Query: Intestinal flora  T2DM

title: "Adjusting Internal Organs and Dredging Channel" Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Regulating the Intestinal Flora and Inhibiting Inflammation
abstract: Traditional Chinese acupuncture has been demonstrated to be beneficial for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) The mechanism of acupuncture on T2DM is crucial for their biological activity as well as their usefulness as tools in biology and medicine. However, its mechanism is poorly understood.  In an effort to explore the mechanism, eight db/db mice (a type of spontaneous T2DM mouse) were treated with adjusting internal organs and dredging channel electroacupuncture (AODCEA) for 2 weeks. Another eight db/db mice were fed as T2DM group (T2DMG) and eight db/m mice were set as normal control group (NCG) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interleukin 6 (IL 6) and diabetes related indicators, such as fasting blood glucose (FBG) and triglyceride (TG) were detected by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) The V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was analyzed by Illumina sequencing to evaluate the effect of AODCEA on intestinal flora. The amount of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS) Results Our results indicate that AODCEA treatment can reduce diabetes related indicators. We observed the increased probiotics such as Blautia and Lactobacillus and decreased opportunist pathogens (Alistipes, Helicobacter, Prevotella) by AODCEA interventions. Importantly, the total amount of SCFAs in the feces of T2DM mice was promoted by AODCEA. Finally, obviously alleviated systemic inflammation was exhibited through AODCEA treatment by detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin 6 (IL 6) in serum.  AODCEA can reshape the structure of intestinal flora, which can increase intestinal SCFAs, affect the circulating LPS level, and reduce the inflammatory response.

title: High animal protein diet and gut microbiota in human health.
abstract: The role of the intestinal flora in health and disease has become a research hotspot. Compared with carbohydrates and fats, proteins are metabolized primarily by microbial fermentation in the intestine. The production of protein fermentation products and metabolites depends on the composition, diversity, and metabolism of the gut microbiota. Several protein fermentation products, including indoles, phenols, polyamines, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) amines, and carnitine, are toxic. This study analyzes the relationship between high protein diets (HPDs) the intestinal microbiota, and human health and disease. Long term HPDs increase the risk of intestinal diseases, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) obesity, central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) by producing toxic metabolites in the colon, including amines, H2S, and ammonia. Short term HPDs have little effect on the metabolism of healthy individuals under 65 years old. However, meeting the protein requirements of individuals over 65 years old using HPDs is more challenging. The adverse effects of HPDs on athletes are minimal. Natural compounds (plant extracts, whose main constituents are polysaccharides and polyphenols) prebiotics, probiotics, and regular physical exercise improve gut dysbiosis and reduce disease risk.

title: The beneficial effects of the composite probiotics from camel milk on glucose and lipid metabolism, liver and renal function and gut microbiota in db/db mice
abstract: Probiotics may have beneficial effects on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) We separated 4 lactobacillus and 1 saccharomycetes from traditional fermented cheese whey (TFCW) and prepared composite probiotics from camel milk (CPCM) and investigated their effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, liver and renal function and gut microbiota in db/db mice.  CPCM was prepared in the laboratory and 40 db/db mice were randomly divided into 4 groups as metformin, low dose and high dose group and model group, and treated for 6 weeks. In addition, 10 C57BL/Ks mice as normal control group were used for comparison. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) body weight (BW) oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) C peptide (CP) triglycerides (TG) total cholesterol (TC) low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C) 24 h urinary microalbumin (24 h malb) urine ketone, urine sugar, pancreas and liver tissue and intestinal flora were tested.  Compared to diabetic group, high dose CPCM significantly decreased FBG, OGTT, HbAlc and IRI, plasma TC, TG, LDL C, 24 h malb, urine ketone and urine sugar, increased CP, HDL C levels, improved the liver and kidney function, protected the function of islets, also increased intestinal tract lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium decreased Escherichia in db/db mice.  CPCM decreased FBG, OGTT and HbAlc, increased CP, modulated lipid metabolism and improved liver and kidney protected injury in db/db mice, which may be related to various probiotics acting through protecting the function of islets and regulating intestinal flora disturbance.

