Query: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

title: Corrigendum to Design of a structure based fluorescent biosensor from bioengineered arginine deiminase for rapid determination of l arginine [International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 165 (2020) 472 482]

title: Recent advances in biological macromolecule based tissue engineered composite scaffolds for cardiac tissue regeneration applications.
abstract: Tissue engineering has become a primary research topic for the treatment of diseased or damaged cardiac tissue, which is a global healthcare concern. Current tissue engineering strategies utilise biomimetic scaffolds and cells that promote healthy growth and regeneration of cardiac tissue. Successful cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) requires scaffolds that mimic the natural anisotropy and microstructure of native tissues, while simultaneously supporting proliferation and differentiation and acting as a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) substitute until it is replaced by the body's residing cells. Among the various types of scaffolding materials, naturally occurred biological macromolecules, synthetic polymers, electroconductive polymers and electroconductive nanoparticles are utilised due to their unique biological and physicochemical properties. In this context, naturally occurred biological macromolecules has gained significant attention in designing tissue engineered composite scaffolds for cardiac tissue regeneration applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, cytocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. The objective of this review is to summarize the micro and macro architecture of the heart and its functional properties and provides a firm summarization of recent progress in biological macromolecules based composites scaffolds with innovative fabrication techniques so that it may help the design of novel substitutes for cardiac tissue regeneration application.

title: Naturally occurring biological macromolecules based hydrogels: Potential biomaterials for peripheral nerve regeneration.
abstract: Despite the recent advances in the treatment strategies of peripheral nerve system defects, peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is still one of the most important health issues with increasing incidence worldwide. The most commonly used treatment approaches are allografts, xenografts, and autologous, which have some drawbacks, including complications, limited source of the donor tissue, tubular collapse, and scar tissue proliferation. In this context, regenerative medicine has been introduced as a powerful approach to improve the healing process and obtain acceptable functional recovery in the injury site using living cells, scaffold, and bioactive (macro molecules. Amongst them, scaffold as a three dimensional (3D) support biomaterial, structurally bridged the gap or site of injury in order to provide physical and chemical cues to promote correct reinnervation and functional regeneration. Amongst different scaffolding biomaterials, naturally occurring biological macromolecules (more especially proteins and polysaccharides) based hydrogels exhibited promising results due to their fascinating physicochemical as well as physiologically relevant properties. This review highlights the recent progress in the development of natural hydrogels based neural scaffolds. Furthermore, PNI healing process, current status, and challenges are also shortly discussed.

title: Development of food grade Pickering emulsions stabilized by a biological macromolecule (xanthan gum) and zein.
abstract: In this work, food grade sunflower oil/W Pickering emulsions stabilized by xanthan gum zein complex were developed. For this purpose, laser diffraction, rheological, multiple light scattering, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) measurements were carried out. A response surface methodology was used to determine the optimized zein and oil concentration of the emulsion by using D4,3 and Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) as objective functions to minimize. Subsequently, the optimized formulation with minimum D4,3 was selected and the biological macromolecule, advanced performance xanthan gum (APXG) was added. CLSM results of emulsions without gum showed the location of zein in the oil water interface protecting droplets against coalescence as Pickering stabilizer. They also demonstrated that zein did not present important aggregation at the working pH. The addition of APXG changed the flow behaviour from Newtonian to shear thinning which fitted to the Cross model. This fact provoked the occurrence of viscoelastic properties and an increase in stability. FESEM results suggested the formation of a zein gum complex, which forms a layer covering the droplets, protecting them against oxidation and physical destabilization. Therefore, this research supports the role of zein APXG complex as a stabilizer of future emulsions.

title: Ethylcellulose based drug nano depots fabricated using a modified triaxial electrospinning.
abstract: New strategies based on advanced technologies are highly desired for expanding the applications of biological macromolecules in the applied scientific fields. In the present study, a new kind of core shell nano depots were designed, in which the shell section was a drug polymer composite and the core section was a drug reservoir. With ethyl cellulose and ketoprofen as a filament forming polymeric matrix and a model drug, respectively, a triaxial electrospinning apparatus was developed to conduct both coaxial and triaxial processes, by which monolithic nanofibers F1 and core shell nano depots F2 were successfully prepared. Although both of them had the same double components, their different nanostructures generated considerable differences in providing drug sustained release profiles. The core shell nanofiber depots F2 were able to provide a better zero order drug release profile: no initial burst release, smooth sustained release effect, and smaller tailing off release for a nice zero order drug release kinetics. The release percentage (Q) can be linearly manipulated through the release time (t) according to the equation Q2 9.40 4.74 t (R 0.9936) providing opportunity for precise administration. The developed strategy and advanced electrospinning technique exhibit a new way for constructing process structure performance relationships at nano scale and for expanding the potential applications of biological macromolecules in the applied fields.

