Query: mercator projection improvement

title: Plane Coordinate Transformation between Gauss Projection and Oblique Mercator Projection for High Speed Railway Surveying
abstract: In high speed railway surveying,the projection length deformation should be less than 10mm/km during establishing the plane coordinate system.For the route which the direction is roughly towards east and west,the plane coordinate system by Gauss projection needs to be separated into multiple zones in order to control the projection length deformation,and this always produces multiple Gauss plane coordinate systems.However,oblique Mercator projection is able to meet the requirements of length deformation,as well as to solve the disunity problem in coordinate systems among these separated zones.This paper studies the transformation model from Gauss projection to oblique Mercator projection.Combined with the actual data measured from a high speed railway,the results of calculation,analysis and practical application show that the method of this study is correct.

title: Dividing day and night on a map in Mercator Projection
abstract: Mercator projection is widely used in mapping.Here sunlight is introduced to a map in Mercator projection.At any moment,there is a half of the Earth in sunlight,while the other half in darkness.The distribution of day and night plays a decisive role in the activities of human beings,animals and plants.By means of coordinate transformation and map projection formulas,this paper provides a detailed implementation to divide day and night on the map,thus a time dimension is added to the two dimensional map,in which both vector and raster methods are used,and its the advantage and disadvantages are compared.

title: Geometric Precision Correction Based on Web Mercator Projection and Its Accuracy Analysis
abstract: For the intuitive,free,time sensitive characters,Google Earth satellite images has been gradually spread in the field of engineering.In order to provide train of thought and method for engineering practice using GE,this paper analyzed the GE projection type,geometric precision correction principle and methods,and discussed method of Web Mercator projection and GE Remote Sensing image correction using ArcGIS10.0 and ENVI 4.8 platform.

title: Application of Oblique Mercator Projection in the East west Highspeed Railway
abstract: Gauss projection is generally used in control network of our country's high speed railroads.It is used for North south railroad,while East west railroad has to be divided into many projection zones,which causes a lot of inconvenience to the design and construction.In this paper,we discussed Oblique Mercator projection through ShanghaiHangzhou high speed railroad.

title: Analysis of Universal Transverse Mercator projection and Coordinate System
abstract: The familiar Mercator projection used on so many world maps is a cylindrical projection, meaning the globe is encircled by an imaginary cylinder touching at the equator, and the earth is projected onto the cylinder. Contrary to a lot of geography texts, the projection is not what would result from placing a light at the center of the earth and projecting the surface onto the cylinder. (That projection called the cylindrical gnomonic, results in extreme distortion in polar areas and has virtually no practical uses. The term "map projection" actually means any mathematical transformation of the globe onto some other surface, including many that can't be physically realized by any actual optical projection system. The Mercator projection is a conformal projection, meaning that angles and small shapes on the globe project as the same angles or shapes on the map. The price paid by all conformal projections is great variation in scale away from the central portions of the map. Greenland on a Mercator map looks as big as South America, though it has actually only 1/8 the area. However, a small portion of the Greenland coast (or any small region, in fact) has the same shape on the map as it does on the ground. Because the Transverse Mercator projection is very accurate in narrow zones, it has become the basis for a global coordinate system called the Universal Transverse Mercator System or UTM System. The globe is subdivided into narrow longitude zones, which are projected onto a Transverse Mercator projection. A grid is constructed on the projection, and used to locate points. The upside of the grid system is that, since the grid is rectangular and decimal, it is far easier to use than latitude and longitude. The downside is that, unlike latitude and longitude, there is no way to determine grid locations independently. The scale along the central meridian of each zone is 0.9996 of true scale. True scale occurs about 180 kilometers east and west of the central meridian.

title: Russell Projection and Mercator Projection by Harmonic Equations Comparison Study
abstract: One of the main key points in mapping is the projection system used. The accuracy depends on many things like data source and accuracy, projection system, and the way of mapping. Many problems appeared in using the traditional projection system (distance distortion, scale factor, etc. which can affect the spatial accuracy of the produced map. A new method has been implemented for map projection based on harmonic equations. It is different in the way of creation the zones. Main latitude and central longitude play the main steps in the projection system, also, the isometric coordinates and front and back algorithms up to 12th edge of series (1, 2, 5, 6) This paper presenting the expansion of the algorithms used in projection of Russell to 12th edge of series and compares between Russell and Mercator projections using harmonic equations in three regions distributed from the equator to the parallel 62deg N. Also, distance distortions in the local system in the main projections of Russell and Mercator projections have been studied. The results show that Russell projection has less distortion in curvature near the equator than Mercator projection. The distance distortions in local system with the new method are less than in the traditional methods. The new method proved that it is better than the traditional methods in mapping.

title: Mercator's Projection: A Comparative Analysis of Rhumb Lines and Great Circles
abstract: This paper provides an overview of the Mercator map projection. We examine how to map spherical and ellipsoidal Earth onto 2 dimensional space, and compare two paths one can take between two points on the earth: the great circle path and the rhumb line path. In looking at these two paths, we will investigate how latitude and longitude play an important role in the proportional difference between the two paths.

title: Mercator's projection A breakthrough in maritime navigation
abstract: This paper is focused on Mercator's projection as a breakthrough in maritime navigation. In the paper, the principle and properties of Mercator's projection are described. The advantages, disadvantages and current utilization are mentioned.

title: Research on the Difference Between Gauss Kruger Projection and Transversal Mercator Projection
abstract: A new research on the Gauss Kruger projection and Transversal Mercator projection is carried out in this paper.With the help of the computer algebra system Mathematica,actual differences between two projections are illustrated visually through numerical calculation and analysis.It has been proved that these differences result from the structures and the deducing modes of two formulas.

title: Geographic Information System Design and Implementation Based on Web Mercator Projection
abstract: Based on Web Mercator projection,Gives the build desktop geographic information system for the coordinate transformation algorithm,tile organization,double buffer map display and pan,zoom,distance and other common operating methods and techniques.