Query: COVID-19 coinfection bacteria

title: COVID 19 A replay of the 1918 pandemic?
abstract: COVID 19 outbreak is likely to have started from a zoonotic transmission event associated with a large seafood market that also traded in live wild animals. Initial epidemiological studies suggested a predilection for older adult males with comorbidities due to their immunocompromised status and very rarely, coinfection with bacteria and fungi. An exponential increase in the number of nonlinked cases in the late December 2019 pointed toward the risk of human to human transmission. Similar to its predecessor, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) also acts on the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) present on the type 1 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells. ACE2 expression has been found to be higher in males than females and in Asian populations compared to White and African American populations. This led to an agreement that the Asian males were more susceptible to SARS CoV 2 infection. The ability of SARS CoV 2 to bind to ACE2 receptor was found to be 10 20 times more than that of the SARS CoV, thus making the new pathogen much more aggressive. At the time of writing this article, the global burden of confirmed cases of COVID 19 has risen to half a million with death toll touching 25,000 people. For the first time, we may be looking at a pandemic which could be controlled on a short term basis and prevented on a long term with adequate research and clinical trials for newer therapeutic agents.

title: Recognition and management of respiratory co infection and secondary bacterial pneumonia in patients with COVID 19
abstract: In COVID 19, respiratory infection with SARS CoV 2 plus another virus (viral co infection) or with SARS CoV 2 plus a bacterial pathogen (combined viral and bacterial pneumonia) has been described. Secondary bacterial pneumonia can follow the initial phase of viral respiratory infection or occur during the recovery phase. No obvious pattern or guidelines exist for viral co infection, combined viral and bacterial pneumonia, or secondary bacterial pneumonia in COVID 19. Based on existing clinical data and experience with similar viruses such as influenza and SARS CoV, the management approach in COVID 19 should, ideally, take into consideration the overall presentation and the trajectory of illness. Consider the presentation and trajectory of illness.

title: Case Report: The Importance of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID 19) and Coinfection with Other Respiratory Pathogens in the Current Pandemic
abstract: The early shortage of novel coronavirus disease (COVID 19) tests in the United States led many hospitals to first screen for common respiratory pathogens, and only if this screen was negative to proceed with COVID 19 testing. We report a case of a 56 year old woman with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) coinfection with group A Streptococcus. The initial testing strategy resulted in delays in both diagnosis and implementation of appropriate precautions. Underlined is the importance of testing for both SARS CoV 2 and other common respiratory pathogens during the current pandemic.

title: A Case of Coinfection with SARS COV 2 and Cytomegalovirus in the Era of COVID 19
abstract: The World Health Organization has declared novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) an international public health emergency. We describe the case of a 92 year old woman who was admitted to our unit with fever and chills with laboratory evidence of coinfection with SARS CoV 2 and cytomegalovirus.  This is the first reported case of coinfection with SARS CoV 2 and cytomegalovirus.

title: Precautions are Needed for COVID 19 Patients with Coinfection of Common Respiratory Pathogens
abstract: With the ongoing outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) infected patients within and beyond the epidemic area, Wuhan, China, showed different epidemiological and clinical characteristics. There is a paucity of data concerning coinfection with other common respiratory pathogens in COVID 19 patients outside of Wuhan.  We conducted a double centre study recruiting 68 patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) infection confirmed by nucleic acid testing in Qingdao and Wuhan from January 17 to February 16, 2020. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed to detect the specific IgM antibody against common respiratory pathogens in collected acute phase serum.  Of the 68 patients with SARS CoV 2 infection, 30 (44.12% were from Qingdao. The median age of Qingdao and Wuhan patients were 50 (IQR: 37 59) and 31 () years, respectively, and the majority of patients were female in Qingdao (60.00% and Wuhan (55.26% Among COVID 19 patients in Qingdao, 24 (80.00% of them had IgM antibodies against at least one respiratory pathogen, whereas only one (2.63% of the patients in Wuhan had positive results for serum IgM antibody detection (P<0.0001) The most common respiratory pathogens detected in Qingdao COVID 19 patients were influenza virus A (60.00% and influenza virus B (53.33% followed by mycoplasma pneumoniae (23.33% and legionella pneumophila (20.00% While the pattern for coinfection in patients with community acquired pneumonia in Qingdao was quite different, with a positive rate of only 20.90%  We reported a large proportion of COVID 19 patients with coinfection of seasonal respiratory pathogens in Qingdao, northeast China, which differed greatly from the patients in Wuhan, central China. Precautions are needed when dealing with COVID 19 patients beyond the epidemic centre who have coinfection with other respiratory pathogens. We highly recommend adding SARS CoV 2 to routine diagnostic testing in capable hospitals to prevent misdetection of the virus.

