Query: How does affect to human development 2015-20

title: How does Income Inequality Affect Human Development in Pakistan
abstract: Inequality weather has a negative impact on development, but it is still an unresolved discussion and it affects the various development measures. Income Inequality means no proper distribution of income among rich and poor. Income inequality can vary significantly by section, education and various collective statuses. The researchers are separated as to whether the income equality is ultimately positive or negative and what are the implications of such difference. This study is an attempt to analyze the determinants of income inequality in the economic growth of Pakistan by using time series data over the period 1980 2012. This data examined by using an econometric model with the help of eviews software. The dependent variable is GDP (per capita) and the independent variable is income inequality (GINI) GDP per capita is taken as a worldwide measure of economic success and welfare. The auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) co integration approach is employed to check the existence of a long run relationship and an error correction (ECM) model based on ARDL approach is used to find out short run relationship between

title: How does image noise affect actual and predicted human gaze allocation in assessing image quality?
abstract: A central research question in natural vision is how to allocate fixation to extract informative cues for scene perception. With high quality images, psychological and computational studies have made significant progress to understand and predict human gaze allocation in scene exploration. However, it is unclear whether these findings can be generalised to degraded naturalistic visual inputs. In this eye tracking and computational study, we methodically distorted both man made and natural scenes with Gaussian low pass filter, circular averaging filter and Additive Gaussian white noise, and monitored participants' gaze behaviour in assessing perceived image qualities. Compared with original high quality images, distorted images attracted fewer numbers of fixations but longer fixation durations, shorter saccade distance and stronger central fixation bias. This impact of image noise manipulation on gaze distribution was mainly determined by noise intensity rather than noise type, and was more pronounced for natural scenes than for man made scenes. We furthered compared four high performing visual attention models in predicting human gaze allocation in degraded scenes, and found that model performance lacked human like sensitivity to noise type and intensity, and was considerably worse than human performance measured as inter observer variance. Furthermore, the central fixation bias is a major predictor for human gaze allocation, which becomes more prominent with increased noise intensity. Our results indicate a crucial role of external noise intensity in determining scene viewing gaze behaviour, which should be considered in the development of realistic human vision inspired attention models.

title: HOW DO PATENTS AFFECT FOLLOW ON INNOVATION EVIDENCE FROM THE HUMAN GENOME Bhaven Sampat
abstract: We investigate whether patents on human genes have affected follow on scientific research and product development. Using administrative data on successful and unsuccessful patent applications submitted to the US Patent and Trademark Office, we link the exact gene sequences claimed in each application with data measuring follow on scientific research and commercial investments. Using this data, we document novel evidence of selection into patenting: patented genes appear more valuable prior to being patented than non patented genes. This evidence of selection motivates two quasi experimental approaches, both of which suggest that on average gene patents have had no effect on follow on innovation. Bhaven Sampat Department of Health Policy and Management Columbia University 600 West 168th Street, 6th Floor New York, NY 10032 and NBER bns3@columbia.edu Heidi L. Williams Department of Economics, E17 222 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 and NBER heidiw@mit.edu

