Query: The effects of dietary boric acid and borax supplementation on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity, and DNA damage in rats

title: Effects of Raw and Roasted Cocoa Bean Extracts Supplementation on Intestinal Enzyme Activity, Biochemical Parameters, and Antioxidant Status in Rats Fed a High Fat Diet
abstract: The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of diet containing the polyphenol rich material on intestinal enzyme activity, oxidative stress markers, lipid metabolism and antioxidant status of laboratory rats. The animals were fed high fat diet supplemented with freeze dried water extracts of raw and roasted cocoa beans of Forastero variety. The observed changes indicated the biological activity of polyphenols and other components of the prepared cocoa beans extracts (CBEs) The presence of raw and roasted CBEs in the diets diversified the activity of the enzymes of the cecal microflora of rats. Both CBEs beneficially affect the antioxidant status of the serum, even in relation to the control standard group. The experimental cocoa bean preparations showed no significant effect on the mass of rats' liver, heart, and kidneys, but varied some parameters of the antioxidant status of their organisms. The raw CBE in rats fed with the high fat diet shows a high ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in heart and more effectively increases hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations compared to the roasted CBE, which did not show any significant effect. Moreover, supplementation with both CBEs significantly affects the volatile fatty acids concentration in the rats' cecum. Results of this study contribute to the evidence that dietary supplementation with raw and roasted CBEs can exert health promoting effects, however further studies are necessary.

title: Comparison of Antioxidant and Anti Inflammatory Effects of Honey and Spirulina platensis with Sulfasalazine and Mesalazine on Acetic Acid Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats
abstract: Antioxidant therapy has gained attention for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) The excessive generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in the gastrointestinal tract increases oxidative stress, thereby leading to antioxidant defense depletion, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, tissue damage, and ulceration. Spirulina platensis (SP) and honey are excellent sources of potent antioxidants such as polyphenols and other bioactive compounds. We aimed to investigate antioxidant and anti inflammatory effects of honey and SP in comparison with sulfasalazine (SSZ) and mesalazine on acetic acid induced colitis (AA colitis) in rats.  Fifty six Sprague Dawley male rats were allocated to seven groups, with each group comprising eight rats. UC was induced, except in normal controls (NC) All groups received oral treatments for seven days. The normal saline solution of 2 mL was intrarectally administered to the NC group. The AA colitis and NC groups received 2 mL acetic acid intrarectally as a single dose and 2 mL normal saline for seven consecutive days orally. The mesalazine group received 100 mg/kg mesalazine, the SSZ group 360 mg/kg SSZ, the honey or H group 1 mL honey diluted with 1 mL distilled water, the SH group 1g/kg SP and 1 mL honey, and the SP group 1g/kg SP. After clinical activity score assessment, the rats were sacrificed. Colonic weight/length ratio, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) myeloperoxidase (MPO) nitric oxide (NO) malondialdehyde (MDA) interleukin 1b (IL 1b) tumor necrosis factor a (TNF a) interleukin 6 (IL 6) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) total antioxidant capacity (TAC) reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Colonic histopathological changes were observed microscopically.  Treatment of UC with SP, honey, and combination regimen significantly reduced TNF a, IL 1b, IL 6, MDA, MPO, NO, and PGE2, and increased TAC, GSH, GPx, and SOD in interventional groups compared to the AA colitis group (P<0.05)  Honey and SP might be beneficial food supplements for medical nutrition therapy in UC.

title: Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Averrhoa Carambola Extract in High Fat Diet Fed Rats
abstract: The present study explored the antihyperlipidemic potential of a standardized methanolic extract of Averrhoa carambola (A. carambola) leaf (MEACL) in high fat diet (HFD) fed rats. The standardized MEACL was orally administered at different doses (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) to HFD induced hyperlipidemic rats for five weeks. Serum lipid profile, body weight changes, body mass index (BMI) daily food intake, relative organ weight, and histology of the liver were evaluated. In addition, the effect of MEACL on HMG CoA reductase and pancreatic lipase activities as well as hepatic and fecal lipids was demonstrated. MEACL supplementation reduced serum lipids in HFD fed rats in a dose dependent manner. Histopathological scores revealed that 1000 mg/kg MEACL restored the damage to liver tissue in hyperlipidemic rats. MEACL decreased the body mass index (BMI) atherogenic index, and hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides and increased fecal cholesterol and bile acids in HFD fed rats. Also, MEACL ameliorated lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant defenses in the liver of HFD fed rats. Furthermore, HMG CoA reductase and lipase were suppressed by MEACL. In conclusion, this study shows the potential effect of MEACL to ameliorate hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in HFD fed rats. It prevented hepatic lipid accumulation and exerted an inhibitory effect on HMG CoA reductase and lipase.