title: Precautions Are Needed for COVID 19 Patients with Coinfection of Common Respiratory Pathogens
abstract: With the ongoing outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) infected patients within and beyond the epidemic area, Wuhan, China, showed different epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Little is known about the pattern of coinfection with other common respiratory pathogens in COVID 19 patients outside of Wuhan.  We conducted a double centre study recruiting 68 patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) infection confirmed by nucleic acid testing in Qingdao and Wuhan from January 17 to February 16, 2020. Indirect immuno fluorescence was performed to detect the specific IgM antibody against common respiratory pathogens in collected acute phase serum.  Of the 68 patients with SARS CoV 2 infection, 30 (44.12% were from Qingdao. The median age of Qingdao and Wuhan patients were 50 (IQR: 37 59) and 31 () years, respectively, and the majority of patients were female in Qingdao (60.00% and Wuhan (55.26% Among COVID 19 patients in Qingdao, 24 (80.00% of them had IgM antibodies against at least one respiratory pathogen, whereas only one (2.60% of the patients in Wuhan had positive results for serum IgM antibody detection P <0.0001) The most common respiratory pathogens detected in Qingdao COVID 19 patients were influenza virus A (60.00% and influenza virus B (53.30% followed by mycoplasma pneumoniae (23.30% and legionella pneumophila (20.00% While the pattern for coinfection in patients with community acquired pneumonia in Qingdao was quite different, with a positive rate of only 8.96%  We reported a large proportion of COVID 19 patients with coinfection of seasonal respiratory pathogens in Qingdao, northeast China, which differed greatly from the patients in Wuhan, central China. Precautions are needed when dealing with COVID 19 patients beyond the epidemic centre who have coinfection with other respiratory pathogens. We highly recommend adding SARS CoV 2 to routine diagnostic testing in capable hospitals to prevent misdetection of the virus.  This work is supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [Grant number 81770315] and Distinguished Taishan Scholars (2019)  The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Ethics Commission of each participating hospital (QFFLL KY 2020 11) and written informed consent was obtained from involved patients prior to enrolment.

title: To alert coinfection of COVID 19 and dengue virus in developing countries in the dengue endemic area
abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (CoVID 19) is a new outbreak infectious disease caused by SARS CoV 2, which was originated from Wuhan in China and has now spread to the whole world. At the meantime, dengue was endemic in the Southeast Asia and South America, and a part of the patients shared the same symptoms, so, we write this paper to alert the clinicians to distinguish these two diseases.

title: Coinfection with COVID 19 and Coronavirus HKU1 the critical need for repeat testing if clinically indicated
abstract: COVID 19 is the latest global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) There have been seven pathogenic Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) which cause respiratory infections. Common cold coronaviruses HCoV 229E, HCoV OC43, HCoV NL63, HCoV HKU1 are the four endemic HCoVs. SARS CoV 1, MERS CoV, SARS CoV 2 are zoonotic emerging epidemic pathogens with significant morbidity, mortality and economic impact. The endemic HCoVs have been known to cause co infections or can be co detected with each other or with other respiratory viruses. In general, respiratory viral co infections are recognized more commonly today with the use of respiratory multiplex molecular diagnostic panels. Clinicians need to be aware of co infections among HCoVs. A high degree of suspicion in this rapidly evolving outbreak is required in order to make the diagnosis. This is vital if we are to try and contain and control the spread of the COVID 19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: COVID 19 and mycoplasma pneumoniae coinfection
abstract: COVID 19 and mycoplasma pneumoniae coinfection Bingwen Eugene Fan Kian Guan Eric Lim Vanessa Cui Lian Chong Stephrene Seok Wei Chan Kiat Hoe Ong Ponnudurai Kuperan Department of Haematology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore Department of Laboratory Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore

title: Antibiotic treatment for COVID 19 complications could fuel resistant bacteria
abstract: In her regular job, Priya Nori runs Montefiore Medical Center's antibiotic stewardship program, and spends most of her time ensuring that the Bronx based hospital doesn't overuse the drugs and allow bacteria resistant to them to thrive But like many physicians, Nori is now spending all of her time helping treat COVID 19 patients at her New York City hospital, which like other medical centers in the pandemic hot spot, is crowded with 50% more patients than normal As part of that care, she and other doctors are administering many more antibiotics than normal, which is a recipe for the rapid rise or spread of resistant bacteria, especially given the crowded conditions