Query: biomass compound material Enzyme treatment

title: Biochar: Production, properties and emerging role as a support for enzyme immobilization
abstract: Biochar is a carbonaceous, solid, and recalcitrant compound derived from the pyrolysis of waste biomass. Its yield and properties are strongly influenced by pyrolysis conditions and feedstock composition. Biochar has been engineered using various physical and chemical activation methods to alter its structural and physicochemical properties in order to suit the final application and finds wide applicability in the field of soil remediation, wastewater treatment, and energy generation. Owing to its low cost, presence of surface functional groups, porosity, and moderate surface area, biochar has recently been explored as a support material for the immobilization of enzymes. This paper aims to review the recent findings in biochar production, factors affecting the biochar properties and biochar engineering. Further, this also gives an insight into the potential of biochar as an immobilization support in terms of its properties, contributing factors and comparison with other support materials.

title: Enzyme interactions on lignocellulosic biomass structure
abstract: This chapter shows that, although well studied over the years, the cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis process has still many obstacles to be overcome or minimized. High enzyme loading and relatively long incubation periods are generally required for effective cellulose saccharification to be achieved. These limitations make the process unattractive from an economic perspective. Most studies show that the conversion rate of cellulose hydrolysis decreases over reaction time due to several factors that may inhibit, deactivate, or slow the work of enzymes. Some of these factors are inhibition by the product generated; inhibition/deactivation of enzymes by by products generated during pretreatment (PT) limitation of mass transfer; shear stress by high stirring; air liquid interfacial area; and unproductive adsorption on lignin or other compounds present in the biomass. The interaction between cellulases and the lignin present in these biomasses has a major negative impact on the process, with the source of the raw material and the type of PT used having a strong influence on it. The use of nonenzymatic proteins seems to be the best way to mitigate this problem.

title: Carbonaceous material obtained from bark biomass as adsorbent of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions
abstract: In this work, a novel carbonaceous material from Haematoxylum campechianum (C HC) was obtained as an alternative adsorbent for eliminating phenol (Phen) 4 chlorophenol (4 ClPhen) and 4 nitrophenol (4 NPhen) from aqueous solutions. The carbonaceous material was prepared from bark biomass after phosphoric acid impregnation followed by thermal treatment at 500 degC for 60 min. The material was characterized by X ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) The textural parameters and the point of zero charge of the C HC adsorbent were determined as well. The results show that the carbonaceous material was obtained as a mixed graphitized/amorphous phase. The major components of this material were carbon, oxygen, and in a minor amount, the phosphorous and sodium. The surface area, pore volume, and mean pore diameter of this material were 181.49 m2/g, 0.09396 cm3/g, and 2.07 nm, respectively, with a pHpzc of 7.02. To determine the optimal conditions and the maximum adsorptive capability of the obtained C HC material against phenolic compounds, various conditions such as the contact time (15 180 min) initial adsorbate concentration (10 1000 mg L 1) C HC dose (5 25 mg L 1) and solution pH (2 10) were investigated using batch experiments. The time to reach the equilibrium for 4 NPhen and 4 ClPhen was approximately 60 min, compared to 120 min for Phen. The experimental data fit well to the pseudo second order kinetic model (R2 0.99) in all cases, and the kinetic constant of pseudo second order was highest for 4 NPhen (k2 0.075 g/(mg min) The experimental data of the isotherms were well fitted to Langmuir and Lui model. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) based on the Langmuir model was obtained for Phen (94.09 mg/g) The dose of the C HC and the pH of the phenolic aqueous solutions influence the sorption capacity of the carbonaceous material. The best conditions to reach the maximum adsorption of the phenolic compounds were with a dose of 20 mg/L and at pH 2. The solubility, pKa and the dipolar moment of the phenolics affect notably the kinetic and the maximum adsorption capacity of the C HC, considering that 4 Phen has the lowest solubility and pKa constant, and the highest dipolar moment.