title: Effects of different grape formulations on antioxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in aged rats.
abstract: In this study, the freeze dried powders from whole grapes, pomace and juice of Campbell Early (Vitis labruscana Bailey) were prepared to determine the amount of total flavonoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and dietary fiber. Effects of whole grape, pomace, or juice intakes on their antioxidative capacity and DNA damage were investigated in Sprague Dawley male rats. A total of 120 rats at 13 mo old and weighing 549 4 g were blocked into 8 groups according to body weight and raised for 3, 5, or 7 mo with diets containing 2% (w/w) dry powder of three different parts of grapes and 0.02% (w/w) CdCl2. The contents of flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins A and E, and dietary fiber in freeze dried powder were the highest in grape pomace, but the vitamin C contents were similar among the three powders. In all the 16, 18, and 20 mo old animals, plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels of grape ingesting groups were lower than those of the controls and that of the grape pomace group was the lowest among the groups. Cd administration increased plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels remarkably; however, Cd+grape groups were lower than the Cd control group. Red blood cell superoxide dismutase activity of 18 and 20 mo old rats was higher than that of 16 mo olds, showing an age related increase; however, red blood cell catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities decreased with age. Grape diets promoted superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, and the grape pomace increased the activities most significantly among three different parts of the grape. Cd decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities; however Cd+grape groups showed similar activities to the non Cd control group. Liver superoxide dismutase activity was decreased with age but catalase activity of 18 mo old rats was higher than those of 16 and 20 mo old groups, and glutathione peroxidase activities of 16 and 18 mo old groups were similar but that of 20 mo old groups decreased markedly. Grape intake increased these three antioxidative enzyme activities while Cd administration decreased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities except superoxide dismutase activity. The concentration in the kidney of 8 hydroxy 2' deoxyguanosine in the 18 and 20 mo old rats was higher than that in the 16 mo old groups, and grape intake showed a protecting effect on DNA from age related or Cd induced oxidative damage. In conclusion, grape intakes, especially grape pomace with the highest content of flavonoids, beta carotene, tocopherols and dietary fiber among the three parts, showed the prominent antioxidative capacity of inhibiting age related or Cd induced increase of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage effectively, promoting liver and red blood cell antioxidant enzyme activities.

title: EFFECT OF DIETARY ZINC COPPER AND IRON LEVELS ON SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE CATALASE AND GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY 32
abstract: The interactions between dietary zinc, copper and iron and their effects on antioxidant enzymes activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) and glutathione S transferase (GST) were examined. Fifty four rats weighting approximately between 80 100 grams were divided into nine groups (E1E9) Each group containing six rats was fed on basal diet with varying amount of Zn (2.5, 35 or 175 mg Zn/kg diet) Cu (1.2, 6.3, or 25 mg Cu/kg diet) and Fe (10, 50 or 230 mg Fe/kg diet) The second group (E2) was fed a diet deficient in all studied elements (2.5mg Zn, 1.2mg Cu, and 10mg Fe per 1 kg diet) The results of E2 showed a decrease in SOD and CAT activity and increase GST in plasma erythrocytes and tissues. Moreover, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and hydrogen peroxide production in E2 were found to be higher than those in other groups. The high activity of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) in the plasma indicated that cell membrane damage was occurred. This damage was accompanied by elevation of lipid peroxidation and in the same time by reduction of SOD and CAT activity. Supplementation of basal diet with the different concentrations of studied minerals led to improve the activity of antioxidants enzymes (SOD and CAT) and decrease in TBARs and LDH activity.  