Query: Electronic dictionaries

title: The Use of Arabic Electronic Dictionaries in The Industrial Revolution Era 4.0
abstract: For students of Arabic in Indonesia who are non native speakers, dictionaries are media and also learning resources that play an important role in understanding language. Now, along with the birth of the industrial revolution era 4.0, printed versions of Arabic dictionaries have evolved into electronic dictionaries, both website based and in the form of mobile applications which are certainly more efficient and effective, easier to use and faster to update. In addition, the language learning model also began to shift from conventional learning to e learning and blended learning by utilizing various application features in cyberspace. Therefore, it is important for the education world to know the ins and outs of electronic dictionaries about the type, type, systematics, advantages and disadvantages. This paper describes electronic dictionaries that are popularly used by teachers and students of Arabic language in Indonesia. Sources of data in writing come from the results of the author's dissertation after mapping Arabic dictionaries commonly used in Indonesia. KeywordsElectronic Dictionary; Industrial Revolution; E learning

title: Electronic Dictionaries viewed from South Africa
abstract: The aim of this article is to evaluate currently available electronic dictionaries from a South African perspective for the eleven official languages of South Africa namely English, Afrikaans and the nine Bantu languages Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, Tswana, Tsonga and Venda. A brief discussion of the needs and status quo for English and Afrikaans will be followed by a more detailed discussion of the unique nature and consequent electronic dictionary requirements of the Bantu languages. In the latter category the focus will be on problematic aspects of lemmatisation which can only be solved in the electronic dictionary dimension.

title: Multimodal Exemplification:The Expansion of Meaning in Electronic Dictionaries
abstract: This article investigates electronic dictionaries under the framework of Systemic Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis (SF MDA) and argues for improving their exemplification multimodally. Multimodal devices, if well coordinated, can help optimize e dictionary examples in informativity, diversity, dynamicity and interactivity. The term multimodal exemplification is tentatively proposed under the umbrella of multimodal lexicography (Lew 2010) and defined as the selection and presentation of examples with multimodal devices for achieving greater effectiveness in exemplifying than language does alone, especially in an e dictionary. Evidence shows that multimodal exemplification can expand the three metafunctional meanings of the e dictionary discourse: ideational, interpersonal and textual. Ideational meaning can be enriched by not only multimodal examples per se but also cross modal example definition ties, and hyperlinks facilitate meaning flow in the semantic network. Interpersonal meaning can be expanded by user participation and design options, including those for page layout (spatial mode) and example genre style (verbal mode) Textual meaning can be reinforced by information value, composition, salience and framing. This article makes a first attempt to explore the intermodal relationship between a definition and the examples under the same sense, and to present a diagram illustrating a typical design of visual space in e dictionaries. By exploring the special features of multimodal example texts, it may deepen our understanding of the emerging multimodal lexicography and complement multimodal discourse studies from a lexicographical perspective.

title: The Use of Electronic Dictionaries for Pronunciation Practice by University EFL Students.
abstract: This paper attempts to explore how Slovak learners of English use electronic dictionaries with regard to pronunciation practice and improveme nt. A total of 24 Slovak university students (subjects) completed a questionnaire which contained pronunciation related questions in connection with the use of electronic di tionaries. The questions primarily concerned electronic editions of monolingual learne r's dictionaries, dictionaries intended for native speakers, and specialized (special purpose) pronunciation dictionaries. The main objective of this small scale study was to identify the frequency, manner, and types of electronic dictionaries used by the subjects in ord er to practice and improve their pronunciation. The findings indicate that the subje cts of the study use electronic dictionaries for pronunciation practice relatively often, learne r's dictionaries being the most preferred choice. The study also recommends that EFL learners exploit the pronunciation conveniences of electronic dictionaries extensively.

title: Guessing Verb Adverb Collocations: Arab EFL Learners' Use of Electronic Dictionaries
abstract: Collocational studies have recently attracted a great deal of interest. To date, hardly any study has tackled Arab EFL learners' competency in the use of verb adverb collocations. This study explores the way advanced Arab EFL learners handle verb adverb collocations using two learner's dictionaries. The subjects (N 82) were required to look up 22 verbs, 12 frequent and 10 infrequent, and guess three adverb collocates of each verb. The results showed that even advanced EFL learners had considerable difficulty in providing extra adverb collocates of both frequent and infrequent verbs. Dictionary use was effective; the subjects performed significantly better especially with infrequent verbs. Many reasons were posited for this finding, foremost of which included the subjects' deficiency in collocational skills and the lack of sufficient clues in the definitions to facilitate dictionary users' correct use of collocations. Whereas knowledge of the meaning of the stimuli was found to be a significant contributing factor to the subjects' overall collocational competence, basic prior training in dictionary usage did not show any positive impact on their overall performance.

