Query: Synonyms

title: An Efficient Sliding Window Approach for Approximate Entity Extraction with Synonyms
abstract: Dictionary based entity extraction from documents is an important task for several real applications. To improve the effectiveness of extraction, many previous studies focused on the problem of approximate dictionary based entity extraction, which aims at finding all substrings in documents that are similar to pre defined entities in the reference entity table. However, these studies only consider syntactical similarity metrics, such as Jaccard and edit distance. In the real world scenarios, there are many cases where syntactically different strings can express the same meaning. For example, MIT and Massachusetts Institute of Technology refer to the same object but they have a very low value of syntactic similarity. Existing approximate entity extraction work fails to identify such kind of semantic similarity and will definitely suffer from low recall. In this paper, we come up with the new problem of approximate dictionary based entity extraction with synonyms and propose an end to end framework Aeetes to solve it. We propose a new similarity measure Asymmetric Rule based Jaccard (JACCAR) to combine the synonym rules with syntactic similarity metrics and capture the semantic similarity expressed in the synonyms. We propose a clustered index structure and several pruning techniques to reduce the filter cost so as to improve the overall performance. Experimental results on three real world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of Aeetes. Besides, Aeetes also achieves high performance in efficiency and outperforms the state of the art method by one to two orders of magnitude.

title: Nomenclature instability in species culturomic assessments: Why synonyms matter
abstract: Culturomics is an emerging area of study that explores human culture through the quantitative analysis of large digital bodies of text. Culturomics shows great potential for the study of public perceptions and engagement with nature and biodiversity, and thus to contribute to the assessment and monitoring of major conservation goals (e.g. Aichi Target 1) In order to realize the full potential of culturomic approaches for conservation applications, researchers must develop solutions for existing methodological issues. For example, the use of scientific binomial names in species assessments has been recently proposed as a means to account for linguistic challenges associated with vernacular names, such as synonyms and homonyms. However, scientific names can also be affected by scientific synonyms arising from changes in species nomenclature. Here, we focus on a culturomic assessment of internet content and evaluate the importance of considering scientific name synonyms in such assessments. For this, we estimated how much omitting taxonomic synonyms affected webpage retrieval for bird species. Results indicate that failing to consider synonyms affected the number of webpages retrieved for over half of the species considered. In some cases, such omissions were severe (over 50% of total webpages omitted) and increased with the number of synonyms identified. We discuss the challenges posed by the dynamic nature of taxonomy in efforts to evaluate public interest in species using culturomic approaches and suggest that future studies should always strive to identify and account for any existing synonyms to minimize potential problems.

title: ReSyf: a French lexicon with ranked synonyms
abstract: In this article, we present ReSyf, a lexical resource of monolingual synonyms ranked according to their difficulty to be read and understood by native learners of French. The synonyms come from an existing lexical network and they have been semantically disambiguated and refined. A ranking algorithm, based on a wide range of linguistic features and validated through an evaluation campaign with human annotators, automatically sorts the synonyms corresponding to a given word sense by reading difficulty. ReSyf is freely available and will be integrated into a web platform for reading assistance. It can also be applied to perform lexical simplification of French texts.

title: Automatic Induction of Synsets from a Graph of Synonyms
abstract: This paper presents a new graph based approach that induces synsets using synonymy dictionaries and word embeddings. First, we build a weighted graph of synonyms extracted from commonly available resources, such as Wiktionary. Second, we apply word sense induction to deal with ambiguous words. Finally, we cluster the disambiguated version of the ambiguous input graph into synsets. Our meta clustering approach lets us use an efficient hard clustering algorithm to perform a fuzzy clustering of the graph. Despite its simplicity, our approach shows excellent results, outperforming five competitive state of the art methods in terms of F score on three gold standard datasets for English and Russian derived from large scale manually constructed lexical resources.

title: Distinguishing Antonyms and Synonyms in a Pattern based Neural Network
abstract: Distinguishing between antonyms and synonyms is a key task to achieve high performance in NLP systems. While they are notoriously difficult to distinguish by distributional co occurrence models, pattern based methods have proven effective to differentiate between the relations. In this paper, we present a novel neural network model AntSynNET that exploits lexico syntactic patterns from syntactic parse trees. In addition to the lexical and syntactic information, we successfully integrate the distance between the related words along the syntactic path as a new pattern feature. The results from classification experiments show that AntSynNET improves the performance over prior pattern based methods.

