Query: minerals  dairy cattle

title: Minerals composition of wells water and their contribution to mineral nutrition in dairy cattle: A possible approach in reducing soil salinity by reducing mineral content in manure
abstract: Drinking water plays an essential role in farm animals through marinating unlimited biological functions within animal body. From nutritional perspective, mineral content of drinking water is not counted when formulating dairy cattle diets. No information on the contribution of drinking water to the mineral nutrition of dairy cattle has been reported in Karak governorate. This work aimed to investigate minerals contribution of wells water in Karak governorate in the relation to nutritional requirements in dairy cattle. Furthermore, this work will give insight to possible approach in reducing soil salinity through reducing macro mineral supplementation to dairy cattle when its manure used for fertilization in Karak ecosystem. Nine samples of wells water (three replicates) were obtained from Karak governorate and were analyzed for their cation (Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca) and anions (Chlorine (Cl) concentrations. In this study, both Ca and K content were not enough to make a significant contribution to dairy cattle nutrition at different production stages. The highest contribution of different water sources to daily Ca and K requirements by dairy cattle were 4.50 and 4.52% respectively. However, the lowest contribution of water to daily Ca and K requirements by dairy cattle were 4.10 and 0.03% respectively. On the other hand, both Na and Cl content were relatively sufficient to make a significant contribution to dairy cattle nutrition at different production stages. The highest contribution of water to daily Na and Cl requirements were 33.56 and 43.78% respectively. However, the lowest contribution of water to daily Na and Cl requirements were 3.67 and 7.48% respectively. It can be concluded from this study that some water drinking sources in Karak governorate can provide a significant contribution in dairy cattle nutrition at different production stages and can minimize feed formulation cost when mineral content in drinking water is counted in feed formulation. Furthermore, counting wells water contribution of minerals in formulated dairy diets can minimize minerals excretion in manure and could be an approach to reduce soil salinity in Karak ecosystem when their manures are used as fertilizers.  Drinking water, minerals, soil, salinity, fertilizers References: Aseltine, M. (1992) Maintenance of high quality water assures good dairy health. Feedstuffs, 64(40) 14 15. Attia Ismail, S.A. Ahlam, R. Asker, A.R.T. (2008) Effect of salinity level in drinking water on feed intake, nutrient utilization, water intake and turnover and rumen function in sheep and goats. Egyptian J of Sheep and Goat Sciences (Special Issue) 2nd  77 92. Azeez, J.O. Van Averbeke, W. (2012) Dynamics of Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity with the Application of Three Animal Manures. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43(6) 865 874. Beede, D.K. Lyons, T.P. Jacques, K. (1994) Water quality and nutrition for dairy cattle. In Biotechnology in the feed industry. Nottingham University Press, Loughborough, UK,  Bernardi, A.C. Santos, V.E.A, Herling, R. Morais, J.P.G. Junior, W.B. (2015) Ammonia volatilization from exposed soil and Tanzania grass pasture fertilized with urea and Zeolite mixture.  Beede, D.K. (2006) Evaluation of Water Quality and Nutrition for Dairy Cattle. Proc High Plains Dairy Conference, pp: 129 153. Dahlborn, K. Akerlind, M. Gustafson, G. (1998) Water intake by dairy cows selected for high or low milk fat percentage when fed two forage to concentrate ratios with hay or silage. Swedish  Elrod, C.C. (2014) Implications of Groundwater Minerals in Dairy Cattle Nutrition. High Plains Dairy Conference, pp: 13 22. Ensley, S.M. (2000) Relationships of drinking water quality to production and reproduction in dairy herds. Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. Holter, J.B. Urban, W.E. (1992) Water partitioning and intake in dry and lactating Holstein cows.  (2016) Chemical composition of drilled wells water for ruminants.  Martha,  Alves, M. (2004) Nitrogen recovery and loss in a fertilized elephant grass pasture. Grass and Forage Sci, 59, 80 90. Mufwanzala, N. Dikinya, O. (2010) Impact of poultry manure and its associated salinity on the growth and yield of spinach (Spinacea oleracea) and carrot (Daucus carota) Int J Agric Biol, 12, 489 494. National Research Council. (2001) Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle.  (2005) Mineral tolerance of animals.  Dyer, I.A. (1972) Contribution to mineral nutrition of cattle from drinking water.

