Query: Nanotechnology in bone tissue engineering

title: Nanotechnology for biomedical applications: Recent advances in neurosciences and bone tissue engineering
abstract: The aim of this article is to give an overview of some recent advances of nanotechnology in medicine and bone tissue engineering, exploring typical applications of these emerging technologies. Currently, limitations in bone regenerative strategies include insufficient mechanical strength of scaffolds. Thus, we review the major area of research in nanotechnology with potential implications in bone regeneration: nano based scaffold construction and modification to enhance biocompatibility, mechanical stability, and cellular attachment/survival.  2017.

title: Application of Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering
abstract: Nanomaterials display altered compound and physical properties that enable them to collaborate with the natural frameworks at the cell and atomic levels. This cooperation improves the biomedical uses of nanotechnology in the field of tissue recovery. A wide scope of nanomaterials made of natural and inorganic composites could act naturally amassed in nano scale size that reproduces all the more precisely the elements of the common human tissues, for example, nanoparticles, nanosurfaces and nanoscaffolds. These tale nanomaterials essentially impact the conduct and improvement of undeveloped cells. The utilizations of nanotechnology in explicit tissue recovery, for example, bone, ligament, cardiovascular and neural tissues were explored by a few analysts. Nanostructures have been utilized to advance undifferentiated organism suitability, expansion and separation. Nanotechnology gives biodegradable and biocompatible biomimetic creates that reestablish and improve the tissue capacities. Nanocomposition and nanotopography of a tissue designed material decide the embed destiny giving 3 dimentional tissue culture frameworks that advance typical cell development and separation without antagonistic tissue response. Late advancement in the combination permits the refined cells to respond to the inward and outside boosts and to trade the flagging elements between those cells and the outer condition. In any case, further comprehension to the collaborations of nanomaterials with the natural framework and more examinations of the security of these nanostructures are yet required before their full application in human tissue fixation.

title: Comprehensive Survey on Nanobiomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
abstract: One of the most important ideas ever produced by the application of materials science to the medical field is the notion of biomaterials. The nanostructured biomaterials play a crucial role in the development of new treatment strategies including not only the replacement of tissues and organs, but also repair and regeneration. They are designed to interact with damaged or injured tissues to induce regeneration, or as a forest for the production of laboratory tissues, so they must be micro environmentally sensitive. The existing materials have many limitations, including impaired cell attachment, proliferation, and toxicity. Nanotechnology may open new avenues to bone tissue engineering by forming new assemblies similar in size and shape to the existing hierarchical bone structure. Organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials are increasingly used for bone tissue engineering applications because they may allow to overcome some of the current restrictions entailed by bone regeneration methods. This review covers the applications of different organic and inorganic nanobiomaterials in the field of hard tissue engineering.

title: Study of Osteogenic Potential of Electrospun PCL incorporated by Dendrimerized Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles as a Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffold
abstract: Nanotechnology plays a promising role in biomedical applications, particularly tissue engineering. Recently, the application of magnetic scaffolds and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure has been considered in bone tissue regeneration. In this study, 3rd generation dendrimer modified superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (G3 SPIONs) are synthesized comprehensively characterized. Magnetic polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers are prepared by incorporating G3 SPIONs within the electrospinning process ,and physicochemical characteristics ,as well as cytocompatibility and cell attachment are assessed. Eventually, the osteogenic differentiation ability of adipocyte derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) cultured on the magnetic scaffold with and without PEMF exposure was investigated by measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium content. The expression of specific bone markers was studied using the Real time PCR method. According to the results, G3 SPIONs with mean size and zeta potential of 17.95 3.57 nm and 22.7 mV, respectively, show a high saturation magnetization (57.75 emu/g) Adding G3 SPIONs to PCL significantly decrease nanofibers size to 495+ 144 nm and improves cell attachment and growth. The ADMSCs cultured on the G3 SPION PCL scaffold in the presence of osteogenic media (OM) and exposure to PEMF expressed the highest Osteocalcin and Runx2 and showed higher calcium content as well as ALP activity. It can be concluded that the synthesized G3 SPION incorporated PCL nanofibers serve as a promising magnetic scaffold for bone regeneration. Also, utilizing the magnetic scaffold in the presence of OM and PEMF provides a synergistic effect toward osteogenic differentiation of ADMSCs.  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, Dendrimer, Polycaprolactone, Pulsed electromagnetic field, Bone tissue engineering

title: Metal based nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering
abstract: Tissue is vital to the organization of multicellular organisms, because it creates the different organs and provides the main scaffold for body shape. The quest for effective methods to allow tissue regeneration and create scaffolds for new tissue growth has intensified in recent years. Tissue engineering has recently used some promising alternatives to existing conventional scaffold materials, many of which have been derived from nanotechnology. One important example of these is metal nanoparticles. The purpose of this review is to cover novel tissue engineering methods, paying special attention to those based on the use of metal based nanoparticles. The unique physiochemical properties of metal nanoparticles, such as antibacterial effects, shape memory phenomenon, low cytotoxicity, stimulation of the proliferation process, good mechanical and tensile strength, acceptable biocompatibility, significant osteogenic potential, and ability to regulate cell growth pathways, suggest that they can perform as novel types of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The basic principles of various nanoparticle based composites and scaffolds are discussed in this review. The merits and demerits of these particles are critically discussed, and their importance in bone tissue engineering is highlighted.

