Query: IoT, supply chain, food, blockchain

title: An IoT Blockchain Architecture Using Oracles and Smart Contracts: the Use Case of a Food Supply Chain
abstract: The blockchain is a distributed technology which allows establishing trust among unreliable users who interact and perform transactions with each other. While blockchain technology has been mainly used for crypto currency, it has emerged as an enabling technology for establishing trust in the realm of the Internet of Things (IoT) Nevertheless, a naive usage of the blockchain for IoT leads to high delays and extensive computational power. In this paper, we propose a blockchain architecture dedicated to being used in a supply chain which comprises different distributed IoT entities. We propose a lightweight consensus for this architecture, called LC4IoT. The consensus is evaluated through extensive simulations. The results show that the proposed consensus uses low computational power, storage capability and latency.

title: IoT Blockchain driven traceability techniques for improved safety measures in food supply chain
abstract: This paper disputes describing a solution to solve safety, quality and traceability problems in food products by providing healthy electronic food networks based on Blockchain technology and internet of things (IoT) The delivery and use of fake food reaches thousands every year, and the system of fake foodstuffs and stakeholders in the food supply chain (FSC) system are not subject to appropriate conflict measures. The current status of food items is recorded at anytime and anywhere with the goal of ensuring the validity of information sources by means of IoT devices. The framework has also realized that data exchange and storage in any stage of the supply chain are enabled by Blockchain supplier ledger technology to ensure that data are available, traceable and unimpaired. It will become evident directly at any point on the network that unsafe food is identified and its further access blocked. The FSC is replicated with a Hyperledger fabric platform and compares its performance with other methods which effectively improve data transparency, enhance food safety and reduce manual operation.

title: Blockchain based food supply chain traceability: a case study in the dairy sector
abstract: Traceability has become a critical element in supply chain management, particularly in safety sensitive sectors like food, pharmaceuticals, etc. Upstream (manufacturers, producers, etc. and downstream (distributors, wholesalers, etc. supply chain members need to store and handle traceability related information for providing proof of regulatory compliance to both state authorities and more demanding customers. Consumers also place high expectations on food supply chains (FSC) with specific emphasis on facets related to safety. However, the complexity of modern FSC networks and their fragmentation act as barriers for the development of sound traceability mechanisms. In this paper a distributed trustless and secure architecture for FSC traceability is developed and tested. For assessing the feasibility of the proposed approach, a food traceability case study from a dairy company is presented. The applicability of the model is further illustrated by the development of fully functional smart contracts and a local private blockchain. Moreover, the various links between the proposed blockchain based model and its managerial implications are presented. The overall benefits of the proposed model are discussed along with fruitful areas for future research. The results are of significant value to both practitioners and researchers.

title: A Content Analysis Based Literature Review in Blockchain Adoption within Food Supply Chain
abstract: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) one out of 10 people get sick from eating contaminated food. Complex food production process and globalization make food supply chain more delicate. Many technologies have been investigated in recent years to address food insecurity and achieve efficiency in dealing with food recalls. One of the most promising technologies is Blockchain, which has already been used successfully in financial aspects, such as bitcoin, and it is attracting interests from food supply chain organizations. As blockchain has characteristics, such as decentralization, security, immutability, smart contract, it is therefore expected to improve sustainable food supply chain management and food traceability. This paper applies a content analysis based literature review in blockchain adoption within food supply chain. We propose four benefits. Blockchain can help to improve food traceability, information transparency, and recall efficiency; it can also be combined with Internet of things (IoT) to achieve better efficiency. We also propose five potential challenges, including lack of deeper understanding of blockchain, technology difficulties, raw data manipulation, difficulties of getting all stakeholders on board, and the deficiency of regulations.

title: Modeling food supply chain traceability based on blockchain technology
abstract: Traceability has become a critical element in supply chain management, particularly in safety sensitive sectors like food, pharmaceuticals, etc. Upstream (manufacturers, producers, etc. and downstream (distributors, wholesalers, etc. supply chain members need to store and handle traceability related information for providing proof of regulatory compliance to both state authorities and more demanding customers. More specifically, European Union regulations mandate food producers to trace all raw materials/ingredients used throughout their supply chain operations. Consumers also place high expectations on food supply chains (FSC) with specific emphasis on facets related to safety. However, the complexity of modern FSC networks and their fragmentation act as barriers for the development of sound traceability mechanisms. This paper aims to develop a distributed functional model to provide decentralized and automated FSC traceability based on blockchain technology and smart contracts. For assessing the feasibility of the proposed modeling approach, a food traceability use case scenario is presented. The applicability of the model is further illustrated by the development of a fully functional smart contract and a local private blockchain. The overall benefits of the proposed model are assessed based on a set of predefined Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) The results are of significant value to both practitioners and researchers.