title: The association of circulating prepartum metabolites, minerals, cytokines and hormones with postpartum health status in dairy cattle.
abstract: The objectives were to evaluate differences in circulating prepartum metabolites, minerals, cytokines and hormones based on postpartum disease category and determine critical circulating concentrations of prepartum analytes associated with postpartum disease in 229 cattle from 11 commercial dairies in Alberta, Canada. Blood was collected at 8.8 2.1 d prepartum and analyzed for a wide array of analytes. Cattle were categorized as healthy (n 76) or as having inflammatory (INF; n 28) metabolic (MET; n 34) or inflammatory and metabolic (INFMET; n 91) postpartum diseases. The prepartum circulating concentrations of Cu were lesser (0.84 vs. 0.90 mg/mL; P 0.02) and concentrations of Mo (19.1 vs. 16.5 ng/mL; P 0.04) and NEFA (0.27 vs. 0.18 mmol/L; P 0.01) were greater in INFMET cattle compared with healthy cattle. The critical threshold for Cu, Mo and NEFA prepartum concentration that predicted INFMET was 0.81 mg/mL (sensitivity 45.5% and specificity 74.3% 9.91 ng/mL (sensitivity 70.0% and specificity 52.7% and 0.19 mmol/L (sensitivity 62.2% and specificity 79.7% respectively. Regardless of differences in the prepartum circulating concentrations of Cu, Mo and NEFA among healthy cattle and those with postpartum disease, the use of these analytes to predict the incidence of postpartum diseases was limited.

title: The Effect of Grazing Dairy Cattle with Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. on Milk Minerals, CLA, and Fatty Acid Levels
abstract: Ruminant hayvanlarin beslenmesinde taze yonca kullanimi gun gectikce artmaktadir. Bu calismada, Toplam Rasyon Karisimi (TMR) ile beslenen inekler ile taze yonca ve ticari kesif yem (2.7 Mcal/kg %21 ham proteinli) beslenen ineklerin sut mineral ve yag asit duzeylerinin karsilastirilmasi amaclanmistir. 24 adet Holstein inegi iki gruba ayrildi. Birinci grup (TMR Grubu) TMR ile beslendi. TMR icerigi; arpa, ticari kesif yemi, misir silaji, saman, kuru yonca otundan olusmaktadir. Ikinci grup (Yonca Grubu) ise temel olarak yapay yonca merasi ile beslenmesinin yani sira arpa ve ticari kesif yemle beslendi. Inek sut ornekleri, yapay yonca merasindan toplanan yonca bitkisinin element ve yag asit duzeyleri, Induklenmis Eslesmis Plazma Kutle Spektrofotometresi (ICP MS) ve Gaz Kromatografisi (GC) cihazlari kullanilarak belirlenmistir. TMR Grubu'nun sut kalsiyum (Ca) fosfor (P) ve cinko (Zn) duzeyleri Yonca Grubu'ndaki inek sutlerinden dusuk ciktigi tespit edildi. Yonca Grubu'nun sut yag asitlerinden kaprylik asit (8:0) ve myristik asit (14:0) duzeyleri TMR Grubu'na gore dusuk cikarken; myristoleik asit (14:1) cis 11 eicosenoik asit (20:1n9c) gamma linolenik asit (18:3n6) cis 8,11,14 eikosatrienoik asit (20:3n6) cis 5,8,11,14,17 eicosapentaenoik asit (20:5n3) KLAc9t11 ve KLAt10c12 yag asit duzeyleri yuksek ciktigi gozlendi (p<0.05) Yonca bitkisinde major yag asidi olarak alfa linolenik asit (18:3n3) %14.482, linoleik asit (18:2n6c) %4.528, palmitik asit (16:0) %9.551 ve stearik asit (18:0) %29.788 olarak tespit edilmistir. Yonca bitkisi Ca 8167 mg/kg, P 951 mg/kg, mangan (Mn) 14.16 mg/kg, Zn 4.25 mg/kg ve demir (Fe) 143 mg/kg duzeylerinde belirlendi. Bu calismada, yonca bitkisi iceriginde yuksek oranda 18:3n3 yag asidi tespiti yapildi. Ileriki calismalar icin, ineklerin Rumen biyohidrojenasyonunda 18:3n3 yag asidinin KLA metabolizmasi uzerine etkilerini konu alacak arastirmalarda, bu arastirmanin oncu olabilecegini dusunmekteyiz. Sonuc olarak, yonca ile beslenen ineklerin element ve yag asit duzeylerine pozitif yonde etkileri oldugu dusunulmektedir.

