Query: nano  drug

title: ROS responsive nano drug delivery system combining mitochondria targeting ceria nanoparticles with atorvastatin for acute kidney injury
abstract: Acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by sepsis is a serious disease which mitochondrial oxidative stress and inflammatory play a key role in its pathophysiology. Ceria nanoparticles hold strong and recyclable reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity, have been applied to treat ROS related diseases. However, ceria nanoparticles can't selectively target mitochondria and the ultra small ceria nanoparticles are easily agglomerated. To overcome these shortcomings and improve therapeutic efficiency, we designed an ROS responsive nano drug delivery system combining mitochondria targeting ceria nanoparticles with atorvastatin for acute kidney injury.  Ceria nanoparticles were modified with triphenylphosphine (TCeria NPs) followed by coating with ROS responsive organic polymer (mPEG TK PLGA) and loaded atorvastatin (Atv/PTP TCeria NPs) The physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release profiles, mitochondria targeting ability, in vitro antioxidant, anti apoptotic activity and in vivo treatment efficacy of Atv/PTP TCeria NPs were examined.  Atv/PTP TCeria NPs could accumulate in kidneys and hold a great ability to ROS responsively release drug and TCeria NPs could target mitochondria to eliminate excessive ROS. In vitro study suggested Atv/PTP TCeria NPs exhibited superior antioxidant and anti apoptotic activity. In vivo study showed that Atv/PTP TCeria NPs effectively decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory, could protect the mitochondrial structure, reduced apoptosis of tubular cell and tubular necrosis in the sepsis induced AKI mice model.  This ROS responsive nano drug delivery system combining mitochondria targeting ceria nanoparticles with atorvastatin has favorable potentials in the sepsis induced AKI therapy.

title: Supramolecular Vesicles Based on Amphiphilic Pillar[n]arenes for Smart Nano Drug Delivery
abstract: Supramolecular vesicles are the most popular smart nano drug delivery systems (SDDs) because of their unique cavities, which have high loading carrying capacity and controlled release action in response to specific stimuli. These vesicles are constructed from amphiphilic molecules via host guest complexation, typically with targeted stimuli responsive units, which are particularly important in biotechnology and biomedicine applications. Amphiphilic pillar[n]arenes, which are novel and functional macrocyclic host molecules, have been widely used to construct supramolecular vesicles because of their intrinsic rigid and symmetrical structure, electron rich cavities and excellent properties. In this review, we first explain the synthesis of three types of amphiphilic pillar[n]arenes: neutral, anionic and cationic pillar[n]arenes. Second, we examine supramolecular vesicles composed of amphiphilic pillar[n]arenes recently used for the construction of SDDs. In addition, we describe the prospects for multifunctional amphiphilic pillar[n]arenes, particularly their potential in novel applications.

title: Targeted Nano Drug Delivery of Colchicine against Colon Cancer Cells by Means of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
abstract: Antimitotics are important anticancer agents and include the natural alkaloid prodrug colchicine (COL) However, a major challenge of using COL as an anticancer drug is its cytotoxicity. We developed a novel drug delivery system (DDS) for COL using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) The MSNs were functionalized with phosphonate groups, loaded with COL, and coated with folic acid chitosan glycine complex. The resulting nanoformulation, called MSNsPCOL/CG FA, was tested for action against cancer and normal cell lines. The anticancer effect was highly enhanced for MSNsPCOL/CG FA compared to COL. In the case of HCT116 cells, 100% inhibition was achieved. The efficiency of MSNsPCOL/CG FA ranked in this order: HCT116 (colon cancer) HepG2 (liver cancer) PC3 (prostate cancer) MSNsPCOL/CG FA exhibited low cytotoxicity (4% compared to COL ~60% in BJ1 normal cells. The mechanism of action was studied in detail for HCT116 cells and found to be primarily intrinsic apoptosis caused by an enhanced antimitotic effect. Furthermore, a contribution of genetic regulation (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT 1) and microRNA (mir 205) and immunotherapy effects (angiopoietin 2 (Ang 2 protein) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD 1) was found. Therefore, this study shows enhanced anticancer effects and reduced cytotoxicity of COL with targeted delivery compared to free COL and is a novel method of developing cancer immunotherapy using a low cost small molecule natural prodrug.

