Query: daily energy intake

title: Breakfast size is associated with daily energy intake and diet quality.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of breakfast consumption and breakfast size on daily energy, nutrient intakes, and diet quality.  One day 24 h recall data from the 2011 to 2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n 9341, adults 19 y) were analyzed, and respondents were classified into breakfast consumers or skippers. Breakfast consumers were further classified into quartile of breakfast size (energy intake [EI] from breakfast x 100%/daily EI) Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index for Australian Adults. General linear modeling was undertaken to compare groups, adjusting for potential confounders.  Overall, 85.9% of adults consumed breakfast, contributing a mean of 19.9 10.9% of daily EI for consumers. Among breakfast consumers, obtaining a higher proportion of daily EI from breakfast was associated with lower daily intakes of energy, added sugars, saturated fat, and alcohol %E) higher intakes of dietary fiber %E) and most micronutrients (per 1000 kJ) and better Healthy Eating Index for Australian Adults scores (Ptrend 0.0001) Additionally, those in the highest quartile of breakfast size >25.5% EI) had higher diet quality scores (P 0.001) but similar daily EI (P 0.751) compared with breakfast skippers.  These findings indicate that obtaining a higher proportion of daily EI from breakfast may result in more favorable dietary profiles and lower daily EI. Further research is needed to confirm this.

title: Irregular daily energy intake and diet quality in Iranian adults
abstract: The present cross sectional study aimed to assess the association of daily irregularity in energy intake and diet quality among apparently healthy adults in Iran. The research was conducted on 850 adult men and women (age range: 20 59 years) who attended health care centres in Tehran. Dietary intake was assessed by three, 24 h dietary recalls. Diet quality was assessed using the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet score and Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI 2015) An irregularity score of daily energy intake was calculated based on the deviation from the 3 d mean energy intake, with a higher score indicating more fluctuations in daily energy intake. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the association of irregularity score of daily energy intake with food group intakes and DASH diet score and HEI 2015, controlling for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, education level and occupation status. The range of irregularity score was 0*55 133*3 (22*4 (sd 19*0) Higher irregularity score of daily energy intake was significantly associated with a lower consumption of fruit, vegetables, legumes, low fat dairy products and poultry, higher consumption of soft drinks, processed meat and nuts, and lower overall DASH diet score and HEI 2015. Overall, our findings showed that more day to day variations in energy intake may be correlated with a lower diet quality. More research is needed to confirm the associations observed in the present study and to clarify potential mechanisms explaining these associations.

title: In adolescence a higher 'eveningness in energy intake' is associated with higher total daily energy intake
abstract: The present manuscript addressed two hypotheses: (i) As children age, energy intake is shifted from morning (energy intake <11am) to evening hours (energy intake >6pm) (ii) A higher 'eveningness in energy intake' (i.e. evening minus morning energy intake) is associated with a higher total daily energy intake. Data were analyzed from 262 DONALD cohort study participants, who had completed at least one 3 day weighed dietary record in the age groups 3/4, 5/6, 7/8, 9/10, 11/12, 13/14, 15/16 and 17/18 years (y) 'Eveningness in energy intake' was compared across age groups and related to total daily energy intake for each age group (multiple cross sectional analyses) 'Eveningness' increased progressively from age group 3/4y to age group 17/18y. A median surplus of evening energy intake (i.e. when evening intake exceeded morning intake) was firstly observed for age group 11/12y. From age group 11/12y onwards, a higher 'eveningness' was associated with a higher total daily energy intake (all p 0.04) Difference in total daily energy intake between the highest and the lowest tertile of 'eveningness' was largest for age group 17/18y, amounting to an 11% higher intake among adolescents in the highest as compared to those in the lowest tertile. In conclusion, energy intake progressively shifts from morning to evening hours as children age. Once evening energy intake exceeds morning energy intake, a higher 'eveningness in energy intake' is associated with higher total daily energy intake.