title: A survey on rearing practices and production constraints of dairy cattle in district Bandipora of Kashmir valley
abstract: The information in this study was acquired from 290 households of district Bandipora of Jammu and Kashmir as per standard questionnaire to ascertain dairy cattle rearing practices, productive performance and reproductive problems. It was observed that majority (51.23% of the people had agriculture as the main source of income and 51.87% of the livestock owners preferred intensive animal rearing. 70.88% of cattle were exotic crossbred, while 29.12% were indigenous crossbred (phenotypically) however very few number of true indigenous cattle were found. A small population (5.90% of the cattle were given supplementation in the form of minerals or vitamins. Among surveyed dairy cattle, 78.64% animals were in milking stage and the rest (21.36% of animals were in dry stage. The average age and body weight of 5.99 years and of 242.68 kg was observed, respectively. An average milk yield was 5.92 litre with the highest average yield (7.75 litre) in Hajin block and lowest (4.54) in Gurez block. The average concentrate and roughages allowance on dry matter basis was about 1.67 kg and 5.02 kg per animal, respectively. Overall, 48.13% of farmers allowed the cattle to graze and majority preferred stall feeding only. Among the reproductive problems, the least prevalent problem was stillbirth in 0.78% animals and highest prevalent problem was repeat breeding reported in 12.51% animals. It was observed that there is a great scope for improvement in cattle rearing practices in district with proper health, nutritional and rearing management which otherwise stands hampered due to lack of awareness and improper management.

title: Evaluation of trace element status of organic dairy cattle.
abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate trace mineral status of organic dairy herds in northern Spain and the sources of minerals in different types of feed. Blood samples from organic and conventional dairy cattle and feed samples from the respective farms were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine the concentrations of the essential trace elements (cobalt (Co) chromium (Cr) copper (Cu) iron (Fe) iodine (I) manganese (Mn) molybdenum (Mo) nickel (Ni) selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) and toxic trace elements (arsenic (As) cadmium (Cd) mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) Overall, no differences between organic and conventional farms were detected in serum concentrations of essential and toxic trace elements (except for higher concentrations of Cd on the organic farms) although a high level of inter farm variation was detected in the organic systems, indicating that organic production greatly depends on the specific local conditions. The dietary concentrations of the essential trace elements I, Cu, Se and Zn were significantly higher in the conventional than in the organic systems, which can be attributed to the high concentration of these minerals in the concentrate feed. No differences in the concentrations of trace minerals were found in the other types of feed. Multivariate chemometric analysis was conducted to determine the contribution of different feed sources to the trace element status of the cattle. Concentrate samples were mainly associated with Co, Cu, I, Se and Zn (i.e. with the elements supplemented in this type of feed) However, pasture and grass silage were associated with soil derived elements (As, Cr, Fe and Pb) which cattle may thus ingest during grazing.

title: Nutrient Utilization and Milk Yield of Dairy Cows Fed a Diet Containing Monensin, Garlic Peel and Organic Minerals During the Lactation Period
abstract: The objective of this research was to determine nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and milk quality of dairy cows that consumed feed supplemented with monensin, garlic peel (Allium sativum) and organic minerals. Twenty one Friesian Holstein dairy cows with 644+ 72 kg body weight received dietary treatments consisting of: T0: basal feed 0.3 g/d monensin;T1: basal feed 30 ppm garlic peel powder; and T2: basal feed 30 ppm garlic peel powder organic minerals (1.5 ppm Cr, 0.3 ppm Se, and 40 ppm Zn lysinate) Allocation of dietary treatments followed a completely randomized design with seven replicates per treatment. Results showed that supplementation with monensin, garlic peel, and organic mineral did not significantly affect nutrient intake (DM, OM, CF, CP, NDF, ADF, TDN) nutrient digestibility (DM, OM, CF, NDF, ADF, TDN) milk yield, or milk quality. However, treatment significantly decreased crude protein digestibility (P<0.01) The conclusion was that supplementation with garlic peel can replace monensin in feed for dairy cattle.

