Query: linseed oil

title: Replacement of Fish Oil with Linseed Oil or Soybean Oil in Feeds for Japanese Seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus: Effects on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition
abstract: A 66 d feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the utilization of vegetable oils in Japanese seabass (initial weight: 10.09 0.70 g) In experimental diets, linseed oil (LO) or soybean oil (SO) was used to replace 1/3, 2/3, and 3/3 of fish oil (FO) (Diets F2L1, F1L2, and LO, respectively, or Diets F2S1, F1S2, and SO, respectively) A diet with FO alone was used as the control diet. LO or SO supplementation did not reduce the specific growth rate (3.06 3.29%/d) and feed efficiency ratio (0.75 0.83) of fish, but group F2L1 showed significantly better growth (P 0.05) and feed utilization (P 0.01) than group SO. Total replacement of FO with LO or SO significantly reduced certain non specific innate immune responses. Total replacement of FO by LO significantly increased the lipid content of fish. Concentrations of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFAs) in whole fish and tissues were significantly reduced by LO or SO supplementation. In conclusion, LO or SO supplementations did not reduce the growth of Japanese seabass but reduced the immune responses and LC PUFA concentrations. LO was a better lipid source than SO for Japanese seabass in terms of fish growth and immune responses.

title: Effect of supplementation of cows diet with linseed and fish oil and different variants of b lactoglobulin on fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of milk.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of polymorphic variants of b lactoglobulin in cows supplemented with linseed and fish oil on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of milk. From the herd of 320 Polish Holstein Friesian cows three groups of cows were selected according to the variants of b LG (b LGAA, b LGBB, b LGAB) During the first 7 days (the initial period) all the cows were fed the same total mixed ration (TMR) diet. From day 8 to 28,150 g fish oil and 250 g linseed (FOL) was added to the TMR diet of each cow.  The results showed that the diet supplemented with FOL was effective in reducing atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Introducing supplementation improved the antioxidant capacity: higher concentration of C18:2cis 9 trans 11, C20:5 n 3, C22:6 n 3, bioactive whey proteins and vitamin soluble in fat has been recorded. The results showed that b LGAA was associated with lower levels of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and higher concentration of C22:5 n 6, phospholipids and b carotene. b LGBB favours a higher content of C18:1trans 11, C18:2cis 9 trans 11 and lactoferrin. b LGAB was associated with higher concentrations of C20:5 n 3, Lysozyme, a retinol, a tocopherol and total antioxidant status.  Modification of the diet of cows with fish oil and linseed significantly influenced fatty acid composition and antioxidant properties of milk. The effect of b LG phenotype on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of milk is variable, which could partly be the result of a b LG phenotype x diet interaction.

title: Effects of Dietary Linseed Oil and Propionate Precursors on Ruminal Microbial Community, Composition, and Diversity in Yanbian Yellow Cattle
abstract: The rumen microbial ecosystem is a complex system where rumen fermentation processes involve interactions among microorganisms. There are important relationships between diet and the ruminal bacterial composition. Thus, we investigated the ruminal fermentation characteristics and compared ruminal bacterial communities using tag amplicon pyrosequencing analysis in Yanbian yellow steers, which were fed linseed oil (LO) and propionate precursors. We used eight ruminally cannulated Yanbian yellow steers (510 5.8 kg) in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with four dietary treatments. Steers were fed a basal diet that comprised 80% concentrate and 20% rice straw (DM basis, CON) The CON diet was supplemented with LO at 4% The LO diet was also supplemented with 2% dl malate or 2% fumarate as ruminal precursors of propionate. Dietary supplementation with LO and propionate precursors increased ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acid concentrations, and the molar proportion of propionate. The most abundant bacterial operational taxonomic units in the rumen were related to dietary treatments. Bacteroidetes dominated the ruminal bacterial community and the genus Prevotella was highly represented when steers were fed LO plus propionate precursors. However, with the CON and LO diet plus malate or fumarate, Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum and the genus Ruminococcus was predominant. In summary, supplementing the diets of ruminants with a moderate level of LO plus propionate precursors modified the ruminal fermentation pattern. The most positive responses to LO and propionate precursors supplementation were in the phyla Bacteriodetes and Firmicutes, and in the genus Ruminococcus and Prevotella. Thus, diets containing LO plus malate or fumarate have significant effects on the composition of the rumen microbial community.

title: Effect of dietary pomegranate seed oil and linseed oil on broiler chickens performance and meat fatty acid profile.

