Query: investor reaction and covid-19 new cases

title: Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID 19 in the New York City Area.
abstract: Importance There is limited information describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes of US patients requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019  To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID 19 hospitalized in a US health care system.  The study included all sequentially hospitalized patients between March 1, 2020, and April 4, 2020, inclusive of these dates.  Confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) infection by positive result on polymerase chain reaction testing of a nasopharyngeal sample among patients requiring admission.  Clinical outcomes during hospitalization, such as invasive mechanical ventilation, kidney replacement therapy, and death. Demographics, baseline comorbidities, presenting vital signs, and test results were also collected.  A total of 5700 patients were included (median age, 63 years [interquartile range {IQR} 52 75; range, 0 107 years] 39.7% female) The most common comorbidities were hypertension (3026; 56.6% obesity (1737; 41.7% and diabetes (1808; 33.8% At triage, 30.7% of patients were febrile, 17.3% had a respiratory rate greater than 24 breaths/minute, and 27.8% received supplemental oxygen. The rate of respiratory virus co infection was 2.1% Outcomes were assessed for 2634 patients who were discharged or had died at the study end point. During hospitalization, 373 patients (14.2% (median age, 68 years [IQR, 56 78] 33.5% female) were treated in the intensive care unit care, 320 (12.2% received invasive mechanical ventilation, 81 (3.2% were treated with kidney replacement therapy, and 553 (21% died. Mortality for those requiring mechanical ventilation was 88.1% The median postdischarge follow up time was 4.4 days (IQR, 2.2 9.3) A total of 45 patients (2.2% were readmitted during the study period. The median time to readmission was 3 days (IQR, 1.0 4.5) for readmitted patients. Among the 3066 patients who remained hospitalized at the final study follow up date (median age, 65 years [IQR, 54 75] the median follow up at time of censoring was 4.5 days (IQR, 2.4 8.1)  This case series provides characteristics and early outcomes of sequentially hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID 19 in the New York City area.

title: Acute onset smell and taste disorders in the context of COVID 19: a pilot multicentre polymerase chain reaction based case control study
abstract: Specific respiratory tract infections, including COVID 19, may cause smell and/or taste disorders (STDs) with increased frequency. The aim was to determine whether new onset STDs are more frequent amongst COVID 19 patients than influenza patients.  This was a case control study including hospitalized patients of two tertiary care centres. Consecutive patients positive for COVID 19 polymerase chain reaction (cases) and patients positive for influenza polymerase chain reaction (historical control sample) were assessed during specific periods, employing a self reported STD questionnaire.  Seventy nine cases and 40 controls were included. No significant differences were found in basal features between the two groups. New onset STDs were significantly more frequent amongst cases (31, 39.2% than in the control group (5, 12.5 [adjusted odds ratio 21.4 (2.77 165.4, P 0.003) COVID 19 patients with new onset STDs were significantly younger than COVID 19 patients without STDs (52.6 17.2 vs. 67.4 15.1, P 0.001) Amongst COVID 19 patients who presented STDs, 22 (70.9% recalled an acute onset and it was an initial manifestation in 11 (35.5% Twenty five (80.6% presented smell disorders (mostly anosmia, 14, 45.2% and 28 (90.3% taste disorders (mostly ageusia, 14, 45.2% Only four (12.9 reported concomitant nasal obstruction. The mean duration of STD was 7.5 3.2 days and 12 patients (40% manifested complete recovery after 7.4 2.3 days of onset.  New onset STDs were significantly more frequent amongst COVID 19 patients than influenza patients; they usually had an acute onset and were commonly an initial manifestation. The use of STD assessment in anamnesis as a hint for COVID 19 and to support individuals' self isolation in the current epidemic context is suggested.

title: Chest CT manifestations of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) a pictorial review
abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) outbreak, first reported in Wuhan, China, has rapidly swept around the world just within a month, causing global public health emergency. In diagnosis, chest computed tomography (CT) manifestations can supplement parts of limitations of real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) assay. Based on a comprehensive literature review and the experience in the frontline, we aim to review the typical and relatively atypical CT manifestations with representative COVID 19 cases at our hospital, and hope to strengthen the recognition of these features with radiologists and help them make a quick and accurate diagnosis.  Ground glass opacities, consolidation, reticular pattern, and crazy paving pattern are typical CT manifestations of COVID 19. Emerging atypical CT manifestations, including airway changes, pleural changes, fibrosis, nodules, etc. were demonstrated in COVID 19 patients. CT manifestations may associate with the progression and prognosis of COVID 19.

