Query: goat nutriton requirements

title: Energy Requirements for Maintenance and Growth of Male Saanen Goat Kids
abstract: The aim of study was to determine the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of forty one Saanen, intact male kids with initial body weight (BW) of 5.12+ 0.19 kg. The baseline (BL) group consisted of eight kids averaging 5.46+ 0.18 kg BW. An intermediate group consisted of six kids, fed for ad libitum intake, that were slaughtered when they reached an average BW of 12.9+ 0.29 kg. The remaining kids (n 27) were randomly allocated into nine slaughter groups (blocks) of three animals distributed among three amounts of dry matter intake (DMI; ad libitum and restricted to 70% or 40% of ad libitum intake) Animals in a group were slaughtered when the ad libitum treatment kid in the group reached 20 kg BW. In a digestibility trial, 21 kids (same animals of the comparative slaughter) were housed in metabolic cages and used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the energetic value of the diet at different feed intake levels. The net energy for maintenance (NEm) was 417 kJ/kg0.75 of empty BW (EBW)/d, while the metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) was 657 kJ/kg0.75 of EBW/d. The efficiency of ME use for NE maintenance (km) was 0.64. Body fat content varied from 59.91 to 92.02 g/kg of EBW while body energy content varied from 6.37 to 7.76 MJ/kg of EBW, respectively, for 5 and 20 kg of EBW. The net energy for growth (NEg) ranged from 7.4 to 9.0 MJ/kg of empty weight gain by day at 5 and 20 kg BW, respectively. This study indicated that the energy requirements in goats were lower than previously published requirements for growing dairy goats.

title: The Potential of Skin and Bones of Kacang Goat for the Production of Halal Gelatine
abstract: Gelatine was a biopolymer of amino acid that obtained from the results of the hydrolysis of collagen. Materials that have potential as the raw material, the production of halal gelatine goat skin and bone are the goats. Aimed this research to know the optimum temperature in the halal gelatine production from waste of skin and bone of beans goat. Gelatine production process used A type with hydrochloric acid (HCl) 3% The gelatine was extract in water bath with variations of temperature of 45 deg C, 55 deg C and 65 deg C. Results of the analysis of the characterization of the physicochemical gelatine of skin of goat and goat bones. Showed that already meet the requirements of the National Standard (SNI) the which is the pH of the gelatine skin and bone goat (4.5 and 3.5) the value of the water content of goat skin and bone are (10,29% and 3. 25% as well as the value of the values of goat skin and bone gelatine are (2.75% and 1.04% out) The results of the analysis of functional groups by using FTIR absorption showed a typical functional groups of gelatin that is NH and OH (3430.33 cm 1 and 3359.56 cm 1) C O (1644.48 cm 1 and 1652.82 cm 1) and C N (1244.64 cm 1 and 1242.09 cm 1) The results of the fatty acids showed an oleic acid (36.66% palmitate acid (24.53% linoleic acid (15.28% stearic acid (10.60% Palmitoleic acid (2.24% myristic acid (1.60% margaric acid (0.84% and lauric acid (0.20%

title: Effect of Acacia albida Pods Associated to Polyethylene Glycol on the In vitro Digestibility of Rice Straw Treated with Banana Leaves Ashes Extract in Goat
abstract: In order to satisfy the feed requirements of animals in short periods, the integration of livestock to plant production appears as a promising route. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of Acacia albida pods associated to polyethylene glycol on the in vitro digestibility of rice straw treated with extract of ashes of banana leaves, incubated with ruminal fluid from a goat. The study was carried out from March to June 2018 in the Research Unit of Animal Production and Nutrition (URPRONAN) and in the Laboratory of Soil Sciences of the University of Dschang. The rice straw and the banana leaves were harvested in the Agricultural Research Institute for Development (IRAD) of Santchou and Dschang respectively; whereas the Acacia albida pods were collected in the Region of Koundoul, locality situated at 25km from Ndjamena in Tchad. At the beginning of the experiment, after the preparation of the ash extract, treatment of rice straw and formulation of the rations, samples were taken in order to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the in vitro digestibility. The results showed that the treatment with ash extract led to an increase in sodium (801 to 900 mg/kg) phosphorus (1537.45 mg/kg) calcium (2440 to 11520 mg/kg) magnesium (1243 to 1410 mg/kg) and potassium (5951.75 to 10276.75 mg/kg) content. Contrarily, it induces a decrease in the content of organic matter (from 90.13 to 81.86%DM) lipids (from 1.39 to 0.39) and NDF (from 96.44 to 77.57) However, the reverse effect was observed with contents in ash (from 9.96 to 18.13%DM) The complementation of rice straw with Acacia albida pods associated or not to polyethylene glycol significantly (p 0.05) The in vitro digestibility of dry matter and the microbial mass (MM) instead observed a slight decrease. Apart from the residual nitrogen, the highest values of the other parameters of in vitro digestibility were obtained with treated rice straw compared to untreated rice straw. Acacia albida pods associated to polyethylene glycol on the in vitro digestibility of rice straw treated with banana leaves ashes extract improves digestibility's parameters in goat.

