Query: cooperative law

title: Basics and New Features of Cooperative Law The Case of Public International Cooperative Law and the Harmonisation of Cooperative Laws

title: Sustainable Development and Cooperative Law: Corporate Social Responsibility or Cooperative Social Responsibility?
abstract: The article takes as a starting point the recognition of sustainable development as a concept of (international) law. Its premise is that this concept needs translating to the legal structure of enterprises. The example chosen is the legal structure of cooperatives. The article indicates for each of the four aspects of sustainable development economic, ecological, social and political which features of cooperatives lend themselves to contributing to sustainable development. This approach is to strengthen and to complement the CSR arguments.The article reflects preliminary results of research into the question and is to be read against the background of an ever more pronounced isomorphization of enterprise types through legislation which weakens the capacity of cooperatives to contribute to sustainable development.

title: Cooperative Law in the the Netherlands

title: French cooperative law

title: Cooperatives before cooperative law: business law and cooperatives in Spain, 1869 1931*
abstract: Studies of Spanish cooperatives date their spread from the Law on Agrarian Syndicates of 1906. But the first legislative appearance of cooperatives is an 1869 measure that permitted general incorporation for lending companies. The 1931 general law on cooperatives, the first act permitting the formation of cooperatives in any activity, reflects the gradual disappearance of the cooperative's <business> characteristics. In this paper, we trace the Spanish cooperative's legal roots in business law and its connections to broader questions of the freedom of association, the formation of joint stock enterprises and the liability of investors in business and cooperative entities. Our account underscores the similarities of the organizational problems approach by cooperatives and business firms, while at the same time respecting the distinctive purposes cooperatives served. Resumen Los estudios acerca de las cooperativas espanola datan su difusion a partir de la Ley de Sindicatos Agricolas de 1906. No obstante, la primera legislacion al respecto aparecio en 1869, a proposito de la libertad para crear companias anonimas y de credito. La ley de 1931 fue la primera sobre cooperativas, permitiendo la creacion de cooperativas de todo tipo, y reflejando la gradual desaparicion de las cooperativas con caracteristicas de <empresas> En este articulo perfilamos con detalle el origen legal de las cooperativas espanolas en la legislacion mercantil; su conexion con cuestiones mas generales, como la libertad de asociacion, la formacion de sociedades anonimas, y la responsabilidad legal asumida por los inversores, tanto en las cooperativas como en otras formulas de negocios. Enfatizamos las concomitancias entre la organizacion de las cooperativas y las formulas mercantiles, como tambien senalamos los propositos particulares a los que obedecieron las cooperativas.

title: Robust Cooperative Guidance Law for Simultaneous Arrival
abstract: In the cooperative simultaneous arrival problem, a group of interceptors are guided to simultaneously engage a stationary target. However, some interceptors may not follow the prescribed guidance law during the engagement, which can lead to interception failures. This brief investigates a new robust cooperative simultaneous arrival problem in the presence of misbehaving interceptors. A robust cooperative guidance law (RCGL) integrated with a local filtering algorithm is designed. Without the knowledge of faulty interceptors (no fault diagnosis procedure is needed) the RCGL achieves a simultaneous arrival between normal interceptors if the misbehavior of faulty interceptors can be characterized by a threat model. By characterizing the contracting behavior of the maximum gap between impact time estimates of normal interceptors, sufficient conditions are established to guarantee the convergence of RCGL. Furthermore, regardless of the network connections, the impact times of normal interceptors are upper bounded by the maximum initial time to go estimate of normal interceptors. Numerical comparison studies demonstrate the guidance performance of RCGL.

title: A modified cooperative proportional navigation guidance law
abstract: In Jeon et al. (2010) a cooperative PNG (Proportional Navigation Guidance) law was proposed to achieve the salvo attack using multiple missiles. When the leading angle is near zero, singularity would occur, and the cooperation may fail. In this paper, a modified cooperative guidance law is presented to avoid such singularity existing in the guidance law in Jeon et al. (2010) The time to go control efficiency under small leading angle is also improved in this paper. The convergence of times to go to the same value using the proposed guidance law is guaranteed by the Lyapunov stability analysis. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the modified guidance law and the improved performance.

title: Tallinn Manual on the International Law applicable to Cyber Warfare: prepared by the International Group of Experts at the Invitation of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence
abstract: Tallinn Manual 2.0 expands on the highly influential first edition by extending its coverage of the international law governing cyber operations to peacetime legal regimes. The product of a three year follow on project by a new group of twenty renowned international law experts, it addresses such topics as sovereignty, state responsibility, human rights, and the law of air, space, and the sea. Tallinn Manual 2.0 identifies 154 'black letter' rules governing cyber operations and provides extensive commentary on each rule. Although Tallinn Manual 2.0 represents the views of the experts in their personal capacity, the project benefitted from the unofficial input of many states and over fifty peer reviewers.

title: Three dimensional impact angle constrained distributed guidance law design for cooperative attacks.
abstract: In this paper, a novel cooperative guidance law is proposed to make multiple missiles in the three dimensional (3 D) space hit simultaneously the same target at pre specified impact angles. Firstly, the normal accelerations which change the velocity direction (flight path and heading angle) are designed such that all missiles will fly along the desired line of sight (LOS) after a given time which ensures the hit to kill interception at the desired impact angles; then the consensus variable is constructed using available information and can reach consensus under the proposed tangential acceleration which determines the velocity magnitude. Hence simultaneous hit to kill attack is achieved. Finally, some simulation studies are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

title: Optimal Cooperative Guidance Law for Salvo Attack: An MPC Based Consensus Perspective
abstract: In this paper, a model predictive control (MPC) based cooperative guidance law is presented to perform a salvo attack against a stationary target, which guarantees that multiple missiles hit the target simultaneously. Inspired by the concept of consensus in the multiagent systems, the impact time coordination is reformulated as a consensus on the ranges and range rates of the missiles, leading to a solution without explicitly exploiting the time to go or its estimate. By the virtue of an MPC framework, constraints on the normal acceleration and field of view are also addressed, and the finite horizon optimality is guaranteed. Three numerical simulation cases are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.