Query: catalyst analysis by xrf

title: Sodium bentonite and kaolin clays: Comparative study on their FT IR, XRF, and XRD
abstract: This study explains the FT IR, XRF and XRD characterization of commercially available kaolin clay and sodium bentonite clay, potential catalysts for thermo catalytic pyrolysis in plastic waste valorization. The mineral phase in the presence of chlorite, cristobalite, halloysite, and quartz of kaoline clay was identified by XRD. The FT IR revealed the functional group of Al O, A1 OH, and Si O. Special peaks of kaolin and sodium bentonite were obtained through XRD and FT IR spectra. Elemental analysis was done by the XRF. The main elements of kaolin clay, SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, Fe2O3, and TiO2 were 45.22% 38.43% 0.84% 0.52% and 0.269% respectively with rest of impurities. The cation exchange capacity of sodium bentonite was found 0.96 meq g 1. Commercially available sodium bentonite clay was investigated with a compositional analysis with the kaolin clay. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the sodium bentonite clay as a useful catalyst. Most of the researchers have been used kaolin as the catalyst for pyrolysis of waste plastics to get useful hydrocarbons but sodium bentonite has limited exploration. The experimental study also explains the comparative analysis of kaolin clay and sodium bentonite clay useful for thermo catalytic waste valorization.

title: Use of a Field Portable XRF Instrument To Facilitate Metal Catalyst Scavenger Screening
abstract: The analysis of elemental impurities in pharmaceuticals has traditionally been performed using plasma based instrumental techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, due to their inherent sensitivity, selectivity, and precision; however, during development activities, there are a variety of sample types that do not require the sensitivity that these expensive and time consuming techniques provide. Pharmaceutical process chemists often need a rapid and relative determination of the elemental content to direct them in optimizing the effectiveness or efficiency of their synthetic process. This article will provide the application of a field portable X ray fluorescence instrument as a hands on screening tool for chemists to determine the effectiveness of metal catalyst scavenger studies. Three case studies will be provided to illustrate the usefulness of the technique.

title: Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil utilizing waste ostrich (Struthio camelus) bones derived heterogeneous catalyst
abstract: The present work espouses a zero waste approach for relying on indigenous waste resources to deliver green and sustainable biofuel. This investigation reports biodiesel production from waste cooking oils (WCO) via cheap heterogeneous catalyst obtained from waste Ostrich (Struthio camelus) bones for the first time. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by Thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) X ray diffraction (XRD) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDX) X ray fluorescence (XRF) Hammett indicator method and surface area calculations. The powdered ostrich bones were calcined at different temperatures, ranging from 600 to 1000 degC. Upon temperature rise, sharp peaks of hydroxyapatite (HAp) appeared as observed by XRD. The reaction parameters have been optimized in presence of the synthesized catalyst to maximize biodiesel yield. The optimum biodiesel yield of 90.56% was attained at methanol/oil ratio 15/1, process temperature 60 degC, catalyst loading 5 wt% within reaction duration of 4 h. It concludes that hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from ostrich bones showed good catalytic performance to produce biodiesel from WCO. The synthesized catalyst sustained adequate catalytic activity even after being repeatedly recycled four times, which infers low cost biodiesel production opportunities. Furthermore, an integrated waste oil/bone collection approach is recommended for the effective utilization of indigenous waste to produce biodiesel.

title: Experimental comparison between the conversion electron yield and X ray fluorescence in catalyst analysis.
abstract: To evaluate the application of the conversion electron yield (CEY) method in catalyst analysis, the intensities of the CEY and X ray fluorescence (XRF) as a function of glancing angle were measured simultaneously. The probing depth of the CEY method is shallower than that of the XRF method. The CEY method also shows potential application for the analysis of even a powder specimen of a low concentration zeolite catalyst.

title: Characterization and performance analysis of an innovative Ni/Mayenite catalyst for the steam reforming of raw syngas
abstract: Biomass gasification is an effective way to produce syngas that must be conditioned to remove the main pollutants (tars) for its use in energy production systems. Catalytic steam reforming of tar and CH 4 is thus necessary; Nickel catalysts are excellent candidates but still have deactivation problems related to carbon deposition and sulphur poisoning. Various studies demonstrated that Mayenite as binder for Nickel has free oxygen ions that protect the catalyst from coke formation and H 2 S poisoning. Similar studies are carried out only with tar representative compounds (e.g. toluene) here the catalyst was tested with real syngas from biomass gasification containing CH 4 benzene and tars. Ni/Mayenite was synthesized with citrate sol gel method, characterized (XRD, BET, SEM, XRF) tested for 50 h and again characterized in order to study its degradation. Heavier tars were 100% converted; lower tars were converted with high rate; CH 4 showed a decrease in conversion after 2 h.

title: A sustainable protocol for production of biodiesel by transesterification of soybean oil using banana trunk ash as a heterogeneous catalyst
abstract: Due to the world wide attention regarding depletion of non renewable resources, detrimental effect of toxic chemicals to the environment and uncontrollable up surge of waste materials, scientific community is showing substantial focus on valorization of waste into various significant products. In this study, Musa acuminata banana trunk ash (MBTA) was utilized as a waste biomass derived heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel at ambient temperature. To characterize the solid catalyst, different analytical and spectroscopic techniques were adopted that enabled to investigate its chemical composition and morphology. EDX, XRF, and XRD analysis revealed the presence of several oxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals besides carbon in the ash sample. A high conversion of biodiesel (98.39% was achieved under our optimized reaction conditions using the waste biomass catalytic system. The catalyst was recoverable up to 5 times without much depreciation in its catalytic activity. The catalyst being a waste material is therefore cheap, easily to prepare, biodegradable, recyclable, and environmentally benign which makes it a prospective candidate for "green catalyst" in biodiesel synthesis.