title: Processing of Snack of Goat Chub Chili Capsicum annuum L. with Formulations of Tomato and Tomato Marjoram
abstract: The cultivation of goat chili has potentially increased in Chile, due to different varieties of gourmet products made with it; for this reason, new industrial projects are sought to the growing volume to adapt them to the new trends in consumption habits, mainly focused on achieving an attractive meal, a fast preparation and consumption, while nutrients are provided to offer some benefits for human health. The "snacks" products that include the use of fruit satisfactorily respond to these requirements, in addition to providing marketing alternatives to the surplus of fruit exports. For this reason, the present test, consisting of the processing of snacks based on goat chub chili with the addition of tomato and marjoram, was carried out to increase the palatability and the sensorial quality of the final product. The following formulations were used: only chili (T1) chili and tomato (T2) chili, tomato and marjoram (T3) The latter one was characterized by a good flavor and aroma. A large amount of the fruit water content had been removed by drying it with forced hot air. A product without chemical preserves was obtained, with physical and chemical parameters similar to those required by similar foods existing on the market today. In sensorial terms, the formulation to which marjoram was added showed good sensorial and acceptability attributes, highlighting them from the rest of the treatments. The snack color was maintained after the dehydration process, according to panelists.

title: Macromineral requirements for growing Saanen goat kids
abstract: Understanding mineral nutritional requirements is important to providing diets that appropriately meet animals' needs. This study estimates the net requirements of calcium (Ca) phosphorus (P) magnesium (Mg) sodium (Na) and potassium (K) for growing goats. Twenty Saanen kids with initial body weights (BWs) of 5 kg were used in this experiment. Of these kids, five were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment, representing the initial body weight. Another six were slaughtered at BWs of 12.5 kg, and the remainder were slaughtered at BWs of 20 kg. All of the animals were fed ad libitum with a diet consisting of 50% roughage and 50% concentrate, which was formulated to meet nutritional requirements for gains of 150 g/day, except those that were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment. The experimental design was completely randomized and used three treatments (slaughter weights) Logarithmized allometric equations were used to calculate the relationships between macromineral quantities and empty body weights (EBWs) and these relationships were observed to be highly significant (P 0.0001) The macromineral body composition per kilogram of EBW increased from 9.9 to 10.9 g of Ca/kg EBW, 8.8 to 9.0 g of P/kg EBW, and decreased from 0.78 to 0.65 g Mg/kg EBW, 2.0 to 1.1 g Na/kg EBW, and 2.7 to 1.6 g K/kg EBW in Saanen kids with BWs that ranged from 5 to 20 kg. The net requirements per 100 g of gained BW decreased from 1012 to 930 mg Ca, 851 to 727 mg P, 63 to 45 mg Mg, 94 to 43 mg Na, and 147 to 74 mg K for Saanen kids with BWs that ranged from 5 to 20 kg. Differences were not observed between Ca, P and Mg net requirements in our study and those that were proposed by NRC, however Na and K net requirements for gain were lower than recommended by NRC indicating that for these minerals, this system may not be the most appropriate for the formulation of goat diets in tropical conditions.

title: Impact of Feeding and Utilization of Tree Leaves and Green Forage on Growth Performance of Goat Kids
abstract: Farmers maintain their animals on community lands &vicinity of forest land and supplementation of concentrate mixture or any other cereal grains or pulse by products or cakes at stall is almost negligible. Some of the farmers in the region supplement Stover and cereal straws to animals however, these resources are known to be poor in essential minerals. To bridge the gap between demand and supply of high protein forage, tree leaves and forage has been extensively propagated in tropical and subtropical countries. The traditional farming system suffers from seasonal fluctuations in forage availability, with severe shortage of herbage during the long cold seasons. However, in many regions of the world, much of the pasture herbage, which makes up the majority of ruminant diets, cannot completely satisfy the requirements of grazing ruminants. The role of fodder trees shrubs in the diets of ruminants is considered to be important in International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied  (2019)  http:/www.ijcmas.com