title: Small molecules from the human microbiota
abstract: Microbial bioactive molecules Human cells are outnumbered by the microbial cells of our commensals by an order of magnitude. All of these organisms are metabolically active and secrete multiple bioactive molecules. Genomics has unveiled a remarkable array of biosynthetic gene clusters in the human microbiota, which encode diverse metabolites. Donia et al. review how molecules ranging from lantibiotics and microcins to indoxyl sulfate and immunemodulatory oligosaccharides and lipids could affect the health and physiology of the whole organism, depending on the composition of an individual's microbial community. Science, this issue p. 10.1126/science.1254766 BACKGROUND Two developments in distinct fields are converging to create interest in discovering small molecules from the human microbiome. First, the use of genomics to guide natural product discovery has led to the unexpected discovery of numerous biosynthetic gene clusters in genomes of the human microbiota. Second, the microbiome research community is moving from a focus on "who's there?" to "what are they doing?" with an accompanying emphasis on understanding microbiota host interactions at the level of molecular mechanism. This merger has sparked a concerted hunt for the mediators of microbe host and microbe microbe interactions, including microbiota derived small molecules. ADVANCES Numerous small molecules are known that are produced by the human microbiota. The microbiota derived ribosomally synthesized, posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) include widely distributed lantibiotics and microcins; these molecules have narrow spectrum activity and are presumptive mediators of interactions among closely related species. Another notable RiPP is Escherichia coli heat stable enterotoxin, a guanylate cyclase 2C agonist from which the recently approved gastrointestinal motility drug linaclotide was derived. Fewer amino acid metabolites are synthesized by the microbiota, but they are produced at very high levels that vary widely among individuals (e.g. indoxyl sulfate at 10 to 200 mg/day) Gut bacterial species convert common dietary amino acids into distinct end products, such as tryptophan to indoxyl sulfate, indole propionic acid, and tryptamine indicating that humans with the same diet but different gut colonists can have widely varying gut metabolic profiles. Microbially produced oligosaccharides differ from other natural products because they are cell associated (i.e. nondiffusible) and because many more biosynthetic loci exist for them than for other small molecule classes. Well characterized examples, such as Bacteroides polysaccharide A, show that oligosaccharides may not simply play a structural role or mediate adhesion; rather, they can be involved in highly specific ligand receptor interactions that result in immune modulation. Similarly, the (glyco)lipids a galactosylceramide and mycolic acid can play roles in immune signaling. The most prominent microbiota derived terpenoids are microbial conversion products of the cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in host bile. These secondary bile acids can reach high concentration (mM) in the gut and vary widely in composition among individuals. Several canonical virulence factors from pathogens are derived from nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) and polyketides (PKs) but less is known about NRPs and PKs from the commensal microbiota. A recent computational effort has identified ~14,000 biosynthetic gene clusters in sequenced genomes from the human microbiota, 3118 of which were present in one or more of the 752 metagenomic sequence samples from the NIH Human Microbiome Project. Nearly all of the gene clusters that were present in >10% of the samples from the body site of origin are uncharacterized, highlighting the potential for identifying the molecules they encode and studying their biological activities. OUTLOOK There are two central challenges facing the field. The first is to distinguish, from among thousands of microbiota derived molecules, which ones drive a key phenotype at physiologically relevant concentrations. Second, which experimental systems are appropriate for testing the activity of an individual molecule from a complex milieu? Meeting these challenges will require developing new computational and experimental technologies, including a capacity to identify biosynthetic genes and predict the structure and target of their biological activity, and systems in which germ free mice are colonized by mock communities that differ only by the presence or absence of a biosynthetic gene cluster. Small molecule mediated microbe host and microbe microbe interactions. Commensal organisms of the human microbiota produce many diverse small molecules with an equally diverse array of targets that can exacerbate or modulate immune responses and other physiological functions in the host. Several act as antibacterials to remove competing organisms, but many other products have unknown targets and effects on commensals and the host. Developments in the use of genomics to guide natural product discovery and a recent emphasis on understanding the molecular mechanisms of microbiota host interactions have converged on the discovery of small molecules from the human microbiome. Here, we review what is known about small molecules produced by the human microbiota. Numerous molecules representing each of the major metabolite classes have been found that have a variety of biological activities, including immune modulation and antibiosis. We discuss technologies that will affect how microbiota derived molecules are discovered in the future and consider the challenges inherent in finding specific molecules that are critical for driving microbe host and microbe microbe interactions and understanding their biological relevance.

title: Microbes in the coral holobiont: partners through evolution, development, and ecological interactions
abstract: In the last two decades, genetic and genomic studies have revealed the astonishing diversity and ubiquity of microorganisms. Emergence and expansion of the human microbiome project has reshaped our thinking about how microbes control host health not only as pathogens, but also as symbionts. In coral reef environments, scientists have begun to examine the role that microorganisms play in coral life history. Herein, we review the current literature on coral microbe interactions within the context of their role in evolution, development, and ecology. We ask the following questions, first posed by McFall Ngai et al. (2013) in their review of animal evolution, with specific attention to how coral microbial interactions may be affected under future environmental conditions: (1) How do corals and their microbiome affect each other's genomes? (2) How does coral development depend on microbial partners? (3) How is homeostasis maintained between corals and their microbial symbionts? (4) How can ecological approaches deepen our understanding of the multiple levels of coral microbial interactions? Elucidating the role that microorganisms play in the structure and function of the holobiont is essential for understanding how corals maintain homeostasis and acclimate to changing environmental conditions.

title: How do Productive Skills of Saudi Students Affect EFL Learning and Teaching
abstract: Language plays a crucial role in the development of human society. It is the main means of communication between individuals, groups and countries. Nowadays, more and more people are learning English as a foreign or second language, and their key objective is to get expertise in English. The abrupt changes in the broad field of economy, business, science, technology and education have triggered the youth and coming generation to improve their communication skills. Language acquisition involves four modules of teaching that includes Listening, Reading, Speaking and Writing. The teachers have to be dynamic and updated to teach these language skills to the students. The researcher has interviewed the participants on various aspects involved in teaching learning process to find out the root cause of the problems encountered by students studying at Jazan University to attain the speaking and the writing skills. The problems are further critically analysed, evaluated to derive at conclusions to suggest the most appropriate measures to be taken by the language teachers to overcome the problems of the students to enhance and expertise in their productive skills.

