Query: falt detection for low voltage underground cable

title: Soft Fault Detection of Low Voltage Underground Cable Using ISSTDR

title: Microcontroller based Cable Fault and Insulation Flaw Detection in Low Voltage Cables
abstract: The objective of the work presented here is to detect the exact location of fault or insulation flaw in electrical cables. As described in this report, the system uses two methods. The first one is the principle of a Varley loop to determine the exact distance of the fault in the underground cable up to the accuracy of a meter. When any fault like short circuit and earth fault occurs, the length of the fault of the cable can be determined from the fault resistance using the bridge in the Varley loop. The other method is based on electromagnetic sensing and finds the exact location of the fault. When the current flows through the cable, an electromagnetic field is induced, which is sensed by an inductive coil connected to the electronic amplifier circuit. The microcontroller is used to make the necessary calculations and display the fault distance after that. It also captures the signal from the amplifier and shows a fault or no fault condition based on the program. This method is a cheaper and simpler alternative to existing ones for detecting cable insulation flaw.

title: Exposure of Underground Cable Intrusion Detection System to Transient Disturbances Caused by Nearby Lightning Strikes
abstract: Electronic systems with extensive underground cable installations are endangered by damage or interference during lightning as a result of current and voltage surges induced in the installations. The paper presents the study on the lightning threat to the electronic intrusion detection system based on underground cable sensors during a nearby lightning strike to the pole of the lighting system installed in parallel with the sensory cables. In the extensive intrusion detection system working in a network composed of several controller sensor terminator units, a problem arises whether the neighbouring units should or should not be connected galvanically in order the system is less vulnerable to the effects of a lightning electromagnetic pulse. The problem is complex since the threat level may depend on many factors, i.e. the point of the strike, the lightning current, soil parameters, and configurations of the affected systems. The problem has been studied using numerical simulations based on the electromagnetic field theory and method of moments. The results show that the isolated configuration, i.e. without the galvanic continuity between the units, may be better as far as relatively low soil resistivity and low steepness of the lightning current waveform are considered.

title: WAVELET AND NEURAL NETWORKS BASED ARCING FAULT DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION FOR UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION CABLE
abstract: :hlqm hSlkh The electric power markets have imposed new power service quality that makes fault detection in power distribution systems a mandatory issue. This paper presents a new approach to discriminate HIFs from transients such as load switching (high/low voltage) and inrush current, based on a new modified cable model, in the EMTP software. The simulated data is then analyzed using advanced signal processing technique based on wavelet analysis to extract useful information from signals and this is then applied to the artificial neural networks (ANNs) for detecting arcing faults in a practical underground distribution system. The paper concludes by comprehensively evaluation the performance of the technique developed in the case of arcing faults. The results indicate that the fault detection technique has very high accuracy