title: Measurements of daily energy intake and total energy expenditure in people with dementia in care homes: The use of wearable technology
abstract: ObjectiveTo estimate daily total energy expenditure (TEE) using a physical activity monitor, combined with dietary assessment of energy intake to assess the relationship between daily energy expenditure and patterns of activity with energy intake in people with dementia living in care homes.Design and settingA cross sectional study in care homes in the UK.ParticipantsTwenty residents with confirmed dementia diagnosis were recruited from two care homes that specialised in dementia care. physical activity monitor (Sensewear(tm) Armband, Body Media, Pittsburgh, PA) was employed to objectively determine total energy expenditure, sleep duration and physical activity. The armband was placed around the left upper triceps for up to 7 days. Energy intake was determined by weighing all food and drink items over 4 days (3 weekdays and 1 weekend day) including measurements of food wastage.ResultsThe mean age was 78.7 (SD 11.8) years, Body Mass Index (BMI) 23.0 (SD 4.2) kg/m2; 50% were women. Energy intake (mean 7.4; SD 2.6) MJ/d) was correlated with TEE (mean 7.6; SD 1.8 MJ/d; r=0.49, p<0.05) Duration of sleeping ranged from 0.4 12.5 (mean 6.1) hrs/d and time spent lying down was 1.3 16.0 (8.3) hrs/d. On average residents spent 17.9 (6.3 23.4) hrs/d undertaking sedentary activity. TEE was correlated with BMI (r=0.52, p<0.05) and body weight (r=0.81, p<0.001) but inversely related to sleep duration (r= 0.59, p<0.01) and time lying down (r= 0.62, p<0.01) Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that after taking BMI, sleep duration and time spent lying down into account, TEE was no longer correlated with energy intake.ConclusionsThe results show the extent to which body mass, variable activity and sleep patterns may be contributing to TEE and together with reduced energy intake, energy requirements were not satisfied. Thus wearable technology has the potential to offer realtime monitoring to provide appropriate nutrition management that is more person centred to prevent weight loss in dementia.

title: Relationship between mean daily energy intake and frequency of consumption of out of home meals in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey
abstract: BackgroundOut of home meals have been characterised as delivering excessively large portions that can lead to high energy intake. Regular consumption is linked to weight gain and diet related diseases. Consumption of out of home meals is associated with socio demographic and anthropometric factors, but the relationship between habitual consumption of such meals and mean daily energy intake has not been studied in both adults and children in the UK.MethodsWe analysed adult and child data from waves 1 4 of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey using generalized linear modelling. We investigated whether individuals who report a higher habitual consumption of meals out in a restaurant or cafe, or takeaway meals at home had a higher mean daily energy intake, as estimated by a four day food diary, whilst adjusting for key socio demographic and anthropometric variables.ResultsAdults who ate meals out at least weekly had a higher mean daily energy intake consuming 75 104 kcal more per day than those who ate these meals rarely. The equivalent figures for takeaway meals at home were 63 87 kcal. There was no association between energy intake and frequency of consumption of meals out in children. Children who ate takeaway meals at home at least weekly consumed 55 168 kcal more per day than those who ate these meals rarely. Additionally, in children, there was an interaction with socio economic position, where greater frequency of consumption of takeaway meals was associated with higher mean daily energy intake in those from less affluent households than those from more affluent households.ConclusionsHigher habitual consumption of out of home meals is associated with greater mean daily energy intake in the UK. More frequent takeaway meal consumption in adults and children is associated with greater daily energy intake and this effect is greater in children from less affluent households. Interventions seeking to reduce energy content through reformulation or reduction of portion sizes in restaurants, cafes and takeaways could potentially lead to reductions in mean daily energy intake, and may reduce inequalities in health in children.

title: Daily energy balance in children and adolescents. Does energy expenditure predict subsequent energy intake?
abstract: Both physical and sedentary activities primarily impact energy balance through energy expenditure, but they also have important implications in term of ingestive behavior. The literature provides scarce evidence on the relationship between daily activities and subsequent nutritional adaptations in children and adolescents. Sedentary activities and physical exercise are generally considered distinctly despite the fact that they represent the whole continuum of daily activity induced energy expenditure. This brief review paper examines the impact of daily activities (from vigorous physical activity to imposed sedentary behaviors) on acute energy intake control of lean and obese children and adolescents, and whether energy expenditure is the main predictor of subsequent energy intake in this population. After an overview of the available literature, we conclude that both acute physical activity and sedentary behaviors induce food consumption modifications in children and adolescents but also that the important discrepancy between the methodologies used does not allow any clear conclusion so far. When considering energy intake responses according to the level of energy expenditure generated by those activities, it is clear that energy expenditure is not the main predictor of food consumption in both lean and obese children and adolescents. This suggests that other characteristics of those activities may have a greater impact on calorie intake (such as intensity, duration or induced mental stress) and that energy intake may be mainly determined by non homeostatic pathways that could override the energetic and hormonal signals.

