Query: Wierzbicka and Goddard 1997

title: Cultural values and 'cultural scripts' of Malay (Bahasa Melayu)
abstract: This paper documents some Malay 'rules of speaking' and articulates their connections with Malay cultural values, using the new theory of 'cultural scripts' developed by Anna Wierzbicka. Aspects of the preferred Malay discourse style, which is normally described as refined, restrained, and charming, are shown to be linked with the Malay social emotion of malu 'shame, propriety' with the personal qualities of maruah 'dignity' and harga diri 'self esteem' and with the ideal of senang hati (lit. easy heart' It is argued that the cultural scripts approach enhances descriptive accuracy, helps reduce ethnocentricism, and facilitates the integration of pragmatics and cultural semantics.

title: Contrastive Semantics and Cultural Psychology: 'Surprise' in Malay and English
abstract: This paper argues that psychology has yet to come fully to grips with the extent of semantic variation between languages, and that it can benefit, in this regard, from certain developments in linguistic semantics. It outlines Anna Wierzbicka's 'natural semantic metalanguage' (NSM) approach to cross cultural semantics, and demonstrates the approach through a contrastive study of 'surprise like' words from two languages: Malay (terkejut, terperanjat, hairan) and English (surprised, amazed, shocked, startled) It is shown that there is no exact Malay equivalent to English surprise; and also that there is no semantic core shared by the various terms, only a loose set of cross cutting and overlapping semantic correspondences. These results are at odds with the classic 'basic emotions' position, which would have it that 'surprise' is a universal and discrete biological syndrome. The overriding contention of the paper is that Wierzbicka's approach to linguistic semantics can furnish psychology with valuable new analytical and descriptive tools

title: The universal syntax of semantic primitives
abstract: Anna Wierzbicka's 'natural semantic metalanguage' (NSM) theory has given rise to a new approach to investigating the fundamentals of syntax. The central idea is that all languages share an irreducible core which consists of a set of universal semantic primitives with certain universal combinatorial (i.e. syntactic) properties. This paper outlines a series of hypotheses about the universal syntax of semantic primitives hypotheses which are tested in the individual language studies which comprise the rest of the volume. Topics include: the valency options and complementation possibilities of primitive predicates such as do, happen, want, think, say and know the grammar of temporal and locative primitives (such as when/time, before, after, where/place, above, below, near, far and of the conditional if. and counterfactual if..would constructions.

title: The Semantics of Coming and Going
abstract: It is often assumed that the English motion verbs come and go can be glossed as motion towards the speaker and 'motion not towards the speaker' respectively. This paper proposes alternative semantic analyses which are more complex, but also, it is argued, more descriptively adequate and more explanatory. The semantic framework is the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach developed by Anna Wierzbicka, in which meanings are stated as explanatory paraphrases (explications) couched in a small, standardised and translatable metalanguage based on natural language. A single explication is advanced for come, and it is shown that this unitary meaning is compatible with the broad range of 'appropriateness conditions' on its use (cf. Fillmore 1966, 1975, 1983) The same applies to go. A novel feature of the proposed analysis for come is that it does not rely on the conventional notion that 'deictic projection' is a pragmatic phenomenon. Instead the potential for 'deictic projection' is analysed as flowing directly from the lexical semantics of come. This approach, it is argued, enables an improved account of semantic differences between near equivalents for come and go in various languages. The paper is structured as follows. SS1 gives general background on the NSM theory. SS2 reviews some problems with the semantics of motion, and gives orientation on how they are approached within the NSM framework. SS3 and SS4 address the semantics of English go and come, respectively. Concluding remarks form SS5.

