Query: nosocomial infections prevalence

title: Prevalence of Common Nosocomial Infections and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Patients with Secondary Infections in Hamadan, Iran
abstract: The prevalence of nosocomial infections in patients hospitalized to three hospitals of Shahid Beheshti, Farshchian, and Be' saat in Hamadan was investigated for 2 years (2018 to 2020)  The samples were cultured and characterized using morphological and diagnostic biochemical tests. The analysis of the frequency of the isolates and their antibiotic resistance were calculated using SPSS (version 22) at a significant level of P value 0.05.  Bacterial isolates were collected from the 1194 clinical specimens, of which 1394 were isolated from urine, 16 from CSF, and 588 from tracheal aspiration. Also, 654 (54.8% isolates were obtained from females and 540 (45.2% from males with the age range 15 73 years (P> 0.05) The results showed that 22.1% were gram positive and 77.9% were gram negative. In our study, the frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria was higher than in some studies, and this indicates the genetic changes and resistance of this bacterium to many antibiotics.  To prevent further spread of resistance, increase the effectiveness of antibiotics and prevent multidrug resistance, it is essential to establish a precise schedule for the use of antibiotics and assess the resistance pattern periodically in each region based on the antibiotic resistance pattern.

title: Comparison of Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections in Opioid Addicts and Non Addicts Admitted to Intensive Care Units
abstract: Acquired nosocomial infections include all clinical infections that the patient does not have at the time of admission to the hospital and hours after admission, the patient's natural flora acquires characteristics that become the source of bacterial infections for the patient himself. Nosocomial infections dramatically cause illness and death and impose high costs on the hospitalized patient. Hence, this study tends to compare the prevalence of nosocomial infections in opium consumers and healthy patients admitted to intensive care units in Bahonar hospital of Kerman in 2018.This cohort study was performed on two groups of 100 patients including one group of opioid addicts and one group of non addicts hospitalized in intensive care units of Bahonar hospital in Kerman. The two groups were compared in terms of nosocomial infections, site of infection, and type of infectious agent, while in intensive care units. In this study, 197 patients were studied, of whom 161 (81.7% were male and 36 (18.3% were female; 98 (49.75% had a history of opioid addiction, while 99 (50.25% of them had no drug use. Of 197 patients studied, 118 (59.9% had no infection while 79 (40.1% had nosocomial infections. Of 98 addicted patients, 41 (41.8% were uninfected and 57 (58.2% were infected. Out of 99 non addict patients, 77 (77.8% were uninfected and 22 (22.2% were infected. Fisher exact test showed that incidence of infection was significantly higher in addicted patients (p value 0.001) but there was no significant difference between the two groups in type of infection agent (p value 0.547) The results of our study showed that prevalence of nosocomial infections in opium addict patients was significantly higher than non addict patients, with the highest frequency being pneumonia, UTI, wound infection and sepsis, respectively.