title: Multi omics: Opportunities for research on mechanism of type 2 diabetes mellitus
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a burdensome global disease. In depth understanding of its mechanism will help to optimize diagnosis and treatment, which reduces the burden. Multi omics research has unparalleled advantages in contributing to the overall understanding of the mechanism of this chronic metabolic disease. In the past two decades, the study of multi omics on T2DM related intestinal flora perturbation and plasma dyslipidemia has shown tremendous potential and is expected to achieve major breakthroughs. The regulation of intestinal flora in diabetic patients has been confirmed by multiple studies. The use of metagenomics, 16S RNA sequencing, and metabolomics has comprehensively identified the overall changes in the intestinal flora and the metabolic disturbances that could directly or indirectly participate in the intestinal flora host interactions. Lipidomics combined with other "omics" has characterized lipid metabolism disorders in T2DM. The combined application and cross validation of multi omics can screen for dysregulation in T2DM, which will provide immense opportunities to understand the mechanisms behind T2DM.

title: Ge Gen Jiao Tai Wan Affects Type 2 Diabetic Rats by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Primary Bile Acids
abstract: The Ge Gen Jiao Tai Wan (GGJTW) formula has been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China for a long time. Our previous study has proved that GGJTW could alleviate the type 2 diabetic symptoms, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the changes in gut microbiota and primary bile acids (PBAs) to determine the potential mechanisms of GGJTW in treating T2DM.The fecal transplant method and pseudogerm free rats were used in our study.The16S rRNA gene sequencing method was used to analyze the changes in the intestinal flora, and PBAs in the colon contents were detected. Finally, the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) G protein coupled membrane receptor 5 (TGR5) and glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP 1) was assessed. Following GGJTW treatment, we observed a decrease in blood glucose levels and improvements in glucose tolerance and serum lipid levels. Furthermore, we found that GGJTW could regulate the composition of the gut microbiota and upregulate the diabetic beneficial phylum Firmicutes and bile acid related genus Lactobacillus. PBAs in the colon contents were increased in the GGJTW treated group, accompanied by upregulated expression of the bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 and increased concentrations of GLP 1. These results indicated that GGJTW could alleviate symptoms of type 2 diabetic rats by regulating the gut microbiota, promoting the production of PBAs, and upregulating the PBA FXR/TGR5 GLP 1 pathway.

title: Perspektivy primeneniia transplantatsii fekal'noi mikrobioty u patsientov s ozhireniem i sakharnym diabetom 2 tipa s tsel'iu snizheniia vesa i uluchsheniia chuvstvitel'nosti k insulinu.
abstract: Concerning the uncontrolled growth in the incidence of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) numerous research have been carried out to study the pathogenetic mechanisms of progress of these diseases and development of new methods for their prevention and treatment in recent years. T2DM is known to be a multifactorial disease, in the development of which both lifestyle and various environmental factors, and genetic predisposition are involved. At the same time, in recent years, a theory has been discussed that intestinal dysbiosis, which is caused with quantitative and qualitative changes in the gut microbiota (GM) is one of the mechanisms of obesity and T2DM development. At the moment, various methods have been proposed for restoring the normal composition of GM, including the administration of prebiotics and metabiotics that stimulate the growth of gut flora, as well as probiotics, which directly include the necessary beneficial bacteria (mainly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) Fecal microflora transplantation (FMT) which allows transferring an entire microbial community into the recipient's body, rather than individual bacteria is the newest and least studied method of GM normalization. In this connection, this method of GM influencing is of great interest for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.

title: Analysis of jejunum microbiota of HFD/STZ diabetic rats.
abstract: Currently, several studies propose that the dominant intestinal bacteria are core flora. Besides keeping the homeostasis of the intestinal environment, the intestinal microflora also plays a role in body metabolism, production of some vitamins, and control of barrier function. The study aimed to investigate the jejunum microbiota in diabetic rats as well as it's the relationship with Ceftriaxone sodium mediated gut dysbiosis, diabetic parameters, and intestinal permeability. Thirty two Wistar rats (Male) were enrolled and divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D; N 8) Subsequently, T2DM was induced in C and D groups by HFD/STZ model and then gut dysbiosis in B and D groups via intragastric administration of Ceftriaxone sodium for two weeks. The food water intake, body weight, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, HOMA IR, intestinal permeability, and jejunum microbiota and it's histology were investigated. In this study, T2DM was associated with a significant decrease in the richness and diversity of jejunum microbiota, elevation in the intestinal permeability, and higher abundance of some opportunistic pathogens. Ceftriaxone sodium induced gut dysbiosis declined food water intake, damagedthe villi of jejunum tissue, increased intestinal permeability, and affected the diversity of jejunum microbiota. In diabetic rats, Ceftriaxone sodium mediated gut dysbiosis also declined the abundance of someSCFAs bacteria and raised the abundant of some opportunistic bacteria such as Staphylococcus_sciuri. Interestingly, we found that several bacteria were negatively correlated with HOMA IR, fasting blood glucose, body weight, and intestinal permeability. Overall, the study highlighted the jejunum microflora alterations in HFD/STZ diabetic rats and assessed the effect of Ceftriaxone sodium induced gut dysbiosis on diabetic parameters, jejunum microbiota and histology, and intestinal permeability, which are of potential for further studies.

