Query: Acceptance of covid 19 vaccine

title: Determinants of COVID 19 vaccine acceptance in the US
abstract: The COVID 19 pandemic continues to adversely affect the U.S. which leads globally in total cases and deaths. As COVID 19 vaccines are under development, public health officials and policymakers need to create strategic vaccine acceptance messaging to effectively control the pandemic and prevent thousands of additional deaths.  Using an online platform, we surveyed the U.S. adult population in May 2020 to understand risk perceptions about the COVID 19 pandemic, acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine, and trust in sources of information. These factors were compared across basic demographics.  Of the 672 participants surveyed, 450 (67% said they would accept a COVID 19 vaccine if it is recommended for them. Males (72% compared to females, older adults =55 years; 78% compared to younger adults, Asians (81% compared to other racial and ethnic groups, and college and/or graduate degree holders (75% compared to people with less than a college degree were more likely to accept the vaccine. When comparing reported influenza vaccine uptake to reported acceptance of the COVID 19 vaccine: 1) participants who did not complete high school had a very low influenza vaccine uptake (10% while 60% of the same group said they would accept the COVID 19 vaccine; 2) unemployed participants reported lower influenza uptake and lower COVID 19 vaccine acceptance when compared to those employed or retired; and, 3) Black Americans reported lower influenza vaccine uptake and lower COVID 19 vaccine acceptance than all other racial groups reported in our study. Lastly, we identified geographic differences with Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) regions 2 (New York) and 5 (Chicago) reporting less than 50 percent COVID 19 vaccine acceptance.  Although our study found a 67% acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine, there were noticeable demographic and geographical disparities in vaccine acceptance. Before a COVID 19 vaccine is introduced to the U.S. public health officials and policymakers must prioritize effective COVID 19 vaccine acceptance messaging for all Americans, especially those who are most vulnerable.

title: Determinants of COVID 19 Vaccine Acceptance in the U.S.
abstract: The COVID 19 pandemic continues to adversely affect the U.S. which leads globally in total cases and deaths. As COVID 19 vaccines are under development, public health officials and policymakers need to create strategic vaccine acceptance messaging to effectively control the pandemic and prevent thousands of additional deaths.  Using an online platform, we surveyed the U.S. adult population in May 2020 to understand risk perceptions about the COVID 19 pandemic, acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine, and trust in sources of information. These factors were compared across basic demographics.  Of the 672 participants surveyed, 450 (67% said they would accept a COVID 19 vaccine if it is recommended for them. Males (72% older adults ]55 years; 78% Asians (81% and college and/or graduate degree holders (75% were more likely to accept the vaccine. When comparing reported influenza vaccine uptake to reported acceptance of the COVID 19 vaccine: 1) participants who did not complete high school had a very low influenza vaccine uptake (10% while 60% of the same group said they would accept the COVID 19 vaccine; 2) unemployed participants reported lower influenza uptake and lower COVID 19 vaccine acceptance when compared to those employed or retired; and, 3) black Americans reported lower influenza vaccine uptake and lower COVID 19 vaccine acceptance than nearly all other racial groups. Lastly, we identified geographic differences with Department of Health and Human Services regions 2 (New York) and 5 (Chicago) reporting less than 50 percent COVID 19 vaccine acceptance.  Although our study found a 67% acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine, there were noticeable demographic and geographical disparities in vaccine acceptance. Before a COVID 19 vaccine is introduced to the U.S. public health officials and policymakers must prioritize effective COVID 19 vaccine acceptance messaging for all Americans, especially those who are most vulnerable.

title: Acceptance of a COVID 19 Vaccine in Southeast Asia: A Cross Sectional Study in Indonesia
abstract: Several vaccine candidates are being clinically tested in response to the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID 19) pandemic. This study was conducted to assess the acceptance of a 50 or 95% effective COVID 19 vaccine, when it becomes available in southeast Asia, among the general population in Indonesia.  A cross sectional online survey was conducted between March 25 and April 6, 2020. Participants were asked if they would accept a free vaccine which was 95 or 50% effective. Using a logistic regression model, we assessed the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, exposure to COVID 19 information, or perceived risk of infection with acceptance of a hypothetical COVID 19 vaccine.  Among 1,359 respondents, 93.3% of respondents (1,268/1,359) would like to be vaccinated for a 95% effective vaccine, but this acceptance decreased to 67.0% (911/1,359) for a vaccine with 50% effectiveness. For a 95% effective vaccine, being a healthcare worker and having a higher perceived risk of COVID 19 infection were associated with higher acceptance, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.01; 95%CI: 1.01, 4.00 and aOR: 2.21; 95%CI: 1.07, 4.59, respectively; compared to civil servants, being retired was associated with less acceptance (aOR: 0.15; 95%CI: 0.04, 0.63) For a 50% effective vaccine, being a healthcare worker was also associated with greater acceptance, aOR: 1.57; 95%CI: 1.12, 2.20.  Acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine was highly influenced by the baseline effectiveness of the vaccine. Preparing the general population to accept a vaccine with relatively low effectiveness may be difficult.