Oxidative stress has been defined as a loss of balance between free radical or reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the antioxidant system, with negative effect on the metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, and proteins. Oxidative stress has been linked to cardiovascular and infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative pathologies (Kurtoglu et al 2003) A variety of different ROS are generated daily in the body, often from multiple sites. In general, the reactive oxygen species are formed with exposure to substances such as smog, ozone, chemicals, drugs, radiation, and high oxygen, among others, and during normal physiological processes (Groff and Gropper, 2000) Human defenses against ROS induced damage include the enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase (both of which remove H2O2) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) which catalyzes the dismutation of O2 to form H2O2 and O2 (Erdeve et al 2004) Superoxide dismutases [EC1.15.1.1] are metalloproteins and can be classified into three types. Cu/Zn Mn and Fe SOD, depending on the metal found in the active site. Cu/ZnSOD is predominantly associated with eukaryotes in the cytosolic fraction and is very sensitive to cyanide and hydrogen peroxide. Mn SOD is associated with mitochondria and insensitive to cyanide and hydrogen peroxide. Fe SOD is found in prokaryotes and is not sensitive to cyanide but is inhibited by hydrogen peroxide (Ken et al 2003) Abeer El Dakak; Mona Ahmed and Dalia El Nahal Arab Univ.  2007 372 Catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] is another key enzyme involved in the removal of hydrogen peroxide (Groff and Gropper, 2000) This enzyme is heme iron dependent and found mostly in cell peroxisomes (cytoplasmic organelles where lost of hydrogen peroxide is produced during oxidation of very long chain fatty acids among other molecules) with small amounts of the enzyme also found in the cytosol, mitochondria, and microsomes of cells. Neutrophils and other white blood cells contain fairly high quantities of catalase to dispose of hydrogen peroxide no longer needed in the respiratory burst required for phagocytosis of foreign bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Glutathione S transferase plays an important rule in the detoxification of xenobiotics, including CCl4, alcohol, and H2O2. GST is involved in cellular detoxification. Due to the sensitivity of these enzymes (GSH Px, GST and GSH) to environmental pollutants and drugs, they have been used as markers of the toxic effects of ingestion or inhalation of various xenobiotics (Guven, 2005) The activity of this enzyme is impaired if selenium or iron status are poor. Because of selenium's role in glutathione peroxidase and GST the mineral is considered an antioxidant nutrient (Groff and Gropper, 2000) On the other hand, more than half of the GST activity was very resistant to hydrogen peroxide treatment (Neefjes et al 2007) Zinc (Zn) is an essential component for maintenance of membrane structure, function and numerous enzyme activities. Moreover, zinc has also been considered to be a potent antioxidant defense, as it has been documented to scavenge the free radicals, which are the causative factors for lipid peroxidation (Pathak et al 2004) Therefore, dietary Zn deficiency leads to various pathological conditions in the epithelium of skin and intestinal mucosa; the nervous, endocrine, and immune system; and vascular endothelium in humans and experimental animals. In humans, particularly young and aged people are currently in a Zn subdeficient state. The human body has between 1.5g and 2.5g Zn, making it nearly as abundant as iron. Zn has structural, catalytic (enzymatic) and regulatory roles. Many enzymes require Zn for their activities, including the RNA polymerases. Zinc supplementation has already proven beneficial in male sterility and reducing complications during pregnancy (Sun et al 2005) At present, food and tablets supplemented with Zn are sold for purpose of maintaining good health in Japan, the United States, and European countries (Sato et al 2003) Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element and is an integral component of many enzymes and proteins needed in wide range of metabolic processes. The biological functions of copper include electron transfer catalysis by mean of its two accessible oxidation states. Excess copper; however is extremely toxic, leading to many pathological conditions that are consistent with oxidative damage to membranes and molecules. The balance between deficiency and toxicity reflects the biological role. Exposure to high levels of copper results in various changes in tissues. Copper has been shown to cause oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (Ozcelik et al 2003) Iron (Fe) is capable of catalyzing the transformation of hydrogen peroxide to the highly reactive hydroxyl radical. In addition, iron can catalyze the decomposition of lipid hydro peroxides to form alkoxyl, peroxyl and other radicals (Ibrahim et al 1997) Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide, with negative effects on work capacity and on motor and mental development of infants, children, and adolescents. Also, maternal iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. Iron deficiency can lead not only to anemia but also to abnormal neurotransmitter function and immunologic and inflammatory defenses (Kurtoglu et al 2003) Iron is essential for maintaining proper cell function; it is normally tightly controlled by transport and storage protein. Iron