Query: Hardware disease of cattle

title: Hardware Disease of Cattle
abstract: Hardware disease is produced by a sharp object that pierces the stomach wall and gains access to the heart. A sharp object, such as a nail or piece of wire, may perforate into the heart sac. The object lies originally in a chamber of the stomach known as the reticulum. The reticulum "catches" all heavy objects that are ingested; feed and lighter material pass back into the rumen. When muscles contract, the "hardware" may be forced through the wall of the reticulum, diaphragm and heart sac. Hardware disease is a common term used for traumatic gastritis and traumatic reticulitis. From 55 to 75 percent of the cattle slaughtered in the eastern United States have been found to have hardware in the reticulum. However, no damage or perforations of the reticulum was evident. Hardware may be present and yet produce no damage to the digestive system. Baling twine has replaced baling wire to a great extent, decreasing the noted frequency of hardware disease. During pregnancy, the rumen and reticulum are displaced forward. At the time of calving, forceful abdominal movement may cause the initial perforation or movement of the hardware into the heart. Older cattle are more often affected with the condition than young ones.

title: Hardware disease of cattle (1993)

title: Diagnosis and Treatment of Hardware Disease.
abstract: Eating habits in cattle are less discriminant than other ruminants, and they more often accidentally ingest strange objects while feeding. Penetrating foreign bodies may cause mild to severe peritonitis, penetrate the diaphragm to cause pleuritis or pericarditis, or cause localized abscesses in the thorax or abdomen. Because these objects are most often metal, a common term for this problem is hardware disease. An accurate history and thorough physical examination often yields a diagnosis; however, ancillary diagnostics can enhance accuracy and disease magnitude before exploratory surgery. Treatment encompasses controlling infection and inflammation and foreign body removal; preventive measures are emphasized.

title: Hardware Disease in Bovine (Review Article)
abstract: Hard ware disease is the term used when complications occur after an animal consumes metallic objects such as nails, wires, needles, or even tin cans. This condition is particularly associated with bovine as they do not use their lips to discriminate between materials and they do not completely chew their feed before swallowing. A hardware disease is not limited to cattle and it is not restricted to animals simply grazing. Commercial food producers go to great lengths to keep foreign materials out of their products but objects have been known to slip in unknowingly including metallic materials. When hay is cut and baled, debris in hay fields can also be trapped in the bales and innocently fed to cattle. Once these penetrating sharp foreign bodies of the needle and fish hook type enter the animal, they may penetrate any part of the digestive tract. These may be the mouth, the esophagus, the pharynx, the stomach, the intestine, the diaphragm, the pericardium or any visceral organs, which can lead to death of the animal if not intervened. Surgical and conservative interventions are done to save the life of the animal. There are basically two ways to prevent hardware disease. One is to limit animals' access to small metallic objects. The second way is to place rumen magnets in all your animals.

title: TRAUMATIC GASTROPERITONITIS (HARDWARE DISEASE) IN AN ALPACA (VICUGNA PACOS)
abstract: A 5 yr old, intact male Suri alpaca (Vicugna pacos) presented with acute onset of anorexia, depression, and reluctance to stand. Exploratory laparotomy revealed diffuse peritonitis resulting from penetration of a 5 cm wire through the second gastric compartment (C2) Due to the severity of the alpaca's condition and its deteriorating nature, euthanasia at the time of surgery was elected. This is the first published case of a condition commonly observed in cattle (traumatic gastroperitonitis, "Hardware disease" to be reported in an alpaca.

title: Prevention of so called hardware disease in cattle using a magnetic metal retriever.

title: Clinico Pathological Findings of Metalic and Non Metallic Foreign Bodies in Dairy Cattle: A Review
abstract: Disorder of the gastrointestinal tract of the dairy cattle is common due to indiscriminate feeding behavior. An ingested foreign body by dairy cattle is divided in to two main groups. The first category is foreign bodies of non metallic origin and the second category is metallic origin. Entrance and migration of foreign bodies through the body tissue leads to many complications that differ according to the nature and the ways of its entrances in to the tissue. Ingestion of foreign bodies is still extremely common in cattle especially in developing countries where the standard of animal management is unsatisfactory. Among many complication due to ingestion of foreign bodies, traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) (hardware diseases) is the most common problems in dairy farm. TRP is relatively common disease in adult dairy cattle caused by the ingestion and migration of foreign bodies in the reticulum. Cattle with TRP has alteration of coagulation, hematological and biochemical parameters that has a paramount economic importance. For example, severe loss of milk production and high mortality rate. To address this problem, there are different diagnostic techniques devised such as rumenotomy, radiography and laparatomy. This review paper considers the clinico pathological findings of metal and non metal foreign bodies in dairy cattle as well as the different diagnostic and treatment options.

title: Indigestible Plastic Bags are Hindering Profitability of Dairy Production in Peri Urban Kampala
abstract: Many Ugandans living in the urban and peri urban areas have started dairy farming to tap into the demand for milk and its products, driven by the population growth. Unfortunately, they operate on a small scale because land and cattle feeds in the urban and peri urban areas are limited. In addition, the peri urban areas are contaminated with indigestible materials such as plastic bags which once consumed by the cattle impair health, cause loss of milk productivity and death. This report documents the findings from three cases referred to the ambulatory clinic at the Central Diagnostic Laboratory (CDL) in 2018. The cases were diagnosed as hardware disease and surgically treated by rumenotomy. In addition, a review of the patients' data sheets in CDL was performed to identify other cases of hardware disease documented in 2018. Both metallic and non metallic indigestible materials were recovered from the rumen and reticulum of the three animals operated. The indigestible foreign materials included nails, wire, plastic bags and a sisal rope. The common clinical signs coherent with the presence of indigestible materials were chronic emaciation and loss of appetite. The review of the patients' data sheets showed that blood samples of 23 cases of suspected hardware disease were submitted to CDL in 2018 for diagnosis. It is paramount that farmers are sensitized about the effects of indigestible materials on the production of dairy animals. For, such an intervention would liberate the peri urban dairy farmers from losses attributed to hardware disease.

title: Clinical management of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle
abstract: TRAUMATIC reticuloperitonitis, colloquially referred to as 'hardware' or, more recently, 'tyre wire' disease, has become increasingly common and is particularly challenging to manage because the clinical presentation is often vague. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of the condition, and considers the changing clinicopathological pattern of the disease, including penetration of the rumen wall by migrating metallic fragments. It also suggests some preventive measures that may be easily implemented on farm.

title: An Integrated Cattle Health Monitoring System
abstract: Clinical techniques for monitoring live stock health are insufficient, as they provide only sporadic information and require too much resource investment in terms of time and veterinary expertise. A sophisticated system capable of continuously assessing the health of individual animals, aggregating these data, and reporting the results to owners and regional authorities could provide tremendous benefit to the livestock industry. Such a system would not only improve individual animal health, but it would help to identify and pre vent widespread disease, whether it originated from natural causes or from biological attacks. This paper presents results from a prototype telemonitoring system that utilizes wearable technology to provide continuous animal health data. The infrastructure, hardware, software, and representative physiological measurements are presented