title: Determinants of COVID 19 Vaccine Acceptance in Saudi Arabia: A Web Based National Survey
abstract: Vaccine hesitancy is a potential threat to global public health. Since there is an unprecedented global effort to develop a vaccine against the COVID 19 pandemic, much less is known about its acceptance in the community. Understanding key determinants that influence the preferences and demands of a future vaccine by the community may help to develop strategies for improving the global vaccination program. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the acceptance of COVID 19 vaccine and their determinants among people in Saudi Arabia.  A web based, cross sectional study was conducted using snowball sampling strategy under a highly restricted environment. A bilingual, self administered anonymous questionnaire was designed and sent to the study participants through social media plat forms and email. Study participants were recruited across the country, including the four major cities (Riyadh, Dammam, Jeddah, and Abha) in Saudi Arabia. Key determinants that predict vaccine acceptance among respondents were modelled using logistic regression analysis. Of the 1000 survey invitees, 992 responded to the survey.  Of the 992 respondents, 642 showed interest to accept the COVID 19 vaccine if it is available. Willingness to accept the future COVID 19 vaccine is relatively high among older age groups, being married participants with education level postgraduate degree or higher (68.8% non Saudi (69.1% employed in government sector (68.9% In multivariate model, respondents who were above 45 years (aOR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.08 3.21) and married (aOR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.28 2.50) were significantly associated with vaccine acceptance (p 0.05)  Addressing sociodemographic determinants relating to the COVID 19 vaccination may help to increase uptake of the global vaccination program to tackle future pandemics. Targeted health education interventions are needed to increase the uptake of the future COVID 19 vaccine.

title: Assessment of COVID 19 vaccine acceptance among healthcare workers in Los Angeles
abstract: Healthcare workers (HCW) are slated to be early recipients of SARS CoV 2 vaccines due to increased risk of exposure to patients with COVID 19, and will be tasked with administering approved vaccines to the general population. As lynchpins of the vaccination effort, HCWs' opinions of a vaccine's safety and efficacy may affect both public perception and uptake of the vaccine. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and address potential hesitancy prior to vaccine administration.  To understand healthcare workers' attitudes about vaccine safety, efficacy, and acceptability in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic, including acceptance of a novel coronavirus vaccine.  A cross sectional survey was distributed to participants enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study surveilling SARS CoV 2 infection among 1,093 volunteer sampled University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Health System employees. Surveys were completed online between September 24 and October 16, 2020. In total, 609 participants completed this supplemental survey.  We averaged a 9 statement Likert scale matrix scored from 1 "strongly disagree" to 5 "strongly agree" and found respondents overwhelmingly confident about vaccine safety (4.47) effectiveness (4.44) importance, self protection, and community health (4.67) Notably, 47.3% of respondents reported unwillingness to participate in a coronavirus vaccine trial, and most (66.5% intend to delay vaccination. The odds of reporting intent to delay coronavirus vaccine uptake were 4.15 times higher among nurses, 2.45 times higher among other personnel with patient contact roles, and 2.15 times higher among those without patient contact compared to doctors. Evolving SARS CoV 2 science (76.0% current political climate (57.6% and fast tracked vaccine development timeline (83.4% were cited as primary variables impacting HCW decisions to undergo vaccination. Of note, these results were obtained prior to release of Phase III data from companies manufacturing vaccines in the U.S.  Despite overall confidence in vaccines, a majority of HCW expressed concerns over a novel coronavirus vaccine. A large proportion plan to delay vaccine uptake due to concerns about expedited development, emerging scientific discoveries, and the political climate. Forthcoming vaccination campaigns must address these unique points of coronavirus vaccine hesitancy in order to achieve adequate vaccine coverage.