title: Does Founders' Human Capital Matter for Innovation? Evidence from Japanese Start ups
abstract: Using an original questionnaire survey, this paper explores whether and how founders' human capital affects the innovation outcomes of start ups. We found that founders with greater human capital are more likely to yield innovation outcomes. Because certain types of human capital may boost research and development investment, which possibly results in innovation outcomes, we estimate the determinants of innovation outcomes by an instrumental variable probit model. Our findings suggest that specific human capital for innovation, such as prior innovation experience, is directly associated with innovation outcomes, whereas generic human capital, such as educational background, indirectly affects innovation outcomes through investment.

title: Predicting the effects of human developments on individual dolphins to understand potential long term population consequences
abstract: Human activities that impact wildlife do not necessarily remove individuals from populations. They may also change individual behaviour in ways that have sublethal effects. This has driven interest in developing analytical tools that predict the population consequences of short term behavioural responses. In this study, we incorporate empirical information on the ecology of a population of bottlenose dolphins into an individual based model that predicts how individuals' behavioural dynamics arise from their underlying motivational states, as well as their interaction with boat traffic and dredging activities. We simulate the potential effects of proposed coastal developments on this population and predict that the operational phase may affect animals' motivational states. For such results to be relevant for management, the effects on individuals' vital rates also need to be quantified. We investigate whether the relationship between an individual's exposure and the survival of its calves can be directly estimated using a Bayesian multi stage model for calf survival. The results suggest that any effect on calf survival is probably small and that a significant relationship could only be detected in large, closely studied populations. Our work can be used to guide management decisions, accelerate the consenting process for coastal and offshore developments and design targeted monitoring.

title: Identifying the success factors of Communities of Practice (CoPs) How do they affect on students to create knowledge?
abstract: Today educational organizations are faced with constant changes in their environment. These changes have forced organizations to view their human capital as knowledge capital in order to survive and thrive. Communities of practice can be one of the most important factors to achieve these goals and it should be considered by educational organizations. This paper identifies the success factors of communities of practice that will improve knowledge creation in educational organizations.  The present paper tries to identify the success factors of communities of practice and examine the impact of the success factors of CoPs in knowledge creation. The research method is descriptive. The population of the research consists of students of Payame Noor University as a case study. We designed a questionnaire based on experts' opinion and reviewed more than 35 articles. We used factor analysis to categorize and examine the correlation between success factors of CoPs and knowledge creation and finally formed the regression equation based on correlation' result.Finding The results showed six success factors. These factors are "Organization" "Optimizing Interactions" "Infrastructure" "Supporting Tools" "Strategy and Goals" and "Organizational Support" These factors reflect the effective factors in educational organizations attempting to progress in knowledge creation should focus. Among these success factors, "strategy and goals" and "organization" have the highest effect on communities of practice in our case. The paper discusses how the success factors of CoPs improve knowledge creation in universities as educational organization and how an organization will benefit from these factors. It can help the development of guidelines for educational organizations to increase their community knowledge information. They can also apply the findings of this research in order to promote the scientific level of their related organizations through reinforcement of CoP practices. In this study we faced with some problems to collect expert's opinion and also gather the questionnaires.  This paper may have great value to researchers as well as practitioners involved in knowledge creation programs in organizations about CoPs and the knowledge creation field. This research can establish guidelines for PNU Tehran North as a case study with using the right policies and make changes to the traditional structures of the university, improve and develop the knowledge creation process and the formation of communities of practice. This study can guide Managers and especially the university managers to provide suitable base to shape COPs, help them emerge and enhance them effectively.

title: How Do Population Growth, Land use Regulations, and Precipitation Patterns Affect Water Use? A Fine scale Empirical Analysis of Landscape Change
abstract: The Main Takeaway: Water availability is expected to decline in the future due to population growth and climate change. In my research, I investigate how water use evolves in an urbanizing area in response to population growth, land use regulations, and permanent changes in precipitation. In doing so, I explicitly recognize how human behavior, through land use decisions, mediates the effects of external drivers on water use, which has implications for water scarcity.  A considerable amount of research in the earth and atmospheric sciences has been devoted to the question of how climate change, coupled with an expanding human population, will affect the availability of fresh water for human consumption. However, without accounting for intermediate changes in human behavior and institutions that influence water use, the modeling frameworks used in these analyses are limited in their ability to address the question of how population growth and climate change will affect water scarcity. In this dissertation I explore how localized population growth and changes in precipitation patterns influence water consumption by exploiting the fundamental linkage between land and water use, a relationship that is driven by landowner decision making at spatially disaggregate scales. To generate my focal results concerning water use, I employ an empirical strategy based on a set of parcel level econometric models and landscape simulation modeling techniques to account for the fine scale connections between land use, water use, and broad external drivers such as population and income growth. Importantly, my modeling framework accommodates the institutional factors that govern the spatial pattern of both water endowments and new land development. Further, my approach is replicable in that it can be applied to any region in which water allocations are tied to the holding of land in a particular use. For the analysis conducted here, however, I focus on Oregon's Willamette Valley, where the major source of land use change is urban development and agricultural producers are the largest consumers of water.