title: ARM Cortex Based Underground Cable Fault Detection
abstract: The project is intended to detect the location of fault in underground cable lines from the base station in kilometers using an ARM cortex microcontroller. This project uses the standard concept of Ohms law i.e. when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor to the Cable lines, then current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the short circuited cable. In the urban areas, the electrical cables run in undergrounds instead of overhead lines. Whenever the fault occurs in underground cable it is difficult to detect the exact location of the fault for process of repairing that particular cable. The proposed system finds the exact location of the fault. Here the current sensing circuits made with combination of resistors are interfaced to ARM cortex microcontroller with help of the internal ADC device for providing digital data to the microcontroller representing the cable length in KM's. The fault creation is made by the set of switches. In case of short circuit (Line to Ground) the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to an ADC to develop precise digital data to a programmed ARM cortex microprocessor that further displays fault location in kilometers.  ARM cortex,coocox,  Underground cables have been widely applied in power distribution networks due to the benefits of underground connection, involving more secure than overhead lines in bad weather, less liable to damage by storms or lightning, no susceptible to trees, less expensive for shorter distance, environment friendly and low maintenance. Every cable has its own resistance. As the length of the cable increases, so does the resistance value of the particular cable increase. The only disadvantages of utilizing underground cables is that, it is 8 to 15 times more expensive than equivalent overhead lines, more liable to permanent damage following a flash over, and difficult to locate fault. Faults in underground cables can be normally classified as two categories: incipient faults and permanent faults. Usually, incipient faults in power cables are gradually resulted from the aging process, where the localized deterioration in insulations exists. Electrical overstress in conjunction with mechanical deficiency, unfavorable environmental condition and chemical pollution, can cause the irreparable and irreversible damages in insulations. Eventually, incipient faults would fail into permanent faults sooner or later. The detection of incipient faults can provide an early warning for the breakdown of the defective cable, even trip the suspected feeder to limit the repetitive voltage transients. The location of permanent faults in cables is essential for electric power distribution networks to improve network reliability, ensure customer power quality, speed up restoration process, minimize outage time, reduce repairing cost, dispatch crews more efficiently and maintain network reliability. The state estimation (SE) is an auxiliary tool to provide the necessary information for the proposed location algorithms. The related methods published in journals and proceedings are reviewed, summarized and compared in the next subsections. Underground cables have been widely applied in power distribution networks due to the benefits of underground connection, involving more secure than overhead lines in bad weather, less liable to damage by storms or lightning, no susceptible to trees, less expensive for shorter distance, environment friendly and low maintenance. Every cable has its own resistance. As the length of the cable increases, so does the resistance value of the particular cable increase.The only disadvantages of utilizing underground cables is that, it is 8 to 15 times more expensive than equivalent overhead lines, more liable to permanent damage following a flash over, and difficult to locate fault. Faults in underground cables can be normally classified as two categories: incipient faults and permanent faults. Usually, incipient faults in power cables are gradually resulted from the aging process, where the localized deterioration in insulations exists. Electrical overstress in conjunction with mechanical deficiency, unfavorable environmental condition and chemical pollution, can cause the irreparable and irreversible damages in insulations. Eventually, incipient faults would fail into permanent faults sooner or later. The detection of incipient faults can provide an early warning for the breakdown of the defective cable, even trip the suspected feeder to limit the repetitive voltage transients. The location of permanent faults in cables is essential for electric power distribution networks to improve network reliability, ensure customer power quality, speed up restoration process, minimize outage time, reduce repairing cost, dispatch crews more efficiently and maintain network reliability. The state estimation (SE) is an auxiliary tool to provide the necessary information for International Journal of Engineering Research Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278 0181 Published by, www.ijert.org NCETET 2015

title: Underground Cable Fault Detection Using Arduino Microcontroller
abstract: In urban areas, electrical cables run underground instead of running over, because it does not affected by any adverse effect of weather such as heavy rainfall, snow, thunder storm. Whenever a fault occurs within the underground cable, it is difficult to detect the exact location of the fault for the repair process of particular cable. The proposed system found the point of the exact location of fault. The paper uses the standard concept of Ohm's law i.e. when a low dc voltage is applied at the end of feeder through series resister (cable lines) then the current will vary depending on the location of the fault. Short in the cable. This system uses an Arduino microcontroller and a rectified power supply. In this case, the current detection circuit in combination with the resister is connected to the microcontroller with the aid of an ADC device to represent the length of wire in Km. Error creation is performed by a set of switches. The relays are controlled by a relay exciter IC, which is used to check cable line. A 16x2 LCD is used to display information. Also one more feature is that using GSM the message of fault detection, location of fault and distance of fault from base station in kilometers this all information is send to base station. As soon as a fault occurs in a cable the buzzer produce the alarm to alert and to take an immediate action by field workers.

