Query: EEG band syntactic music

title: Culture Modulates the Brain Response to Harmonic Violations: An EEG Study on Hierarchical Syntactic Structure in Music
abstract: We investigated the role of culture in processing hierarchical syntactic structures in music. We examined whether violation of non local dependencies manifest in event related potentials (ERP) for Western and Iranian excerpts by recording EEG while participants passively listened to sequences of modified/original excerpts. We also investigated oscillatory and synchronization properties of brain responses during processing of hierarchical structures. For the Western excerpt, subjective ratings of conclusiveness were marginally significant and the difference in the ERP components fell short of significance. However, ERP and behavioral results showed that while listening to culturally familiar music, subjects comprehended whether or not the hierarchical syntactic structure was fulfilled. Irregularities in the hierarchical structures of the Iranian excerpt elicited an early negativity in the central regions bilaterally, followed by two later negativities from 450 700 to 750 950 ms. The latter manifested throughout the scalp. Moreover, violations of hierarchical structure in the Iranian excerpt were associated with (i) an early decrease in the long range alpha phase synchronization, (ii) an early increase in the oscillatory activity in the beta band over the central areas, and (iii) a late decrease in the theta band phase synchrony between left anterior and right posterior regions. Results suggest that rhythmic structures and melodic fragments, representative of Iranian music, created a familiar context in which recognition of complex non local syntactic structures was feasible for Iranian listeners. Processing of neural responses to the Iranian excerpt indicated neural mechanisms for processing of hierarchical syntactic structures in music at different levels of cortical integration.

title: Target Frequency Band of Cognition and Tempo of Music: Cardiac Synchronous EEG
abstract: It is over 150 years ago that the intimate interaction between the heart and the brain was realized by Claude Bernard, and of all the organs in the human body, the heart is among the ones that have the most extensive neural connection with the brain. In this study, we used cardiac synchronized EEG segments to investigate the effects of tempo and cognition induced by auditory stimuli. To evaluate the effects of tempo, two songs, of slow and fast tempo were used, and to evaluate the effects of cognition, the subjects' favorite song was used (known song) The selected slow and the fast tempo songs were unknown to all subjects. To further investigate the effects of cognition, the phase of local spectra of the known and unknown fast tempo songs were randomized to alter the amount of cognition of songs. ECG and EEG were recorded from 14 subjects when they were listening to music and during silence (control) The 300 millisecond EEG segments ending at R peaks of ECG were extracted. The frequency bands of Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gama and Gamma2 within EEGs were also analyzed to determine which bands were more sensitive to the induced changes. The eigenvalue analysis of covariance matrix of synchronized EEG showed that Alpha band in EEG from parietal zone was the most sensitive band among all other frequency bands to auditory stimuli. The cognition of song had much higher impact on Gamma and Gamma2 bands of EEGs from right hemisphere, which corresponds to music awareness, than tempo of song even though tempo is considered as the most impactful acoustic structural feature of music on physiological variables. The higher impact of local phase randomized version of known song than local phase randomized of unknown song on these bands also verifies the stronger impact of cognition relative to tempo.

title: EEG gamma band spectral power changes during listening to the rock music with reduced low frequency level
abstract: Among musicians it is well known that depending on signals level of certain frequencies music can elicit different emotions and affect on its strength.  In this study we investigate influence of low frequency component in rock music on emotional experience.  30 volunteers participated in this study. Four stimuli were presented: white noise, song of birds, instrumental rock composition and rock composition with reduced low frequency level. EEGs were recorded during listening to the sounds and music.  During listening to the sounds and music the most significant EEG changes were observed mainly in beta and gamma bands, which related to emotional and cognitive processes. There was general activation in gamma band during listening to the rock composition with normal frequency range, as well as during white noise session. Whereas there was increase of SP in gamma band only in left posterior areas and in right frontal area during listening to the rock composition with reduced low frequency signal level.  Lesser activation in gamma band during listening to the second rockcomposition related to the lower level of emotional activation.

