Query: Strategies in coping stress

title: Examining the impact of COVID 19 on stress and coping strategies in individuals with disabilities and chronic conditions.
abstract: This study aimed to describe the perceived stress levels and coping mechanisms related to COVID 19, and whether coping is related to well being in people with self reported chronic conditions and disabilities.  A cross sectional survey design was implemented. The total number of participants were 269 individuals with self reported disabilities and chronic conditions (Mage 39.37, SDage 12.18) We examined the relationship between perceived stress and coping strategies related to COVID 19, and which COVID 19 coping strategies were associated with well being after controlling for demographic and psychological characteristics.  Correlation analyses demonstrated that perceived stress related to COVID 19 was positively associated with coping strategies including self distraction, denial, substance use, behavioral disengagement, venting, planning, religion, and self blame. Further, hierarchical regression results demonstrated that active coping, denial, use of emotional support, humor, religion, and self blame were associated with participants' well being after controlling for demographic and psychological characteristics.  This exploratory study findings suggest that measuring and quantifying COVID 19 related stress and coping strategies in individuals with chronic conditions and disabilities can help clinicians and researchers understand potential effects of COVID 19 among people with chronic conditions and disabilities.

title: A study of coping stress strategies on psychological well being during the COVID 19 pandemic in Jabodetabek Area
abstract: Large Scale Social Limitations related policies enacted by the Provincial Government of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta evoked an adaptation process to changes in their usual life patterns. Such adaptation processes are suspected to create new problems, which might become stressors. This research aims to perceive the effect of coping strategies on the psychological being of Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi) citizens during the Large Scale Social Limitations period. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between coping strategies and psychological well being (p=0.000<0.005) Research also found that most respondents cope by employing the emotion focused coping system. It was strongly suspected that citizens were able to cope and manage stressors during the pandemic by doing self improvement activities and trying to connect with their social network (friendship or work related) with existing technological platforms. On the other hand, it was also suspected that the high number of respondents with emotion focused coping was a result of feelings of helplessness in controlling problems arising during the pandemic, such as local government policies and socioeconomic impacts.

title: Psychological effects of the COVID 2019 pandemic: Perceived stress and coping strategies among healthcare professionals
abstract: Starting from China, the coronavirus disease (Covid 19) contagion spread unexpectedly and quickly all over the world, particularly affecting Italy. In the early stages of the epidemic, healthcare professionals have been in the front line to manage the infection. The current study aimed to analyse the impact of Covid 19 outbreak on healthcare professionals and to detect some risk and protective factors of their distress levels, with regard to socio demographic variables, direct exposure to Covid 19 and the coping strategies used to deal with stress. The data were collected during the peak of the infection. A total of 595 healthcare professionals enrolled in the study and completed the measures of socio demographical and professional data, perceived stress (PPS) and coping strategies (COPE NIV 25) Overall, we found that a positive attitude towards the stressful situation was the main protective factor, while female gender, seeking social support, avoidance strategies and working with Covid 19 patients were risk factors. Economic status, problem solving ability and turning to religion were not associated with stress levels. This study, one of the first on this topic, highlighted the main coping strategies used by healthcare professionals in facing the highly stressful situation caused by the pandemic.

title: Language teachers' coping strategies during the Covid 19 conversion to online teaching: Correlations with stress, wellbeing and negative emotions
abstract: Teaching often is listed as one of the most stressful professions and being a language teacher triggers its own unique challenges. Response to the Covid 19 pandemic have created a long list of new stressors for teachers to deal with, including problems caused by the emergency conversion to online language teaching. This article examines the stress and coping responses of an international sample of over 600 language teachers who responded to an online survey in April, 2020. The survey measured stressors and 14 coping strategies grouped into two types, approach and avoidant. Substantial levels of stress were reported by teachers. Correlations show that positive psychological outcomes (wellbeing, health, happiness, resilience, and growth during trauma) correlated positively with approach coping and negatively with avoidant coping. Avoidant coping, however, consistently correlated (rs between .42 and .54) only with the negative outcomes (stress, anxiety, anger, sadness, and loneliness) In addition, ANOVA showed that although approach coping was consistently used across stress groups, avoidant coping increased as stress increased suggesting that there may be a cost to using avoidant coping strategies. Stepwise regression analyses using the 14 specific coping strategies showed a complex pattern of coping. Suggestions for avoiding avoidance coping strategies are offered.

