Query: removal of 4-chlorophenol from waste water using egg shells as adsorbents

title: Removal of 4 chlorophenol from contaminated water using coconut shell waste pretreated with chemical agents
abstract: At concentrations higher than 1 mg L 1 4 chlorophenol (4 CP) is very toxic to living organisms, and if ingested beyond the permitted concentration it causes health disorders such as cancer and mutation. This laboratory study investigates treatment of contaminated water laden with 4 CP using coconut shell charcoal (CSC) waste. Batch studies were conducted to study the effects of dose, pH, and equilibrium time on 4 CP removal. To improve 4 CP removal, surface modification of the adsorbent with TiO2 ,H NO 3, and/or NaOH was undertaken.  At an initial 4 CP concentration of 25 mg L 1 under optimized conditions (dose 13.5 g L 1 ,p H 2.0; agitation speed 150 rpm and 50 min equilibrium time) the NaOH treated CSC demonstrated a greater removal of 4 CP (71% than those oxidized with HNO3 (40% and/or coated with TiO2 (52% The adsorption capacity of the NaOH treated CSC (54.65 mg g 1 was higher than those treated with HNO3 (23.13 mg g 1 or coated with TiO2 (48.42 mg g 1  Although treatment results using the NaOH treated CSC alone were promising, the treated effluents were still unable to meet the required limit of less than 1 mg L 1 Therefore, subsequent treatments are still required to complement the removal of 4 CP from the wastewater.

title: Modelling and appraisal of cadmium removal from water by sustainable bio waste of hen egg shells
abstract: Hen egg shells powder is investigated as adsorbent for the removal of cadmium (Cd) from water with and without chemical modification. Batch sorption studies were performed at different bio waste dose, metal ions solution initial concentration, pH, particle size and agitation. Optimal removal efficiency of Cd is noted in 45 minutes, quantifying 86% removal by 2 g optimised dose at 100 rpm. Maximum adsorption occurred at pH 7. The kinetic data is modelled with the help of reaction based equations; the data is well fitted with pseudo second order model. Hydrolysed and oxidised egg shells revealed enhanced remediation of cadmium possibly due to increased lactonic sites. The use of egg shells as value added adsorbent will be thoughtful endeavour of turning waste into commodity.

title: Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide from simulated waste water using locally sourced adsorbents
abstract: problems. The removal of H2S (aq) from a simulated petroleum refinery waste water using activated carbons produced from agricultural by product such as, coconut shell (CNS) palm kernel shell (PKS) and wood sawdust (WSD) were investigated. The activated carbons obtained from the CNS, PKS, and WSD were chemically activated using KOH. The activated carbons (ACs) were modified by impregnating with calcium (Ca) extracted from egg shells to produce impregnated activated carbons (IACs) namely Ca ACCNS, Ca ACPKS and Ca ACWSD. The prepared ACs and IACs were characterized using SEM/EDX, FTIR, BET, TGA, XRD and XPS. Comparative studies between all the six adsorbents for the removal of H2S (aq) from the simulated waste water were carried out. The adsorption studies revealed that Ca modified PKS based activated carbon (Ca ACPKS) has shown best performance for the removal of H2S (aq) An optimization studies for the preparation conditions of the selected adsorbent (Ca ACPKS) was investigated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the optimum preparation conditions were found to be calcination temperature of 880 degC, calcium solution concentration of 49.31 %v, and calcination time of 57.5 min with removal efficiency of 99.2% and yield of 33.8% Moreover, operating factors such as initial concentration of H2S (aq) adsorption contact time, dosage, pH of solution, and agitation speed were initially screened using 2 level factorial approach and the resulted significant factors were initial concentration of H2S (aq) adsorption contact time, and dosage were significant on the removal of H2S (aq) Furthermore, the effect of these three operating parameters were investigated using the central composite design (CCD) techniques of RSM and the optimum conditions obtained were initial concentration of H2S of 440 mg/L, adsorption contact time of 585 min, and dosage of 1.05 g Ca ACPKS. The optimum operating conditions resulted in a removal efficiency of 99.5% with equilibrium concentration (0.5 2.2 mg/L) which was close to Department of Environment (DOE) standard B (0.5 mg/L) using real waste water. The kinetic studies of the adsorption behaviour of Ca ACPKS have shown that Freundlich adsorption isotherm was fitted well and the adsorption process followed Pseudo second order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ca ACPKS was 543.4 mg/g. It can be concluded that Ca ACPKS has an effective adsorbent for the removal of H2S (aq) from simulated waste water.

title: REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING EGG SHELL POWDER AS AN ADSORBENT
abstract: Phosphorous is an essential nutrient that is anticipated for the normal functioning of an ecosystem. Phosphorous moves in a cycle through rocks, water, soil, sediments and organisms. Phosphorous in the soil ends up in waterways and eventually ocean. It is found as phosphate (PO43 in nature and present as Inorganic phosphate (orthophosphate polyphosphate) and organic phosphate in water. Phosphate discharge in surface water escalates the growth of aquatic organisms at an alarming scale, which causes eutrophication in stagnant water bodies Asmaa et al, (2014) and Vohla et al, (2011) According to the WHO the maximum discharge limit for phosphate in waste water is 0.5 1.0 mg L 1 (WHO 1993)