title: Photo Fenton oxidation and mineralization of methyl orange using Fe sand as effective heterogeneous catalyst
abstract: A novel heterogeneous photo Fenton catalyst, iron coated sand (Fe sand) was synthesized by impregnation calcination method. The catalyst Fe sand was characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, FTIR, XRF and DRS methods. X ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the Fe sand catalyst mainly consists of Fe2O3 and SiO2 crystallites, and the Fe concentration of the prepared catalyst measured by AAS is 135.7 mg/g. BET results revealed that Fe sand possess a mesoporous structure with a porosity of 23% The catalytic performance of the Fe sand was studied in the discoloration and mineralization of methyl orange (MO) The influence of reacting conditions on degradation efficiency of the oxidation process was analyzed. At optimal conditions (200 mg/L of H2O2, 100 mg/L of initial MO concentration, pH 3 and without added alcohol) complete discoloration of MO can be obtained within 60 min. The reaction process of MO discoloration was followed by UV vis and GC MS spectroscopic techniques. Based on the oxidation products formed, a probable degradation mechanism has been distinguished. Leaching tests indicated a very low concentration of dissolved iron ion and satisfactory stability of prepared catalyst. Industrial application of this catalyst in textile effluent treatment has shown that the proposed catalytic process is suitable for producing reusable water quality.

title: Waste to value addition: Utilization of waste Brassica nigra plant derived novel green heterogeneous base catalyst for effective synthesis of biodiesel
abstract: In the present study, the heterogeneous base catalyst was derived from the waste Brassica nigra plant and utilized as an efficient catalyst in the transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production. The catalyst was prepared by calcination of ash obtained after burning the dried waste Brassica nigra plant and well characterized using instrumental techniques like powder XRD, FT IR, BET, XRF, AAS, XPS, SEM EDX, and TEM. The analysis of the catalyst indicated potassium (56.13 wt% as the major component followed by calcium (26.04 wt% in the form of oxide, carbonate, and chloride. The catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity in converting soybean oil to biodiesel with 98.79% yield in a short time period of 25 min at 65 degC under the optimum conditions of 12:1 ratio of methanol to oil and 7 wt% of catalyst. The reaction yielded 98.87% biodiesel at room temperature of 32 degC within 75 min of reaction time under optimized conditions. The activation energy (27.87 kJ mol 1) indicates the reaction is a chemically controlled reaction. The catalyst was reused up to the third cycle of reaction which yielded 96% biodiesel without significant loss in catalytic activity. The biodiesel was characterized by FT IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GC MS. The fuel properties studied are well comparable with the international standards as well as with reported literatures. The synthesized heterogeneous catalyst is non toxic, biodegradable, environmentally benign, green in nature, easy to handle, reusable and can be prepared with minimum cost as the raw materials are naturally plenty enough as wastes with free of cost which is a value addition to the generated wastes along with a viable capability in reduction of the overall biodiesel production cost.

title: Ash of pomegranate peels (APP) A bio waste heterogeneous catalyst for sustainable synthesis of a,a' bis(substituted benzylidine)cycloalkanones and 2 arylidene 1 tetralones
abstract: a,a' bis(substituted benzylidene)cycloalkanones were efficiently prepared from variously substituted aldehydes and cycloalkanones in water by using ash of pomegranate peels (APP) as a catalyst. The APP catalyst was obtained from bio waste by simple thermal treatment to dry peels of pomegranate fruit and formation of its active phase was confirmed by FT IR, XRD, XRF, EDX, SEM, DSC TGA and BET techniques. The analysis revealed that the present catalyst has basic sites which promote the synthesis of desired products. The main attractions of our protocol are utilization of highly abundant bio waste derived catalyst and good to excellent yield in shortest reaction time. This green protocol was further extended for structurally diverse 2 arylidene 1 tetralones by condensation of equimolar quantity of aromatic aldehydes and 1 tetralone at low temperature. The catalyst could be quantitatively recovered and reused effectively for five times.

title: Investigation of the reaction pathway for degradation of emerging contaminant in water by photo Fenton oxidation using fly ash as low cost raw catalyst
abstract: In this work, fly ash from a Brazilian thermal power plant was employed as a low cost raw catalyst for Procion red degradation by photo Fenton process. The ash was characterized by X ray fluorescence (XRF) X ray diffraction (XRD) nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms (BET) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X ray spectrometry (EDX) The material had an iron content of 4.10 wt% distributed homogeneously on the solid surface. The ash particles showed mainly spherical morphology between 0.5 and 20 um. The catalyst presented promising activity, reaching 93% of dye decolorization at 60 min of reaction, and 85% of organic load removal at 240 min. The predominant oxidizing species involved on the degradation of dye molecules during the photo Fenton reaction were the hydroxyl radicals (HO The material showed remarkable stability and reusability after five successive cycles of reuse. The reaction intermediates were identified by LC/MS analysis and a reaction pathway was proposed. Reaction pathway for degradation of an emerging contaminant by photo Fenton Fly ash was a promising catalyst for the degradation of Procion red The catalytic efficiency was 93.6% decolorization and 85% TOC removal Fly ash presented good stability and low level of deactivation after five uses