Query: mandated vaccine

title: The effectiveness of the first dose of BNT162 b 2 vaccine in reducing SARS CoV 2 infection 13 24 days after immunization: real world evidence
abstract: BNT162b2 vaccines showed high efficacy against COVID 19 in a randomized controlled phase III trial. A vaccine effectiveness evaluation in real life settings is urgently needed, especially given the global disease surge. Hence, we assessed the short term effectiveness of the first dose of BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS CoV 2 infection. Given the BNT162b2 Phase III results, we hypothesized that the cumulative incidence of SARS CoV 2 infection among vaccinees will decline after 12 days following immunization compared to the incidence during the preceding days.  We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from 2.6 million member state mandated health provider in Israel. Study population consisted of all members aged 16 or above years who were vaccinated with BNT162b2 vaccine between December/19/2020 and January/15/2021. We collected information regarding medical history and positive SARS CoV 2 polymerase chain reaction test from days after first dose to January/17/2021. Daily and cumulative infection rates in days 13 24 were compared to days 1 12 after first dose using Kaplan Meier survival analysis and generalized linear models.  Data of 503,875 individuals (mean age 59.7 years SD=14.7, 47.8% males) were analyzed, of whom 351,897 had 13 24 days of follow up. The cumulative incidence of SARS CoV 2 infection was 0.57% (n=2484) during days 1 12 and 0.27% (n=614) in days 13 24. A 51.4% relative risk reduction (RRR) was calculated in weighted average daily incidence of SARS CoV 2 infection from 43.41 per 100,000(SE=12.07) in days 1 12 to 21.08 per 100,000(SE=6.16) in days 13 24 following immunization. The decrement in incidence was evident from day 18 after first dose. Similar RRRs were calculated in individuals aged 60 or above (44.5% younger individuals (50.2% females (50.0% and males (52.1% Findings were similar in sub populations and patients with various comorbidities.  We demonstrated an effectiveness of 51% of BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS CoV 2 infection 13 24 days after immunization with the first dose. Immunization with the second dose should be continued to attain the anticipated protection.

title: The Hajj 2019 Vaccine Requirements and Possible New Challenges
abstract: Each year millions of pilgrims perform the annual Hajj from more than 180 countries around the world. This is one of the largest mass gathering events and may result in the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases. As such, there are mandatory vaccinations for the pilgrims such as meningococcal vaccines. The 2019 annual Hajj will take place during August 8 13, 2019. Thus, we review the recommended and mandated vaccinations for the 2019 Hajj and Umrah. The mandatory vaccines required to secure the visa include the quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine for all pilgrims, while yellow fever, and poliomyelitis vaccines are required for pilgrims coming from countries endemic or with disease activity. The recommended vaccines are influenza, pneumococcal, in addition to full compliance with basic vaccines for all pilgrims against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, and mumps. It is imperative to continue surveillance for the spread of antimicrobial resistance and occurrence of all infectious diseases causing outbreaks across the globe in the last year, like Zika virus, MDR Typhoid, Nipah, Ebola, cholera, chikungunya and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.

title: Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Recommendations and Agreement with Mandated Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for 11 to 12 Year Old Girls: a Statewide Survey of Texas Physicians
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine Texas physicians' recommendations for the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in 11 to 12 year old girls, intention to recommend HPV vaccines to 11 to 12 year old boys, and attitudes about mandated HPV vaccination for 11 to 12 year old girls.  We conducted a cross sectional, web based survey of Texas physicians who provide direct patient care in family medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics/gynecology, and internal medicine in September 2008. The three outcome variables were: HPV vaccine recommendations to 11 to 12 year old girls, likelihood of recommending the vaccine to 11 to 12 year old boys, and agreement with mandated vaccination of 11 to 12 year old girls. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were used to determine practice related and attitudinal factors associated with each outcome.  Of the 1,122 respondents, 48.5% stated they always recommended HPV vaccines to girls, 68.4% were likely to recommend the vaccine to boys, and 41.7% agreed with mandated vaccination. In multivariate logistic regression models, variables independently associated with recommendation to 11 to 12 year old girls included: percentage of patients with Medicaid [odds ratio (OR) 1.02; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.01 1.03] academic versus nonacademic practice (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.05 4.23) office procedures to maximize vaccination (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01 1.56) HPV knowledge (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04 1.49) valuing HPV vaccine information from both professional organizations (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.15 3.16) and professional conferences (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.10 2.57) belief in mandated HPV vaccination (OR, 5.38; 95% CI, 3.28 8.83) and barriers to vaccination (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00 1.16)  Half of the physicians in this study did not follow current recommendations for universal HPV vaccination of 11 to 12 year old girls. Factors linked to vaccine recommendations may be targeted in educational or policy interventions.

title: Policy support for expanding the adolescent vaccine school mandate in Pennsylvania to include the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
abstract: Approximately 27,000 men and women are affected by human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancer every year. The Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) routinely recommend that adolescents receive HPV, tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (tetanus diphtheria acellular pertussis [Tdap] and meningococcal (MCV) vaccines at age 11 12 years. Although the CDC and professional organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics make national vaccine recommendations, according to the National Vaccine Information Center, it is the responsibility of "state health departments to make and enforce vaccine mandates for school entry." The Pennsylvania Department of Health has only mandated two of the recommended three vaccinations: Tdap and MCV. As of 2016, 92% of adolescents aged 13 17 years in Pennsylvania received the Tdap vaccine and 92.7% received the MCV. However, only 58% of females and 44.4% of males aged 13 17 years received all three doses of the HPV vaccine. A comparison of HPV vaccine rates in states with school mandates was compared with Pennsylvania rates. Human papillomavirus vaccination rates were found to be significantly higher in the District of Columbia and Rhode Island, which have HPV vaccine school entry requirements, supporting the need for a statewide HPV mandate in Pennsylvania.