title: The Prevalence and Bacterial Etiology of Nosocomial Infections in Poursina Hospital of Rasht During 2013 2015
abstract: C I T A T I O N L I N K S A R T I C L E I N F O Article Type Original Research Authors Hadi Sedigh Ebrahim Saraie, PhD 1 Heydar Ali Balou, MD 2 Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi, MD3* How to cite this article Sedigh Ebrahim Saraie H. Balou H. A. Yaghubi Kalurazi T. Motamedi H. The Prevalence and Bacterial Etiology of Nosocomial Infections in Poursina Hospital of Rasht During 2013 2015.  Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 2Department of Internal Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran 3Department of Health, Nutrition, and Infectious Diseases, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran Correspondence Address: Department of Health, Nutrition, and Infectious Diseases, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran tofigh_yaghubi@yahoo.com Article History Received: January 16 ,2020  March 08 ,2020  March 22 ,2020  Falahi J, Khaledi A, Alikhani MY, Taghipour A, AMEL JS, Honarmand M, et al. Prevalence.  Mehrab Tavana A, Nosocomial infections  Kouchak F, Askarian M. Nosocomial infections  Mulu W, Kibru G, Beyene G, Damtie M. Postoperative nosocomial  Hoseini MB, Abdinia B, Rezaee M, Oskouie S. The  Pachori P, Gothalwal R, Gandhi P. Emergence of antibiotic resistance Pseudomonas [7] Marty N, Malavaud S. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections after cataract surgery.  Tabatabaei SM, Pour FB, Osmani S. Epidemiology of hospital acquired infections  Haque M, Sartelli M, McKimm J, Abu Bakar M. Health [10] Mahmoudi S, Gholampour Noghondar Z, Habibi Nodeh F, Safari H, [11] Mahon CR, Mahon R. Textbook of diagnostic [12] Mythri H, Kashinath K. Nosocomial infections in patients [13] Behnke M, Aghdassi SJ, Hansen S, Diaz LAP, Gastmeier P, Piening B. The prevalence.  Zahraei SM, Eshrati B, Asi HM, Pezeshki Z. Epidemiology of four [16] Shaikh JM, Devrajani BR, Shah S, Akhund T, Bibi I. Frequency, pattern.  Rahimi Bashar F, Karami P, Khaledi A, Dehghan A, Seifrabie MA, Yaghoobi MH. Evaluation of the prevalence of nosocomial infection in different wards of.  Davoudi AR, Najafi N, Shirazi MH, Ahangarkani F. Frequency of bacterial agents isolated from patients.  Behzadnia S, Davoudi A, Rezai MS, Ahangarkani F. Nosocomial infections in.  Ghashghaee A, Behzadifar M, Azari S, Farhadi Z, Luigi Bragazzi N, Behzadifar M, et al. Prevalence of nosocomial.  Eckenrode S, Bakullari A, Metersky ML, Wang Y, Pandolfi MM, Galusha D, et al. The association between.  Li Y, Ren L, Zou J. Risk factors and prevention strategies of nosocomial.  Babazono A, Kitajima H, Nishimaki S, Nakamura T, Shiga S, Hayakawa M, et al. Risk factors for.  Luzzati R, Antozzi L, Bellocco R, Del PB, Mirandola M, Procaccio F, et al.  The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of nosocomial infections and their bacterial agents in patients admitted to Poursina Medical and Educational Center of Rasht.  The present retrospective descriptive study was conducted by referring to the Infection Control Unit of Poursina hospital and investigating the records of patients with culture positive nosocomial infections from April 2013 until the end of September 2015. Bacterial agents were diagnosed based on the standard microbiological tests.  During the research period, urinary tract and blood infections were reported as the highest and lowest nosocomial infections, respectively. The most common strains causing nosocomial infections were Acinetobacter spp. (24.7% (as the most common strain causing respiratory infection) Escherichia coli (22.9% (as the most common strain causing urinary tract infection) and Enterobacter spp. (19.9% (as the most common strain causing postoperative infection) Based on the frequency distribution of bacterial strains in hospital wards, Acinetobacter spp was reported as the most common strain isolated from patients in the intensive care unit.  According to the present study results, Acinetobacter spp was the most common strain isolated, and UTIs were the most common type of infection. Due to the prevalence of UTIs and the financial, physical, and social damage they impose to the whole country and the constant change of common pathogens and their susceptibility and antibiotic resistance patterns, it is necessary to conduct studies on this issue in the academic centers of each province at regular intervals.

title: Prevalence, Distribution, and Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Nosocomial Infections at a Tertiary Hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
abstract: Previously, many infections could be treated effectively based on the clinician's past clinical experience. The development of resistance to essentially all of the antimicrobial agents currently in use in clinical practice has made this scenario more of the exception than the norm. Selecting an appropriate antimicrobial agent has become increasingly more challenging; the clinician has to navigate through the variety of available agents in the face of increasing antimicrobial resistance. The diagnostic laboratory now plays very important role in clinical practice. To ensure safe and effective empirical treatment, a surveillance study of the susceptibility pattern of common pathogens and appropriate use of antibiotics is imperative.  We report on the prevalence, distribution, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of nosocomial pathogens isolated at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) and the effectiveness of the antibiotics commonly prescribed at the hospital in treating these infections.  A retrospective cross sectional study of specimens received at the microbiology laboratory was conducted over a 6 month period, from October 2015 to March 2016, using urine, blood, and semen specimens. In total, 5,160 samples received and analyzed at the laboratory within the study period were assessed.  Of the 5,160 specimens analyzed, 881(17.07% were positive for bacteria: 691(78.43% from urine, 86 (9.76% from blood, and 104 (11. 81% from semen. Escherichia coli (35.74% Klebsiella pneumoniae (52.33% and Staphylococcus aureus (65.4% were the most frequently isolated pathogens from urine, blood, and semen, respectively. Widespread multidrug resistance was observed among the organisms. Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. coli isolated from urine were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, gentamycin, and ceftriaxone. A review of the pattern of prescribing antibiotics revealed that in the emergency unit, ceftriaxone (34.09% and metronidazole (30.09% were most frequently prescribed, whereas in the general outpatient department, metronidazole (19.09% amoxicillin (16.61% amoxicillin/clavulanate (9.39% and ofloxacin (9.39% were often prescribed. S. aureus was susceptible to only ceftriaxone, whereas K. pneumoniae and E. coli were susceptible only to ofloxacin.  Most of the isolated pathogens were not susceptible to the frequently prescribed antibiotics. Empirical prescribing of antibiotics without current epidemiological data of pathogens in the hospital can only further exacerbate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. The need for periodic epidemiological surveillance and rational use of antibiotics anchored on a good antibiotic stewardship program is therefore strongly recommended.

