Query: respiratory system

title: Cellular crosstalk in the development and regeneration of the respiratory system
abstract: The respiratory system, including the peripheral lungs, large airways and trachea, is one of the most recently evolved adaptations to terrestrial life. To support the exchange of respiratory gases, the respiratory system is interconnected with the cardiovascular system, and this interconnective nature requires a complex interplay between a myriad of cell types. Until recently, this complexity has hampered our understanding of how the respiratory system develops and responds to postnatal injury to maintain homeostasis. The advent of new single cell sequencing technologies, developments in cellular and tissue imaging and advances in cell lineage tracing have begun to fill this gap. The view that emerges from these studies is that cellular and functional heterogeneity of the respiratory system is even greater than expected and also highly adaptive. In this Review, we explore the cellular crosstalk that coordinates the development and regeneration of the respiratory system. We discuss both the classic cell and developmental biology studies and recent single cell analysis to provide an integrated understanding of the cellular niches that control how the respiratory system develops, interacts with the external environment and responds to injury.The respiratory system comprises multiple cell types, and consequently its development and regeneration involves intricate cellular crosstalk. Better understanding of these complex cellular interactions will improve the treatment of respiratory diseases and tissue repair after injury.

title: The Role of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 in Common Diseases of the Digestive Tract and the Cardiovascular and Respiratory System
abstract: Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) a member of the transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channel family, is a nonselective cation channel that is widely expressed in sensory nerve fibers and nonneuronal cells, including certain vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The activation of TRPV1 may be involved in the regulation of various physiological functions, such as the release of inflammatory mediators in the body, gastrointestinal motility function, and temperature regulation. In recent years, a large number of studies have revealed that TRPV1 plays an important role in the physiological and pathological conditions of the digestive system, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system, but there is no systematic report on TRPV1. The objective of this review is to explain the function and effects of TRPV1 on specific diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and asthma, and to further investigate the intrinsic relationship between the expression and function of TRPV1 in those diseases to find new therapeutic targets for the cure of related diseases.

title: Notch signaling in the mammalian respiratory system, specifically the trachea and lungs, in development, homeostasis, regeneration, and disease
abstract: The respiratory system has ideal tissue structure and cell types for efficient gas exchange to intake oxygen and release carbon dioxide. This complex system develops through orchestrated intercellular signaling among various cell types, such as club, ciliated, basal, neuroendocrine, AT1, AT2, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. Notch signaling is a highly conserved cell cell signaling pathway ideally suited for very short range cellular communication because Notch signals are transmitted by direct contact with an adjacent cell. Enthusiastic efforts by Notch researchers over the last two decades have led to the identification of critical roles of this signaling pathway during development, homeostasis, and regeneration of the respiratory system. The dysregulation of Notch signaling results in a wide range of respiratory diseases such as pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and lung cancer. Thus, a deep understanding of the biological functions of Notch signaling will help identify novel treatment targets in various respiratory diseases.

title: Respiratory system reactance reflects communicating lung volume in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Respiratory system reactance (Xrs) measured by the forced oscillation technique (FOT) is theoretically and experimentally related to lung volume. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) the absolute volume measured by body plethysmography includes a proportion that is inaccessible to pressure oscillations applied via the mouth, that is, a "noncommunicating" lung volume. We hypothesized that in COPD the presence of noncommunicating lung would disrupt the expected Xrs volume relationship compared with plethysmographic functional residual capacity (FRCpleth) Instead, Xrs would relate to estimates of communicating volume, namely, expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and single breath alveolar volume (VaSB) We examined FOT and lung function data from people with COPD (n 51) and from healthy volunteers (n 40) In healthy volunteers, we observed an expected inverse relationship between reactance at 5 Hz (X5) and FRCpleth. In contrast, there was no such relationship between X5 and FRCpleth in COPD subjects. However, there was an inverse relationship between X5 and both ERV and VaSB. Hence the theoretical Xrs volume relationship is present in COPD but only when considering the communicating volume rather than the absolute lung volume. These findings confirm the role of reduced communicating lung volume as an important determinant of Xrs and therefore advance our understanding and interpretation of FOT measurements in COPD. NEW NOTEWORTHY To investigate the determinants of respiratory system reactance (Xrs) measured by the forced oscillation technique (FOT) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) we examine the relationship between Xrs and lung volume. We show that Xrs does not relate to absolute lung volume (functional residual capacity) in COPD but instead relates only to the volume of lung in communication with the airway opening. This communicating volume may therefore be fundamental to our interpretation of FOT measurements in COPD and other pulmonary diseases.

