Query: History of wheat stem rust pdf

title: Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain
abstract: Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata) This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.

title: Sources of FHB Resistance, Genetics and Mapping of Stem Rust Resistance in Kenyan and Ethiopian Spring Wheat Germplasm
abstract: University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. November 2019.  Plant Pathology.  RUTH DILL MACKY, MATTHEW ROUSE. 1 computer file (PDF) xiv, 212 pages.

title: Sources of Resistance to Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) in Improved Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum l. Varieties of Ethiopia
abstract: Article History Received: 6 September 2019  8 October 2019  12 November 2019

title: Misfits of wheat stem rust resistance Unusual solutions to a consistent problem
abstract: University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. December 2016.  Plant Pathology.  Matthew Rouse. 1 computer file (PDF) xii, 118 pages.

title: Genetic and Genomic Analysis of Nonhost Resistance to Wheat Stem Rust in Brachypodium distachyon
abstract: University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. August 2016.  Applied Plant Sciences.  1 computer file (PDF) ix, 120 pages.

title: Stem Rust of Wheat A Basic Review
abstract: Throughout the history, stem rust has been considered a major threat to the wheat production. The three rust diseases of wheat namely stem, leaf and stripe rust are the most important biotic constraints to wheat production. Stem rust or black rust of wheat caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. E. Henn, is often the most damaging of the three wheat rust diseases due to the potential for complete crop loss. The spread of stem rust race Ug99 and variants are threat to worldwide wheat production and efforts are being made to identify and incorporate resistance. A primary source of concern at present is that Ug99 (TTKSK and its variants TTKST and TTTSK) has overcome major sources of stem rust resistance genes eg Sr31, Sr38 and other important gene complexes which confer resistance to stem rust. At present, among the 58 catalogued resistant genes against stem rust, only less than half of them are effective to Ug99 27 (McIntosh et al. 2014) There are a total of 26 stem rust resistant genes derived from common wheat, only three (Sr28, Sr29 and SrTmp) are resistant to Ug99, and the effects of these genes are moderate under heavy disease pressure. Among the catalogued genes conferring some level of resistance against Ug99, 32 genes were introduced into wheat from its wild relatives. Because of limited resistance in the wheat gene pool, the discovery of novel resistance in wild relatives and its transfer to wheat by chromosome engineering is an effective strategy of disease control.

title: Characterization of Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis in Wheat and Rye to Study Tan Spot Susceptibility and Insights Into Its Relationship with Stem Rust Resistance
abstract: xiii CHAPTER 1. 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Tan spot of wheat and economic importance 1 Disease origin and distribution 2 History of the pathogen and nomenclature 3 Pathogen biology and life cycle 4 The infection process 5 Tan spot disease symptoms and Pyrenophora tritici repentis race classification system 7 Alternative hosts of Pyrenophora tritici repentis 10 Host Selective Toxins (Effectors) from P. tritici repentis and their role in tan spot development 12 Virulence variation in Pyrenophora tritici repentis population 15 Host Pathogen interaction 18 Rationale of the study 21 Research Objectives 24 LITERATURE CITED 26 CHAPTER 2. 43 TITLE: INSIGHTS INTO TAN SPOT AND STEM RUST RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY BY STUDYING THE PRE GREEN REVOLUTION GLOBAL COLLECTION OF WHEAT 43

title: Wheat rust evolution in Spain: an historical review
abstract: Rusts are important wheat diseases worldwide. The three rust diseases of wheat are yellow rust, leaf rust and stem rust, and each has characteristic features. The Guadalquivir valley in the south west and Girona in the north east are the areas Spain most affected by these diseases. Key factors for understanding the history of wheat rust epidemics in Spain are historical weather records in the rust prone areas and characterization of rust resistance in historical varieties currently preserved in seed banks. These diseases in Spain have been of moderate importance, with stem rust being the most significant disease. During the second half of the 20th century several major epidemics occurred. In 1958 and 1978 severe outbreaks of yellow rust occurred in the Guadalquivir valley. These were probably associated with crop intensification, especially a large number of host landraces replaced by just a few cultivars, as well as immigration of external pathogen inoculum. From the early 1970s, CIMMYT elite cultivars arrived in Spain. These possessed good resistance to leaf and stem rust Sr2 and had early heading dates. Subsequently, stem rust severity rapidly decreased in Spanish fields, but leaf rust epidemics became frequent during 1998 2008 on durum wheat in south west Spain. In 2013, races virulent on Lr14a gene were first reported in Spain, but they did not result in disease epidemics. In 2012 16 yellow rust epidemics were recorded at many locations due to incursion of the 'Warrior' race. Despite the availability of effective fungicides and resistant cultivars to manage the three rust diseases, these diseases continue to threaten wheat production in Spain. In 2016, stem rust caused epidemics on durum wheat in Sicily (Italy) which has similar climatic conditions to those found in the south and east of Spain. Alert systems and international co operation are needed to characterize the resistance of cultivars, and to monitor the movement and virulence of the wheat rust fungi.

title: From Bioinformatics to Identifying R genes, Enhancers, Signaling Pathways and Pathogen Elicitors in the Barley Stem Rust Pathosystem
abstract: iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v DEDICATION vi LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES xv LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES xvi CHAPTER 1.  Infection process of Pgt 5 Nomenclature of Pgt race 7 Genetic control of wheat stem rust 7 Genetic control of wheat stem rust in barley 10 Rpg1 (Reaction to Puccinia graminis 1) 11 rpg4 mediated resistance locus (RMRL) 13 Host parasite interaction 17 Fungal effectors 20 Avirulence proteins in rust fungi 22 Avr protein in Melampsora lini 22

title: Using Next Gen Sequencing To Map Ug99 Stem Rust Resistance Genes In Wheat Biparental And Nested Association Mapping Populations
abstract: University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. October 2014.  Applied Plant Sciences.  1 computer file (PDF) xi, 189 pages 1 supplemental PowerPoint file.