title: Biochar and hydrochar from waste biomass promote the growth and enzyme activity of soil resident ligninolytic fungi
abstract: Biochar (BC) and hydrochar (HC) are carbonaceous products obtained through, respectively, pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization processes of biomass. Both materials are multi functional soil amendments. Ligninolytic fungi are primary decomposers of recalcitrant lignocellulosic material in nature through their extensive hyphal network and enzymes. In this work, two BC samples from red spruce pellets (BCSP) and grapevine pruning residues (BCGV) and two HC samples from urban pruning residues (HCUP) and the organic fraction of solid urban wastes (HCSU) were tested at concentrations of 0.4% and 2% (w/v) on the growth and enzyme activity of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii. In all treatments with the lower concentration, BC and HC significantly stimulated fungal growth (up to about 90% increase for HCSU on T. versicolor) whereas at the higher dose some inhibition was observed on T. versicolor by BCSP and P. ostreatus by BCSP, BCGV and HCUP. The two materials, especially HC, at both doses noticeably increased the activity of laccase from T. versicolor and P. eryngii, up to 21 and 13 times, respectively, for HCUP compared to controls. The activity of manganese peroxidase from P. ostreatus was also greatly stimulated by BC and HC, especially when added at the higher concentration. The overall results obtained in this study suggest potential benefits for ligninolytic fungi from the presence of these materials in soil at adequate dose of application.

title: Algal and cyanobacterial biomass as potential dye biodecolorizing material: a review.
abstract: The considerable demand for dyes worldwide has triggered a surge in their production globally. The extensive application of dyes and inefficient dyeing processes has elevated the risk of environmental pollution. The effluents from dying industries contain toxic compounds that are dreadful to both the environment and living beings. Besides, conventional effluent treatment processes have proved ineffective in clearing the dye from the effluent. The sole way of tackling this problem would be by applying a more rational approach that would be sustainable and efficient. After a thorough study of the literature, we are convinced to say that cyanophyceae and algae could serve as one of the promising biodecolorizing agents substituting most other biosorbents used in conventional biological effluent treatment technology. To evidence this we compiled data from the literature, wherein, various algal biomasses capable of decolorizing dye effluents have been examined. This paper also gives comprehensive facts on the mechanism of decolorization, pretreatment, influencing factors, and toxicity of treated products.

title: Development of a superhydrophobic cellulose fabric via enzyme treatment and surface hydrophobization
abstract: Enzymatic hydrolysis is a common finishing method for cellulosic materials, to improve fabric softness, appearance, and surface properties. However, its potential to trigger superhydrophobicity has not been studied in depth. In this study, a superhydrophobic cellulose fabric was fabricated in two steps. Micro /nano hierarchical roughness on the fabric surface was achieved by cellulase from Aspergillus niger, through enzymatic hydrolysis. Subsequently, hydrophobization was carried out by a dip coating method, using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Enzyme concentration and treatment temperature were varied to find the values that provided the greatest superhydrophobicity. As enzyme concentration and temperature increased, the nano scale roughness increased, along with weight reduction. The degree of crystallinity and reduction in tensile strength were also increased with weight loss via enzyme hydrolysis. As air pockets were formed by micro /nano structures on the fiber surface, the water contact angle increased and the shedding angle tended to decrease. The sample treated with 5 g/l enzyme at 60 for 60 min and coated with PDMS 1 wt. coating solution had the greatest superhydrophobicity, with a water contact angle of 162deg and a shedding angle of 7.0deg. The weight loss and reduction in tensile strength of the developed superhydrophobic fabrics were 2.9% and 39.0% respectively. This approach reduces the necessity for an additional process to introduce nano scale roughness, and it has the potential to produce superhydrophobic cellulosic biomass for outdoor clothing.

title: A survey of biomass from Aspergillus niger S13 treatment of APMP pulping effluent in the applications of animal feed
abstract: With the development of the paper industry, the problem of alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP) pulping effluent treatment is based on major issues. Currently, using APMP pulping effluent to prepare animal feedstuff is a research hotspot. The Aspergillus niger S13 aerobic fermentation was followed by a post coagulation/flocculation process for the treatment of APMP pulping effluent. As the by product, the biomass from the A. niger S13 aerobic fermentation process was assessed as a potential feedstuff. The nutrient contents and heavy metal contaminants of the prepared feedstuff were analyzed and compared with other feedstuff or bio production from the literature. The toxicity of the prepared feedstuff was also assessed through Sprague Dawley rat experiments. The research found that the prepared feedstuff was a nontoxic and safe nutritious material. It is worth noting that the prepared feedstuff also exhibited other attractive properties, such as the presence of miscellaneous and benign enzymes and lignin, which is very beneficial to the diet efficiency of animals. This study provides a facile and sustainable approach to harvest versatile and available feedstuff from APMP pulping effluents.

title: Potential material basis of Kangbingdu Granules for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology/ Ji Yu Wang Luo Yao Li Xue He Fen Zi Dui Jie Ji Zhu De Kang Bing Du Ke Li Zhi Liao Xin Xing Guan Zhuang Bing Du Fei Yan (COVID 19)De Qian Zai Wu Zhi Ji Chu Yan Jiu
abstract: To explore the potential material basis of Kangbingdu Granules for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) through network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.  The chemical constituents and action targets of Isatidis Radix, Forsythiae Fructus, Gypsum Fibrosum, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Phragmitis Rhizoma, Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, Pogostemon cablin, Acoritataninowii Rhizoma and Curcumae Radix in Kangbingdu Granules were searched by TCMSP. The gene corresponding to the target was searched by UniProt database, and Cytoscape 3.6.1 was used to build a medicinal material compound target (gene) network. DAVID was used to perform gene ontology (GO) function enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis to predict its mechanism. Molecular docking of the top 15 components was carried out in the medicinal material compound target network with SARS CoV 2 3CL hydrolase, and molecular docking with bicuculline, luteolin, quercetin and angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) was performed.  The medicinal material compound target (gene) network contained eight medicinal materials, 75 compounds and 255 targets. GO function enrichment analysis revealed 161 GO items (P 0.05) including 65 biological process (BP) items, 36 cell composition (CC) items, and 60 molecular function (MF) items. KEGG pathway enrichment screened 131 signaling pathways (P 0.05) The results of molecular docking showed that the core active compounds such as bicuculline, luteolin, and quercetin in the Kangbingdu Granules had similar affinities with those recommended by COVID 19.  The active compounds in Kangbingdu Granules can interact with angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) via targets PTGS2, HSP90AB1, and PTGS1 to regulate multiple signaling pathways, thereby exerting therapeutic effects on COVID 19.

title: Potential benefits of near critical and supercritical pre treatment of lignocellulosic biomass towards anaerobic digestion
abstract: Vegetable crop residues, such as sugarcane bagasse (SCB) despite their limited biodegradability, are potential materials for anaerobic processes because of their low cost, high availability, and sugar content. The difficulty of biodegrading this type of material is primarily related to its chemical composition and to the complex interactions between its compounds (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) Thus, the following supercritical and near critical carbon dioxide (CO2) pre treatments were evaluated with and without the addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (i) 40degC/70 kgf*cm 2; (ii) 60degC/200 kgf*cm 2; and (iii) 80degC/200 kgf*cm 2, aiming to enhance the anaerobic biodegradability of SCB. The methanogenic production of SCB increased in all cases in which the material was pre treated, except the case in which NaOH was used together with a high temperature. The condition using CO2 at 60degC/200 kgf*cm 2 was highlighted with a lignin removal of 8.07% and an accumulated methane production of 0.6498 0.014 LN (273.15K, 1.01325 x 105 Pa) 23.4% higher than the value obtained with the untreated material. This condition also showed the highest net energy at the energy balance that was calculated for comparison with the tested conditions. The results showed that pre treatments with near critical and supercritical fluids have the potential to reduce structural obstacles of lignocellulosic materials and to enhance their anaerobic biodegradability.

title: Hydrothermal Treatment of Oil Palm Biomass in Batch and Semi Flow Reactors
abstract: Oil palm frond and empty fruit bunch (EFB) which were abundant biomass resources found in Indonesia, were hydrothermally treated using two different types of reactor, e.g. batch and semi flow reactor. The objective of this research was to make a comparison of product resulted from both types of treatment. Based on the experimental results, it was found that liquefaction of biomass material occurred more effectively in semi flow reactor. Semi flow reactor facilitated a higher recovery of several sugar compounds such as xylooligosaccharides and arabinose. On the hand, residual solids from batch treatment had higher theoretical calorific values (18.81 and 18.00 MJ/kg) than those from semi flow (15.40 and 17.41 MJ/kg, for frond and EFB respectively)