title: Dietary Linseed Oil Reduces Growth While Differentially Impacting LC PUFA Synthesis and Accretion into Tissues in Eurasian Perch (Perca fluviatilis)
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of replacing dietary fish oil (FO) with linseed oil (LO) on growth, fatty acid composition and regulation of lipid metabolism in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) juveniles. Fish (17.5 g initial body weight) were fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets containing 116 g/kg of lipid for 10 weeks. Fish fed the LO diet displayed lower growth rates and lower levels of DHA in the liver and muscle than fish fed the FO diet, while mortality was not affected by dietary treatment. However, DHA content recorded in the liver and muscle of fish fed the LO diet remained relatively high, despite a weight gain of 134 and a reduced dietary level of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) suggesting endogenous LC PUFA biosynthesis. This was supported by the higher amounts of pathway intermediates, including 18:4n 3, 20:3n 3, 20:4n 3, 18:3n 6 and 20:3n 6, recorded in the liver of fish fed the LO diet in comparison with those fed the FO diet. However, fads2 and elovl5 gene expression and FADS2 enzyme activity were comparable between the two groups. Similarly, the expression of genes involved in eicosanoid synthesis was not modulated by dietary LO. Thus, the present study demonstrated that in fish fed LO for 10 weeks, growth was reduced but DHA levels in tissues were largely maintained compared to fish fed FO, suggesting a physiologically relevant rate of endogenous LC PUFA biosynthesis capacity.

title: Effects of ammonia stress, dietary linseed oil and Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge on juvenile darkbarbel catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli.
abstract: A two stage study was carried out to test the response of juvenile darkbarbel catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli to ammonia stress, dietary lipid and bacterial challenge. At stage 1, the catfish (0.99 0.01 g) fed a commercial diet were exposed to 0.01 and 5.70 mg L( 1) total ammonia nitrogen in nine replicates for 14 days. At stage 2, all fish previously exposed to either low or high ammonia were separately transferred into low ammonia <0.01 mg L( 1) and divided into three feeding groups. Fish were then fed three levels of linseed oil (0, 2 and 4% in triplicate for 46 days. Fish growth performance and immune response were low in high ammonia at stage 1. At stage 2, fish growth and immune response were not significantly different between fish previously exposed to low and high ammonia in all diets. Fish fed 4% linseed oil showed the greatest weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit, and achieved higher lysozyme activity, phagocytic index, respiratory burst and total immunoglobulin than fish fed 0% linseed oil, but did not differ from fish fed 2% linseed oil regardless of previous ammonia exposure. After 14 day infection of Edwardsiella ictaluri, cumulative mortality of fish previously exposed to low ammonia was lower than that of fish exposed to high ammonia in all diets. Cumulative mortality of fish fed 0% linseed oil was highest, but the antibody titer of fish fed 4% linseed oil was highest regardless of previous ammonia treatments. This study indicates that ammonia stress has a lasting effect even after ammonia is lowed, but the adverse effect on fish can be mitigated through manipulation of dietary oil inclusion, especially under the challenge of pathogenic bacteria.

title: Rats given linseed oil in microemulsion forms enriches the brain synaptic membrane with docosahexaenoic acid and enhances the neurotransmitter levels in the brain
abstract: Long chain n 3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are essential for the normal functioning of the brain. The vegetarian sections of the population get only alpha linolenic acid (ALA) through their diet as a source of n 3 fatty acids. Hence, in this group of the population, the ALAs need to be converted to DHA through the action of the desaturase and the elongase enzymes. However, the conversion of the ALA to the DHA is very minimal <2% in mammals. Our recent studies have shown that the conversion of the ALA to the DHA can be enhanced significantly when given in the microemulsion forms. This work was undertaken to study the feasibility of enriching the synaptic membranes of rat brain with the DHA by providing the microemulsions of linseed oil (LSO) containing ALA. The rats were fed LSO as microemulsions in whey protein or in lipoid for 60 days through gavage. The rats given LSO microemulsions in lipoid showed higher levels of the DHA in the brain synaptic membrane when compared to rats given LSO without emulsion formation. This decreased the n 6/n 3 fatty acid ratio of the brain synaptic membrane. This also increased the membrane fluidity, Na+ K+ ATPase activity, and acetylcholine esterase activity in the synaptic membranes. Furthermore, Ca2+ Mg2+ ATPase activity, monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B activity was lowered in the rats given LSO in the microemulsion form. The dopamine and the serotonin levels in the brain were increased in the rats given LSO in the microemulsion form with lipoid as compared to those given LSO without the preemulsion formation. This study indicates that the LSO microemulsions in the lipoid can enhance the synaptic membrane DHA levels and influence the functions associated with the brain in a beneficial manner.