title: Genetic effects of welding fumes on the development of respiratory system diseases.
abstract: The welding process releases potentially hazardous gases and fumes, mainly composed of metallic oxides, fluorides and silicates. Long term welding fume (WF) inhalation is a recognized health issue that carries a risk of developing chronic health problems, particularly respiratory system diseases (RSDs) Aside from general airway irritation, WF exposure may drive direct cellular responses in the respiratory system which increase risk of RSD, but these are not well understood.  We developed a quantitative framework to identify gene expression effects of WF exposure that may affect RSD development. We analyzed gene expression microarray data from WF exposed tissues and RSD affected tissues, including chronic bronchitis (CB) asthma (AS) pulmonary edema (PE) lung cancer (LC) datasets. We built disease gene (diseasome) association networks and identified dysregulated signaling and ontological pathways, and protein protein interaction sub network using neighborhood based benchmarking and multilayer network topology.  We observed many genes with altered expression in WF exposed tissues were also among differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RSD tissues; for CB, AS, PE and LC there were 34, 27, 50 and 26 genes respectively. DEG analysis, using disease association networks, pathways, ontological analysis and protein protein interaction sub network suggest significant links between WF exposure and the development of CB, AS, PE and LC.  Our network based analysis and investigation of the genetic links of WFs and RSDs confirm a number of genes and gene products are plausible participants in RSD development. Our results are a significant resource to identify causal influences on the development of RSDs, particularly in the context of WF exposure.

title: Genetic Effects of Welding Fumes on the development of Respiratory System Diseases
abstract: Welding exposes a lot of gases, fumes and radiant energy that may be potentially hazardous for unsafe welder's health. Welding fumes (WFs) are a severe problem among all those exposed. WFs are an intricate composition of metallic oxides, fluorides and silicates that may effect to the progression of various health problems. If a welder inhales such fumes in large quantities over a long period, there is a risk of developing various respiratory system diseases (RSDs)  We developed quantitative frameworks to recognize the genetic effects of WFs on the development of RSDs. We analyzed Gene Expression microarray data from WFs exposed tissues and RSDs including Chronic Bronchitis (CB) Asthma (AS) Pulmonary Edema (PE) Lung Cancer (LC) datasets. We built disease gene (diseasome) association networks and identified dysregulated signaling and ontological pathways, and protein protein interaction sub network using neighborhood based benchmarking and multilayer network topology.  We observed that WFs shares a massive number of differentially expressed genes, 34, 27, 50 and 26 with CB, AS, PE and LC respectively. Differentially expressed genes along with disease association networks, pathways, ontological analysis and protein protein interaction sub network insured that WFs are responsible for the development of respiratory system diseases, CB, AS, PE and LC.  Our developed network based approach to analysis and investigate the genetic effects of welding fumes to the progression of CB, AS, PE and LC could be helpful to understand the causal influences of WFs exposure for the development of the RSDs.

title: Structure of an Ancient Respiratory System
abstract: Hydrogen gas evolving membrane bound hydrogenase (MBH) and quinone reducing complex I are homologous respiratory complexes with a common ancestor, but a structural basis for their evolutionary relationship is lacking. Here, we report the cryo EM structure of a 14 subunit MBH from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus. MBH contains a membrane anchored hydrogenase module that is highly similar structurally to the quinone binding Q module of complex I while its membrane embedded ion translocation module can be divided into a H+ and a Na+ translocating unit. The H+ translocating unit is rotated 180deg in membrane with respect to its counterpart in complex I, leading to distinctive architectures for the two respiratory systems despite their largely conserved proton pumping mechanisms. The Na+ translocating unit, absent in complex I, resembles that found in the Mrp H+/Na+ antiporter and enables hydrogen gas evolution by MBH to establish a Na+ gradient for ATP synthesis near 100degC. MBH also provides insights into Mrp structure and evolution of MBH based respiratory enzymes.

title: Effects of diabetic ketoacidosis in the respiratory system
abstract: Diabetes affects approximately 30 million persons in the United States. Diabetes ketoacidosis is one of the most serious and acute complications of diabetes. At the time of presentation and during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) several metabolic and electrolyte derangements can ultimately result in respiratory compromise. Most commonly, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia can eventually lead to respiratory muscles failure. Furthermore, tachypnea, hyperpnea and more severely, Kussmaul breathing pattern can develop. Also, hydrostatic and non hydrostatic pulmonary edema can occur secondary to volume shifts into the extracellular space and secondary to increased permeability of the pulmonary capillaries. The presence of respiratory failure in patients with DKA is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Being familiar with the causes of respiratory compromise in DKA, and how to treat them, may represent better outcomes for patients with DKA.

title: Particle Size Dynamics: Toward a Better Understanding of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Interactions With the Respiratory System
abstract: The knowledge of possible acute and long term health effects of aerosols inhaled from electronic cigarettes (ECs) is still limited partially due to incomplete awareness of physical phenomena related to EC aerosol dynamics. This short review discusses the basic processes of aerosol transformation (dynamics) upon inhalation, indicating also the need for the accurate determination of the size of droplets in the inhaled EC mist. The significance of differences in the aerosol particle size distribution for the prediction of regional deposition of inhaled mist in the respiratory system is highlighted as a decisive factor in the interactions of inhaled EC aerosols with the organism.

title: The Respiratory System
abstract: In the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) there is usually one respiratory system scenario. It will either be a history taking station or history taking along with respiratory system examination. The key of history and physical examination stations is time management. It is extremely important to master history taking skills; you should be able to ask and extract only the most relevant questions and information. If the station time is 10 min, the history should finish in the first 4 5 min. Before appearing in real examination, you should also practice performing the relevant physical examination in 3 4 min. One to two minutes must be kept in the end to address the patient's concerns/questions or for wrapping up the scenario. In respiratory system stations, you should also look for any relevant material/equipment on the side of the bed such as inhaler/disk, spacer, O2 cylinder, nebulizers, and peak flow charts for clues.