Query: Sodium hypo chlorite

title: Oxidative aromatization of Hantzsch 1,4 dihydropyridines by sodium chlorite
abstract: Hantzsch 1,4 dihydropyridines were converted to the corresponding pyridines efficiently by sodium chlorite under mild conditions in excellent yields.

title: Comparison of the effectiveness of acidified sodium chlorite and sodium hypochlorite in reducing Escherichia coli.
abstract: This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in reducing several Escherichia coli strains isolated from different retail meat and fresh produce. Forty nonpathogenic E. coli strains were isolated and used in this study. A type strain of E. coli (JCM 1649) and four O157:H7 serotypes of E. coli (CR 3, MN 28, MY 29, and DT 66) were used as reference. In vitro assay results revealed that the viable cell counts of each isolated E. coli strain and control strains exhibited a reduction of 4.3 0.9 log and 7.8 1.7 log CFU/mL after a 3 minute exposure to 100 mg/L NaClO and 20 mg/L ASC (pH 4.6) respectively, at 25degC, when compared with the viable bacterial counts obtained from phosphate buffered saline. The one exception was the flocs forming strain, which showed a reduction of only 1.0 log CFU/mL with both disinfectants. However, reductions of only 1.7 0.3 log and 1.9 0.4 log CFU/g were observed in lettuce after 5 minutes of washing with NaClO and ASC, respectively. On the other hand, reductions of 1.6 0.2 log and 1.6 0.4 log CFU/g were observed in spinach after 5 minutes of washing with NaClO and ASC, respectively. No reduction in the population was observed after washing the inoculated, fresh cut vegetables with distilled water only. No significant difference in the reduction of E. coli was observed among all the tested strains with both sanitizers in the in vivo assay. These data suggest that the tested sanitizers exhibit a similar reduction of the surface attached E. coli on leafy vegetables irrespective of the strain source.

title: Combined effect of low dose irradiation and acidified sodium chlorite washing on Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated on mung bean seeds.
abstract: The effect of low dose irradiation (0.75 and 1.5 kGy) in combination with acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) on the reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on mung bean seeds was examined. Washing with ASC (0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.2 g/L sodium chlorite and 1.0 g/L citric acid) for 2 h reduced the E. coli O157:H7 population from 5.2 to 2.3 3.3 log CFU/g, depending on the concentrations of sodium chlorite. Gamma ray irradiation at 0.75 and 1.5 kGy resulted in reductions of about 1.8 and 2.8 log CFU/g, respectively. Therefore, a single treatment with ASC washing or gamma ray irradiation at 0.75 or 1.5 kGy could not achieve the complete elimination of E. coli O157:H7 on mung bean seeds. Conversely, low dose irradiation (0.75 and 1.5 kGy) followed by washing with ASC (0.5 1.2 g/L) reduced the population of E. coli O157:H7 to below the detection limit <1 log CFU/g) However, E. coli O157:H7 was detected in most samples in the enrichment and germination studies. When the treatment order was reversed (ASC washing followed by low dose irradiation) the E. coli O157:H7 population was also observed to be below the detection limit. Under this treatment, fewer samples (16.7% were shown to be positive in the enrichment and germination studies, and complete elimination was not achieved. The germination rates of mung bean seeds were not affected by ASC washing and gamma irradiation; however, the yield and length of sprouts were decreased by gamma irradiation.

title: Epoxidation by sodium chlorite with aldehyde promoted chlorine dioxide formation
abstract: An improved method is described for selective room temperature epoxidation of alkenes by sodium chlorite in a solvent mixture of ethanol, acetonitrile, and water buffered at pH 7. In addition, the use of aldehydes as promoters in chlorite oxidations is described for the first time. The amount of sodium chlorite, the solvent mixture, and the addition of formaldehyde as a practical promoter were optimized. Styrene was used as a test substrate in the optimization studies and the generality of the method was assessed by using a variety of nucleophilic and electrophilic substrates. Yields up to 89% were obtained with styrene and other nucleophilic alkenes are readily converted into epoxides.