title: Reduced Oil DDGS in Dairy Cattle Diets
abstract: CORN DDGS IS AN EXCELLENT FEED INGREDIENT for use in lactating dairy cow rations, and about 30 percent of the 38 million metric tons of DDGS co products produced in the U.S. are consumed by dairy cows. Distiller's grains are an excellent source of energy, readily fermentable ber, protein and minerals for lactating dairy cows as well as dry cows and replacement heifers. Several excellent literature reviews have been published (Schingoethe et al. 2009; Kalscheur et al. 2012a,b; and Kalscheur, 2013) on the bene ts, limitations and feeding applications corn DDGS to dairy cattle. Results from numerous studies have shown that including 20 percent DDGS in total mixed rations (TMR) is optimal for supporting maximum milk production and optimal milk composition (Schingoethe et al. 2009) while minimizing excess phosphorus excretion in manure (Schmit et al. 2009) The major concern with adding more than 20 percent DDGS to TMR is the possibility of causing milk fat depression because the lipid in DDGS is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rumen unsaturated fatty acid load is often considered to be the most likely risk factor for DDGS to cause milk fat depression, but it is not the only factor associated with milk fat depression (Kalscheur, 2013) Other risk factors that contribute to milk fat depression are variable nutrient composition, lack of adequate effective ber from various ingredients and increased amounts of fermentable carbohydrates. In fact, Kalscheur (2005) showed feeding diets containing DDGS caused milk fat depression only when diets contained less than 50 percent forage or less than 22 percent NDF from forage. Therefore, when feeding high(greater than 20 percent) DDGS diets, it is recommended at least 22 percent of total diet NDF be provided by forage. Furthermore, most of the DDGS produced today contains lower crude fat content (5 to 9 percent) compared to traditional high oil DDGS (greater than 10 percent crude fat) which will result in less capacity for oil in DDGS to modify the rumen microbial environment and reduces the risk of milk fat depression. Therefore, if appropriate diet formulation approaches are used when feeding DDGS, milk fat depression is unlikely to occur.

title: Supplementation of Ground Maize Grain and Mineral Mixture to Improve Milk Solid Not Fat Content in Dairy Cattle
abstract: A participatory research was conducted under Sujala III watershed project with an aim to improve the milk solid constituents of the dairy cattle showing low solid not fat (SNF) syndrome by supplementation of ground maize and mineral mixture in their conventional diets. For the purpose, sixteen crossbred cows in mid to late lactation producing milk containing SNF less than acceptable standard (8.5 set by the co operative milk union were selected in two villages of Chamarajanagar District, Karnataka State. The feeding practices of the selected animals were collected and its analysis has revealed that the cows were deficient in most of the nutrients required for milk production particularly energy and minerals. Based on this information, the farmers were suggested to supplement ground maize grains 200 g and mineral mixture 10 g/kg milk yield to the existing cow diet (dry sorghum ad lib cattle feed 1 1.5 kg/animal) The study was conducted during summer for a period of 21 days. The data on milk yield and its constituents (fat and SNF) were recorded seven days prior to suggested intervention and fourteen days afterwards. The results revealed that the average milk yield significantly (P

title: Supplementation of brewer's yeast slurry improves the performance of dairy cattle
abstract: Brewer's yeast slurry is the by product of the beer processing industry which includes live cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is rich in high quality protein, vitamins and minerals essential for the growth and well being of animals. Moreover, Saccharomyces cerevisiae improves the growth of beneficial microflora in the rumen of ruminant animals. Sri Lanka is importing a large amount of milk and milk products to fulfill the demand of consumers. Lack of high quality feed is one of the major concerns which hinders the dairy production in the country. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing brewer's yeast slurry on the performance of dairy cattle in large scale production. In this study, 120 lactating cows were selected and divided into two groups as control and treatment considering their production, breed, and stage of lactation. The complete study period was 77 days. In the first period, the treatment group was fed with brewer's yeast slurry for 32 days. In the second period, which included 26 days both treatment and control groups were not fed brewer's yeast slurry. In the third period, the treatment group was fed brewer's yeast slurry for 19 days. Milk samples were collected daily and milk weight, fat content and density were measured. According to the results, milk production was significantly higher in the treatment group. Furthermore, supplementation of brewer's yeast slurry has improved the total solids and fat content of the milk.

title: Role of macro minerals (Ca, p) in reproductive health of infertile crossbred cattle
abstract: Reproduction is the important productive parameter which affects the profitability of dairy industry. Micro minerals play an important role in animal's reproductive physiology and its imbalance causes various problems leading to lowered reproductive efficiency. Therefore, adequate trace minerals supplementation and its absorption are required for various metabolic functions including reproduction and growth. Often correcting an imbalance in mineral levels may improve the reproductive performance, fertility and health of the animals. The present study shows total 24 infertile crossbred cows were selected to induce oestrus taken for correction of anoestrosity with incorporated mineral. Total 8 out of 24 animals exhibited oestrus symptom after the treatment. Among the animals received incorporated mineral (treatment group) 50% showed the oestrus symptoms. Among the animals under control 16.66% came into heat.