overload, however, may result in deleterious reactions such degradation of protein and nuclic acids, and peroxidation of PUFA (Ibrahim et al 1997) Generally, the antioxidant enzymes dependent on the presence of trace element as cofactors like selenium (Se) zinc (Zn) copper (Cu) manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) without these element the enzyme activity in body is impaired, for example SOD is found in the cytoplasm, where it is dependent on the presence of two minerals, zinc and copper. In the absence of copper, SOD activity in the cytoplasm is impaired (Groff and Gropper, 2000) In this study, we aimed to determine the improving effect of Zn, Cu, and Fe supplementation on SOD, CAT, and GST in rats. Also, we studied optimal concentrations of these minerals which can elevate the antioxidants enzyme activities. These enzymes can increase the protection against free radical which may cause cell damage and several diseases. Effect of dietary minerals on antioxidant enzymes Arab Univ.  2007 373  Animal feeding experiment Fifty four male Sprague Dawely strain rats, weighing from 80 to 100 gm were obtained from Helwan Station for experimental animals, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt. The animals were housed in stainless steel cages raised in the animal house of Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. The rats were kept under normal healthy laboratory conditions and temperature was adjusted at 25 2degC for 12 hour light dark. Animals were adapted on free access of water, and were fed for one week before the initiation of the experiment. Composition of the basal diet (g/kg) Casein, 217; cornstarch, 603; sucrose, 50; vegetable oil, 80 ;mineral mix deficient in zinc, copper and iron) 40 and vitamin mix, 10 (Sun et al 2005) The water was used and administered rats was redistilled and deionized. The experimental design The rats were weighed and randomly divided into 9 groups each of 6 rats was fed on the basal diet. Group 1 (E1) was fed on adequate amount of zinc as zinc oxide (ZA; 35 mg Zn/kg diet) copper as copper sulfate (CA; 6.3 mg Cu/kg diet) and iron as ferric citrate FA; 50 mg Fe/kg diet) Group 2 (E2) was fed on deficient diet in Zn (ZD; 2.5 mg Zn/kg diet) Cu (CD; 1.2 mg Cu/kg diet) and Fe (FD; 10 mg Fe/kg diet) Group 3 (E3) was fed on diet deficient in Zn and containing adequate amount of Cu and iron. Group 4 (E4) was fed on diet deficient in Cu and containing adequate amount of Zn and Fe. Group 5 (E5) was fed on diet deficient in Fe and containing adequate amount of Zn and Cu. Group 6 (E6) was fed on diet supplemented with high concentrations of Zn (ZH; 175 mg Zn/kg diet) Cu (CH; 25 mg Cu/kg diet) and Fe (FH; 230 mg Fe/kg diet).Group 7 (E7) was fed on diet supplemented with high concentration of Zn and containing adequate amount of Cu and Fe. Group 8 (E8) was fed on diet supplemented with high concentration of Cu and containing adequate amount of Zn and Fe. Group 9 (E9) was fed on diet supplemented with high concentration of Fe and containing adequate amount of Zn and Cu. Biological parameters

title: Chronic exposure to MDMA Ecstasy Induces DNA Damage Impairs Functional Antioxidant Cellular Defenses Enhances the Lipid Peroxidation Process and Alters Testes Histopathology in Male Rat
abstract: 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "ecstasy" is consumed mainly by young population. For this reason, it is especially relevant to take into consideration the effects on the reproductive system. The influence of MDMA on the fertility and reproduction of the male rat was assessed in this study.  MDMA was administered orally at 0 mg/kg (control) 10 and 30 mg/kg to male rats for 15,30,45 consecutive days followed by 15 days withdrawal. Hormonal, biochemical, histological and testicular were evaluated in the rats. The present study aimed to investigate if daily oral administration of ecstasy at low doses(10mg) for 45 days has any deleterious effects on reproductive functions of male rats. Animals were randomly divided into four groups of ten rats each, assigned as control rats, or(0mg ecstasy) rats treated with 10mg ecstasy for, (15,30,45) days, rats treated with 30mg/kg body weight ecstasy for(,15,30,45)days by oral gavage. The third group(45 days) was followed by 15 withdrawal period(W15)  The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase in testicular homogenate were decreased while the levels of lipid peroxidation increased significantly in the treated rats as compared with the corresponding group of control animals. In group 30mg, only, arachidonic acid was significantly elevated in the testicular homogenate while linoleic acid was decresed when compared to control. Testis DNA fragmentation was observed in 30mg group, but not 10.mg. It is concluded that low doses of ecstasy exposure(10 mg/Kg) had moderate detrimental effects on reproductive organ system and more severe effects are likely to be observed at higher dose levels. These results indicate that ecstasy is directly toxic to primary Leydig cells, and that the decreased percentage of normal cells and the increased level of DNA damage in ecstasy exposed Leydig cells may be responsible for decreased testosterone secretion. The results suggested that graded doses of ecstasy elicit depletion of antioxidant defence system and induce oxidative stress in testis of rats.  the adverse effect of ecstasy on male reproduction may be due to induction of oxidative stress.