title: Prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase genes in Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from nosocomial infections in Tehran, Iran
abstract: blaSHV, blaTEM and blaVEB are a group of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase enzymes (ESBLs) which are able to hydrolyze Penicillins and some cephalosporin antibiotics. The present study evaluated the frequency of ESBL genes blaSHV, blaTEM and blaVEB in Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from nosocomial infections to outline the importance of these genes in antibiotic resistance.  One hundred Acinetobacter baumannii strains were isolated from different nosocomial infections. After antibiotic resistance evaluation with the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Ciprofloxacin was measured using the E test method. Then, the ESBL producing strains were identified employing Combined Disk Methods. Finally, all isolates were evaluated with the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique to detect the ESBL genes of interest.  Out of 100 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, 59% were ESBL positive according to the phenotypic method. The PCR assay could not detect the blaSHV and blaVEB genes in the studied isolates, but the presence of blaTEM gene was demonstrated in 42% of the strains.  The high resistance to most antibiotics, the high prevalence of ESBLs producing strains and also a high prevalence of blaTEM gene in A. baumannii strains found in the current study gives cause for major concern about nosocomial infections in Iran because of the treatment complexity of these strains. Our results highlight the need for infection control measures to prevent the spread of resistant isolates, especially in hospitals.

title: Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial pathogens causing Surgical Site Infections in an Egyptian University hospital.
abstract: Surgical site infections (SSI) are a common type of health care associated infections. The emergence of multidrug resistant nosocomial pathogens represents a major heath burden. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of isolation and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial pathogens causing SSI in Zagazig University Hospitals.  Samples obtained from the infected surgical wounds were subjected to microbiological identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The role of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenmases in bacterial resistance to some antibiotic were evaluated.  The most frequently isolated species were S. aureus (31% followed by Klebseilla pneumoniae (22% E. coli (15% P. aeruginosa (11% Coagulase negative staphylococci CoNs) (8% Proteus spp (7% and Acinetobacter spp (6% Methecillin resistance was detected in 38 (97 and 8 (80 S. aurues and CoNs isolates, respectively. Among Gram negative organisms, 65.8% of isolates were ESBL producers, of which 60% were Carbapenem resistant. Metallo b lactamase was detected in 30% of Gram negative isolates. Multi drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 50 isolates (68.5% where extensively drug resistance (XDR) occurred in 23 (31.5% of Gram negative isolates.  Most of Gram negative isolates were MDR or XDR. Antibiotic therapy of SSI must be guided by microbiological culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Infection prevention and control practices need more improvement. Rationalisation of antibiotic prescription must be carried out. Post discharge surveillance of SSI needs to be considered.

title: Prevalence of nosocomial infections by multidrug resistant organisms in patients admitted to the critical care area of the Regional cancer center, Gujarat, India
abstract: Nosocomial infection is a main cause of mortality and morbidity among patients admitted in different critical areas [post operative, Intensive Care Units (ICU) and for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in a hospital. Availability of a clinical microbiology service for patients admitted to critical areas can significantly improve clinical outcome.  During the study period (January 2014 to March 2014) 330 patients from different oncology departments were admitted to critical areas of the hospital. Conventional and molecular methods were used to determine resistance mechanisms [methicillin resistance (MRSA) extended spectrum b lactamase (ESBL) carbapenemases and Amp C) of clinically significant isolates.  Of 330 patients admitted to critical care areas during the study period, 84 (25.4% were identified as having acquired infection during their stay in the critical areas. Of these 84 patients 16 had dual infections. The mean age of patients was 44.5 yrs. The most common infection in the ICU was wound infection (49% followed by respiratory infection (19% The most common isolated organisms from wound infection were Escherichia coli (42.8% followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2% The majority of bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) Using both conventional and molecular methods of 88 isolated Gram negative bacilli (GNB) 45.9% were found to be ESBL producers, 16 Amp C producers and 4.5% carbapenemase producers. The prevalence of MRSA was 30.7% (4/13) by a conventional method and 23% (3/13) using a molecular method.  From this study, we concluded that cancer patients admitted to critical areas are at a greater risk of acquiring nosocomial infection. However, the increasing prevalence of MDR GNBs, especially those resistant to cephalosporins and carbapenems, could contribute to both increased morbidity and mortality due to non response to routinely used first line antibiotics and resultant recourse to colistin