title: Nystatin mediated bismuth oxide nano drug synthesis using gamma rays for increasing the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against some pathogenic bacteria andCandidaspecies
abstract: The novelty of the present research is the synthesis of bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi2O3 NPs) loaded with the antifungal nystatin drug via gamma rays for increased synergistic antimicrobial potential against some pathogenic bacteria and Candida species. The full characterization of the synthesized Bi2O3 NPs Nystatin was achieved by XRD, FT IR, HR TEM, and SEM/EDX mapping techniques in order to analyze the crystallinity, chemical functional groups, average particle size, morphology, and elemental structure, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of Bi2O3 NPs Nystatin were examined against pathogenic bacteria and Candida species, including the zone of inhibition (ZOI) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiofilm activity. Additionally, the SEM/EDX method was performed to investigate the mode of action on the treated Candida cells. Our results revealed that Bi2O3 NPs Nystatin possessed a well crystallized semi spherical shape with an average particle size of 27.97 nm. EDX elemental study of the synthesized Bi2O3 NPs Nystatin indicated a high level of purity. Interestingly, the synthesized Bi2O3 NPs Nystatin displayed encouraging antibacterial behavior against almost all the tested bacteria and a synergistic antifungal potential toward the investigated Candida species. Additionally, Bi2O3 NPs Nystatin was found to be a promising antibiofilm agent, resulting in inhibition percentages of 94.15% and 84.85% against C. albicans (1) and E. coli, respectively. The present research provides a revolutionary nano drug based solution to address the increasing global resistance of pathogenic microbes at low concentrations, thus offering a new infectious disease treatment technique that is cost effective, eco friendly, and works in an acceptable time frame.

title: Recent Progress and Future Directions: The Nano Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Vitiligo
abstract: Vitiligo is a depigmentation disease that seriously affects the physical health, mental health and quality of life of a patient. Therapeutic aim at control immunoreaction by relieving oxidative stress. Unfortunately, the cuticle barrier function and lack of specific accumulation lead to unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes and side effects. The introduction and innovation of nanotechnology offers inspiration and clues for the development of new strategies to treat vitiligo. However, not many studies have been done to interrogate how nanotechnology can be used for vitiligo treatment. In this review, we summarize and analyze recent studies involving nano drug delivery systems for the treatment of vitiligo, with a special emphasis on liposomes, niosomes, nanohydrogel and nanoparticles. These studies made significant progress by either increasing drug loading efficiency or enhancing penetration. Based on these studies, there are three proposed principles for topical nano drug delivery systems treatment of vitiligo including the promotion of transdermal penetration, enhancement of drug retention and facilitation of melanin regeneration. The presentation of these ideas may provide inspirations for the future development of topical drug delivery systems that will conquer vitiligo.

title: Spectroscopic Methods for Analysis of Nano Drug Distribution System
abstract: The size of the objects that are constituted within an alleged nano metric measurement of 1 to 100 nm is generally the main feature of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The system of unharness may be an essential method of acknowledging contained drug delivery systems in the formation of nano drug. Nanoparticles may surpass the crucial troubles of traditional little molecules/biomacromolecules; such as protein, ribonucleic acid, and DNA; utilized in several diseases through permitting objective delivery and surpassing biological obstacles. Many spectroscopical analytical techniques were applied to define the free drug component from the nano drug formation, according various substantial cases, during various duration. One of them is the analytical chemistry which concerns with the development of new techniques to develop old ones and supply the requirements of chemical information constrained by modern issues. Analytical chemistry is greatly affected by the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The aim of this review is to present a comparison of different spectroscopic analytical techniques which are presently applied to various systems of nano drug delivery to present elaborated and helpful data for the other researchers.

title: Evaluating the Treatment Efficacy of Nano Drug in a Lung Cancer Model Using Advanced Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
abstract: Nano drug delivery system is an interesting field in precise cancer treatment, but few study has reported the microenvironmental changes after such treatment. This study aimed to detect the hemodynamic and microenvironmental changes in a lung cancer xenograft model after treated with doxorubicin (DOX) encapsulated by a cyclic arginine glycine aspartic acid polypeptide modified poly (lactic co glycolic acid) nanosystem (cRGD PLGA@DOX) using functional magnetic resonance imaging.  Thirty two tumor bearing mice were randomly divided into four groups. Group A was treated with 0.9% saline, Group B with 4 mg/kg of doxorubicin, Group C with 2 mg/kg of cRGD PLGA@DOX, and Group D with 4 mg/kg of cRGD PLGA@DOX. Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion weighed imaging (IVIM DWI) and R2* mapping were performed, and D* f, D, and R2* values were obtained before and1, 2, and 3 weeks after treatment. They were sacrificed for pathological examination after examinations.  The reconstructed cRGD PLGA@DOX was homogeneous, well dispersed, and spherical in shape, with an average size of 180 nm. Group D demonstrated the smallest tumor volume and highest tumor inhibition rate in 3 weeks. D value of Group B, C, and D manifested an upward trend in 3 weeks with the highest increase in Group D. D* values shared a similar increased trends with f values in Group A, B, and C in 3 weeks, except Group D. R2* value of Group A gradually increased in 3 weeks, but the trends were reversed in the treatment groups. D value was significantly negative with Ki 67 expression (r 0.757, P 0.001) but positive with TUNEL (r 0.621, P 0.001) and phosphate and tension homology deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) staining (r 0.57, P 0.004) R2* value was closely correlated with HIF 1a (r 0.721, P 0.001)  The nano drug demonstrated an enhanced anti tumor effect without the need of increased chemotherapeutic dosage. The tumor microenvironment such as cellular and perfusion changes during treatment can be non invasively detected by two functional MRI including IVIM DWI and R2* mapping.

