Query: Urinary tract infection in cats

title: Frequency and risk factors for urinary tract infection in cats with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Identification and control of infections are important in the management of diabetic cats. Urinary tract infections have not been well characterized in diabetic cats. This retrospective study was performed to review and characterize urinary tract infections in diabetic cats.  Urinary tract infections are common in diabetic cats.  A review was made of the medical records of 141 diabetic cats that had had urine obtained for culture by antepubic cystocentesis and that had not been treated with antibiotics, undergone urinary tract catheterization or urinary tract surgery within 2 weeks of urine collection or had urethral obstruction at the time of urine collection.  A review of medical records.  Urinary tract infection was identified in 18 of 141 diabetic cats. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (67% Female cats were at increased risk (prevalence odds ratios [POR] 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 10.2; P .013) Clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease and findings on urine sediment examination were good predictors of positive urine cultures.  Urinary tract infections are common in diabetic cats regardless of status of diabetic control, suggesting routine monitoring with urine sediment exams or urine culture is warranted.

title: Urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in cats: a clinical update

title: Detection of b lactamase and urovirulence genes in Escherichia coli serogroups isolated from urinary tract infection in cats
abstract: Sixty five Escherichia coli isolates were recovered from cats with urinary tract infection and their serogroups were determined. The isolates were screened for the presence of b lactamase (blaTEM) and urovirulence (cnf1, cdtB, afaIB C, papE F, sfa/focD E and iutA) genes. Serogroup determination of 65 uropathogenic E. coli isolates showed that 23 (35.38% were O typeable and belonged to 11 different O serogroups including: O1, O2, O4, O6, O8, O11, O25, O49, O75, O115 and O125. Fourteen (21.54% isolates were positive for the blaTEM gene. The blaTEM positive isolates were distributed in both typeable (five) and non typeable (nine) serogroups. Eleven blaTEM positive isolates showed combination patterns of virulence genes, whereas the combination of cnf1 hlyA papE F sfa/focDE was the most prevalent pattern. Polymerase chain reaction tests revealed that 38 isolates (58.46% contained at least two urovirulence genes. Among the examined isolates, 56.92% had cnf1, 52.30% hlyA, 50.76% sfa/focD E, 47.69% papE F, 13.84% iutA and 6.15% afaIB C. None of the isolates contained the cdtB gene. Eight different combinations of virulence genes were detected. The combination pattern of cnf1 hlyA papE F sfa/focD E was the most prevalent (30.77% whereas the positive isolates fell into O2 (three) O6 (two) and O49 (one) serogroup and 14 isolates were O non typeable. In conclusion, feline E. coli isolates from urinary tract infections belonged to several serogroups and may possess b lactamase and urovirulence coding genes.

title: Urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in cats: A clinical update
abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an important cause of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) particularly in female cats older than 10 years of age. In addition to cats with typical clinical signs of FLUTD or upper UTI, many cats have subclinical bacteriuria, but the clinical relevance of this is currently uncertain. UTIs are one of the most important indications for antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine and contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Adherence to treatment guidelines and confinement to a few first line antimicrobial agents is imperative to avoid further deterioration of the antimicrobial resistance situation. The decision to treat with antimicrobials should be based on the presence of clinical signs, and/or concurrent diseases, and the results of urine culture and susceptibility testing.  Distinguishing between cats with bacterial cystitis, and those with idiopathic cystitis and concurrent clinical or subclinical bacteriuria, is challenging, as clinical signs and urinalysis results may be identical. Optimal treatment of subclinical bacteriuria requires clarification as there is currently no evidence that demonstrates a beneficial effect of routine treatment. Management of recurrent UTIs remains a challenge as evidence for most alternatives used for prevention in cats is mainly anecdotal, and no preventive treatment modality is currently recommended.  This review draws on an extensive literature base in veterinary and human medicine, including the recently updated guidelines of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. Where published evidence is lacking, the authors describe their own approach; notably, for the bacteriuric cat with chronic kidney disease.

title: Frequency and Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infection in Cats with Diabetes Mellitus
abstract: Identification and control of infections are important in the management of diabetic cats. Urinary tract infections have not been well characterized in diabetic cats. This retrospective study was performed to review and characterize urinary tract infections in diabetic cats.  Urinary tract infections are common in diabetic cats.  A review was made of the medical records of 141 diabetic cats that had had urine obtained for culture by antepubic cystocentesis and that had not been treated with antibiotics, undergone urinary tract catheterization or urinary tract surgery within 2 weeks of urine collection or had urethral obstruction at the time of urine collection.  A review of medical records.  Urinary tract infection was identified in 18 of 141 diabetic cats. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (67% Female cats were at increased risk (prevalence odds ratios [POR] 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 10.2; P= .013) Clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease and findings on urine sediment examination were good predictors of positive urine cultures.  Urinary tract infections are common in diabetic cats regardless of status of diabetic control, suggesting routine monitoring with urine sediment exams or urine culture is warranted.