title: Semantic primitives of time and space in Hong Kong Cantonese
abstract: This paper takes a subset of the semantic primitives currently proposed in the Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory (Wierzbicka, 1996) and addresses two questions: Do these meanings have lexical equivalents in Cantonese? If so, does their combinatorial syntax conform to Wierzbicka's hypotheses? The temporal primitives when/time, now, before, after, a long time, a short time are all found to have clear Cantonese exponents which can be combined as predicted with other metalanguage elements but for two exceptions: the combinations a very short time and before/after now are apparently not possible in Cantonese. We also argue that the Cantonese evidence suggests that 'when time' (as in the phrase at this time and 'frequency time' (as in it happened two times may be distinct semantic primes. As for the spatial primitives where/place, here, near, far, inside, side, above, below they all appear to have Cantonese exponents with the predicted syntax, but the tentative proposal that on may be a universal primitive is challenged by the apparent lack of an equivalent expression in Cantonese.

title: Semantic primes and grammatical categories
abstract: This paper argues that all 55 of the semantic primes currently posited in the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) theory (Wierzbicka 1996) are frequently found as components of grammatically encoded meanings. Examples are taken from a wide variety of the world's languages, and include phenomena such as pronoun systems, indefinites, classifiers, reflexives, experiencer constructions, evidentials, locational deixis, tense systems, diminutives and augmentatives, and modality. The study seeks to contribute towards the development of a more rigorous semantic basis for grammatical typology, by demonstrating that the proposed semantic metalanguage is able to encompass and explicate a wide variety of grammaticalised meanings. This finding also cuts across a commonly held view that, for the most part, grammatical semantics and lexical semantics call for rather different descriptive tool kits.

title: Goddard, Cliff and Wierzbicka, Anna (eds) 1994. Semantic and lexical universals

title: Goddard, Cliff and Anna Wierzbicka, (eds) Semantic and Lexical Universals

title: Discourse as Social Interaction
abstract: Discourse as Interaction in Society Teun A van Dijk Discourse Pragmatics Shoshana Blum Kulka  Anita Pomerantz and B J Fehr Institutional Dialogue Paul Drew and Marja Leena Soronjen Gender in Discourse Cheris Kramarae, Candace West and Michelle Lazar Discourse, Ethnicity, Culture and Racism Teun A van Dijk et al Organizational Discourse Dennis Mumby and Robin Clair Discourse and Politics Paul Chilton and Christina Sch[um]affner Discourse and Culture Anna Wierzbicka and Cliff Goddard Critical Discourse Analysis Norman Fairclough and Ruth Wodak Applied Discourse Analysis Britt Louise Gunnarsson

title: SeaWiFS ocean color products and services at the NASA Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC)
abstract: SeaWiFS ocean color data will be archived at the Goddard DAAC in early 1997. The Goddard DAAC has been designated the primary archive for all SeaWiFS data. Almost all authorized SeaWiFS users will access SeaWiFS data via the Goddard DAAC Ocean Color Data and Resources web page. New interfaces and services are being developed by the Goddard DAAC Ocean Color Data Support Team on the Ocean Color website to support the SeaWiFS community following launch: A new SeaWiFS WWW Browser will allow users to browse and order SeaWiFS data via the Web. This Browser will incorporate all necessary elements for SeaWiFS data ordering, including password controls, subsetting, coincident search and visual browse. Users will also find SeaWiFS ancillary data, software routines, SeaWiFS data products specification, an order form for the SeaWIFS Technical Memoranda, as well as direct links to the 'Dear Colleague' letter and other documents and software on the SeaWiFS Project homepage. Other ocean color products available at he Goddard DAAC Ocean Color website include the following: New HDF versions of CZCS data files, including browse images and collection of regridded global composites designed for interdisciplinary study. New CZCS read and visualization software are available. A bibliography of ocean color research papers, several previously rare hardcopy documents, and a periodic ocean color newsletter are also available via the Web. The website also contains a collection of several new educational resources for ocean color educators and students. Being the main source of SeaWiFS data and consolidating ocean color data, documents, software, and points of contact form several other sources all at one convenient location, the Goddard DAAC hopes to become an important nexus for the entire global ocean color community. The Ocean Color Data and Resources webpage can be found at http:/daac.gsfc.nasa.gov under 'ocean color' Contact the Goddard DAAC Ocean Color Data Support Team about additional ocean color information and SeaWiFS support.