title: Design and Implementation of Underground Cable Fault Detector
abstract: A fault in electrical equipment can be defined as a defect in its electrical circuit due to which the current is diverted from the intended path. Faults are generally caused by mechanical failure, accidents, excessive internal, external stresses, and others. When a cable is faulty the resistance of such cable is affected. If left unrectified, it will totally hinder voltage from flowing through the cable. The challenge with the existing methods used for locating faults in underground cables is the inaccuracy in calculating the distance where the fault is located and the low durability of such equipment. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents a novel underground cable fault detector that has the capacity to measure the resistance of the cable, detect the type of fault in a cable, and also accurately compute the location of the fault using cheap materials. Several tests were conducted using the proposed device, and the results indicated that the proposed method produced satisfactory results in detecting both open circuit and short circuit problems in underground cables within a maximum distance of 2km. KeywordsUnderground Cable, Fault Location, Fault Detection, Arduino Microcontroller, LCD

title: A Novel Approach to Design Underground Fault Locator in Power Cable
abstract: It is very difficult to find the exact location of cable fault in underground cables; generally, these problems occur in metropolitan cities. A large amount of money is invested in digging the earth. This problem leads to design this project to find out the exact location of the error occurs in the underground cables from the side of the feeder and liquid crystal display show the distance in kilometer and also tells us about the place where it occurs. This paper discuss about this novel design. This novel design is less complex as compare to the latest technology, i.e. Murray loop technology, it also consume less power generally in nano watts, its maintenance cost is very low. This novel design also has higher efficiency. It is also easy to handle and compact in size. It has a new technology in which a GSM (global system for mobile communication) is also included for getting the message on your mobile to the lineman. Lineman get this message at base station easily. The series resistor voltage changes according to them which is going in form of analog input in programmed microcontroller which display the same in kilometer here we also used GPS system to give the message to operator phone with exact distance. The paper also focuses on its applications. This project finds its application in industrial application, ground cable fault detection. It is a low cost device with very less complexity.  GSM, GPS, fault link, mugger, congested Cite this Article Amit Kumar, Kamlesh Kumar Singh. A Novel Approach to Design Underground Fault Locator in Power Cable. Trends in Opto electro Optical Communication 2020; 10(1) 31 35p.

title: Underground Fault Cable Detection
abstract: This project aims to check the underground cable separation from the base station. The underground cables framework is a general practice took after in loads of urban territories. While a fault happens for reasons unknown, at that instant of time the repair handling related to that specific cables is troublesome because of not knowing the correct area of the cables fault. The proposed framework is to locate the right field for the failure. This extends the ordinary idea of Ohms law, i.e. when a low DC electrical energy is connected at the feeder end through an arrangement of a resistor (Cable lines) then present would shift contingent on the position of a fault in the cables. If close is a short circuit (Line to Ground) the voltage crosswise over arrangement resistors changes likewise, which is then connected to an ADC to create precise computerised information which the modified microcontroller would appear in kilometres. The venture is amassed with an arrangement of resistors speak to cables length in KM's, and fault analysis is made by a method of switches at each known KM to cross check the exactness of the same. The fault happening at a specific separation and each stage shows on an LCD interfaced to the microcontroller.

title: The Implementation and Applications of Low Voltage Distribution Line Theft Supervisory System
abstract: In this paper, microprocessor in association with GPRS, ZigBee, PLC (Power Line Carrier) and voltage current acquisition circuit were adopted to prepare wireless cable theft detection module with detection capability of conductive cable theft for distributed low voltage circuit including overhead line and underground cable. The greatest feature of this module was its capability to monitor simultaneously electricity carrying cable and non electricity carrying cable, for the electricity carrying conductor, voltage current acquisition circuit monitoring method was mainly used to be associated with ZigBee wireless communication, and the non electricity carrying conductors such as grounding line and neutral line were mainly monitored by PLC, if the communication failed, it could be judged as abnormal, and this can be used as multiple way of confirmation to avoid wrong reporting. Meanwhile, the line status can be sent back to control center through GPRS, and the conducting cable status can be displayed on the human machine interface. If there was any abnormity, a short message and mail will be sent to assigned personnel, meanwhile, the full time camera in the road side will be used together, when the alarm occurred, the server host will search out the closed circuit TV (CCTV) image in time to be provided to the police as favorable evidence to enhance the successful rate of cases.