title: Target Frequency Band of Cognition and Tempo of Music: Cardiac Synchronous EEG
abstract: It is over 150 years ago that the intimate interaction between the heart and the brain was realized by Claude Bernard, and of all the organs in the human body, the heart is among the ones that have the most extensive neural connection with the brain. In this study, we used cardiac synchronized EEG segments to investigate the effects of tempo and cognition induced by auditory stimuli. To evaluate the effects of tempo, two songs, of slow and fast tempo were used, and to evaluate the effects of cognition, the subjects' favorite song was used (known song) The selected slow and the fast tempo songs were unknown to all subjects. To further investigate the effects of cognition, the phase of local spectra of the known and unknown fast tempo songs were randomized to alter the amount of cognition of songs. ECG and EEG were recorded from 14 subjects when they were listening to music and during silence (control) The 300 millisecond EEG segments ending at R peaks of ECG were extracted. The frequency bands of Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gama and Gamma2 within EEGs were also analyzed to determine which bands were more sensitive to the induced changes. The eigenvalue analysis of covariance matrix of synchronized EEG showed that Alpha band in EEG from parietal zone was the most sensitive band among all other frequency bands to auditory stimuli. The cognition of song had much higher impact on Gamma and Gamma2 bands of EEGs from right hemisphere, which corresponds to music awareness, than tempo of song even though tempo is considered as the most impactful acoustic structural feature of music on physiological variables. The higher impact of local phase randomized version of known song than local phase randomized of unknown song on these bands also verifies the stronger impact of cognition relative to tempo.

title: The Effect of Music and White Noise on Electroencephalographic (EEG) Functional Connectivity in Neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether listening to music and white noise affects functional connectivity on scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit. Nine neonates of =34 weeks' gestational age, who were already undergoing clinical continuous EEG monitoring in the neonatal intensive care unit, listened to lullaby like music and white noise for 1 hour each separated by a 2 hour interval of no intervention. EEG segments during periods of music, white noise, and no intervention were band pass filtered as delta (0.5 4 Hz) theta (4 8 Hz) lower alpha (8 10 Hz) upper alpha (10 13 Hz) beta (13 30 Hz) and gamma (30 45 Hz) Synchronization likelihood was used as a measure of connectivity between any 2 electrodes. In theta, lower alpha, and upper alpha frequency bands, the synchronization likelihood values yielded statistical significance with sound (music, white noise and no intervention) and with edge (between any 2 electrodes) factors. In theta, lower alpha, and upper alpha frequency bands, statistical significance was obtained between music and white noise (t 3.12, 3.32, and 3.68, respectively; P .017) and between white noise and no intervention (t 4.51, 3.09, and 2.95, respectively, P .017) However, there was no difference between music and no intervention. Although limited by a small sample size and the 1 time only auditory intervention, these preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of EEG connectivity analyses even at bedside in neonates on continuous EEG monitoring in the neonatal intensive care unit. They also point to the possibility of detecting significant changes in functional connectivity related to the theta and alpha bands using auditory interventions.

title: Functional connectivity of major depression disorder using ongoing EEG during music perception
abstract: The functional connectivity (FC) of major depression disorder (MDD) has not been well studied under naturalistic and continuous stimuli conditions. In this study, we investigated the frequency specific FC of MDD patients exposed to conditions of music perception using ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) METHODS First, we applied the phase lag index (PLI) method to calculate the connectivity matrices and graph theory based methods to measure the topology of brain networks across different frequency bands. Then, classification methods were adopted to identify the most discriminate frequency band for the diagnosis of MDD.  During music perception, MDD patients exhibited a decreased connectivity pattern in the delta band but an increased connectivity pattern in the beta band. Healthy people showed a left hemisphere dominant phenomenon, but MDD patients did not show such a lateralized effect. Support vector machine (SVM) achieved the best classification performance in the beta frequency band with an accuracy of 89.7% sensitivity of 89.4% and specificity of 89.9% CONCLUSIONS MDD patients exhibited an altered FC in delta and beta bands, and the beta band showed a superiority in the diagnosis of MDD.  Our study provided a promising reference for the diagnosis of MDD, and revealed a new perspective for understanding the topology of MDD brain networks during music perception.