title: "Eveningness in energy intake" develops from childhood to adolescence and is associated with higher total daily energy intake

title: Does Increased Exercise or Physical Activity Alter Ad Libitum Daily Energy Intake or Macronutrient Composition in Healthy Adults? A Systematic Review
abstract: The magnitude of the negative energy balance induced by exercise may be reduced due to compensatory increases in energy intake.  To address the question: Does increased exercise or physical activity alter ad libitum daily energy intake or macronutrient composition in healthy adults? Data Sources PubMed and Embase were searched (January 1990 January 2013) for studies that presented data on energy and/or macronutrient intake by level of exercise, physical activity or change in response to exercise. Ninety nine articles (103 studies) were included.  Articles that presented data on energy and/or macronutrient intake by level of exercise or physical activity or changes in energy or macronutrient intake in response to acute exercise or exercise training in healthy (non athlete) adults (mean age 18 64 years) Study Appraisal and Synthesis  Articles were grouped by study design: cross sectional, acute/short term, non randomized, and randomized trials. Considerable heterogeneity existed within study groups for several important study parameters, therefore a meta analysis was considered inappropriate. Results were synthesized and presented by study design.  No effect of physical activity, exercise or exercise training on energy intake was shown in 59% of cross sectional studies (n 17) 69% of acute (n 40) 50% of short term (n 10) 92% of non randomized (n 12) and 75% of randomized trials (n 24) Ninety four percent of acute, 57% of short term, 100% of non randomized and 74% of randomized trials found no effect of exercise on macronutrient intake. Forty six percent of cross sectional trials found lower fat intake with increased physical activity.  The literature is limited by the lack of adequately powered trials of sufficient duration, which have prescribed and measured exercise energy expenditure, or employed adequate assessment methods for energy and macronutrient intake.  We found no consistent evidence that increased physical activity or exercise effects energy or macronutrient intake.

title: Breakfast intake among adults with type 2 diabetes: influence on daily energy intake
abstract: To assess the association between breakfast energy and total daily energy intake among individuals with type 2 diabetes.  Daily energy intake was computed from a 24 h dietary recall. Multiple regression models were used to estimate the association between daily energy intake (dependent variable) and quartiles of energy intake at breakfast (independent variable) expressed in either absolute or relative (percentage of total daily energy intake) terms. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to test for linear and quadratic trends. Models were controlled for sex, age, race/ethnicity, BMI, physical activity and smoking. In addition, we used separate multiple regression models to test the effect of quartiles of absolute and relative breakfast energy on energy intake at lunch, dinner and snacks.  The 1999 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Subjects Participants aged =30 years with self reported history of diabetes (n 1146)  Daily energy intake increased as absolute breakfast energy intake increased (linear trend, P<0*0001; quadratic trend, P=0*02) but decreased as relative breakfast energy intake increased (linear trend, P<0*0001) In addition, while higher quartiles of absolute breakfast intake had no associations with energy intake at subsequent meals, higher quartiles of relative breakfast intake were associated with lower energy intake during all subsequent meals and snacks (P<0*05)  Consuming a breakfast that provided less energy or comprised a greater proportion of daily energy intake was associated with lower total daily energy intake in adults with type 2 diabetes.

title: Resting metabolic rate is associated with hunger, self determined meal size, and daily energy intake and may represent a marker for appetite.
abstract: There are strong logical reasons why energy expended in metabolism should influence the energy acquired in food intake behavior. However, the relation has never been established, and it is not known why certain people experience hunger in the presence of large amounts of body energy.  We investigated the effect of the resting metabolic rate (RMR) on objective measures of whole day food intake and hunger.  We carried out a 12 wk intervention that involved 41 overweight and obese men and women [mean SD age: 43.1 7.5 y; BMI (in kg/m(2) 30.7 3.9] who were tested under conditions of physical activity (sedentary or active) and dietary energy density (17 or 10 kJ/g) RMR, daily energy intake, meal size, and hunger were assessed within the same day and across each condition.  We obtained evidence that RMR is correlated with meal size and daily energy intake in overweight and obese individuals. Participants with high RMRs showed increased levels of hunger across the day (P 0.0001) and greater food intake (P 0.00001) than did individuals with lower RMRs. These effects were independent of sex and food energy density. The change in RMR was also related to energy intake (P 0.0001) CONCLUSIONS We propose that RMR (largely determined by fat free mass) may be a marker of energy intake and could represent a physiologic signal for hunger. These results may have implications for additional research possibilities in appetite, energy homeostasis, and obesity.