title: The effects of captopril on learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine in rats: anti oxidative effects
abstract: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are suggested to have some beneficial effects on the brain. In the present study the protective effects against brain tissues oxidative damage as possible mechanism for learning and memory improving effects of captopril was investigated in scopolamine treated rats.  Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups and treated: saline as a control group, Sco (scopolamine) and Sco Capto10, 50 and 100 (captopril 10, 50 and 100mg/kg before scopolamine) Treatment was passive avoidance test and then the cortical tissues were collected to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, thiol, super oxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)  Scopolamine decreased the latency to enter the dark in passive avoidance test compared to control group. It also increased MDA and NO metabolites while decreased thiol, SOD and CAT in comparison with control group. Captopril increased the latency to enter the dark. It also decreased MDA and NO metabolites while, increased thiol, SOD and CAT.  Captopril protected brain tissues oxidative damage and improved learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine. iD D ow nl oa de d fr om p pj .p hy ph a. ir at 1 0: 13 03 30 o n M on da y N ov em be r 4t h 20 19 Captopril and oxidative stress Physiol Pharmacol 23 (2019) 91 100 92 1977) Scopolamine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (Huang et al. 2001) has been frequently used to produce learning and memory impairments (Glick and Zimmerberg, 1972) Scopolamine induced dementia in human showed a model dementia ever since researchers reported similarities in cognitive dysfunctions between scopolamine treated young subjects and untreated demented individuals (Fuld, 1984) Also, it was induced certain aspects of cognitive impairment due to aging and dementia in animal models (Drachman and Leavitt, 1974; Ebert and Kirch, 1998) Recently, it has been suggested that scopolamine induced memory deficits are accompanied with brain tissues oxidative damage (Fan et al. 2005) Brain tissue in particular is more susceptible to the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) because of its high rate of oxygen consumption and reduced antioxidant defense systems. ROS initiate lipid peroxidation, which triggers degeneration of several neuronal population especially central cholinergic pathways (Tabet et al. 2000) Postmortem studies have confirmed elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) an index of lipid peroxidation in AD brains, which further supports the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the disease (Sultana et al. 2013) There are increasing evidence to support the role of antioxidant supplementation in the prevention and treatment of age related diseases (Uttara et al. 2009) Indeed, several compounds with antioxidant property have been shown to improve cognitive dysfunctions and to slow down the progression of AD (Kelsey et al. 2010) We were looking for a drug that could improve memory impairment through antioxidant properties. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the neuropeptide systems in the brain. The substrate of this system, angiotensinogen, is suggested to be synthetized in several regions of the brain and is cleaved by the enzyme renin to form the decapeptide angiotensin (Ang I) Ang I is then converted to an octapeptide Ang II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) (Wright and Harding, 2004) which is extensively located within the central nervous system (CNS) areas (McKinley et al. 2003) Ang II as the main effector of RAS binds to specific receptors to perform multiple actions in the brain (Bodiga and Bodiga, 2013) The brain RAS has also been shown to have a role in AD and the other diseases associated with memory impairments including stroke, depression and emotional stress (Lenkei et al. 1997) These impairing effects of Ang II are suggested to be preventable by ACE inhibitors including captopril (Gard, 2002) Some studies showed that captopril have antioxidative effects (de Cavanagh et al. 2000; Abareshi et al. 2017) In our previous study we showed that captopril improved learning and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide by decreasing the brain tissue oxidative damage (Abareshi et al. 2016b) We, therefore, decided to test the protective effects against brain tissues oxidative damage as a possible mechanism for learning and memory improving effects of captopril in scopolamine treated rats.  