title: SARS, MERS and COVID 19 new threats; old lessons
abstract: Contrary to the widespread optimism of the mid 20th century, infectious diseases will never be relegated to history by antimicrobials and vaccines. 'New' human pathogens have emerged at intervals throughout human history but, until recently, emerging infectious diseases often remained unrecognized, and their causes unknown, long after they had become widespread. Now, scientists can often characterize emergent pathogens with astonishing speed, using next generation sequencing and bioinformatics. In December 2019, in Wuhan, China, only a few days elapsed between collection of respiratory specimens from patients with viral pneumonia of unknown aetiology and the publication of the genome of the novel beta coronavirus (now called SARS CoV 2) that caused it. This led to rapid development of a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and implementation of targeted containment measures. One might expect these technological advances, along with lessons from two previous novel coronavirus disease outbreaks severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012 to contribute to rapid control of the latest one, COVID 19. But, as Peeri et al. note in this issue, although there are similarities between SARS CoV, MERSCoV and SARS CoV 2, there are key differences between the corresponding diseases, the global milieux into which they have emerged and international responses, that limit the relevance of lessons from previous outbreaks. SARS CoV, MERS CoV and SARS CoV 2, like most emerging human pathogens, are zoonotic viruses that have 'spilled over' from animals and acquired the ability to spread, person to person, with variable efficiency. SARS CoV was first implicated in human disease in China in 2002, linked epidemiologically to wild animal trading and detected in several wild animal species, before being traced to a reservoir in bats. Early COVID 19 cases were linked to the Huanan Wholesale Seafood Market, in Wuhan, which sold a variety of wild animals. No specific animal source was identified, but the genetic similarity between SARS CoV 2, SARS CoV and SARS like bat coronaviruses, suggest that bats are the likely reservoir of SARS COV 2, as they are, also, of MERS CoV; the usual intermediary source of MERS, for humans, is domestic camels. In 2003, the Chinese government was criticised for its delayed reporting of an outbreak of viral pneumonia in Guangdong province to the World Health Organization (WHO) By the time the WHO was notified in March 2003, 4 months after the outbreak started, there were 300 known cases and a Chinese doctor, visiting from Guangzhou, had infected 16 fellow guests in a Hong Kong hotel, thus triggering global dissemination of SARS to 29 countries. This contrasts with the more timely notification of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan on 31 December 2019. Although, in retrospect, the first cases had occurred in early December, there was understandable delay in recognizing a small number of serious respiratory infections as an outbreak, in the midst of a seasonal influenza epidemic. However, the report closely followed a 'leak' on 30 December, when a young Chinese doctor, Li Wenliang, warned a small group of colleagues by private WeChat

title: Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by COVID 19: A report of two cases and review of literature
abstract: The relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) disease (COVID 19) and diabetes mellitus is bidirectional. On one hand, diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of severe COVID 19. On the other hand, new onset diabetes and severe metabolic complications of pre existing diabetes, including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) have been observed in patients with COVID 19. In this report, we describe two patient with diabetes mellitus who presented to our hospital with DKA. We also reviewed almost all published cases of DKA that had been precipitated by COVID 19.  Two patients were admitted with DKA, who were diagnosed to have COVID 19 on the basis of real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) assay. Detailed history, anthropometry, laboratory investigations, imaging studies, clinical course and management outcomes were documented.  First patient (30 year male) had undiagnosed diabetes and no other comorbidities, and COVID 19 precipitated DKA. He also had COVID 19 associated pneumonia. Second patient (60 year male) had long duration hypertension with no prior history of diabetes and developed cerebrovascular accident (CVA) He was also diagnosed with COVID 19 (RT PCR assay) and DKA in the hospital. CVA and COVID 19 could have precipitate DKA. Both patients responded well to treatment and were discharged in a stable condition.  These cases show that COVID 19 can precipitate DKA in a significant number of patients. DKA can occur in patients with pre existing diabetes or newly diagnosed diabetes. As COVID 19 and diabetes are prevalent conditions, high degree of suspicion is required to diagnose DKA timely in order to improve the prognosis of COVID 19 related diabetic ketoacidosis.

