Query: The trap height traps Coleoptera 

title: Sampling Flower Chafer Beetles (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) in the Amazon Rainforest: The Role of Bait Types and Trap Installation Heights.
abstract: The role of different bait types and trap installation heights for an accurate trapping of flower chafer beetles (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) is still poorly understand worldwide, especially in the Neotropical region. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated how the type of bait and trap installation height can influence flower chafer beetle sampling in the Amazon rainforest. For this, we sampled flower chafer beetles monthly from June to December 2019 in five Amazon forest fragments, in Juina, Mato Grosso, Brazil. In each collecting fragment, we installed aerial traps at different heights (i.e. 1.5, 4.5, 7.5, and 10.5 m above ground) and randomly baited with 300 ml of each of the following bait types: banana sugarcane juice mixture; pineapple sugarcane juice mixture; beer; or red wine. We collected 412 individuals belonging to 12 species of Cetoniidae beetles. Traps baited with pineapple sugarcane juice mixture captured greater abundance and species richness of flower chafer beetles. Moreover, traps at 4.5, 7.5, and 10.5 m caught a similar number of individuals and species, and significantly more than traps at 1.5 m. Thus, our results provide evidence that for an accurate sampling of flower chafer beetle assemblages in tropical forests, traps baited preferably with a ripe fruit (e.g. pineapple) and sugarcane juice mixture should are installed at least 4.5 m above ground.

title: Effect of Trap Size, Trap Height and Age of Lure on Sampling Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and its Flight Periodicity and Seasonality
abstract: Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a non native pest that transmits the causal pathogen of laurel wilt disease to plants belonging to the Lauraceae. To improve the current monitoring and survey techniques of X. glabratus, various trapping and flight behavior studies were conducted in natural areas with host species in Alachua County, Florida. Daylight flight rhythm studied at Austin Cary Memorial Forest twice in Sep 2010 using sticky traps baited with manuka lures showed that X. glabratus flies mostly between 1600 and 1800 h daylight saving time. Flight height of the beetle was determined in a trapping study using ladder like traps. The largest number of beetles was trapped at heights of 35 100 cm above the ground. Seasonality of X. glabratus was studied in Florida from Mar 2010 Dec 2011. Three peaks of trap catches occurred during Apr 2010, Oct 2010 and Mar 2011. To find the optimal Lindgren funnel trap design for X. glabratus, a study was conducted using 4, 8, 12 and 16 funnels per trap. Funnel traps with 8, 12, 16 funnels per trap captured similar numbers of X. glabratus, but significantly more than with 4 funnels per trap. The effect of aging of manuka lures was studied at 2 different sites in Alachua County, Florida. New manuka lures trapped significantly more X. glabratus than lures aged 2, 4 and 6 wk. Trap color, whether black, white, blue, yellow, red or transparent, had no significant influence on the number of X. glabratus trapped.

title: Use of Japanese beetle traps to monitor flight of the Pacific coast wireworm, Limonius canus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and effects of trap height and color
abstract: Japanese beetle traps were used to monitor flight of the Pacific coast wireworm, Limonius canus LeConte, in an agricultural field in northern Oregon. Overwintered beetles first appeared in traps in mid March 2000 and 2001, and were collected until mid to late May both years. Most (93% of the females collected at the beginning of the flight period had been in seminated, which may indicate that mating takes place very soon after beetles emerge from the soil. Sex ratios favored males at the beginning of the flight period and favored females at the end of the flight period. Lower temperatures in April 2001 compared to those in 2000 may have caused a delay in timing of the peak catch (relative to timing in 2000) by almost 3 weeks. A count of over eight beetles per trap per 7 day sampling interval was obtained during the week of peak catch in April 2000. Traps were hung at three heights: 1.5, 0.9, and 0.3 m above ground. Catch decreased with increasing trap height. Traps that had been painted yellow collected more beetles than traps painted white, which in turn collected more beetles than traps painted red, green, dark blue, or black. Two other elaterids, Ctenicera pruinina (Horn) and Cardiophorus montanus Bland, were also trapped during the study.  Limonius canus; click beetles; monitoring; flight; trap