title: Supply Chain Management in Agriculture Using Blockchain and IoT
abstract: Blockchains play a vital role in FARMAR to track and trace the origin of food products in food supply chain. Supply Chain Management (SCM) is an essential business process in all spheres of the economy. SCM uses specific processes to connect from producer to consumer requirement through a chain. In a BCT(Blockchain Technology) based system, "records are immutable and trusted, eliminating the need for third parties to be involved. Potential farmer facing impacts include ensuring that farmers receive timely and complete payments through the use of smart contracts and helping farmers to capture real time data to more effectively manage their crops and harvests " Another benefit of using BCT in FARMAR is security where hacking or tampering the existing data is impossible by any intermediary. As an add on to this process, IoT devices (Mobile phone based Android app) are used to update the real time quality and transit time of the product in FARMAR. It is integrated for improved traceability and usability of the products in the supply chain. The FARMAR aims to achieve these goals by developing a web application where FARMAR creates a value chain of integrity from farm to fork by using BCT.

title: IoT technologies in the food supply chain
abstract: Over the past few years, there has been growing research interest in the Internet of Things (IoT) Both academics and industrialists have developed and deployed IoT based applications for transparency and efficiency within the food sector. Some of the IoT applications that have been successfully implemented are related to tracking, tracing and monitoring food products and other resources, which contributed to improved efficiency as well as better traceability. This chapter focuses on the utilization of IoT technologies in the food supply chain (FSC) specifically post farm gate until food reaches the retailer's shelves. It presents IoT applications that have been successfully developed and deployed in FSCs, the pros and cons of IoT implementation and finally, it describes future trends such as elements of Industry 4.0, blockchain, intelligent packaging, and artificial intelligence.

title: Defining granularity levels for supply chain traceability based on IoT and blockchain
abstract: Identifying the optimal granularity level of traceable units is necessary when implementing traceability, particularly in food supply chains. In this paper we propose a generic framework for defining granularity levels based on product's unique characteristics, supply chain processes and stakeholders engagement. We determine different levels of granularity by using smart contracts within a blockchain enabled supply chain traceability architecture. The granularity relates to different levels depending on the application of information within a company and between companies across complex supply chain networks. The applicability of the proposed framework is demonstrated with a food supply chain use case scenario by developing a local private blockchain enabled architecture. The overall benefits of the proposed model are discussed along with several fruitful areas for further research directions.

title: BRUSCHETTA: An IoT Blockchain Based Framework for Certifying Extra Virgin Olive Oil Supply Chain
abstract: Urban population is expected to continuously grow in size. The smart city concepts allows to handle the new challenges and issues created by this growth by applying a wide range of technologies that can provide citizens with a better living environment. Smart agriculture will play an important part of smart cities, as a sustainable and high quality food supply chain is crucial to facilitate the grow of human agglomerates. In this context, European laws imposes very strict requirements in the food industry, in order to ensure that food provenance is always guaranteed. Such fine grained traceability can be only achieved by applying state of the art technologies. In this paper, we present BRUSCHETTA, a blockchain based application for the traceability and the certification of the Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) supply chain. EVOO is an emblematic food product for Italy, but it is also one of the most falsified ones. BRUSCHETTA provides a blockchain based system to enforce the certification of this product by tracing its entire supply chain: from the plantation to the shops. The goal is to enable the final customer to access a tamper proof history of the product, including the farming, harvesting, production, packaging, conservation, and transportation processes. BRUSCHETTA leverages Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in order to interconnect sensors dedicated to EVOO quality control, and to let them operate on the blockchain. We also provide a support for the correct tailoring of the BRUSCHETTA blockchain system, and we propose a mechanism for its dynamic auto tuning to optimize it in case of high loads.

title: A Theoretical Implementation: Agriculture Food Supply Chain Management using Blockchain Technology
abstract: The traceability of Agriculture food supply chain management is important to ensure the food safety. It also increases the customer satisfaction and peer to peer productivity. The centralized data storage makes it more difficult to assure quality, rate and origin of the products. So we are in need of a decentralized system where transparency is available which makes people from the producers to consumers satisfaction. Blockchain technology, which is a digital technology that allows us to acquire traceability and transparency in the supply chain. Making use of this technology actually improves the community between different stakeholders and farmers. The properties of blockchain essentially provides increased capacity, better security, immutability, minting, faster settlement and full traceability of stored transactions records. This paper presents a fully decentralized blockchain based traceability that enables to build blocks for agriculture that continuously integrate with IoT devices from provider to consumer. To implement, we introduced "Provider Consumer Network" a theoretical end to end food traceability application. The objective is to create distributed ledger that is accessible by all users in the network that in turn brings transparency.