title: Did Congress trade ahead? Considering the reaction of US industries to COVID 19
abstract: During the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic in the US, there has been considerable media attention regarding several US legislators who traded stocks in late January through February 2020. The concern is that these legislators traded in anticipation of COVID 19 having a major impact on the financial markets, while publicly suggesting otherwise. We consider whether these legislator trades were in a time window, and of a nature, that would be consistent with trading ahead of the market. Towards this end, we assess the reactions of US industries to sudden COVID related news announcements, concomitantly with an analysis of levels of investor attention to COVID. Results suggest that, at an industry level, for legislator trading to be "ahead of the market" it needed to have been done prior to February 26, and involving the 15 industries we identify as having abnormal returns, especially medical and pharmaceutical products (positive) restaurants, hotels, and motels (negative) as well as services and utilities. These criteria are met by many of the legislator trades. Our results help to both parameterize concerns about this case of legislator trading; as well as provide insight into the reactions and expectations of investors toward COVID 19.

title: COVID 19 and Investor Behavior
abstract: How do retail investors respond to the outbreak of COVID 19? We use transaction level trading data to show that investors significantly increase their trading activities as the COVID 19 pandemic unfolds, both at the extensive and at the intensive margin. Investors, on average, increase their brokerage deposits and open more new accounts. The average weekly trading intensity increases by 13.9% as the number of COVID 19 cases doubles. The increase in trading is especially pronounced for male and older investors, and affects stock and index trading. Following the 9.99% drop of the Dow Jones on March 12, investors significantly reduce the usage of leverage.

title: COVID 19 and investor behavior
abstract: How do retail investors respond to the outbreak of COVID 19? We use transaction level trading data to show that investors significantly increase their trading activities as the COVID 19 pandemic unfolds, both at the extensive and at the intensive margin. Investors, on average, increase their brokerage deposits and open more new accounts. The average weekly trading intensity increases by 13.9% as the number of COVID 19 cases doubles. The increase in trading is especially pronounced for male and older investors, and affects stock and index trading. Following the 9.99% drop of the Dow Jones on March 12, investors significantly reduce the usage of leverage.

title: Investor Attention and Global Market Returns during the COVID 19 Crisis
abstract: The financial market response to the COVID 19 pandemic provides the first example of a market crash instigated by a health crisis. The crisis provides a unique setting in which to examine the market response to changes in investor attention. We utilise Google search volume (GSV) as a proxy for investor attention. GSV for the "coronavirus" keyword increases substantially from late February and peaks in mid March before declining substantially. Our results are broadly consistent with Da et al. (2015) indicating that GSV is primarily a proxy for the attention of retail investors and confirming that investor attention negatively influences global stock returns. A rise in the number of internet searches during the COVID 19 crisis induces a faster rate of information flow into financial markets and so is also associated with higher volatility. The identified relationships are economically and statistically significant even after controlling for the number of new COVID 19 cases and various macroeconomic effects. Increases in GSV have less impact on government bond yields, with Italian yields rising with investor attention. The more limited role of GSV is likely due to lower participation of retail investors in bond markets. The results suggest that, rather than searching for information on potential stocks to buy (Barber and Odean, 2008) retail investors are searching for information to resolve uncertainty about household FEARS (Da et al. 2015) during the COVID 19 crisis.

title: New Onset Seizure as the Only Presentation in a Child With COVID 19
abstract: We present a child with a new onset isolated afebrile seizure in coronavirus disease 2019  This patient, an 11 year old Hispanic male, was brought to our ED in New York city on May 01, 2020, during the ongoing COVID 19 crisis with seizure. There was no fever and/or respiratory and gastrointestinal complaints. His general and systemic examination did not reveal any abnormality. Similarly, his biochemical profiles were within normal limits, and the radiological study, including a chest X ray and CT scan, showed normal findings. His polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for SARS CoV2. The patient was admitted for observation after consultation with pediatric neurology, and his condition progressively improved with anti seizure medications. This case highlights the need for recognizing an uncommon and atypical presentation in COVID 19 as the new cases are unfolding rapidly across the globe.