title: Stress, Burnout, and Coping Strategies of Frontline Nurses During the COVID 19 Epidemic in Wuhan and Shanghai, China
abstract: Nurses at the frontline of caring for COVID 19 patients might experience mental health challenges and supportive coping strategies are needed to reduce their stress and burnout. The aim of this study was to identify stressors and burnout among frontline nurses caring for COVID 19 patients in Wuhan and Shanghai and to explore perceived effective morale support strategies.  A cross sectional survey was conducted in March 2020 among 110 nurses from Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, who were deployed at COVID 19 units in Wuhan and Shanghai. A COVID 19 questionnaire was adapted from the previous developed "psychological impacts of SARS" questionnaire and included stressors (31 items) coping strategies (17 items) and effective support measures (16 items) Burnout was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory.  Totally, 107 (97% nurses responded. Participants mean age was 30.28 years and 90.7% were females. Homesickness was most frequently reported as a stressor (96.3% Seven of the 17 items related to coping strategies were undertaken by all participants. Burnout was observed in the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization subscales, with 78.5 and 92.5% of participants presenting mild levels of burnout, respectively. However, 52 (48.6% participants experienced a severe lack of personal accomplishment. Participants with longer working hours in COVID 19 quarantine units presented higher emotional exhaustion (OR 2.72, 95% CI 0.02 5.42; p 0.049) and depersonalization (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.10 2.19; p 0.033) Participants with younger age experienced higher emotional exhaustion (OR 2.96, 95% CI 0.11 5.82; p 0.042) and less personal accomplishment (OR 3.80, 95% CI 0.47 7.13; p 0.033)  Nurses in this study experienced considerable stress and the most frequently reported stressors were related to families. Nurses who were younger and those working longer shift time tended to present higher burnout levels. Psychological support strategies need to be organized and implemented to improve mental health among nurses during the COVID 19 pandemic.

title: Americans' COVID 19 Stress, Coping, and Adherence to CDC Guidelines
abstract: Documenting Americans' stress responses to an unprecedented pandemic and their degree of adherence to CDC guidelines is essential for mental health interventions and policy making.  To provide the first snapshot of immediate impact of COVID 19 on Americans' stress, coping, and guideline adherence.  Data were collected from an online workers' platform for survey research (Amazon's Mechanical Turk) from April 7 to 9, 2020. The current data represents the baseline of a longitudinal study. Best practices for ensuring high quality data were employed. Participants Individuals who are 18 years of age or older, living in the USA, and English speaking were eligible for the study. Of 1086 unique responses, 1015 completed responses are included.  Population based.  Exposure to and stressfulness of COVID 19 stressors, coping strategies, and adherence to CDC guidelines.  The sample was 53.9% women n 547) with an average age of 38.9 years (SD 13.50, range 18 88) most of whom were White n 836, 82.4% non Hispanic n 929, 91.5% and straight/heterosexual n 895, 88.2% 40% were currently married n 407) and 21.6% n 219) were caregivers. About half (50.5% endorsed having at least "mostly" enough money to meet their needs. Respondents' locations across the USA ranged from 18.5% in the Northeast to 37.8% in the South. The most commonly experienced stressors were reading/hearing about the severity and contagiousness of COVID 19, uncertainty about length of quarantine and social distancing requirements, and changes to social and daily personal care routines. Financial concerns were rated most stressful. Younger age, female gender, and caregiver status increased risk for stressor exposure and greater degree of stressfulness. The most frequently reported strategies to manage stress were distraction, active coping, and seeking emotional social support. CDC guideline adherence was generally high, but several key social distancing and hygiene behaviors showed suboptimal adherence, particularly for men and younger adults.  Subgroups less likely to adhere to CDC guidelines may benefit from targeted information campaigns. these findings may guide mental health interventions and inform policy making regarding implications of specific public health measures.