title: Energy requirements and efficiency of energy utilization in growing dairy goats of different sexes.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on the requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization in growing Saanen goats. A database from 7 comparative slaughter studies that included 238 Saanen goats was gathered to provide information for the development of prediction equations of energy requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization. The experimental design provided different levels of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and empty body weight (EBW) The data were analyzed so that sex (e.g. intact males, castrated males, and females; n 98, 80, and 60, respectively) was a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were random effects. For the development of linear and nonlinear equations, we used the MIXED and NLMIXED procedures in SAS (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC) Nonlinear regression equations were developed to predict heat production (HP, kcal/kg0.75 of EBW; dependent variable) from MEI (kcal/kg0.75 of EBW; independent variable) Using the comparative slaughter technique, the net energy requirement for maintenance (NEM) was calculated as the value of HP at MEI equal to zero. Additionally, NEM was evaluated based on the degree of maturity. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance was calculated as the value at which HP is equal to MEI. Efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (km) was calculated as the ratio between NEM and the metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance. Efficiency of energy utilization for growth (kg) was assumed to be the slope of the linear regression of retained energy (RE) on MEI above the maintenance stage (model intercept equal to 0) Efficiencies of RE as protein (kp) and as fat (kf) were calculated using the multiple linear regression of MEI above the maintenance (model intercept equal to 0) on RE as protein and as fat, respectively. Sex affected NEM (75.0 1.76 kcal/kg0.75 of EBW for males and 63.6 2.89 kcal/kg0.75 of EBW for females) and sex did not affect km (0.63) On the other hand, sex no longer affected NEM when degree of maturity was considered on its estimation. The kg was different between sexes (0.31 for castrated males and females, and 0.26 for intact males) but kp (0.21) and kf (0.80) were similar between sexes. These results may be useful for improving robustness of the energy requirement recommendations for dairy goats.

title: VEGETATION ASSESSMENT TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF FERAL GOAT POPULATIONS ON NATIVE FLORA COMPOSITION A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree
abstract: ix Introduction 1 1.1 Browsing of Indigenous Vegetation 1 1.2 Purpose 8 2.0 Diet Study 9 2.

title: Nutrition quality and microbial content of buffalo, cow, and goat milk from West Sumatera
abstract: The aim of this research was to determine the quality of fresh milk physically, chemically and microbiologically obtained from cow, goats and buffalo in West Sumatra. The research method applied was laboratory experimental to analyze nutritional value, the number of aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, isolating and identifying lactic acid bacteria. Results showed that the nutritional value of milk had meet the requirements of Indonesian National Standardization, but the total colony of aerobic bacteria was above the allowed threshold of 1 x 10 6 CFU/ml. In addition, each sample had a total colony of varied lactic acid bacteria (LAB) The lowest total LAB value obtained in cow's milk was 0.84+ 0.18 x10 7 CFU/ml, in contrast to buffalo milk and goat milk which had a higher total LAB of 36.8+ 17.57 x10 7 CFU/ ml and 57.25+ 8.89 x10 7 CFU/ml. However, all the colonies showed almost identical morphology of LAB isolates. It is concluded that fresh milk from West Sumatra contains LAB therefore sanitation control is still needed during handling of milk.

title: Effects of testosterone administration and feeding level on reproductive activity in sexually inactive goat bucks
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the administration of testosterone to a well fed or underfed sexually inactive goat bucks on their sexual behavior and semen characteristics. Twenty sexually experienced mixed breed goat bucks (1.5 years of age) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments for a period of 71 days. Treatments consisted of diets with amount of nutrients to meet 1.0 times the nutrient maintenance requirements with the application of 25 mg testosterone every third day during 21 d (treatment 1T) or saline (treatment 1C) A third and fourth treatments received a diet 1/2 times the nutrient maintenance requirements with testosterone (1/2T) or saline (1/2C) Bucks on 1T and 1C had higher body weight, body condition score and scrotal circumference compared to 1/2T and 1/2C (P<0.05) Also, bucks on 1T and 1/2T had higher sexual odor compared to 1C and 1/2C (P<0.05) Mean serum testosterone concentrations were highest in 1T (4.78 6.78 ng/ml) and lowest in 1/2C (0.56 0.96 ng/ml; P<0.01) Semen volume, sperm concentration, and mass motility were not affected by treatments, but sperm progressive motility was lower (P<0.05) in 1/2C (46% than the other treatments (52 to 57% Courtship traits and mounts were more frequent (P<0.05) in 1T compared with the other treatments. Likewise, bucks in the 1T group had the shortest latency to first mount (82 seconds) compared to other treatments (110 to 164 seconds) These results indicate that testosterone administration to well fed sexually inactive bucks provokes clearly defined sexual activity during the non breeding season. However, these benefits are overridden by underfeeding goat bucks.