The experiments were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the study was approved by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Ethical Committee. Permission NO was: IR.MUMS.fm.REC.1396.201. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of 10 rats in each and treated according to a designed protocol for two weeks. In the first week the rats were treated by saline or captopril. In the second week the rats were treated in a manner similar to the first week and additionally they were injected by scopolamine. Rats in group 1 (control received saline intraperitoneally (ip) instead of captopril during two weeks. In group 2 (Sco group) saline was injected instead of captopril during two weeks, but treated by scopolamine (2mg/kg, Sigma Chemical Co) 30min before each behavioral test during the second week. Groups 3 5 were treated daily with 10, 50 and 150mg/kg captopril (Li et al.,2010) dissolved in saline (Sco Capto 10, Sco Capto 50 and Sco Capto 100 groups) for two weeks, and they were also injected by scopolamine (2mg/kg, ip) 30min before behavioral tests. D ow nl oa de d fr om p pj .p hy ph a. ir at 1 0: 13 03 30 o n M on da y N ov em be r 4t h 20 19 93 Physiol Pharmacol 23 (2019) 91 100 Akbari et al. Behavioral procedures The animals were handled for 1 week before starting the experiments. Passive avoidance (PA) learning test based on negative reinforcement was used to examine learning and memory. The apparatus was consisted of a light and a dark chamber with a grid floor adjoining each other through a small gate. The rats were accustomed to the behavioral apparatus for 5min during 2 consecutive days before the training session. On the third day, the animals were placed in light chamber and the time latency to enter the dark chamber was recorded. On a training trial, the rats were placed in the light chamber facing away from the dark chamber. When the rats entered completely into the dark chamber, they received an electric shock (2mA, 2s duration) Then, the rats were returned to their home cage. One, 24 and 48 hours later, the rats were placed in the light chamber and the latency time to enter the dark chamber as well as, the times spent by the animals in dark chamber were recorded and defined as retention trial (Nassiri Asl et al. 2010) Biochemical assessments After the behavioral tests, the animals were euthanized, the brains were dissected and the cortical tissues were detached on an ice cold surface. One tenth of each sample was homogenized using phosphate buffer solution. The samples were centrifuged at 1500rpm for 10min to use for measuring the MDA, total thiol and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites concentration and also superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. The chemical material used for biochemical experiments were obtained from Merck Company, Darmstadt, Germany. MDA was measured as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. The measurement method was described previously (Beheshti et al. 2017) Briefly, one ml of the sample solution was mixed with 2ml of thiobarbituric acid trichloroacetic acid (TCA hydrochloric acid) solution and was boiled for 45min. The solutions were then centrifuged within 1000g for 10min and its absorbance was measured at 535nm. MDA concentration was assayed based on the formula which was previously reported (Beheshti et al. 2017) A Griess reagent kit was used to measure NO metabolites (Bargi et al. 2017; Baghcheghi et al. 2018) The total thiol contents were measured in the tissue homogenates applying a method described by Ellman (Habeeb, 1972) and as it was previously reported (Beheshti et al. 2017) In summary, 50ml of the supernatant of each sample and one ml of trisethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) buffer was mixed and the absorbance was read at 412nm against tris EDTA buffer alone labeled A1. After that, 20ml of 5,5' dithiobis[2 nitrobenzoic acid] (DTNB) solution was added to A1 and the sample absorbance was read for the second time after 15min labeled A2. The absorbance of DTNB was used as blank (B) A previously described equation was used to calculated total thiol concentration. SOD activity was measured based on Madesh and Balasurbamanian (1997) The method is based on the generation of SOD through auto oxidation of pyrogallol and dependent inhibition of 3 (4,5dimethyl thiazol 2 yl) 2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) to formazan. The reaction stopped by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) In summary, the supernatant of the sample was poured into the wells of the plate (96 wells) After 5min, the DMSO was added and the plate was observed with a micro plate reader at a wavelength of 570nm. One unit of SOD was described as the amount of protein needed to inhibit 50% reduction of MTT. For CAT activity measurement, 100ml H2O2 was mixed with phosphate buffer (pH=7) and used for preparation of the solution that was used for measurement (C buffer) The 650ml phosphate buffer (pH=7) used as solution blank. The cuvette for measurements was filled by the C buffer and sample homogenates. The reduction of absorption was determined by spectrophotometer at the wave length of 240nm for 5min (Aebi, 1984) Statistical analysis Data were expressed a