title: A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine
abstract: Several coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) vaccines are currently in human trials. In June 2020, we surveyed 13,426 people in 19 countries to determine potential acceptance rates and factors influencing acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine. Of these, 71.5% of participants reported that they would be very or somewhat likely to take a COVID 19 vaccine, and 61.4% reported that they would accept their employer's recommendation to do so. Differences in acceptance rates ranged from almost 90% (in China) to less than 55% (in Russia) Respondents reporting higher levels of trust in information from government sources were more likely to accept a vaccine and take their employer's advice to do so. Survey data from across 19 countries reveal heterogeneity in attitudes toward acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine and suggest that trust in government is associated with vaccine confidence.

title: Hesitant or not? A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine
abstract: A number of COVID 19 vaccines are under development, with one or more possibly becoming available in 2021. We conducted a global survey in June 2020 of 13,426 people in 19 countries to determine potential acceptance rates of a COVID 19 vaccine and factors influencing acceptance. We ran univariate logistic regressions to examine the associations with demographic variables. 71.5% reported they would be very or somewhat likely to take a COVID 19 vaccine; 61.4% reported they would accept their employer's recommendation to take a COVID 19 vaccine. Differences in acceptance across countries ranged from almost 9 in 10 (China) to fewer than 6 in 10 (Russia) Respondents reporting higher levels of trust in information from government sources were more likely to accept a vaccine, and take their employer's advice to do so. Targeted interventions addressing age, sex, income, and education level are required to increase and sustain public acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine.

title: Acceptance of a COVID 19 vaccine: A multifactorial consideration

title: Acceptance of COVID 19 Vaccination during the COVID 19 Pandemic in China
abstract: Faced with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic, the development of COVID 19 vaccines has been progressing at an unprecedented rate. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptance of COVID 19 vaccination in China and give suggestions for vaccination strategies and immunization programs accordingly.  In March 2020, an anonymous cross sectional survey was conducted online among Chinese adults. The questionnaire collected socio demographic characteristics, risk perception, the impact of COVID 19, attitudes, acceptance and attribute preferences of vaccines against COVID 19 during the pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the influencing factors of vaccination acceptance.  Of the 2058 participants surveyed, 1879 (91.3% stated that they would accept COVID 19 vaccination after the vaccine becomes available, among whom 980 (52.2% wanted to get vaccinated as soon as possible, while others (47.8% would delay the vaccination until the vaccine's safety was confirmed. Participants preferred a routine immunization schedule (49.4% to emergency vaccination (9.0% or either of them (41.6% Logistic regression showed that being male, being married, perceiving a high risk of infection, being vaccinated against influenza in the past season, believing in the efficacy of COVID 19 vaccination or valuing doctor's recommendations could increase the probability of accepting COVID 19 vaccination as soon as possible, while having confirmed or suspected cases in local areas, valuing vaccination convenience or vaccine price in decision making could hinder participants from immediate vaccination.  During the pandemic period, a strong demand for and high acceptance of COVID 19 vaccination has been shown among the Chinese population, while concerns about vaccine safety may hinder the promotion of vaccine uptake. To expand vaccination coverage, immunization programs should be designed to remove barriers in terms of vaccine price and vaccination convenience, and health education and communication from authoritative sources are important ways to alleviate public concerns about vaccine safety.

title: Risk exposures, risk perceptions, negative attitudes toward general vaccination, and COVID 19 vaccine acceptance among college students in South Carolina
abstract: Growing attention has been paid to vaccination in control of the COVID 19 pandemic and young adults is one of the key populations for vaccination. Advanced understanding of young adults' willingness to take a COVID 19 vaccine and the potential factors influencing their vaccine intention will contribute to the development and implementation of effective strategies to promote COVID 19 vaccine uptake among this group. The current study investigated how risk exposures and risk perceptions of COVID 19 (e.g. perceived susceptibility, severity, and fear of COVID 19) as well as negative attitudes toward general vaccination were related to COVID vaccine acceptance among college students based on online survey data from 1062 college students in South Carolina Hierarchical linear regression was used to examine the association of these factors with COVID 19 vaccine acceptance controlling for key demographics. Results suggested that perceived severity and fear of COVID 19 were positively associated with vaccine acceptance, while higher level of risk exposures (work/study place exposure) and negative attitude toward general vaccination were associated with low vaccine acceptance. Our findings suggested that we need tailored education messages for college students to emphasize the severity of COVID 19, particularly potential long term negative consequences on health, address the concerns of side effects of general vaccines by dispelling the misconception, and target the most vulnerable subgroups who reported high level of risk exposures while showed low intention to take the vaccine. Efforts are warranted to increase college students' perceived susceptibility and severity and promote their self efficacy in health management and encourage them to take protective behaviors including vaccine uptake.