title: Effects of Levels of Self Regulation and Regulatory Teaching on Strategies for Coping With Academic Stress in Undergraduate Students
abstract: The SRL vs. ERL TheoryTM predicts that regulation related factors in the student and in the context combine to determine the student's levels in emotional variables, stress, and coping strategies. The objective of the present research was to test this prediction in the aspect of coping strategies. Our hypothesis posed that students' level of self regulation (low medium high) in combination with the level of regulation promoted in teaching (low medium high) would determine the type of strategies students used to cope with academic stress; the interaction of these levels would focus coping strategies either toward emotions or toward the problem. A total of 944 university students completed validated questionnaires on self regulation, regulatory teaching, and coping strategies, using an online tool. ANOVAs and MANOVAs (3 x 1; 3 x 3; 5 x 1) were carried out, in a quasi experimental design by selection. Level of self regulation and level of regulatory teaching both had a significant effect on the type of coping strategies used. The most important finding was that the combined level of self regulation and external regulation, on a five level scale or heuristic, predicted the type of coping strategies that were used. In conclusion, the fact that this combination can predict type of coping strategies used by the student lends empirical support to the initial theory. Implications for the teaching learning process at university and for students' emotional health are discussed.

title: Stress and coping in the time of COVID 19: Pathways to resilience and recovery
abstract: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) has disrupted virtually every aspect of daily living, engendering forced isolation and social distance, economic hardship, fears of contracting a potentially lethal illness and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. Unfortunately, there is no formula or operating manual for how to cope with the current global pandemic. Previous research has documented an array of responses to mass crises or disasters, including chronic anxiety and posttraumatic stress as well as resilience and recovery. Much can be learned from this research about how people have coped in the past in order to identify strategies that may be particularly effective in managing distress and cultivating resilience during these perilous times. We delineate multiple coping strategies (e.g. behavioral activation, acceptance based coping, mindfulness practice, loving kindness practices) geared to decrease stress and promote resilience and recovery. These strategies may be especially effective because they help individuals make meaning, build distress tolerance, increase social support, foster a view of our deep human interconnectedness, and take goal directed value driven actions in midst of the COVID 19 pandemic.

title: A literature review on stress and coping strategies in nursing students
abstract: While stress is gaining attention as an important subject of research in nursing literature, coping strategies, as an important construct, has never been comprehensively reviewed.  The aims of this review were: (1) to identify the level of stress, its sources, and (2) to explore coping methods used by student nurses during nursing education.  This is a systematic review of studies conducted from 2000 to 2015 on stress and coping strategies in nursing students. CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and PubMed were the primary databases for the search of literature. Keywords including "stress" "coping strategy" "nursing students" and "clinical practice" in 13 studies met the criteria.  Stress levels in nursing students range from moderate to high. Main stressors identified included stress through the caring of patients, assignments and workloads, and negative interactions with staff and faculty. Common coping strategies utilized by nursing students included problem solving strategies such as developing objectives to resolve problems, adopting various strategies to solve problems, and finding the meaning of stressful events.  Nurse educators may consider the use of formulation and implementation of empirically tested interventions to reduce stress while enhancing coping skills.

title: Higher levels of stress and different coping strategies are associated with greater morning and evening fatigue severity in oncology patients receiving chemotherapy
abstract: A cancer diagnosis and associated treatments are stressful experiences for most patients. Patients' perceptions of stress and their use of coping strategies may influence fatigue severity. This study extends our previous work describing distinct profiles of morning (i.e. Very Low, Low, High, and Very High) and evening (i.e. Low, Moderate, High, and Very High) fatigue in oncology patients by evaluating for differences in stress and coping strategies among these fatigue classes. This longitudinal study evaluated for changes in morning and evening fatigue in oncology patients (n 1332) over two cycles of chemotherapy (CTX) Patients completed measures of cumulative exposure to stressful life events (SLEs) (i.e. the Life Stressor Checklist Revised) general stress (i.e. Perceived Stress Scale [PSS] cancer specific stress (i.e. Impact of Event Scale Revised [IES R] and coping strategies (i.e. Brief Cope) Differences among the latent classes were evaluated using analyses of variance, Kruskal Wallis, or chi square tests. Patients in both the Very High morning and evening fatigue classes reported higher numbers of and a higher impact from previous SLEs and higher PSS scores than the other fatigue classes. The IES R scores for the Very High morning fatigue class met the criterion for subsyndromal PTSD. Patients in the Very High evening fatigue class used a higher number of engagement coping strategies compared with the Very High morning fatigue class. Our findings suggest that interventions to reduce stress and enhance coping warrant investigation to decrease fatigue in patients undergoing CTX.