title: The effect of curcumin on lipid peroxidation and selected antioxidants in irradiated rats
abstract: The effect of irradiation on oxidants and antioxidants in selected tissues and a possible protective effect of curcumin on these indices were investigated. A total of 28 rats were divided into 3 groups; group 1 was control; group 2 was the irradiation group, saline was administered intraperiotenally (i.p. for three days and then, 9 Gy gamma irradiation was applied; group 3 was the irradiation curcumin group: curcumin was given i.p. for three days at 200 mg/ kg body weight and then the same dose of irradiation was applied. A significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected in the liver, kidney, and brain tissues of the rats as a result of irradiation (P 0.01) Glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activity in all the tissues (except for kidneys) decreased (P 0.01) liver SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity decreased (P 0.05) and GSH (glutathione) levels in kidney and ovary tissues (P 0.001) significantly increased. While curcumin administration returned the increased MDA levels in the kidneys and brain in result of irradiation to normal (P 0.01) it did not return the increased MDA levels in the liver tissue to normal (P 0.001) despite significantly reducing them. While decreased GSH Px and SOD activity in the liver in result of irradiation increased with the addition of curcumin (P 0.05) increased GSH levels in the kidneys and ovaries returned to control levels (P 0.001) When MDA values were examined, it was found that the addition of curcumin protected the liver, kidneys and brain from the oxidative damage caused by irradiation. Gamma ray, phenolic compound, oxidative stress Radiation is widely used for radiotherapy, medical diagnosis, dental radiography and several imaging protocols. Its exposure is also in question in accidental radiation releases (Radwan and Mohamed 2018) It has been determined that ionizing radiation causes oxidative stress by generating various reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules such as superoxide, singlet oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide that have the potential to damage critical cellular elements like DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids and consequently lead to physical and chemical damage in cells, resulting in cell death (Koc et al. 2003) Cells have an important antioxidant defense against ROS. The antioxidant system involves low molecular weight antioxidant molecules like glutathione (GSH) as well as a number of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) Excessive production of oxygen metabolites is associated with imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, causing oxidative stress (El Gazzar et al. 2016) Detrimental effects of irradiation on healthy tissues can be reduced due to the capacity of antioxidants (Okunieff et al. 2008) Antioxidant supplements decrease the side effects induced by the radiation treatment by inhibiting the oxidative damage to normal cells (Lawenda et al. 2008) It has been stated that several dietary antioxidants reduce free radical attack on biomolecules (Duthie et al. 1996) Being a major bioactive compound in turmeric, ACTA VET. BRNO 2018, 87: 379 385; https:/doi.org/10.2754/avb201887040379 Address for correspondence: Assoc. Prof. Mehtap Ozcelik Vocational School of Health Services University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey Phone:+90 532 432 65 81 E mail: mehtapyo@hotmail.com http:/actavet.vfu.cz/ curcumin is a yellow pigment phenolic compound obtained from the roots of turmeric used as spice. It has a wide spectrum of anti oxidant, anti carcinogenic, anti mutagenic, and anti inflammatory properties (Tawfik et al. 2013) Apoptosis is a biological event based on morphological changes that occurs physiologically or pathologically and is regulated by genes (Kerr et al. 1972) The enzymes that control this type of death which is also known as programmed cell death, are known as caspases (Metzstein et al. 1998) Among them, caspase 3 has an important place in the apoptosis mechanism (Korsmeyer 1999; Hugle and Fulda 2015) A correlation between irradiation and caspase 3 expression has been reported in some studies (Ozyurt et al. 2014; Li et al. 2015; Ismail et al. 2016) In liver cancer, hepatic radiotherapy causes irradiation associated liver damage which can be life threatening (Radwan and Mohamed 2018) Cancer radiotherapy and accidental exposure to ionizing radiation require new safe and effective radioprotective agents for the purpose of treating the damage to normal tissue induced by exposure to ionizing radiation. This study investigated how oxidants and antioxidants in the kidney, spleen, heart, brain and ovary tissues along with the liver were affected as a result of irradiation, and whether or not the antioxidant curcumin had a protective effect on these indicators.

