here include sodium sulfur batteries that are commercially available for grid applications, redox flow batteries that offer low cost, and lithium ion batteries whose development for commercial electronics and electric vehicles is being applied to grid storage.

title: Li O2 and Li S batteries with high energy storage.
abstract: Li ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in the electrification of transport. However, the highest energy storage possible for Li ion batteries is insufficient for the long term needs of society, for example, extended range electric vehicles. To go beyond the horizon of Li ion batteries is a formidable challenge; there are few options. Here we consider two: Li air (O(2) and Li S. The energy that can be stored in Li air (based on aqueous or non aqueous electrolytes) and Li S cells is compared with Li ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed. Fundamental scientific advances in understanding the reactions occurring in the cells as well as new materials are key to overcoming these obstacles. The potential benefits of Li air and Li S justify the continued research effort that will be needed.

title: A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments
abstract: Energy storage technologies, including storage types, categorizations and comparisons, are critically reviewed. Most energy storage technologies are considered, including electrochemical and battery energy storage, thermal energy storage, thermochemical energy storage, flywheel energy storage, compressed air energy storage, pumped energy storage, magnetic energy storage, chemical and hydrogen energy storage. Recent research on new energy storage types as well as important advances and developments in energy storage, are also included throughout.

title: Energy Storage for Power Systems
abstract: The supply of energy from primary sources is not constant and rarely matches the pattern of demand from consumers. Electricity is also difficult to store in significant quantities. Therefore, secondary storage of energy is essential to increase generation capacity efficiency and to allow more substantial use of renewable energy sources that only provide energy intermittently. Lack of effective storage has often been cited as a major hurdle to substantial introduction of renewable energy sources into the electricity supply network. The author presents here a comprehensive guide to the different types of storage available. He not only shows how the use of the various types of storage can benefit the management of a power supply system, but also considers more substantial possibilities that arise from integrating a combination of different storage devices into a system. This book will be important to those seeking to develop environmentally sound energy resources.

title: Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage.
abstract: Ever growing energy needs and depleting fossil fuel resources demand the pursuit of sustainable energy alternatives, including both renewable energy sources and sustainable storage technologies. It is therefore essential to incorporate material abundance, eco efficient synthetic processes and life cycle analysis into the design of new electrochemical storage systems. At present, a few existing technologies address these issues, but in each case, fundamental and technological hurdles remain to be overcome. Here we provide an overview of the current state of energy storage from a sustainability perspective. We introduce the notion of sustainability through discussion of the energy and environmental costs of state of the art lithium ion batteries, considering elemental abundance, toxicity, synthetic methods and scalability. With the same themes in mind, we also highlight current and future electrochemical storage systems beyond lithium ion batteries. The complexity and importance of recycling battery materials is also discussed.

title: Materials for hydrogen based energy storage past, recent progress and future outlook
abstract: Globally, the accelerating use of renewable energy sources, enabled by increased efficiencies and reduced costs, and driven by the need to mitigate the effects of climate change, has significantly increased research in the areas of renewable energy production, storage, distribution and end use. Central to this discussion is the use of hydrogen, as a clean, efficient energy vector for energy storage. This review, by experts of Task 32, "Hydrogen based Energy Storage" of the International Energy Agency, Hydrogen TCP, reports on the development over the last 6 years of hydrogen storage materials, methods and techniques, including electrochemical and thermal storage systems. An overview is given on the background to the various methods, the current state of development and the future prospects. The following areas are covered; porous materials, liquid hydrogen carriers, complex hydrides, intermetallic hydrides, electrochemical storage of energy, thermal energy storage, hydrogen energy systems and an outlook is presented for future prospects and research on hydrogen based energy storage.