title: Bacillus velezensis is not a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; Bacillus methylotrophicus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum and 'Bacillus oryzicola' are later heterotypic synonyms of Bacillus velezensis based on phylogenomics.
abstract: Bacillus velezensis was previously reported to be a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, based primarily on DNA DNA relatedness values. We have sequenced a draft genome of B. velezensis NRRL B 41580T. Comparative genomics and DNA DNA relatedness calculations show that it is not a synonym of B. amyloliquefaciens. It was instead synonymous with Bacillus methylotrophicus. 'Bacillus oryzicola' is a recently described species that was isolated as an endophyte of rice (Oryza sativa) The strain was demonstrated to have plant pathogen antagonist activity in greenhouse assays, and the 16S rRNA gene was reported to have 99.7 sequence similarity with Bacillus siamensis and B. methylotrophicus, which are both known for their plant pathogen antagonism. To better understand the phylogenetics of these closely related strains, we sequenced the genome of 'B. oryzicola' KACC 18228. Comparative genomic analysis showed only minor differences between this strain and the genomes of B. velezensis NRRL B 41580T, B. methylotrophicus KACC 13015T and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp.  The pairwise in silico DNA DNA hybridization values calculated in comparisons between the strains were all greater than 84 which is well above the standard species threshold of 70 The results of morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicate that the strains share phenotype and genotype coherence. Therefore, we propose that B. methylotrophicus KACC 13015T, B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum FZB42T, and 'B. oryzicola' KACC 18228 should be reclassified as later heterotypic synonyms of B. velezensis NRRL B 41580T, since the valid publication date of B. velezensis precedes the other three strains.

title: Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam: A Thesaurus of Synonyms, Similar Sounding Non Synonyms, and Terms of Variable Meaning
abstract: Instructions for Use. Description of Indexed Sections.  Non Synonyms (Similar Sounding) General Synonyms. Specific Synonyms. Discussions.

title: Top k String Auto Completion with Synonyms
abstract: Auto completion is one of the most prominent features of modern information systems. The existing solutions of auto completion provide the suggestions based on the beginning of the currently input character sequence (i.e. prefix) However, in many real applications, one entity often has synonyms or abbreviations. For example, "DBMS" is an abbreviation of "Database Management Systems" In this paper, we study a novel type of auto completion by using synonyms and abbreviations. We propose three trie based algorithms to solve the top k auto completion with synonyms; each one with different space and time complexity trade offs. Experiments on large scale datasets show that it is possible to support effective and efficient synonym based retrieval of completions of a million strings with thousands of synonyms rules at about a microsecond per completion, while taking small space overhead (i.e. 160 200 bytes per string) The implementation of algorithms is publicly available at http:/udbms.cs.helsinki.fi/?projects/autocompletion/download.

title: Automatic Discovery of Attribute Synonyms Using Query Logs and Table Corpora
abstract: Attribute synonyms are important ingredients for keyword based search systems. For instance, web search engines recognize queries that seek the value of an entity on a specific attribute (referred to as e+a queries) and provide direct answers for them using a combination of knowledge bases, web tables and documents. However, users often refer to an attribute in their e+a query differently from how it is referred in the web table or text passage. In such cases, search engines may fail to return relevant answers. To address that problem, we propose to automatically discover all the alternate ways of referring to the attributes of a given class of entities (referred to as attribute synonyms) in order to improve search quality. The state of the art approach that relies on attribute name co occurrence in web tables suffers from low precision. Our main insight is to combine positive evidence of attribute synonymity from query click logs, with negative evidence from web table attribute name co occurrences. We formalize the problem as an optimization problem on a graph, with the attribute names being the vertices and the positive and negative evidences from query logs and web table schemas as weighted edges. We develop a linear programming based algorithm to solve the problem that has bi criteria approximation guarantees. Our experiments on real life datasets show that our approach has significantly higher precision and recall compared with the state of the art.

title: Revising the Schizoparmaceae: Coniella and its synonyms Pilidiella and Schizoparme
abstract: The asexual genera Coniella (1918) and Pilidiella (1927) including their sexual morphs in Schizoparme (1923) have a cosmopolitan distribution and are associated with foliar, fruit, leaf, stem and root diseases on a wide variety of hosts. Species of these genera sometimes occur as secondary invaders of plant tissues infected by other organisms or that are injured by other causes. Several studies published over the last few decades had conflicting ideas as to whether Coniella, Pilidiella and Schizoparme should be regarded as synonymous or as separate genera. The present study aims to resolve the generic classification of these genera through phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated alignment of partial LSU nrDNA, rpb2, ITS nrDNA and tef1 sequence data of 117 isolates, combined with their morphology. Results revealed that all strains cluster in a single well supported clade. Conidial colour, traditionally the distinguishing character between Coniella and Pilidiella, evolved multiple times throughout the clade, and is not a good character at generic level in Schizoparmaceae. The three genera should therefore be regarded as synonymous, with the older name Coniella having priority. Furthermore, this study delineated 13 new species, and new combinations were proposed for a further 15 species.