Query: Lime

title: LIME: Low Light Image Enhancement via Illumination Map Estimation
abstract: When one captures images in low light conditions, the images often suffer from low visibility. Besides degrading the visual aesthetics of images, this poor quality may also significantly degenerate the performance of many computer vision and multimedia algorithms that are primarily designed for high quality inputs. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective low light image enhancement (LIME) method. More concretely, the illumination of each pixel is first estimated individually by finding the maximum value in R, G, and B channels. Furthermore, we refine the initial illumination map by imposing a structure prior on it, as the final illumination map. Having the well constructed illumination map, the enhancement can be achieved accordingly. Experiments on a number of challenging low light images are present to reveal the efficacy of our LIME and show its superiority over several state of the arts in terms of enhancement quality and efficiency.

title: Behavior of Fiber Reinforced and Lime Stabilized Clayey Soil in Triaxial Tests
abstract: The beneficial role of combining fiber reinforcement with lime stabilization in altering soil behavior has been established in the literature. However, the coupling effect of their combination still remains unclear in terms of its magnitude and microscopic mechanism, especially for natural fibers with special microstructures. The objective of this study was to investigate the coupling effect of wheat straw fiber reinforcement and lime stabilization on the mechanical behavior of Hefei clayey soil. To achieve this, an experimental program including unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial tests and SEM analysis was implemented. Static compaction test samples were prepared on untreated soil, fiber reinforced soil, lime stabilized soil, and lime stabilized/fiber reinforced soil at optimum moisture content with determining of the maximum dry density of the untreated soil. The lime was added in three different contents of 2% 4% and 6% and 13 mm long wheat straw fiber slices with a cross section one quarter that of the intact ones were mixed in at 0.2% 0.4% and 0.6% by dry weight of soil. Analysis of the derived results indicated that the addition of a small amount of wheat straw fibers into lime stabilized soil improved the intensity of the strain softening behavior associated with mere lime stabilization. The observed evidence that the shear strength increase brought by a combination of 0.4% fiber reinforcement and 4% lime stabilization was smaller than the summation of the shear strength increases brought by their presence alone in a sample demonstrated a coupling effect between fiber reinforcement and lime stabilization. This coupling effect was also detected in the comparisons of the secant modulus and failure pattern between the combined treatment and the individual treatments. These manifestations of the coupling effect were explained by a microscopic mechanism wherein the fiber reinforcing effect was made more effective by the ways in which lime chemically stabilized the soil and lime stabilization development was quickened by the water channels passing through the surfaces and honeycomb pores of the wheat straw fibers.

title: Extended MTSN criterion for fracture analysis of soda lime glass
abstract: This paper investigates brittle fracture in soda lime glass subjected to mixed mode I/II loading using different fracture criteria. Different sets of mixed mode I/II fracture test data from literature, conducted by cracked Brazilian disk specimen, are utilized to study brittle fracture in soda lime glass. The fracture initiation conditions in soda lime glass is examined by different traditional fracture criteria including Strain Energy Density, Maximum Tangential Stress, and Maximum Tangential Strain criteria. It is shown that the traditional criteria, which only consider singular stress (strain) terms, are not able to properly predict the fracture test data. The test data are then predicted by an extended version of the maximum tangential strain (EMTSN) criterion which takes into account the effect of first nonsingular strain term as well as the singular strain terms. It is found that the mixed mode fracture toughness of the soda lime glass as well as the crack initiation direction can be predicted successfully by the EMTSN criterion.

title: Physicochemical characterization of chitosan nanoparticles and nanocapsules incorporated with lime essential oil and their antibacterial activity against food borne pathogens
abstract: Lime oil has recognized fungicidal and antibacterial properties. Nanoparticles and nanocapsules are structures that have been developed to overcome the high volatility of essential oils. Chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan nanocapsules incorporated with lime essential oil were synthesized by nanoprecipitation and nanoencapsulation methods, respectively. The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Z potential was measured. Also, particle size distribution was analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the antibacterial activity was studied. According to TEM, the average size of nanocapsules was higher than for nanoparticles. When lime essential oil was incorporated, the particle size increased. Lime essential oil incorporation was evidenced by FTIR. Chitosan nanocapsules showed higher Z potential value compared to chitosan nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity was tested against four food borne pathogens, being higher for nanoparticles than for nanocapsules. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for chitosan nanoparticles incorporated with lime essential oil applied against Shigella dysenteriae attaining an inhibition halo (IH) value of 3.5 cm for 40 mL of minimum inhibitory volume (MIV) The novelty of incorporating lime essential oil into chitosan nanoparticles and nanocapsules and the study of their enhancing effect on antibacterial activity are shown in this paper.

title: Air lime mortars: What else do we need to know to apply them in conservation and rehabilitation interventions? A review
abstract: Air lime mortars were used in construction since immemorial times until at least the beginning of the 20th century. This material may tell the history of construction, in large parts of the world, as perhaps no other may. To retrieve the lost knowledge of air lime mortars preparation techniques and application methodologies, many scientific studies were carried out, beginning with the analysis of old mortars and the study of old treatises and continuing with research about new air lime mortars. In spite of all those efforts and of the evidences that lime mortars are the most adequate for the conservation of old buildings, their use in conservation interventions is still rare. What is lacking in knowledge in order to make it possible their generalized use? And what is lacking in action?