title: THE FUTURE OF BIOACTIVE GLASSES IN BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING
abstract: Bioactive glasses were first discovered in the late 1960s by Larry Hench. In the 1980s and 1990s bioactive glasses experienced a surge of research interest, an interest which has since declined. Th.

title: Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering
abstract: With growing age, the self repair mechanism of our body decreases and recovery from or injury or prevailing disease takes even longer time, and this process is limited to small localized tissue. In context, the development and progress of tissue engineering will help to reconstitute artificial cells or tissues in place of damaged organs using cells of the recipient. Moreover, employment of nanotechnology in tissue engineering may help in the successful transplantation of harvested cells/tissues at the damaged site in the body. We mainly focus on various natural and synthetic materials for tissue scaffold engineering such as chitosan, albumin, alginate, dendrimers, polylactic acid, polyethylene glycol, and poly l glycolic acid After discussing materials for tissue scaffold engineering, we also cover various nanotechnology based applications of tissue engineering with special focus on the bone, hepatic, stem, vascular, and skin tissue engineering.

title: Nanocomposites for improved orthopedic and bone tissue engineering applications
abstract: With the advancement of nanotechnology, newer nanomaterials are being searched, designed, and evaluated for a range of industrial purposes. Among various newer nanomaterials, nanocomposites are comprised of multiple nanoscale materials or a nanoscale material incorporated into a bulk material. In recent years, various kinds of nanocomposites such as inorganic inorganic, organic inorganic, and organic organic nanocomposites have been synthesized and evaluated for the industrial uses in pharmaceutical, biomedical, biotechnology, packaging, coating, electronics, and aerospace. Biomedical nanocomposites are also designed for their applications in diverse biomedical sectors like drug delivery, tissue engineering, antimicrobial, wound healing, stem cell therapy, cancer therapy, cardiac prosthesis, artificial blood vessels, biosensors, enzyme immobilization, etc. Even, various biomedical nanocomposites have also shown prospects for diverse orthopedic purposes including orthopedic drug delivery and bone tissue repairing. This chapter deals with a comprehensive review on the nanocomposites for improved orthopedic drug delivery and bone tissue engineering.

title: Electrospun hydrogels composites for bone tissue engineering.
abstract: Electrospinning is one of the foremost nanotechnology applications to fabricate bone tissue engineering scaffolds with sizes in the nanometer range. It is regarded as a versatile, inexpensive, and relatively simple methodology with potential for mimicking the nano architecture of bones. In this chapter, the fabrication of three types of nanocomposites based on the biocompatible electrospun hydrogels, namely: (i) electrospun nanofiber reinforced hydrogels, (ii) electrospun hydrogels with biological electrospray cells, and (iii) electrospun hydrogels with antimicrobial activity, exclusively in the field of bone tissue regeneration are presented. Hydrogels have been used widely in biomaterial applications, mainly due to their low interfacial tension, useful swelling properties, and high lubricity. In addition to their promising biocompatibility characteristics, certain hydrogels are desirable in the biomedical field due to their sensitivity to the physiological or biological environment where they are used. Currently, there are many applications for hydrogels including 8000 different kinds of medical devices and 40,000 different pharmaceutical preparations. The addition of electrospinning technology to hydrogels is an ideal combination as it facilitates the production of nanoscale hydrogel to allow the properties of the materials to be tailored. Indeed, the remarkable tunability of nanofiber morphology and diameter can be performed through appropriate adjustment of different variables from processing parameters, polymer solution parameters, and ambient parameters during electrospinning, in order to control mechanical properties of scaffolds and consequently affect cell behavior. Therefore, the incorporation of the electrospinning technology with hydrogels have allowed novel perspectives in the research of electrospun hydrogel composites for successful osteoconductive scaffolds with better cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.

title: Nanocomposites and Their Applications in Dentistry Orthopaedic and Drug Delivery systems Volume 3 Applications of Nanocomposite Materials in Orthopaedic Chapter 2 Electrospun Hydrogels Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering
abstract: Electrospinning is one of the foremost nanotechnology applications to fabricate bone tissue engineering scaffolds with sizes in the nanometre range. It is regarded as a versatile, inexpensive and relatively simple methodology with potential for mimicking the nanoarchitecture of bones. In this chapter, the fabrication of three types of nanocomposites based on the biocompatible electrospun hydrogels, namely:(i) electrospun nanofibre reinforced hydrogels, (ii) electrospun hydrogels with biological electrospray cells and (iii) electrospun hydrogels with antimicrobial activity, exclusively for the field of bone tissue regeneration are presented. Hydrogels have been used widely in biomaterial applications, mainly due to their low interfacial tension, useful swelling properties and high lubricity. In addition to their promising biocompatibility characteristics, certain hydrogels are desirable in the biomedical field due to their sensitivity to the physiological or biological environment where these are used. There are many current applications for hydrogels including 8,000 different kinds of medical devices and 40,000 different pharmaceutical preparations. The addition of electrospinning technology to hydrogels is an ideal combination as it facilitates the production of nanoscale hydrogel to allow the properties of the materials to be tailored. Indeed, the remarkable tunability of nanofibres morphology and diameter can be performed through appropriate adjustment of different variables from processing parameters, polymer solution parameters and ambient parameters during electrospinning, in order to control scaffolds mechanical properties and consequently affect cell behaviour. Therefore, the incorporation of the electrospinning technology with hydrogels have allowed novel perspectives in the research of electrospun hydrogel composites for successful osteoconductive scaffolds with better cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation.