Query: Combustible Cartridge Cases 155

title: Polyvinyl Acetate Resin as a Binder Effecting Mechanical and CombustionProperties of Combustible Cartridge Case Formulations
abstract: Several combustible cartridge case (CCC) formulations containing nitrocellulose (NC) as anenergetic ingredient with diphenylamine (DPA) as stabiliser, cellulose fiber as reinforcing materialand polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as a binder are processed to form combustible discs. A formulationcontaining nitrocellulose (83 parts) cellulose (17 parts) PVAc (20 parts) and diphenylamine(1 part) by weight was observed with the improvement of mechanical properties without anyadverse effect on combustion characteristics, safety parameters and compatibility with triplebase multi tubular propellant. Dynamic firing performance was also satisfactory.

title: Variations in Manufacturing Processes 155 mm Combustible Cartridge Case
abstract: The work covered by this report consisted of the manufacture of molded 155 mm combustible casings, 30 inch (76.2 cm) P/N 9342960 with three different resins (30 each with Marbon 1600, Dow Latex 241, and Duralok) an investigation of the spiral wrapping parameters of manufacture of 155 mm combustible cartridge case, 30 inch (76.2 cm) evaluation of two candidate adhesives used in spiral wrapping; and manufacture of 25 cases by spiral wrapping with each candidate adhesive.

title: Acute Exposure to Electronic and Combustible Cigarette Aerosols: Effects in an Animal Model and in Human Alveolar Cells.
abstract: Smoking electronic cigarettes (ECIG) is promoted as a safer alternative to smoking combustible cigarettes. This study investigates the effects of ECIG aerosol and cigarette smoke (CS) in an animal model and in human alveolar cell cultures (A549) METHODS Mice were divided into Control, ECIG, and CS. Animals were exposed for 6h/d to either lab air, ECIG or CS, for of 3 days. Total particulate matter exposure for the ECIG was set at higher levels compared to CS. Lung injury was determined by: (1) measurement of wet to dry ratio; (2) albumin concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; (3) transcriptional expression of inflammatory mediators IL 1b, IL 6, TNF a; (4) oxidative stress; (5) assessment of cell death; and (6) lung histopathology. Human alveolar cell cultures were treated with various concentrations of ECIG and CS aerosol extracts and the effects on cell proliferation were evaluated.  Wet to dry ratio was higher in CS when compared to ECIG. Albumin leak in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was evident in CS but not in ECIG. ECIG exposure was only associated with a significant increase in IL 1b. In contrast, CS exposure resulted in significant increases in IL 1b, IL 6, TNF a expression, and oxidative stress. TUNEL staining demonstrated significant cell death in CS but not in ECIG. At the cellular level, ECIG and CS extracts reduced cell proliferation, however, CS exhibited effects at lower concentrations.  Despite higher exposure conditions, ECIG exhibited less toxic effects on lungs of experimental animals and on A549 cell cultures when compared to CS.

title: Improvements in the Structural Integrity of Resin Based Combustible Cartridge Cases (CCC) at Elevated Temperatures
abstract: An advanced, solvent less resin based Combustible Cartridge Case (CCC) designed to resolve the inherent problems of shrinkage and limited mechanical strength associated with the gelatinisation of nitrocellulose, has already been developed. The felt moulded components contain thermoplastic polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) resin as the binder and the enhanced mechanical strength is achieved by carrying out hot compaction of dry felts at an elevated temperature (105 2 degC) Presently, resin based technology is adopted for tank gun ammunition and also for the developed modular CCCs, i.e. the Modular Combustible Case (MCC) for different types of artillery gun ammunition. However, during exhaustive trials conducted with the resin based CCCs in 120 mm tank gun ammunition at three temperatures, i.e. 10, 27 and 55 degC, severe geometrical deformation was noticed when the rounds were conditioned at 55 degC for 24 h. adversely affecting the loading of rounds into the gun chamber. This was attributed to the combined effects of softening of the resin at that temperature and the load of the projectile/ shell (14.4 kg) experienced by the CCC region during conditioning of the round in the horizontal mode. In order to resolve this problem of deformation, PVAc resin was required to be modified. The PVAc resin was modified to the form of a nanocomposite. PVAc nano composite was prepared by dispersing organically modified nano clay, i.e. Cloisite 30B, into the resin before making the CCCs. The nanocomposite of PVAc resin was characterized by FTIR, DMA, softening point measurement etc. The results showed a remarkable improvement in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and in the softening temperature of the modified PVAc resin. This modified PVAc resin was used to prepare CCCs. Furthermore, these CCCs were coated with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) on the inner and the outer surfaces. The isocyanate coating becomes crosslinked in the matrix, thereby improving the softening point as well as the mechanical properties of the CCCs. 118 A. Dey, J. Athar, S. Gogoi, P.B. Navle, A.K. Sikder These modified CCCs were repeatedly tested at 55 and 60 degC for 24 h. After testing, it was found that no deformation had taken place and the assembled rounds were easily loaded into the gun chamber. The use of the PVAc nanocomposite in the preparation of resin based CCCs, followed by isocyanate coating, is an effective means of achieving the required improvement in structural integrity of the resin CCCs at elevated temperatures.

title: Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Nicotine, Tobacco Alkaloids, pH, and Selected Flavors in E Cigarette Cartridges and Refill Solutions.
abstract: Electronic cigarette (e cigarette) use is increasing dramatically in developed countries, but little is known about these rapidly evolving products. This study analyzed and evaluated the chemical composition including nicotine, tobacco alkaloids, pH, and flavors in 36 e liquids brands from 4 manufacturers.  We determined the concentrations of nicotine, alkaloids, and select flavors and measured pH in solutions used in e cigarettes. E cigarette products were chosen based upon favorable consumer approval ratings from online review websites. Quantitative analyses were performed using strict quality assurance/quality control validated methods previously established by our lab for the measurement of nicotine, alkaloids, pH, and flavors.  Three quarters of the products contained lower measured nicotine levels than the stated label values (6% 42% by concentration) The pH for e liquids ranged from 5.1 9.1. Minor tobacco alkaloids were found in all samples containing nicotine, and their relative concentrations varied widely among manufacturers. A number of common flavor compounds were analyzed in all e liquids.  Free nicotine levels calculated from the measurement of pH correlated with total nicotine content. The direct correlation between the total nicotine concentration and pH suggests that the alkalinity of nicotine drives the pH of e cigarette solutions. A higher percentage of nicotine exists in the more absorbable free form as total nicotine concentration increases. A number of products contained tobacco alkaloids at concentrations that exceed U.S. pharmacopeia limits for impurities in nicotine used in pharmaceutical and food products.

title: Ignition Phenomena in Developmental, Stick Propellant, Combustible Cased, 155 mm, M203E2 Propelling Charges.
abstract: The US Army is currently developing a new top zone propelling charge to replace the M203 Charge for the 155 mm, M198 Towed Howitzer. While the M203 Propelling Charge is a bagged charge consisting of granular M30A1 propellant and a centercore igniter, the new charge will feature stick propellant and a rigid, combustible cartridge case. The stick propellant is expected to eliminate pressure wave problems; simplify igniter requirements; and, because of higher loading densities, allow use of a cooler, lower energy M31 type propellant, while the rigid case will facilitate automated handling and loading in future artillery weapons. During the course of development of the new charge, designated M203E2, a problem was experienced with high maximum chamber pressures when firing cold conditioned charges. This report documents an experimental study commissioned by the Office of the Project MaNAGER, Cannon Artillery Weapons Systems, to investigate the interplay among the igniter, propellant, and case during the early portion of the interior ballistic cycle in order to identify potential contributors to and solutions for the problem. Of particular concern was the possibility of propellant fracture either caused directly by the brisance of the basepad igniter or resulting from charge motion and impact against the projectile base.

title: Towards a " 600 m " lightweight General Purpose Cartridge v 2015
abstract: Evolution of the individual weapon's practical range, against a 1.6 m standing man in average wind conditions, and practical rate of fire (RoF) is given in Figure 1. Weapons that actually entered into service are symbolized by a green dot and a black label; unsuccessful programs are symbolized by a red tag and a red label and will be detailed in this paper because unsuccessful programs provide valuable information.

title: Bi modular Charge System for 155 mm Calibre Ammunition
abstract: This article provides background information on is sues of a Bi modular charge system designed for a 155 mm calibre artille ry system. It summarizes the principles of design and knowledge gained during th e developmental stage and provides information about the firing of modules in testing 100 mm TK V20 cannon.

title: Adsorption analysis equilibria and kinetics
abstract: Part 1 Equilibria: fundamentals of pure component adsorption equilibria practical approaches of pure component adsorption equilibria pure component adsorption in microporous solids multicomponent adsorption equilibria heterogeneous adsorption equilibria. Part 2 Kinetics: fundamentals of diffusion and adsorption in porous media diffusion and adsorption in porous media Maxwell Stefan approach analysis of adsorption kinetics in a single homogeneous particle analysis of adsorption kinetics in a zeolite particle analysis of adsorption kinetics in a heterogeneous particle. Part 3 Measurement techniques: time lag analysis in diffusion and adsorption in porous media analysis of steady state and transient diffusion cells adsorption and diffusion measurement by a chromatography method kinetics of a batch adsorber.

title: Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering
abstract: 1. Mole Balances. The Rate of Reaction The General Mole Balance Equation Batch Reactors Continuous Flow Reactors Industrial Reactors Summary CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Supplementary Reading 2. Conversion and Reactor Sizing. Definition of Conversion Batch Reactor Design Equations Design Equations for Flow Reactors Applications of the Design Equations for Continuous Flow Reactors Reactors in Series Some Further Definitions  Rate Laws and Stoichiometry. Part 1. Rate Laws Basic Definitions The Reaction Order and the Rate Law The Reaction Rate Constant Present Status of Our Approach to Reactor Sizing and Design Part 2. Stoichiometry Batch Systems Flow Systems Summary CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Supplementary Reading 4. Isothermal Reactor Design. Part 1. Mole Balances in Terms of Conversion Design Structure for Isothermal Reactors Scale Up of Liquid Phase Batch Reactor Data to the Design of a CSTR Design of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) Tubular Reactors Pressure Drop in Reactors Synthesizing the Design of a Chemical Plant Part 2. Mole Balances Written in Terms of Concentration and Molar Flow Rate Mole Balances on CSTRs, PFRs, PBRs, and Batch Reactors Microreactors Membrane Reactors Unsteady State Operation of Stirred Reactors The Practical Side Summary ODE Solver Algorithm CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Some Thoughts on Critiquing What You read Journal Critique Problems Supplementary Reading 5. Collection and Analysis of Rate Data. The Algorithm for Data Analysis Batch Reactor Data Method of Initial Rates Method of Half Lives Differential Reactors Experimental Planning Evaluation of Laboratory Reactors  Maximizing the Desired Product in Series Reactions Algorithm for Solution of Complex Reactions Multiple Reactions in a PFR/PBR Multiple Reactions in a CSTR Membrane Reactors to Improve Selectivity in Multiple Reactions Complex Reactions of Ammonia Oxidation Sorting It All Out The Fun Part Summary CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Journal Critique Problems Supplementary Reading 7. Reaction Mechanisms, Pathways, Bioreactions, and Bioreactors. Active Intermediates and Nonelementary Rate Laws Enzymatic Reaction Fundamentals Inhibition of Enzyme Reactions Bioreactors Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models Summary CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Journal Critique Problems Supplementary Reading 8. Steady State Nonisothermal Reactor Design.  The Energy Balance Adiabatic Operation Steady State Tubular Reactor with Heat Exchange Equilibrium Conversion CSTR with Heat Effects Multiple Steady States Nonisothermal Multiple Chemical Reactions Radial and Axial Variations in a Tubular Reactor The Practical Side  The Unsteady State Energy Balance Energy Balance on Batch Reactors Semibatch Reactors with a Heat Exchanger Unsteady Operation of a CSTR Nonisothermal Multiple Reactions Unsteady Operation of Plug Flow Reactors Summary CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Supplementary Reading 10. Catalysis and Catalytic Reactors.  Steps in a Catalytic Reaction Synthesizing a Rate Law, Mechanism, and Rate Limiting Step Heterogeneous Data Analysis for Reactor Design Reaction Engineering in Microelectronic Fabrication Model Discrimination Catalyst Deactivation Summary ODE Solver Algorithm CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Journal Critique Problems Supplementary Reading 11. External Diffusion Effects on Heterogeneous Reactions. Diffusion Fundamentals Binary Diffusion External Resistance to Mass Transfer What If (Parameter Sensitivity) The Shrinking Core Model Summary CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Supplementary Reading 12. Diffusion and Reaction. Diffusion and Reaction in Spherical Catalyst Pellets Internal Effectiveness Factor Falsified Kinetics Overall Effectiveness Factor Estimation of Diffusion and Reaction Limited Regimes Mass Transfer and Reaction in a Packed Bed Determination of Limiting Situations from Reaction Data Multiphase Reactors Fluidized Bed Reactors Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Summary CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Journal Article Problems Journal Critique Problems Supplementary Reading 13. Distributions of Residence Times for Chemical Reactors. General Characteristics Part 1. Characteristics and Diagnostics Measurement of the RTD Characteristics of the RTD RTD in Ideal Reactors Diagnostics and Troubleshooting Part 2. Predicting Conversion and Exit Concentration Reactor Modeling Using the RTD Zero Parameter Models Using Software Packages RTD and Multiple Reactions Summary CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Supplementary Reading 14. Models for Nonideal Reactors. Some Guidelines Tanks in Series (T I S) Model Dispersion Model Flow, Reaction, and Dispersion Tanks in Series Model Versus Dispersion Model Numerical Solutions to Flows with Dispersion and Reaction Two Parameter Models Modeling Real Reactors with Combinations of Ideal Reactors Use of Software Packages to Determine the Model Parameters Other Models of Nonideal Reactors Using CSTRs and PFRs Applications to Pharmacokinetic Modeling Summary CD ROM Material Questions and Problems Supplementary  Ideal Gas Constant and Conversion Factors.  Thermodynamic Relationships Involving the Equilibrium Constant.  Measurement of Slopes on Semilog Paper.   Rate Law Data.  How to Use the CD ROM.  Use of Computational Chemistry Software Packages. Index. About the CD ROM.