title: Effects of Dietary Chrysin Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Oxidative Status of Rats Fed a High Fat High Sucrose Diet
abstract: *To whom correspondence should be addressed.  Yamamoto@tokaigakuen u.ac.jp  The pathogenesis of a wide range of lifestyle diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease is not fully understood. However, the role of oxidative stress on the genesis and maintenance of these diseases has been revealed in experiments involving administration of several types of antioxidants, with a consequent lowering of the risk of these diseases (Rodriguez et al. 2002; Vasdev et al. 2001; Chen et al. 2001; Schnackenberg and Wilcox, 1999) Oxidative stress initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) might be a factor in these pathological conditions via oxidation of biological macromolecules such as lipids, protein, and DNA. Thus, there is growing interest in the many antioxidative components in foods for the prevention of ROS induced oxidative damage. Flavonoids are widely distributed in many kinds of plant food sources. The beneficial effects of flavonoids on human health have been widely studied, and antioxidative activity was proposed as one of the most important causes of these effects (Duarte et al. 1993; Duarte et al. 2001; Yamamoto and Oue, 2006; Gryglewski et al. 1987; Yu et al. 2006; Villar et al. 2002) Quercetin is the most abundant flavonol type of flavonoid, and a wide range of biological actions including vasodilation, antihypertensive, and antithrombotic effects have been reported (Duarte et al. 1993; Duarte et al. 2001; Yamamoto and Oue, 2006) Chrysin is a flavone type flavonoid, and is present in foods like honey and propolis, and in many kinds of fruits and vegetables at low concentrations. Additionally, chrysin is commercially available as an androgen boosting supplement (Kao et al. 1998) Previous experiments have suggested that chrysin possesses in vitro antioxidative and free radical scavenging activities (Rackova et al.

title: Effects of dietary supplementation with red pigmented leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa) on lipid profiles and antioxidant status in C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat high cholesterol diet
abstract: The present study was undertaken to assess the beneficial effects of a daily consumption of 8 freeze dried red pigmented leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa) on CVD. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat high cholesterol diet supplemented with or without red pigmented leafy lettuce for 4 weeks. The present results showed that the red pigmented leafy lettuce supplemented diet significantly decreased the level of total and LDL cholesterol and TAG in the plasma of the mice. The atherosclerotic index was calculated to be 46 lower in the mice fed with the lettuce diet compared with the control diet. Lipid peroxidation measured by 2 thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was markedly reduced in the plasma, liver, heart and kidney of the mice fed the lettuce diet. The content of antioxidants (total glutathione and b carotene) was significantly increased by lettuce supplementation. The antioxidant defence system by antioxidant enzymes including glutathione S transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and paraoxanase in blood or liver tissues was also increased, and showed the improved oxidative stress in the mice fed the lettuce diet. The measurement of tail DNA tail extent moment and olive tail moment indicated that the lettuce diet increased the resistance of hepatocyte and lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage. The present study showed that the supplementation of a high cholesterol high fat diet with 8 red pigmented leafy lettuce resulted in an improvement of plasma cholesterol and lipid levels, prevention of lipid peroxidation and an increase of the antioxidant defence system and, therefore, could contribute to reduce the risk factors of CVD.