Query: Iq and race

title: Race and sex differences in head size and IQ
abstract: An analysis of IQ in relation to head size (and by inference, brain size) was performed on some 14,000 children and their full siblings, almost evenly divided by race (white and black) and sex, on whom data were obtained at ages 4 and 7 years in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project. Within each race x sex group, IQ is significantly correlated with head size, age and body size having been partialed out. A significant positive correlation between IQ x head size exists not only within subjects (at ages 4 and 7) but also within families and between families (at age 7 only) The within families correlation (at age 7) is consistent with an intrinsic or pleiotropic correlation between the mental and physical variables. No significant positive correlation within families appeared at age 4, despite a significant within subjects correlation at that age. As yet, there are only speculative explanations of the disparity between the age 4 and 7 within family correlations of head size with IQ. Although general body size is also correlated with IQ within subjects and between families, the correlation does not exist within families in either age group, which rules out a pleiotropic correlation between body size and IQ. There are both race and sex differences in head size, although the sex difference in IQ is nil. White and black children who are matched on IQ show, on average, virtually zero difference in head size.

title: Discrepant team decisions: the effects of race, gender, achievement, and IQ on LD eligibility
abstract: To determine whether student characteristics might influence the misclassification of pupils with respect to LD status, the racial, gender, intellectual, achievement, and grade level status of 344 subjects who had been referred for LD diagnosis was examined. In one fourth of the cases, students were declared either eligible without a severe discrepancy or ineligible with a severe discrepancy regardless of method used (standard score vs. regressed standard score) or cutoff value employed (15 point vs. 22 point discrepancy) Being White, older, and of higher intelligence and achievement were characteristics of those found ineligible despite a severe discrepancy. Being female and less academically able were characteristics of those declared eligible without a severe discrepancy. Implications are presented.

title: Some Practical Guidelines for Measuring Youth's Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status
abstract: This short paper provides some guidelines to help researchers in child and adolescent development procure the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic information that will best determine how to assign youngsters to ethnic or SES groups. These guidelines are necessarily general. They will need to be adapted thoughtfully by each investigator because, as is generally true, how to define a measure depends intimately on the nature of the research problem. In preparing these guidelines, we have taken into account current practice at the Bureau of the Census, research traditions developed by sociologists who have mainly been concerned with adults, and challenges posed by the changing character of the U.S. population and its family forms. We are extremely grateful to the many social scientists listed below who have contributed so generously to our thinking, but especially to Robert Hauser. Naturally, any errors or opacities that remain are our responsibility.

title: A gradient relationship between low birth weight and IQ at age 6 years.
abstract: To test for a suspected adverse effect of low birth weight or 2500 g) on IQ at age 6 years in two socioeconomically disparate populations.  Nonconcurrent prospective study.  An urban, predominantly disadvantaged population and a suburban middle class population in southeastern Michigan.  Low birth weight (N 473) and normal birth weight (N 350) subjects, randomly selected from the 1983 through the 1985 newborn lists of two major hospitals, one serving an urban and the other a suburban population.  The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised to measure IQ.  The mean full scale IQ of low birth weight children was 4.9 points lower than that of normal birth weight children, controlling for population site, maternal IQ, maternal education, and race (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0 to 6.8) There was no evidence of low birth weight interaction with population site, and the same IQ difference was detected in both populations. In the urban population, low birth weight was associated with an increased risk for IQ below 85 (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.7) In the suburban population, low birth weight was associated with an increased risk for IQ below 100 (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.4) A gradient relationship with full scale IQ was observed, with the largest deficit in those born weighing 1500 g or less, an intermediate deficit in those born weighing 1501 through 2000 g, and the least pronounced deficit in those born weighing 2001 through 2500 g.  The overall effect of low birth weight represents an increase of approximately 10% of low birth weight children with an IQ of more than 1 SD below the population's mean. Children born weighing 2000 g or less bore the major burden of the IQ deficits.

title: IQ and delinquency: A test of two competing explanations
abstract: In the past, sociologists either dismissed or ignored the well established empirical relationship between IQ and juvenile delinquency. More recently, however, they have come to accept the IQ/JD connection but now debate the most valid explanation for it. Some have advanced what we characterized as a "school performance" model, while others adhere to what may be called a "school reaction" model. The major bone of contention between the competing models is over the school variables thought to mediate the IQ/JD relationship. In this study, we specified the most dominant versions of the competing models as well as a model integrating the concepts of each. Using three waves of data from the Youth in Transition project, we first estimated parameters for each of the competing models and then parameters for the integrated model. Considered independently, each model was supported by the data. However, when each of the separate models was forced to take into account the explanatory contribution of its competitor, only the school performance model was supported. Implications of the findings for schooling and delinquency are discussed.

title: Critical Thoughts About Race, Exclusion, Oppression, and Tenure
abstract: The author examines the relationship between tenure, teaching and oppression. The author's objective in this essay is to persuade the reader that the goal, in whatever institution they inhabit law firm, law school or court should not be just inclusion, but transformation. The author further explains why it is worth the risk to abandon traditions like tenure which replicate hierarchy, and to imagine other ways to encourage and reward excellence.

title: Sex and race differences in cranial capacity from international labour office data
abstract: Recent studies have shown that even after correcting for body size, significant sex and race differences exist in brain size whether estimated from weight at autopsy, from endocranial volume, or from external head measurements. In this study, cranial capacities are calculated from external head measurements reported for 40 samples from a 1990 review of ergonomically important body measurements compiled by the International Labour Office in Geneva. The measurements had been gathered over the previous 30 years from tens of thousands of men and women aged 25 to 45 years. After adjusting for the effects of stature and race, 14 male samples averaged 1,362 cm 3 and 14 female samples averaged 1,201 cm 3 After adjusting for the effects of stature and sex, 6 East Asian samples averaged 1,308 cm 3 18 European samples averaged 1,297 cm 3 and 4 African samples averaged 1,241 cm 3

title: The impact of race on the dissociative experiences scale
abstract: Scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale were compared between a group of 48 white and 48 black veterans being treated for alcohol or polysubstance abuse in a V.A. Medical Center. Groups were matched for age, education, number of previous treatments, IQ, marital status, employment status, history of childhood abuse, and psychological discomfort. Blacks achieved significantly higher scores than whites. Hypotheses were discussed to explain these findings from psycho diagnostic and cross cultural perspectives.

title: Tcl and the Tk Toolkit
abstract: Duplication of this draft is permitted by individuals for personal use only. Any other form of duplication or reproduction requires prior written permission of the author or publisher. This statement must be easily visible on the first page of any reproduced copies. The publisher does not offer warranties in regard to this draft.

title: The Endogenous Determination of Time Preference
abstract: We model a consumer's efforts to reduce the discount on future utilities. Our analysis shows how wealth, mortality, addictions, uncertainty, and other variables affect the degree of time preference. In addition to working out many implications of the model, we discuss evidence on consumption, savings, equilibrium, and the dynamics of inequality. We claim that most ofthat evidence is consistent with the predictions of our approach.