title: A Comparison of Trap Type and Height for Capturing Cerambycid Beetles (Coleoptera)
abstract: Wood boring beetles in the family Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) play important roles in many forest ecosystems. However, increasing numbers of invasive cerambycid species are transported to new countries by global commerce and threaten forest health in the United States and worldwide. Our goal was to identify effective detection tools for a broad array of cerambycid species by testing some known cerambycid attractants and a pheromone in different trap designs placed across a range of habitats. We compared numbers and species richness of cerambycid beetles captured with crossvane panel traps and 12 unit Lindgren multiple funnel traps, placed either at ground level (1.5 m high) or canopy level (3 10 m high) at eight sites classified as either residential, industrial, deciduous forest, or conifer forest. We captured 3,723 beetles representing 72 cerambycid species from 10 June to 15 July 2010. Species richness was highest for the subfamilies Cerambycinae and Lamiinae, which accounted for 33 and 46% of all species captured, respectively. Overall, the cross vane panel traps captured 1.5 times more beetles than funnel traps. Twenty one species were captured exclusively in traps at one height, either in the canopy or at ground level. More species were captured in hardwood sites (59 species) where a greater diversity of host material was available than in conifer (34 species) residential (41 species) or industrial (49) sites. Low numbers of beetles (n 5) were recorded for 28 of the beetle species. The number of species captured per week ranged from 49 species on 21 June to 37 species on 12 July. Cross vane panel traps installed across a vertical gradient should maximize the number of cerambycid species captured.

title: Abundance and diversity of insects on apple water tree during fruit season using different colours and different height placement of sticky trap
abstract: The objective of this research were to determine the abundance and diversity of insects on apple water tree and to measure the effectiveness of several colours and height placement of sticky trap on fruit flies and other insects on apple water tree during fruit season. Sampling of insects was conducting in an apple water field during fruit season in Demak Central Java Indonesia using sticky trap with methyl eugenol attractant. There were three different sticky trap colours i.e. yellow, white, and blue; and two height of trap placement i.e. one meter and three meter, were used. Parameters observed included the number of fruit flies in each colour, height placement of sticky trap, and the taxon of insects. The data was analysed into Shannon Wiener diversity and abundances of insects on each colours and height placement of sticky traps. The results showed that the insects found consist of 5 orders (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Odonata) and 21 families. Most families are found in the order Diptera (8 families) Hymenoptera (4 families) and Coleoptera (3 families) The Diptera family consists of Tephritidae, Culicidae, Agromyzidae, Muscidae, Asillidae, Mycetophyllide, Drosophyllidae, Bombyllidae. In short, the insects on apple water tree were more abundant in 3 meter height and they tend to be attracted on yellow sticky trap.

title: Trap Height and Orientation of Yellow Sticky Traps Affect Capture of Chaetocnema pulicaria (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
abstract: Field studies were conducted in Iowa during 2001 and 2002 to determine the optimal sampling height and orientation for using yellow sticky cards to monitor populations of Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer, the vector of the bacterial pathogen Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, the causal organism of Stewart's disease of corn, Zea mays L. Sticky cards were placed at five different heights (0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.90 m) and three orientations (horizontal, vertical, and 30deg angle) at three locations (Ames, Crawfordsville, and Sutherland) in 2001 and two locations (Crawfordsville and Johnston) in 2002. No statistical differences were observed among the placement combinations for individual sampling periods or for the total number of C. pulicaria captured in 2001. In 2002, the 0.30 m and vertical cards captured significantly (1.1 35 times) more C. pulicaria than any other placement combination during sampling throughout August at both Crawfordsville and Johnston. Also, the cumulative number of C. pulicaria captured by the 0.30 m and vertical cards was significantly higher than all other placement combinations. This information is important in the development of sampling protocols to aid growers in making management decisions. These management decisions include where and when to apply foliar insecticides during the corn growing season to control C. pulicaria populations, thereby reducing the risk for Stewart's disease of corn.

title: Trap height and orientation of yellow sticky traps affect capture of Chaetocnema pulicaria (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
abstract: Field studies were conducted in Iowa during 2001 and 2002 to determine the optimal sampling height and orientation for using yellow sticky cards to monitor populations of Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer, the vector of the bacterial pathogen Pantoea stewartii subsp, stewartii, the causal organism of Stewart's disease of corn, Zea mays L. Sticky cards were placed at five different heights (0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.90 m) and three orientations (horizontal, vertical, and 30 degree angle) at three locations (Ames, Crawfordsville, and Sutherland) in 2001 and two locations (Crawfordsville and Johnston) in 2002. No statistical differences were observed among the placement combinations for individual sampling periods or for the total number of C. pulicaria captured in 2001. In 2002, the 0.30 m and vertical cards captured significantly (1.1 35 times) more C. pulicaria than any other placement combination during sampling throughout August at both Crawfordsville and Johnston. Also, the cumulative number of C. pulicaria captured by the 0.30 m and vertical cards was significantly higher than all other placement combinations. This information is important in the development of sampling protocols to aid growers in making management decisions. These management decisions include where and when to apply foliar insecticides during the corn growing season to control C. pulicaria populations, thereby reducing the risk for Stewart's disease of corn.