title: Exemptions From Mandatory Immunization After Legally Mandated Parental Counseling
abstract: This article is the first in which the impact of parental counseling and signature requirements for obtaining vaccine exemptions at the state level has been evaluated.  The success of health care provider counseling based interventions to address vaccine hesitancy is not clear. In 2011, Washington State implemented Senate Bill 5005 (SB5005) requiring counseling and a signed form from a licensed health care provider to obtain an exemption. Evaluating the impact of a counseling intervention can provide important insight into population level interventions that focus on interpersonal communication by a health care provider.  We used segmented regression and interaction and aggregation indices to assess the impact of SB5005 on immunization coverage and exemption rates in Washington State from school years 1997 1998 through 2013 2014.  After SB5005 was implemented, there was a significant relative decrease of 40.2% (95% confidence interval: 43.6% to 36.6% in exemption rates. This translates to a significant absolute reduction of 2.9 percentage points (95% confidence interval: 4.2% to 1.7% in exemption rates. There were increases in vaccine coverage for all vaccines required for school entrance, with the exception of the hepatitis B vaccine. The probability that kindergarteners without exemptions would encounter kindergarteners with exemptions (interaction index) decreased, and the probability that kindergarteners with exemptions would encounter other such kindergarteners (aggregation index) also decreased after SB5005. Moreover, SB5005 was associated with a decline in geographic clustering of vaccine exemptors.  States in the United States and jurisdictions in other countries should consider adding parental counseling by health care provider as a requirement for obtaining exemptions to vaccination requirements.

title: Employer Mandated Vaccination for COVID 19.
abstract: When the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decided to grant emergency use authorization (EUA) for the first two vaccines for COVID 19, the United States' response to the pandemic entered a new phase. Initially, the greatest challenge is having enough doses of vaccine and administering them to all who want it. Yet even while many wait expectantly for their turn to be vaccinated, a significant minority of Americans are hesitant. Lack of information or misinformation about the vaccine, a long standing and well entrenched antivaccination movement, distrust of public health officials, and political polarization have left many people ambivalent or opposed to vaccination. According to a poll by the Kaiser Family Foundation taken in late November and early December 2020, 27% of respondents surveyed stated that they would "probably" or "definitely" not be willing to be vaccinated.1 Reflecting the sharp partisan divide that has characterized views about the pandemic, Democrats (86% were far more likely than Republicans (56% to be vaccinated.

title: Chinese vaccine scandal unlikely to dent childhood immunization rates
abstract: Vaccines are mandated for children starting school in China and enjoy widespread public support.Evidence from a previous scare suggests that faith in the benefits of vaccines will outweigh concerns.

title: Adverse Events Following Immunization in Brazil: Age of Child and Vaccine Associated Risk Analysis Using Logistic Regression
abstract: Vaccines are effective in controlling and eradicating infectious diseases. However, adverse events following immunization (AEFI) can occur in susceptible individuals. The objective of this study was to analyze the Brazilian AEFI database and compare eight vaccines in order to profile risks of AEFIs related to the mandated pediatric schedule of immunization, considering the age and sex of the child, type of vaccine, and reported adverse events.  We analyzed the Brazilian AEFI database integrating reports between 2005 and 2010 for children less than 10 years old immunized with eight mandated vaccines: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type b (TETRA) diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) oral rotavirus vaccine (ORV) hepatitis B (HB) and yellow fever (YF) We compared the children's age regarding types of AEFI, evaluated AEFI factors associated with the chance of hospitalization of the child, and estimated the chance of notification of an AEFI as a function of the type of vaccine. In total, 47,105 AEFIs were observed for the mandated vaccines.  The highest AEFI rate was for the TETRA vaccine and the lowest was for the OPV vaccine, with 60.1 and 2.3 events per 100,000 inoculations, respectively. The TETRA vaccine showed the highest rate of hypotonic hyporesponsive episode, followed by convulsion and fever. The MMR and YF vaccines were associated with generalized rash. BCG was associated with enlarged lymph glands but showed the largest negative (protective) association with hyporesponsive events and seizures. Compared with children aged 5 9 years old, young children <1 year) showed significantly higher odds of hospitalization.  The Brazilian AEFI registry is useful to compare the magnitude and certain characteristics of adverse events associated with mandated pediatric vaccines.

title: Neoliberal Mothering and Vaccine Refusal
abstract: Neoliberal cultural frames of individual choice inform mothers' accounts of why they refuse state mandated vaccines for their children. Using interviews with 25 mothers who reject recommended vaccines, this article examines the gendered discourse of vaccine refusal. First, I show how mothers, seeing themselves as experts on their children, weigh perceived risks of infection against those of vaccines and dismiss claims that vaccines are necessary. Second, I explicate how mothers see their own intensive mothering practices particularly around feeding, nutrition, and natural living as an alternate and superior means of supporting their children's immunity. Third, I show how they attempt to control risk through management of social exposure, as they envision disease risk to lie in "foreign" bodies outside their networks, and, therefore, individually manageable. Finally, I examine how these mothers focus solely on their own children by evaluating and often rejecting assertions that their choices undermine community health, while ignoring how their children benefit from the immunity of others. By analyzing the gendered discourse of vaccines, this article identifies how women's insistence on individual maternal choice as evidence of commitment to their children draws on and replicates structural inequality in ways that remain invisible, but affect others.

title: Efficacy and Safety of Japanese Rabies Vaccine (Inactivated) in Dogs According to the Injection Method Mandated the Import Export Quarantine Regulation for Dogs and Other Animals