title: A comparative study of acarbose, vildagliptin and saxagliptin intended for better efficacy and safety on type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment.
abstract: As a complicated metabolic disorder, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming a major health concern worldwide. Drugs including acarbose, saxagliptin and vildagliptin are applied, but their efficacy is still required to be compared. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acarbose, saxagliptin and vildagliptin in the treatment of T2DM. Ninety patients diagnosed with T2DM were treated with acarbose, saxagliptin and vildagliptin, respectively (30 patients for each drug) All patients were examined at 0, 4 and 12 weeks after treatment with vital signs recorded. Fasting blood glucose and blood biochemical indices were analyzed. In addition, fecal samples were taken for microbial macrogenome sequencing and safety evaluation within 12 weeks after treatment. Blood glucose level decreased at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment, and the total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels at 12 weeks were different. Genus abundance of intestinal flora was altered at different time points. Acarbose increased Butyricimonas level first and then decreased it during drug treatment. Saxagliptin increased Megamonas and decreased Turicibacter genus level gradually. Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Blautia, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia levels fluctuated after Vildagliptin treatment, which increased fasting C peptide level greater than the other two drugs. Saxagliptin showed higher adverse reactions than acarbose and vildagliptin. Collectively, acarbose, vildagliptin, and saxagliptin can effectively reduce the HbA1c level and affect the intestinal flora distribution in T2DM patients, and the adverse reactions of acarbose and vildagliptin are less than saxagliptin, providing alternative strategies for the treatment of T2DM.

title: Gut Bacterial Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Application Potential
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disorder comprehensively influenced by genetic and environmental risk, and research increasingly has indicated the role of microbial dysbiosis in T2DM pathogenesis. However, studies comparing the microbiome characteristics between T2DM and healthy controls have reported inconsistent results. To further identify and describe the characteristics of the intestinal flora of T2DM patients, we performed a systematic review and meta analysis of stool microbial profiles to discern and describe microbial dysbiosis in T2DM and to explore heterogeneity among 7 studies (600 T2DM cases, 543 controls, 1143 samples in total) Using a random effects model and a fixed effects model, we observed significant differences in beta diversity, but not alpha diversity, between individuals with T2DM and controls. We identified various operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) and bacterial genera with significant odds ratios for T2DM. The T2DM signatures derived from a single study by stepwise feature selection could be applied in other studies. By training on multiple studies, we improved the detection accuracy and disease specificity for T2DM. We also discuss the relationship between T2DM enriched or T2DM depleted genera and probiotics and provide new ideas for diabetes prevention and improvement.

title: Ginsenoside Rk3 Ameliorates Obesity Induced Colitis by Regulating of Intestinal Flora and the TLR4/NF kB Signaling Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice.
abstract: Obesity induced colonic inflammation stimulated colitis is one of the main causes of colorectal cancer. Dietary phytochemicals are considered to be an effective strategy for relieving obesity induced inflammatory diseases such as diabetes and colitis. Ginsenoside Rk3 (Rk3) is the main bioactive component of ginseng. Our previous study has demonstrated that Rk3 can effectively alleviate obesity induced type 2 diabetes, but whether it plays a beneficial role in obesity induced colitis remains poorly understood. Here, we found that Rk3 intervention repaired the intestinal barrier dysfunction by increasing the expression of the tight junction proteins (zonula occludens 1, claudin, and occludin) and reduced colonic inflammatory cytokine levels, oxidative stress, and macrophage infiltration in high fat diet induced mice. Importantly, Rk3 effectively ameliorated the metabolic dysbiosis of intestinal flora with significantly decreased Firmicute/Bacteroidete ratios and suppressed the inflammatory cascade by inhibiting the TLR4/NF kB signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings indicate that Rk3 can be used as a potential natural anti inflammatory agent to reduce chronic obesity induced colitis.