title: Optimization of egg white removal from waste egg shells and membranes by design of experiments for their refinement
abstract: Production and processing of chicken eggs is a significant segment of the food industry, not only in the EU, but also globally, with a leading position of China reaching almost 40 of global chicken eggs production. Egg processing industry generates a huge amount of waste in the form of eggshells and membranes that make up the share of about 11 wt. of the egg. The utilization of this waste is low and often is only landfilled without further use or refinement to more valuable products. The waste egg shells and membranes can be used in their native or modified form. Among the main ways of usage belongs adsorbents (in particular for waste water) heterogeneous catalysts, fertilizers, additives for correction of the acidic soils pH, food supplements, bone implants components or cosmetics products components. Nevertheless, eggshells are recycled only rarely. Utilization of waste consisting of eggshell in pharmacy is limited mainly by the presence of unwanted egg white and other impurities. For pharmaceutical use, the feedstock must contain only minimal amount of contaminating proteins. Egg white and other impurities must be removed e.g. by washing prior to further processing of shells and membranes. For optimization of the parameters of the egg white washing, the design of experiments (DOE) methodology in the form of a central compositional plan was chosen, to achieve rapid and effective washing out under optimal conditions. The protein concentration was measured photometrically by Biuret method. By iterative response surface analysis, statistically insignificant factors and their interactions were excluded. A model that is adequate and can be used to describe the process of removing undesirable substances from waste consisting of eggshell and membranes by washing was obtained.

title: Removal of Chromium from Tannery Waste Water using Egg Shell as an Adsorbent
abstract: A Dissertation Submitted to the University of Gazira in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology Faculty of Engineering and Technology ,May 2017

title: Removal of Fluoride from Drinking Water Using Egg Shells
abstract: Fluoride is one of the ions that naturally occurring and often found in ground or river water both in high and low concentration where its origin might come naturally or anthropogenic. Fluoride in concentration above 1.5 ppm is having a bad side effect to human health since it causes fluorosis that increases the hardness of bones and teeth while reducing their elasticity, thus making the bones brittle. Removal of fluoride or defluridation is often required in order to reduce the concentration of fluoride in drinking water below its safe level before being consumed. There are many techniques that can be used in order to reduce the concentration of fluoride in water such as adsorption, reverse osmosis, precipitation, and electrodialysis. Adsorption is one of the defluoridation methods that offer low cost and acceptable efficiency without removing other important ions from the water. However its cost and efficiency is highly dependent on its type of adsorbent. Egg shells, a cheap waste product from food industry, are the chosen adsorbent in this study, where it potential of being an adsorbent of fluoride is being tested by varying the pH and the adsorbent amount. From the study, it is seen that the optimum pH of the adsorption lies at pH around pH5 with highest efficiency of 0.1334942 mgfluoride/gegg shell. Its capability of regeneration is also being tested and NaOH proven to be the effective reagents for its regeneration process. A further study is suggested on looking at the effect of time od the adsorption amount and also further study regarding which is more feasible between regenerating the used eggshell or replace it with a new one.

title: Experimental Study on Removal of Iron from Water using Egg shell as Adsorbent
abstract: As the current global trend towards more stringent environmental standards, technical applicability and cost effectiveness became key factors in the selection of adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment. Adsorption is by far the most versatile and widely used method for the removal of pollutants due to its high removal capacity and ease of operation at large scale. Recently, various low cost adsorbents derived from agricultural waste, industrial by products or natural materials, have been intensively investigated. In this respect, the eggshells from egg breaking operations constitute significant waste disposal problems for the food industry, so the development of valueadded by products from this waste is to be welcomed. The egg processing industry is very competitive, with low profit margins due to global competition and cheap imports. Additionally, the costs associated with the egg shell disposal (mainly on landfill sites) are significant, and expected to continue increasing as landfill taxes increase. The aim of the present is to provide an overview on the the use of chicken eggshell as adsorbent for the removal of iron from water by the adsorption process both on simulated and real effluents containing iron onto eggshell derived adsorbent. This was accomplished by analyzing the uptake potential for selected iron concentration at different conditions. The effects of different parameters such as pH of the solution, varying ferrous ion concentration, varying adsorbent quantities, and agitation rate and contact time on the adsorption process are to be studied. Results obtained so far shows that eggshell can remove iron from different types of aqueous systems with great efficiency.  Adsorption; Removal of iron;Eggshell as Adsorbent; Water treatment _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

title: Treatment of Contaminated Water Laden with 4 Chlorophenol using Coconut Shell Waste Based Activated Carbon Modified with Chemical Agents
abstract: This laboratory study investigates the performances of coconut shell waste based activated carbon (CSBAC) in removing 4 chlorophenol (4 CP) from contaminated water. To improve its removal for target compound, the surface of CSBAC was modified with TiO2, NaOH, and/or HNO3. Under optimized conditions at the same initial concentration of 25 mg/L, the NaOH treated CSBAC could remove 91% of 4 CP, compared to the HNO3 oxidized CSBAC (60% or the TiO2 coated CSBAC (72% Although the NaOH treated CSBAC could remove 91% of 4 CP, the adsorption treatment using this adsorbent alone was unable to meet the effluent limit of lower than 1 mg/L. Therefore, subsequent biological processes are required to complement the removal of 4 CP from wastewater.

title: A Study on Lead Adsorption by the Hen Egg Shells from Enshi, Hubei Province, China
abstract: The hen egg shells (HES) from EnShi, HuBei Province, China, which contain selenium, are used as adsorbent for the adsorption of lead ion from its aqueous solutions. The selenium in the HES could help to remove lead from its aqueous solution. The HES had been found to be the more efficient in the experiment and removed about 95% of lead from its aqueous solution. The final concentration of lead ion was found lower than the waste water quality standards from the initial concentration of lead ion 100.0 mg/L through these two steps of adsorptions. One gram of the HES can adsorb nearly 31.71+ 0.040 mg of lead ions. The adsorption kinetics was fitted by first order model throughout the period. The present adsorption process is spontaneous, indicating HES can be availably used for the removal of lead ions from its aqueous solution.