title: Removal of Hg0 with sodium chlorite solution and mass transfer reaction kinetics
abstract: The absorption behavior of Hg0 was studied experimentally by using sodium chlorite solution (NaClO2) as the absorbent in a bubble reactor. Primary influencing factors on removal efficiency of Hg0 such as NaClO2 concentration, pH, reaction temperature and the concentration of Hg0 were investigated. The results indicated that 72.91% of Hg0 removal efficiency could be achieved in acidic NaClO2 solution. The removal mechanism of Hg0 was proposed by analyzing of Hg2+ concentration in absorption solution after reaction and comparing the electrode potentials between NaClO2 species and Hg2+/Hg0. The experimental results of mass transfer reaction kinetics on oxidation of Hg0 by NaClO2 solution showed that with the increase of NaClO2 concentration and the decrease of pH value, the enhancement factor (E) and ratio of KG(Hg0)/kG(Hg0) increased and the liquid phase mass transfer resistance decreased, which is benefit to the mass transfer adsorption reaction. Although the increase of reaction temperature could improve the enhancement factor (E) but the ratio of KG(Hg0)/kG(Hg0) decreased; as a result, the liquid phase mass transfer resistance increased, therefore, the reaction rate for removal of Hg0 decreased.

title: IR study on chitosan oxidation with sodium chlorite
abstract: Oxidation of chitosan with sodium chlorite was studied by IR spectroscopy. The process was shown to involve oxidation of the primary hydroxy group on C6 to carboxy group and subsequent oxidative decomposition of the polysaccharide. The degree of carboxylation of the oxidized chitosan was determined by potentiometric titration. The possibility for formation of a covalent bond between the amino nitrogen atom and carbon atom of the carboxy group in the oxidized chitosan was considered.

title: Oxydation de sulfure en sulfoxyde par l'hypochlorite de calcium et le chlorite de sodium: Optimisation des conditions operatoires par la methode des plans d'experiences
abstract: The application of factorial designs and response surface modelling afforded specific conditions for the oxidation sulfide sulfoxide using calcium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite. The usefulness of these methods in synthetic chemistry is emphasized.

title: Electrochemical Generation of Chlorine Dioxide from Sodium Chlorite Using Un Divided Electrochemical Cell: Effect of Anode Materials
abstract: A characteristic study of aqueous chlorine dioxide generation from sodium chlorite( by an undivided electrochemical cell with different anode materials were performed. coated Ti, coated Ti and DSA were used as anode materials and Pt coated Ti electrode was used as cathode. Various electrochemical cell operating parameters such as cell residence time( initial feed solution pH, sodium chlorite and sodium chloride(NaCl) concentration and applied current for the generation of chlorine dioxide in an un divided cell were investigated and optimized. Estimated optimal cell residence times in coated Ti, coated Ti and DSA anode material systems were around 2.27, 1.52 and 1.52 sec, respectively. Observed optimum initial feed solution pH was around 2.3 in all anode material systems. Optimum sodium chlorite concentrations in coated Ti, coated Ti and DSA anode systems were around 0.43, 0.43 and 0.32 g/L, respectively. Optimum electrolyte concentration and applied current were around 5.85 g/L and 0.6 A in all anode systems. Current efficiencies of coated Ti, coated Ti and DSA anode systems under optimum conditions were 79.80, 114.70 and 70.99% respectively. Obtained energy consumptions for the optimum generation of chlorine dioxide were 1.38, 1.03 and 1.61 /g respectively.

title: Experiment on Hg0 removal from flue gas by sodium chlorite solution
abstract: The important to enhancing gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) removal in wet scrubber systems is altering the chemical form of the Hg0 to a water soluble oxidized species. Experiments on the removal elemental mercury from simulated flue gas by aqueous sodium chlorite in a bubble reactor were carried out in this work. The effect of initial oxidizing solution concentration, reaction temperature, pH and SO2 concentration on mercury oxidative absorption in sodium chlorite were investigated. The results indicate that the higher concentration of sodium chlorite favors Hg0 removal, whose efficiency is greater in acidic than alkaline solution. High temperature inhibits Hg0 absorption in aqueous sorbent when reaction temperature is lower than about 40# and the removal efficiency increases whereas temperature is higher than about 40# The SO2 concentration did not significantly affect the efficiency of Hg0 removal.

title: Treating patients suffering from myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) with sodium dichloroacetate: An open label, proof of principle pilot trial.
abstract: Twenty two consecutive patients suffering from refractory myalgic encephalitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) were treated with an innovative nutriceutical containing sodium dichloroacetate in a proof of principle, pilot, open label prospective cohort trial. Ten patients experienced significant improvement of their health condition with reduction to almost half of their score in the fatigue severity scale. In twelve patients treatment failed to exert any beneficial effect. In the latter patients several other diseases have commonly been revealed by extensive biological and imaging investigations. These preliminary findings sustain the hypothetical role of mitochondrial hypo metabolism due to inhibition of the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase in the pathogenesis of primary ME/CFS, and suggest a possible benefit of nutriceutical treatment by sodium dichloroacetate.