title: Effect of Linseed Oil Dietary Supplementation on Fatty Acid Composition and Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue of Growing Goats
abstract: This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding oil palm frond silage based diets with added linseed oil (LO) containing high a linolenic acid (C18:3n 3) namely, high LO (HLO) low LO (LLO) and without LO as the control group (CON) on the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue and the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)a, PPAR g, and stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) in Boer goats. The proportion of C18:3n 3 in subcutaneous adipose tissue was increased (P 0.01) by increasing the LO in the diet, suggesting that the FA from HLO might have escaped ruminal biohydrogenation. Animals fed HLO diets had lower proportions of C18:1 trans 11, C18:2n 6, CLA cis 9 trans 11, and C20:4n 6 and higher proportions of C18:3n 3, C22:5n 3, and C22:6n 3 in the subcutaneous adipose tissue than animals fed the CON diets, resulting in a decreased n 6:n 3 fatty acid ratio (FAR) in the tissue. In addition, feeding the HLO diet upregulated the expression of PPAR g (P 0.05) but downregulated the expression of SCD (P 0.05) in the adipose tissue. The results of the present study show that LO can be safely incorporated in the diets of goats to enrich goat meat with potential health beneficial FA (i.e. n 3 FA)

title: Influences of a diet supplemented with linseed oil and antioxidants on quality of equine semen after cooling and cryopreservation during winter.
abstract: Seasonal changes in the reproductive physiology of stallions contribute to a decrease in the quality of frozen thawed semen during late winter. Changes in the lipid composition of the sperm plasma membrane may contribute to this phenomenon. In the present study, we have, therefore, investigated the effects of adding linseed oil (LO) in combination with antioxidants to the diet of breeding stallions on the motility and membrane integrity of cooled stored and cryopreserved semen. Starting in November, the diet of LO stallions (n 6) but not control (C) stallions (n 5) was supplemented with LO (100 mL once daily) plus an antioxidant (Myostem Protect; Audevard, Clichy, France) for a total of 84 days. Before (November) and at the end of this period (February) ejaculates were processed for cryopreservation (n 3 ejaculates per stallion) and cooled shipping at 5 degC. Frozen thawed and cooled shipped semen was sent to the laboratory for computer assisted semen analysis of total motility, progressive motility, and velocity parameters (average path velocity [VAP] curved line velocity [VCL] and straight line velocity [VSL] and evaluation of membrane integrity. The quality of frozen thawed semen decreased (P 0.05) from November (e.g. total motility LO 69 3% and C 67 3% to February (total motility: LO 55 4% and C 59 3% independent of treatment (P 0.05) A decrease in the velocity parameters VAP, VCL, and VSL was more pronounced in LO stallions than in C stallions (e.g. VSL: November LO 67 1 mm/s, C 64 2 mm/s; February LO 59 2 mm/s, C 63 2 mm/s; interaction month by treatment, P 0.05) In cooled stored semen, total motility, progressive motility, and membrane integrity were lower in February than in November (P 0.001 for all parameters) Supplementation of the diet with LO and antioxidants attenuated this decrease (e.g. Day 1 of cooled storage 24 hours after semen collection: total motility in November LO 88 1% and C 87 3% in February LO 83 2% and C 73 11% interaction month by treatment: P 0.05) Velocity parameters VAP, VCL, and VSL were significantly lower in February than in November (P 0.001) but this decrease was not affected by treatment. In summary, dietary supplementation of stallions with LO plus antioxidants attenuated a decline in motility and membrane integrity of cooled stored stallion semen during winter. This may improve the fertility of cooled shipped semen. In contrast, the treatment did not counteract the decrease in quality of frozen thawed semen that occurs in late winter.

title: Linseed oil inclusion in sea bream diets: effect on muscle quality and shelf life
abstract: Dietary lipid source in aquaculture has become a central topic in research whilst natural resources availability diminishes. Hence, to weigh up and forecast consumers impressions, the impact of partial (70% and complete (100% dietary replacement of fish oil (FO) by linseed oil (LO) on sensory and quality attributes was studied during the edible shelf life of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) Physico chemical parameters (pH, torrymeter, total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and texture) and sensory analysis, both in cooked and raw fish were carried out during 17 days of ice storage. Throughout ice storage, feeding with LO diets, TBARS values remained lower on muscle than those found when feeding FO control diet. On freshly caught fish (day 0 of ice storage) statistically significant dietary texture variations were recorded on cooked fillet fed FO diet. No sensory differences on Quality Index Method, sensory profile or Torry scheme were found with partial or total LO replacement diets.