title: Vocabulary Skills and Online Dictionaries: A Study on EFL Learners' Receptive Vocabulary Knowledge and Success in Searching Electronic Sources for Information
abstract: The study reported in this article examined Finnish EFL learners' ability to search for lexical items and information in online dictionaries and on websites. The study was conducted as part of a project investigating upper secondary school students' digital skills in relation to language learning. The motivation behind the study was that in Finland, the high stakes school leaving examinations, including foreign language tests, are currently being digitalized. The aim of the study was to uncover the relationship between word recognition skills and the learners' ability to find lexical items and information in a series of online vocabulary tasks when the choice of the digital sources was not controlled. The results showed, for example, that overall word recognition skills and recognition of low frequency vocabulary correlated positively with success rates in finding individual words in online dictionaries and factually accurate information on webpages, but not with finding appropriate collocations. Moreover, to succeed in 50% of the look ups required scoring a minimum of 60% in the vocabulary levels test.

title: The Influence of Electronic Dictionaries on Vocabulary Knowledge Extension
abstract: Vocabulary learning needs special strategies in language learning process. The use of dictionaries is a great help in vocabulary learning and nowadays the emergence of electronic dictionaries has added a new and valuable resource for vocabulary learning. The present study aims to explore the influence of Electronic Dictionaries (ED) Vs. Paper Dictionaries (PD) on vocabulary learning and retention of Iranian EFL learners. Seventy college students formed the participants of the study. Before the treatment, a Preliminary English Test was used for assessing the participants' homogeneity. The participants were assigned to Electronic Dictionary (ED) group and Paper Dictionary (PD) group. The treatment lasted for 15 sessions. Eighty eight new target words were selected in order to be taught in this study. The ED group participants were asked to use their mobile dictionary (Blue Dict dictionary) that include eight popular different dictionaries. The participants of the PD group used their ordinary Paper Dictionaries for finding the meaning of words. In order to check their short term and long term vocabulary learning, both groups took part in an immediate and delayed post test respectively after the treatment. Based on the t test results, the participants in ED group outperformed those of PD group. The overall results indicate that EDs can improve vocabulary learning.

title: The Use of Electronic Dictionaries in EFL Classroom
abstract: Today's dictionaries have more information and are easier to access and to understand than ever before. And, with the advent of electronic formats, space is no longer the problem it was. Electronic dictionaries have become more and more attractive, accepted and popular to EFL learners at different levels, using electronic dictionaries in EFL classroom has gradually become an alternative to many. As for teachers, helping students tap into electronic dictionaries effectively is one of the best ways to help them become independent, lifelong language learners. In this essay, the functionality of electronic dictionaries and reasons why they are popular in EFL class will be introduced. Also, some of the current issues related to the integration of electronic dictionaries into EFL instruction and learning will be identified and discussed. The author's views towards this topic will be presented as well, based on the observation and reflection of using electronic dictionaries in EFL classes at a Chinese university.

title: Determining the Priority in Vocabulary when Learning English through Electronic Dictionaries
abstract: The article investigates how English electronic dictionaries determine priority in vocabulary so that L2 learners know which words they ought to learn first. The primary objective of this study is to provide information on the criteria according to which electronic dictionaries categorise the vocabulary of the English language so that the foreign language learners now which words are assigned priority. The following dictionaries were analysed: Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 8 Edition (2015) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 6 Edition (2014) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 4 Edition (2013) and MacMillan English Dictionary the online edition.

title: Multimodal Definition: The Multiplication of Meaning in Electronic Dictionaries
abstract: With the popularity of electronic dictionaries, multimodality plays an increasingly important role in lexicography. To broaden the horizons of e dictionary definitions, this article argues for the establishment of a new term, multimodal definition, as a key component of multimodal lexicography. This term integrates verbal definitions and the complementary multimodal resources from a holistic viewpoint of meaning. In a multimodal definition, a dynamic meaning ecology can be formed, with two critical variables functioning, (semiotic) mode selection and intermodal synergy. In this ecology, meaning expressed verbally can be multiplied in four dimensions: content, form, space and time. Future directions for research are discussed, including dictionary user studies and multimodal corpora. The findings of this article shed light on the construction of a theoretical model for e lexicography which remains an urgent task in the ongoing digital revolution.