title: Efficacy of an Integrative Treatment for Tinnitus Combining Music and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Assessed With Behavioral and EEG Data
abstract: Chronic tinnitus is a prevalent condition that could cause severe negative impact on an individual's life. However, there has not been an established treatment due to a limited understanding of the pathophysiology of this multifarious disorder. In this study, we tested the efficacy of an integrative treatment, combining music therapy with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) We collected three groups of patients receiving three different treatments: Music CBT, music therapy and CBT. We used both subjective (i.e. questionnaires) and objective (i.e. resting state EEG data) measurements to assess the behavioral and neural changes brought upon by the treatments. Analyses of the subjective measurements found a significant improvement of scale scores in Music CBT and CBT, but not in the Music group. Analysis of the EEG data further showed increased powers in alpha and theta band after the Music CBT treatment, and increased gamma power after CBT, whereas no significant difference was found for the music therapy. Further source localization analysis of alpha and theta changes in the Music CBT group found that primary sources of the changes were located at auditory processing regions such as superior temporal gyrus, and higher emotional and cognitive processing regions such as ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) lateral prefrontal cortex and parahippocampus. These results indicated that Music CBT was effective in improving tinnitus symptoms on both a behavioral and neural level, which is more robust than the music therapy or CBT alone.

title: Quantifying Brain Activity State: EEG analysis of Background Music in A Serious Game on Attention of Children
abstract: Music and Serious Games are separately useful alternative therapy methods for helping people with a cognitive disorder such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) In this study, we aim to explore the effect of background music in game playing on children with and without ADHD. In addition, we propose an algorithm and a measure to quantify the activity of the brain. We designed Tetris, a well known serious game, which plays Beethoven, Mozart, or no music in the background. The brain activity of the subjects is recorded by means of electroencephalography (EEG) signals via a brain computer interface (BCI) device. We analyzed the effect of music utilizing time domain features extracted from Alpha and Beta band of the EEG signals. The results showed that different music types have varying impact on the attention of children. In general, Mozart increases Beta level brain activity while decreasing the Alpha level one. On the other hand, Beethoven music increased concurrently both Alpha and Beta level activity for children with ADHD.

title: Topographic Analysis of High Volume Impacts of Music on Brain Lobe using EEG
abstract: Nowadays, music is one of the most common medium for entertainment. However, sometimes listening at high volume may cause irritation. In this experiment, high volume impacts of music on brain lobe functionality have been studied using electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. Listening to music in high volume can lessen the activity of alpha band of EEG in parietal lobe of the brain and it creates a stress state in human behavior. A topographical representation has been shown in this study to visualize the problem. Music does not always entertain humans, and sometimes it cause serious exasperation by listening at high volume.

title: Music Induced Brain Functional Connectivity Using EEG Sensors: A Study on Indian Music
abstract: Music is promoted in all traditions for the well being of the listener. The 2 D emotion models and their effects on the brain were analyzed while listening to selected raga and at Rest. This paper visualized the functional connectivity of emotional responses to Indian Dharmavathi raga, thereby locating the similar regions across the electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor pairs. The international 10 20 sensor placement system was followed for recording EEG signals. The stimulus based functional associations were noted, which help in investigating the neuronal synchronization. Asymmetrical alpha band energy was noticed in the frontal locations where the energy was low at F3 and F7 positions compared with F4 and F8 sensor positions. This indicates that it induces a positive emotion. The relative theta band energy at frontal locations was increased during Task (listening to Dharmavathi raga) as compared with Rest (silence) condition. The relative energy of beta band at frontal locations was significantly decreased after listening to raga. While listening to Dharmavathi raga, alpha band energy on the left frontal region was appeared to be low, and high energy was observed on the right frontal region. The raga played was evoked an increased bi frontal theta response, which indicates that the raga is pleasant and induces mood change after listening.