title: Effect of semiochemicals and trap height on catch of Neocerambyx raddei in Jilin province, China
abstract: We conducted experiments in Jilin, China, in 2011 and 2014 in forest stands dominated by mature Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. (Fagaceae) to test the effects of longhorn beetle pheromones, plant volatiles, and trap height on catch of Neocerambyx raddei (Blessig Solsky) (formerly Massicus raddei) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in traps. Traps captured 276 specimens of N. raddei in 2011 and 379 specimens in 2014 (384 females, 271 males) Ethanol was attractive to female but not male N. raddei. However, N. raddei was not attracted to any of the longhorn beetle pheromones tested, which included racemic 3 hydroxyhexan 2 one, racemic 3 hydroxyoctan 2 one, syn 2,3 hexanediols, anti 2,3 hexanediols, racemic E,Z fuscumol, racemic E,Z fuscumol acetate, and monochamol, nor was it attracted to 2 methyl 3 buten 2 ol. Traps placed in the tree canopy captured significantly more beetles than did traps in the understorey. Our results suggest that surveys for N. raddei should use ethanol baited traps placed in the tree canopy. If sex or aggregation pheromones are identified for N. raddei in the future, we predict that attraction to them will be enhanced by the presence of ethanol.

title: Effect of Height and Color on the Efficiency of Pole Traps for Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
abstract: Olfactory cues released by adult bees, brood, pollen, and honey from a honey bee, Apis mellifera L. colony are the primary stimuli that guide the beetle Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to host colonies. To investigate the response of adult A. tumida to visual stimuli, we tested the influence of color and height on trap efficiency. Two pole trap colors (black and white) were evaluated at three heights (46 cm, 1 m, and 3 m) from October 2008 to December 2009. A. tumida were trapped in the greatest numbers between 17 April and 15 May 2009. The lowest numbers were captured during the winter and fall. The trapping results showed that both color and trap height significantly influenced capture. The average catch in the white traps (mean SE, 2.47 0.30) was significantly higher than that of the black traps (1.53 0.29) probably because white is more reflective than black. Among the heights evaluated, there were more beetles caught when traps were positioned at 46 cm (the same height as the entrance of the hives) with 3.07 0.51 beetles compared with beetles captured at 1 m (1.88 0.30) or 3 m (1.06 0.18) high. Male and female beetles exhibited similar responses to trap color and height. The relationship between the numbers of beetles in colonies and capture rates in traps was very poor and did not provide a basis to evaluate trap efficiency. In addition, because capture rates seemed generally low in relationship to the number of beetles in the apiary, substantial improvements to the trap may be necessary.

title: Field Evaluation of Commercial Attractants and Trap Placement for Monitoring Pine Sawyer Beetle, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Guangdong, China
abstract: The pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a serious insect pest of pine trees by vectoring the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) Field studies were carried out during 2013 2015 in Guangdong (China) to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial attractants, effect of trap placement for monitoring M. alternatus, and temporal patterns of trap catch. Four commercial attractants, three trap placements (0, 1.5, and 3 m above ground) and different trapping distances (50, 200, 400, 600, and 900 m) from forest edge were evaluated for monitoring M. alternatus. Traps baited with a mixture of monochamol and plant volatiles captured significantly more beetles than traps baited with monochamol alone or plant volatiles alone.Traps set up at 1.5 m above the ground captured significantly more M. alternatus than those at 0 m and 3 m height. Based on 2,687 beetles trapped from two locations in 2013 and 2014, the female:male ratio was 2.9 4.1:1.The beetles' natural dispersal distance was approximately 100 m based on traps set at different distances from edge of the forest. Continuous monitoring over 38 wk period indicates the peak of adult M. alternatus emergence was between May and June within a year.