title: Prevalence of ESBL producing MDR E. coli and Klebsiellae pneumonae from clinical isolates of nosocomial hospital acquired infections
abstract: The impact of nosocomial infections (NIs) is an important public health concern due to emergence of new MDR strains of pathogens and approximately 5 to 10% of hospitalized patients are affected by NIs. 90,000 deaths per year in United States only warrant investigation. This study was a hospital based cross sectional study to determine the ESBL producing MDR nosocomial infection and their control from Jun 1st2016 to Dec31st 2017. 500 patients were investigated all demographic data was collected from patients with a history of hospital admission for 2 days. In this study out of total 500 patients, (62% patients were female and (38% were males, 19% isolates were E.coli and 18% were K.pneumonae all were MDR along with other pathogens .most of strains were showing 55% 85% resistance for more than one antibiotics. PCR studies show that SHV (32% and TEM (18% genes were found in ESBLs producing organisms. Due to importance of ESBL producing organisms and difficult treatment of infections caused by these bacteria rapid identification of ESBL producing strains should be adopted in enterobacteraciae, infection control strategies are recommended to adopt and warrant investigation.

title: Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Iran: A systematic review and meta analysis
abstract: Nosocomial infections represent a serious public health concern worldwide, and, especially, in developing countries where, due to financial constraints, it is difficult to control infections. This study aimed to review and assess the prevalence of nosocomial infections in Iran.  Different databases were searched between January 2000 and December 2017. To determine the pooled prevalence, the stochastic DerSimonian Laird model was used, computing the effect size with its 95% confidence interval. To examine the heterogeneity among studies, the I2 test were conducted. The reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of observational studies. To further investigate the source of heterogeneity, meta regression analyses stratified by publication year, sample size and duration of hospitalization in the hospital were carried out.  52 studies were included. Based on the random effects model, the overall prevalence of nosocomial infection in Iran was 4.5% [95% CI: 3.5 to 5.7] with a high, statistically significant heterogeneity (I2=99.82% A sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure the stability results. After removing each study, results did not change. A cumulative meta analysis of the included studies was performed based on year of publication and the results did not change. In the present study, a high rate of infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (urinary tract, respiratory tract, and bloodstream infections) was found.  Preventing and reducing hospital infections can significantly impact on reducing mortality and health related costs. Implementing ad hoc programs, such as training healthcare staff on admission to the hospital, may play an important role in reducing infections spreading.

title: Prevalence of blaOxacillinase 23and blaOxacillinase 24/40 type Carbapenemases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Species Isolated From Patients With Nosocomial and Non nosocomial Infections in the West of Iran
abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) cause serious nosocomial and non nosocomial infections. The blaOxacillinases (OXA) 23 and blaOXA24/40 induce resistance to carbapenems. The current study aimed at detecting blaOXA 23 and blaOXA 24/40 in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with nosocomial and non nosocomial infections. carbapenems. The current study aimed at detecting blaOXA 23 and blaOXA 24/40 in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients with nosocomial and non nosocomial infections.  The current descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in Sanandaj, Iran (Kurdistan Province) from December 2015 to August 2017, on 146 strains of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from patients' specimens. Microbiological methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for gyrB were applied to detect P. aeruginosa. Imipenem (IMP) disk diffusion method and OXA 23 /OXA 24/40 multiplex PCR were used to identify resistant strains. Stata 12 using Fisher exact test and logistic regression were employed to analyze the data (P =0.05)  The gyrB PCR results showed that 91.78% of isolates were P. aeruginosa. Nosocomial infection caused by P. aeruginosa was observed in 41.79% of the studied patients; however, 27.61% of P. aeruginosa strains were resistant to IMP; blaOXA 23 and blaOXA24/40 were detected in 11.19% and 2.24% of the strains, respectively; a co existence of blaOXA 23 and blaOXA24/40 was also observed in 2.23% of P. aeruginosa strains. There were no significant relationships between antibiotic resistance and harboring resistance genes; in addition, between IMP resistance and age, gender, place of residence, inpatient/outpatient, and type of specimen no association was found (P> 0.05)  Resistance to IMP and the detection of resistant genes in the current study were observed in the clinical samples. Antibiotics should be prescribed more cautiously in order to prevent antibiotic resistance in pathogens.