title: Physical and biological properties of alginate/carbon nanofibers hydrogel films.
abstract: Alginates are renewable materials with excellent biocompatibility and cost effectiveness in comparison with other biodegradable polymers. However, these hydrogels have poor mechanical properties that restrict their applications in biomedical fields such as skin tissue engineering. In this regard, the study follows an enhanced engineering route to produce alginate based films reinforced with different amounts (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2% w/w) of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and characterize their physical and biological properties. The results of this study showed that these composites possess similar biological properties to neat alginate hydrogels. Thus, none of the synthesized composite materials were cytotoxic and no cell adhesion was observed on the films. Water sorption at the body temperature did not suffer strong changes with the incorporation of CNFs into the alginate matrix. The dynamic mechanical and tensile/compressive properties of calcium alginate significantly improved with the addition of even a very low amount of CNFs. Thus, the tensile and compression modulus of the calcium alginate films in the dry and hydrated state increases up to three and six times, respectively, with the addition of 2% w/w CNFs. In addition, the composites reinforced with the lowest CNFs content have the advantage of possessing more transparency and lower production costs.

title: Arabinoxylan co AA/HAp/TiO2 nanocomposite scaffold a potential material for bone tissue engineering: An in vitro study.
abstract: Arabinoxylan (AX) is a natural biological macromolecule with several potential biomedical applications. In this research, AX, nano hydroxyapatite (n HAp) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) based polymeric nanocomposite scaffolds were fabricated by the freeze drying method. The physicochemical characterizations of these polymeric nanocomposite scaffolds were performed for surface morphology, porosity, swelling, biodegradability, mechanical, and biological properties. The scaffolds exhibited good porosity and rough surface morphology, which were efficiently controlled by TiO2 concentrations. MC3T3 E1 cells were employed to conduct the biocompatibility of these scaffolds. Scaffolds showed unique biocompatibility in vitro and was favorable for cell attachment and growth. PNS3 proved more biocompatible, showed interconnected porosity and substantial mechanical strength compared to PNS1, PNS2 and PNS4. Furthermore, it has also showed more affinity to cells and cell growth. The results illustrated that the bioactive nanocomposite scaffold has the potential to find applications in the tissue engineering field.

title: HER2 targeted biological macromolecule modified liposomes for improved efficacy of capecitabine in breast cancer.
abstract: Chitosan, a biological macromolecule is gaining research attention in recent years for its tumor targeting potential by improving cell uptake. The present research reports the beneficial effects of surface modified chitosan and tumor homing peptide conjugated liposomes of capecitabine (CAP) for treating breast cancer. Liposomal formulation of CAP was prepared by film hydration method using cholesterol THP conjugate (CTHP CAP LPs) to achieve active targeting through HER2 receptors. THP CAP LPs significantly improved the specificity and efficacy of CAP by improving cell uptake, cytotoxicity and tumor regression in tumor bearing mice. THP CAP LPs, therefore, is a promising approach to improve the anticancer effects of CAP.

title: Chitosan Schiff base: an environmentally benign biological macromolecule as a new corrosion inhibitor for oil gas industries.
abstract: An eco friendly Schiff base, namely Salicylaldeyde Chitosan Schiff Base (SCSB) was synthesized by the reaction of chitosan and salicylaldehyde. In 3.5% NaCl saturated with carbon dioxide at 65 degC corrosion inhibition effect was analyzed using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) methods. The PDP results revealed that SCSB acts as a mixed type inhibitor and reduces the corrosion process effectively at 150 mg L 1 concentration with an inhibition efficiency of 95.2% and corrosion rate of 0.444 mm/y. EIS measurements suggest that the corrosion inhibition process is kinetically controlled. Langmuir adsorption model is the best fit among the other tested isotherms. The surface analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) atomic force microscopy (AFM) scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) and X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to corroborate the formation of inhibitor film on the metal surface. Computational studies showed the effective adsorption of the protonated form of inhibitor.

title: Sargassum muticum extract based on alginate biopolymer as a new efficient biological corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in hydrochloric acid pickling environment: Gravimetric, electrochemical and surface studies.
abstract: The inhibition effect of the invasive brown seaweed Sargassum muticum extract (ESM) harvested from the Atlantic coast of Morocco, against the corrosion of carbon steel (CS) in 1 M HCl medium was studied for the first time using gravimetric, electrochemical and surface techniques. The methanolic crude extract of Sargassum muticum (ESM) is rich in alginate biopolymer. The evaluation corrosion tests showed that this algal extract acts as a good mixed corrosion inhibitor for CS substrate in 1 M HCl since inhibition efficiency of 97% was reached with 1 g/L of ESM at 303 K. AC impedance findings showed that the seaweed extract adding in the corrosive electrolyte increases the polarization resistance and conversely decreases the charge capacitance at the interface. Adsorption of ESM on the substrate surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. X ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses (XPS) demonstrated that the corrosion inhibition mechanism of CS substrate in 1 M HCl environment by the investigated algal extract is typical of the chemisorption process and the protective barrier is mainly formed by the adsorbed biological macromolecules.