title: 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage
abstract: The family of 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides (collectively referred to as MXenes) has expanded rapidly since the discovery of Ti3C2 in 2011. The materials reported so far always have surface terminations, such as hydroxyl, oxygen or fluorine, which impart hydrophilicity to their surfaces. About 20 different MXenes have been synthesized, and the structures and properties of dozens more have been theoretically predicted. The availability of solid solutions, the control of surface terminations and a recent discovery of multi transition metal layered MXenes offer the potential for synthesis of many new structures. The versatile chemistry of MXenes allows the tuning of properties for applications including energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, reinforcement for composites, water purification, gas and biosensors, lubrication, and photo electro and chemical catalysis. Attractive electronic, optical, plasmonic and thermoelectric properties have also been shown. In this Review, we present the synthesis, structure and properties of MXenes, as well as their energy storage and related applications, and an outlook for future research. More than twenty 2D carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides of transition metals (MXenes) have been synthesized and studied, and dozens more predicted to exist. Highly electrically conductive MXenes show promise in electrical energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, electrocatalysis, plasmonics and other applications.

title: Perovskite lead free dielectrics for energy storage applications
abstract: The projected increase in world energy consumption within the next 50 years, coupled with low emission requirements, has inspired an enormous effort towards the development of efficient, clean, and renewable energy sources. Efficient electrical energy storage solutions are keys to effective implementation of the electricity generated from these renewable sources. In step with the development of energy storage technology and the power electronics industry, dielectric materials with high energy density are in high demand. The dielectrics with a medium dielectric constant, high breakdown strength, and low polarization hysteresis are the most promising candidates for high power energy storage applications. Inspiring energy densities have been achieved in current dielectrics, but challenges exist for practical applications, where the underlying mechanisms need to be understood for further enhancing their properties to meet future energy requirements. In this review, we summarize the principles of dielectric energy storage applications, and recent developments on different types of dielectrics, namely linear dielectrics, paraelectrics, ferroelectrics, and antiferroelectrics, are surveyed, focusing on perovskite lead free dielectrics. The new achievements of polymer ceramic composites in energy storage applications are also reviewed. The pros and cons of each type of dielectric, the existing challenges, and future perspectives are presented and discussed with respect to specific applications.

title: Novel strategies and supporting materials applied to shape stabilize organic phase change materials for thermal energy storage A review
abstract: Energy from renewable resources is a major concern nowadays and is being addressed by researchers over the globe to overcome the energy crises. Organic phase change materials are extensively utilized in thermal energy storage systems to integrate and manage the renewable energy. However, the tendency of organic phase change materials to leak out during the phase transition process, limits their practical applications in thermal energy storage. The shape stabilization is an effective strategy to prevent the leakage and enhance the energy storage capacity of organic phase change materials. The shape stability can be achieved by entrapping the organic phase change materials in a shell through microencapsulation and by integrating into the supporting materials' matrix or by developing phase change materials with the solid solid phase change. This paper delivers a comprehensive detail on the diverse classes of novel shape stabilizing strategies containing organic, inorganic and polymeric materials with adequate critical analysis of thermophysical properties of phase change materials. Moreover, the versatile applications of shape stable phase change materials in thermal management and energy storage systems have also been enlightened. Lastly, the critical issues in different shape stabilization strategies and the possible rectifications are also discussed.

title: Recent developments in phase change materials for energy storage applications: A review
abstract: In order to overcome the increasing demand supply energy gap due to the rapid urbanization, labor productivity, consumerism and depletion of fossil fuel resources, there is a need for the development of technologies with renewable energy sources. Phase change materials are one of the most appropriate materials for effective utilization of thermal energy from the renewable energy resources. As evident from the literature, development of phase change materials is one of the most active research fields for thermal energy storage with higher efficiency. This review focuses on the application of various phase change materials based on their thermophysical properties. In particular, the melting point, thermal energy storage density and thermal conductivity of the organic, inorganic and eutectic phase change materials are the major selection criteria for various thermal energy storage applications with a wider operating temperature range. The strategy adopted in improving the thermal energy storage characteristics of the phase change materials through encapsulation as well as nanomaterials additives, are discussed in detail. Specifically, the future research trends in the encapsulation and nanomaterials are also highlighted.