title: A Nano Drug Delivery System Based on Angelica sinensis Polysaccharide for Combination of Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy
abstract: Combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy has been a promising strategy in cancer treatment. Polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis (AP) a well known Chinese herbal medicine, have been proved to have good immunomodulatory activity. In the present study, an enzyme sensitive tumor targeting nano drug delivery system (AP PP DOX (doxorubicin) PP stood for peptide) was constructed. In this system, Angelica polysaccharides act as not only carriers to targeted delivery of drugs to tumor tissue but also effectors to improve tumor microenvironment and enhance immune function, resulting in synergistic antitumor effect with chemotherapy drugs. The structure of this conjugate was confirmed by FI IR and 1H NMR. The particle size and zeta potential of the nanoparticles were 129.00 3.32 nm and 28.45 0.22 mV, respectively. Doxorubicin (DOX) and AP could be quickly released from the AP PP DOX under the presence of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) The released DOX showed good antitumor efficacy in vitro. The treatment of released AP moiety increased the expression of IL 2, while that of IL 10 was decreased, showing potential in restoring Th1/Th2 immune balance in tumor microenvironment. In a word, this drug delivery system, with specific tissue targeting and tumor microenvironment improvement, will open a new avenue for combination treatment of cancer.

title: Luminescent chitosan/carbon dots as an effective nano drug carrier for neurodegenerative diseases
abstract: Designing new materials for effective and targeted drug delivery is pivotal in biomedical research. Herein, we report on the development of a chitosan/carbon dot based nanocomposite and investigate its efficacy as a carrier for the sustained release of dopamine drug. The carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized from the carbonization of chitosan and were further conjugated with chitosan (CS) to obtain a chitosan/carbon dot (CS/CD) matrix. Dopamine was later encapsulated in the matrix to form a dopamine@CS/CD nanocomposite. The cytotoxicity of IC 21 and SH SY5Y cell lines was studied at various concentrations of the nanocomposite and the results demonstrate around 97% cell viability. The photoluminescence property revealed the characteristic property of the carbon dots. When excited at 510 nm an emission peak was observed at 550 nm which enables the use of carbon dots as a tracer for bioimaging. The HRTEM images and the D, G, and 2D bands of the Raman spectra confirm the successful synthesis of carbon dots and through DLS the particle size is estimated to be ~3 nm. The release studies of the encapsulated drug from the composite were analyzed in an in vitro medium at different pH levels. The novelty of this method is the use of a non toxic vehicle to administer drugs effectively towards any ailment and in particular, the carbon dots facilitate the consistent release of dopamine towards neurodegenerative diseases and tracing delivery through bioimaging.

title: In vivo and in vitro evaluation of dihydroartemisinin prodrug nanocomplexes as a nano drug delivery system: characterization, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
abstract: To develop new, more effective and lower toxicity antitumor dihydroartemisinin (DHA) nanocomplexes, a DHA prodrug synthesized in this study was used to prepare DHA prodrug self assembled nanocomplexes (DHANPs) by molecular self assembly technology. The optimization, pharmacokinetics and in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficiency of DHANPs were assessed. The results showed that the entrapment efficiency, drug loading, particle size and zeta potential of the optimized formulation were 92.37 3.68% 76.98 3.07% 145.9 2.11 nm and 16.0 0.52 mV, respectively. DHANPs had a uniform size distribution and good stability during storage. The release of DHA prodrugs from DHANPs was slow in a PBS solution (pH 7.4) The pharmacokinetic study indicated that DHANPs could significantly improve the blood concentration of DHA. DHANPs exhibited lower cytotoxicity to 4T1 cells. More importantly, DHANPs could increase the quality life of mice in comparison with that of the DHA solution in 4T1 tumor bearing mice. In short, the optimized DHA prodrug nanocomplexes show good long term stability during the experimental time, extend the life cycle of DHA in rats and can act as a prospective nano drug delivery system for future artemisinin based anti tumor drugs.