title: Prevalence and characterization of urinary tract infection in owned dogs and cats from Spain.
abstract: Bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common clinical concern in dogs. However, incidence of feline UTI is much lower than in dogs although an increasing prevalence has been registered. The main objective of the present study was to describe and characterize the prevalence of urinary tract pathogens in urine samples of dogs and cats with urinary clinical signs throughout different Spanish provinces. Secondary aims were to determine if there were differences in urine sample characterizations based on species (i.e. dog and cat) or season. Dogs were found to have a higher rate of positive urinary cultures than cats (39.3% and 24.7% of the cultures submitted, respectively) The bacterial genera most commonly isolated in dogs were Escherichia spp. (45.3% Proteus spp. (13.2% Staphylococcus spp. (11% and Enterococcus spp. (8.6% Whereas in the feline population, Escherichia spp. (42.7% Enterococcus spp. (22.2% and Staphyloccoccus spp. (15.2% were the most frequently isolated bacteria. The highest rates of positive urine cultures were registered in Melilla (70% Zamora (66.7% Teruel (64.3% and Guadalajara (60% Moreover, the proportion of positive urine cultures was not homogeneously distributed across provinces. Finally, some seasonality was found among most isolated bacterias. Enterococcus spp. was significantly more prevalent in summer, whereas Escherichia spp. and Proteus spp. were more commonly isolated in spring and Pseudomonas spp. in autumn.

title: [Significant bacteriuria in cats: urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria A current review]
abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to the adherence and multiplication of an infectious agent within the urinary system. In 8 19 of cats with clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease, bacterial UTI is identified as a cause. Subclinical bacteriuria is defined as the isolation of a significant number of bacteria in a urine specimen obtained from a patient without symptoms related to UTI. Subclinical bacteriuria has been reported in 1 29 of cats. The most commonly isolated pathogen in feline urine is Escherichia coli. Other frequently isolated microorganisms are Streptococcus species (spp. Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Antimicrobials are frequently used to treat UTIs. To prevent the development of antibiotic resistance, results of urine culture and susceptibility testing should be first obtained and antimicrobials with a narrow spectrum of activity should be used. Currently, there is insufficient evidence as to whether subclinical bacteriuria in cats should be treated or not. However, treatment of subclinical bacteriuria is only recommended in patients with an increased risk of ascending infections.

title: Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Dogs and Cats with Urinary Tract Infection

title: A clinical approach to multidrug resistant urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in dogs and cats
abstract: Multidrug resistant bacteria are increasingly isolated from the urinary tract of pets, particularly those that suffer from concurrent conditions, have been hospitalised, or were treated with antimicrobials in the recent past. Many of the multidrug resistant bacteria encountered are resistant to all commonly used oral antibiotics. This poses both a therapeutic dilemma in the individual pet and a threat to public health. This article begins with an overview of multidrug resistance in organisms that are commonly isolated from the urinary tract of pets. This is followed by a proposed clinical approach to managing multidrug resistant urinary bacteria, which summarises current knowledge regarding appropriate sampling and analysis, reviews the current guidelines regarding appropriate antimicrobial use and discusses treatment options that might be considered. The article highlights several shortcomings of the current knowledge to be considered when planning future clinical research and developing policies.

title: Increase in antimicrobial resistance and emergence of major international high risk clonal lineages in dogs and cats with urinary tract infection: 16 year retrospective study
abstract: To evaluate temporal trends in antimicrobial resistance, over 16 years, in bacteria isolated from dogs and cats with urinary tract infection (UTI) and the clonal lineages of bacteria harbouring critical antimicrobial resistance mechanisms.  Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted for 948 bacteria isolated from dogs and cats with UTI (1999 2014) Resistance mechanisms were detected by PCR, namely ESBL/AmpC in third generation cephalosporin (3GC) resistant Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis, mecA in methicillin resistant staphylococci, and aac(6' Ieaph(2' Ia and aph(2' 1d in high level gentamicin resistant (HLGR) enterococci. Resistant bacteria were typed by MLST, and temporal trends in E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae antimicrobial resistance were determined by logistic regression.  Enterobacteriaceae had a significant temporal increase in resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate, 3GCs, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolones, gentamicin and tetracycline (P 0.001) An increase in MDR was also detected (P 0.0001) 3GC resistance was mainly caused by the presence of blaCTX M 15 and blaCMY 2 in E. coli and the presence of blaCMY 2 in P. mirabilis. Two major 3GC resistant E. coli clonal lineages were detected: O25b:H4 B2 ST131 and ST648. The mecA gene was detected in 9.2% (n 11/119) of Staphylococcus spp. including MRSA clonal complex (CC) 5 (n 2) and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis CC5 (n 4) A temporal increase in MDR methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was detected (P 0.0069) Some ampicillin resistant and/or HLGR Enterococcus spp. were found to belong to hospital adapted CCs, namely Enterococcus faecalis ST6 CC6 (n 1) and Enterococcus faecium CC17 (n 8)  The temporal increase in antimicrobial resistance and in MDR bacteria causing UTI in dogs and cats creates important therapeutic limitations in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, the detection of MDR high risk clonal lineages raises public health concerns since companion animals with UTI may contribute to the spread of such bacteria.