title: Multi scale analysis and time evolution of pozzolanic activity of lime treated clays
abstract: A multi scale investigation on the influence of clay mineralogy on the pozzolanic activity of lime treated clays has been presented. Two clays of different mineralogy have been considered for this study, namely kaolin and bentonite. The time dependent mineralogical and microstructural changes induced by lime addition have been monitored at increasing curing time by means of X ray diffraction (XRD) thermogravimetric analysis, 29 Si NMR spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements. Different lime contents of the treated samples have been considered in order to highlight the ongoing of pozzolanic reactions. The time scale of chemical reactions taking place after the addition of lime depends on clay mineralogy. In the short term, flocculation phenomena due to the cation exchange reactions control the microstructural features of lime treated kaolin. The low reactivity of kaolinite clay minerals to pozzolanic reactions was detected as a delay in precipitation of new hydrated phases. The chemo physical evolution of lime treated bentonite depends on the combined effect of cation exchange and pozzolanic reactions which develop with a comparable time scale. The results of micro scale investigations were directly linked to the experimental evidences at volume scale of the samples, allowing an interpretation of the mechanical improvement of the treated clays in the short and long term as a function of the chemo physical evolution of the system.

title: Reactions of lime under high temperature Bayer digestion conditions
abstract: This paper collates existing information from the literature on the reactions of lime added directly to high temperature Bayer digestions. It examines the reaction of calcium in lime with liquor components to form reaction products. Reactions are considered individually and in competition with each other. Because of the scarcity of information about competing reactions involving calcium/lime, the paper contains some speculation, drawing on different pieces of evidence from the literature to suggest possible reaction pathways. Three lime types have been considered slaked lime (Ca(OH) 2 calcite (CaCO 3 and tri calcium aluminate (TCA, Ca 3 Al 2 (OH) 12 Individual reactions of calcium in lime have been considered with alumina and carbonate, fluorine, vanadium, phosphorus, silica, titanium and iron. Consideration has also been given to the "catalytic" actions of lime in transforming goethite to hematite and enhancing boehmite dissolution.

title: Roles of iron species and pH optimization on sewage sludge conditioning with Fenton's reagent and lime.
abstract: Conditioning sewage sludge with Fenton's reagent could effectively improve its dewaterability. However, drawbacks of conditioning with Fenton's reagent are requirement of acidic conditions to prevent iron precipitation and subsequent neutralization with alkaline additive to obtain the pH of the filtrate close to neutrality. In this study, roles of pH were thoroughly investigated in the acidification pretreatment, Fenton reaction, and the final filtrate after conditioning. Through the response surface methodology (RSM) the optimal dosages of H2SO4, Fe(2+ H2O2, and lime acted as a neutralizer were found to be 0 (no acidification) 47.9, 34.3 and 43.2 mg/g DS (dry solids) With those optimal doses, water content of the dewatered sludge cakes could be reduced to 55.8 0.6 wt% and pH of the final filtrate was 6.6 0.2. Fenton conditioning without initial acidification can simplify the conditioning process and reduce the usage of lime. The Fe(3+ content in the sludge cakes showed a close correlation with the dewaterability of conditioned sludge, i.e. the water content of sludge cakes, SRF (specific resistance to filtration) CST (capillary suction time) bound water content, and specific surface area. It indicated that the coagulation by Fe(3+ species in Fenton reaction could play an important role, compared to traditional Fenton oxidation effect on sludge conditioning. Thus, a two step mechanism of Fenton oxidation and Fe(III) coagulation was proposed in sewage sludge conditioning. The mechanisms include the following: (1) extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were firstly degraded into dissolved organics by Fenton oxidation; (2) bound water was converted to free water due to degradation of EPS; (3) the sludge particles were disintegrated into small ones by oxidation; (4) Fe(3+ generated from Fenton reaction acted as a coagulant to agglomerate smaller sludge particles into larger dense particles with less bond water; (5) finally, the dewatered sludge cakes were obtained, with less small pores (1 10 nm) that contributed to water affinity, but with more large pores >10 nm) that contributed to a permeable, rigid lattice structure. Morphology of the Fenton conditioned sludge cake exhibited a porous structure. The estimated cost of the composite conditioner, Fenton's reagent and lime, is USD$ 43.8/t DS, which is less than that of ferric chloride and lime (USD$ 54/t DS) Furthermore, pH of the final filtrate using this composite conditioner is about 6.6. Comparatively, that using ferric chloride and lime is as high as 12.4.

title: Influence of zeolite and lime as additives on greenhouse gas emissions and maturity evolution during sewage sludge composting.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the role of different amount of zeolite with low dosage of lime amendment on the greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission and maturity during the dewatered fresh sewage sludge (DFSS) composting. The evolution of CO2, CH4, NH3 and N2O and maturity indexes were monitored in five composting mixtures prepared from DFSS mixed with wheat straw, while 10% 15% and 30% zeolite+1% lime were supplemented (dry weight basis of DFSS) into the composting mass and compared with treatment only 1% lime amended and control without any amendment. The results showed that addition of higher dosage of zeolite+1% lime drastically reduce the GHGs emissions and NH3 loss. Comparison of GHGs emissions and compost quality showed that zeolite amended treatments were superior than control and 1% lime amended treatments. Therefore, DFSS composting with 30% zeolite+1% lime as consortium of additives were found to emit very less amount of GHGs and gave the highest maturity than other treatments.

title: Influence of lime on struvite formation and nitrogen conservation during food waste composting.
abstract: This study aimed at investigating the feasibility of supplementing lime with struvite salts to reduce ammonia emission and salinity consequently to accelerate the compost maturity. Composting was performed in 20 L bench scale reactors for 35days using artificial food waste mixed with sawdust at 1.2:1 (w/w dry basis) and Mg and P salts (MgO and K2HPO4, respectively) Nitrogen loss was significantly reduced from 44.3% to 27.4% during composting through struvite formation even with the addition of lime. Lime addition significantly reduced the salinity to less than 4mS/cm with a positive effect on improving compost maturity. Thus addition of both lime and struvite salts synergistically provide advantages to buffer the pH, reduce ammonia emission and salinity, and accelerate food waste composting.