Query: safety hydrogen storage

title: A novel method for determining effects of fire damage on the safety of the Type I pressure hydrogen storage tanks
abstract: Consumption of the fossil fuels causes greenhouse gas effect and environmental pollution, which are two basic problems of our age. As a result of this problem, clean and renewable alternative energy sources are beginning to replace fossil fuels. Nowadays, the use of hydrogen energy, which is one of the clean energy, is increasing in transportation and industrial areas. Increasing of hydrogen energy usage, scientists are attempting to solve the many safety problems (such as fire, burst, impact and hydrogen embrittlement) that can occur during the storage and consumption of hydrogen energy. In this study, during the event of fire, the safety of metallic Type I pressure hydrogen storage tanks is investigated by using a novel approach. In this new approach, the mechanical strength drops of the tank materials that is related with temperature rising are added to the safety calculations. In the study, 6061 T6 aluminum and SS 316L stainless steel alloys were used as hydrogen tank material. The safety of hydrogen tanks modelled using these alloys was investigated under different temperature conditions (22, 100, 200 and 300 degC) and internal pressure (15, 20 and 25 MPa)

title: Hydrogen storage and delivery: Review of the state of the art technologies and risk and reliability analysis
abstract: Among all introduced green alternatives, hydrogen, due to its abundance and diverse production sources is becoming an increasingly viable clean and green option for transportation and energy storage. Governments are considerably funding relevant researches and the public is beginning to talk about hydrogen as a possible future fuel. Hydrogen production, storage, delivery, and utilization are the key parts of the Hydrogen Economy (HE) In this paper, hydrogen storage and delivery options are discussed thoroughly. Then, since safety and reliability of hydrogen infrastructure is a necessary enabling condition for public acceptance of these technologies and any major accident involving hydrogen can be difficult to neutralize, we review the main existing safety and reliability challenges in hydrogen systems. The current state of the art in safety and reliability analysis for hydrogen storage and delivery technologies is discussed, and recommendations are mentioned to help providing a foundation for future risk and reliability analysis to support safe, reliable operation.

title: Review on the research of hydrogen storage system fast refueling in fuel cell vehicle
abstract: A comprehensive review of the hydrogen storage systems and investigations performed in search for development of fast refueling technology for fuel cell vehicles are presented. Nowadays, hydrogen is considered as a good and promising energy carrier and can be stored in gaseous, liquid or solid state. Among the three ways, high pressure (such as 35 MPa or 70 MPa) appears to be the most suitable method for transportation due to its technical simplicity, high reliability, high energy efficiency and affordability. However, the refueling of high pressure hydrogen can cause a rapid increase of inner temperature of the storage cylinder, which may result not only in a decrease of the state of charge (SOC) but also in damages to the tank walls and finally to safety problems. In this paper, the theoretical analysis, experiments and simulations on the factors related to the fast refueling, such as initial pressure, initial temperature, filling rate and ambient temperature, are reviewed and analyzed. Understanding the potential relationships between these parameters and the temperature rise may shed a light in developing novel controlling strategies and innovative routes for hydrogen tank fast filling.

title: Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems: Guidelines for Hydrogen System Design, Materials Selection, Operations, Storage and Transportation
abstract: The NASA Safety Standard, which establishes a uniform process for hydrogen system design, materials selection, operation, storage, and transportation, is presented. The guidelines include suggestions for safely storing, handling, and using hydrogen in gaseous (GH2) liquid (LH2) or slush (SLH2) form whether used as a propellant or non propellant. The handbook contains 9 chapters detailing properties and hazards, facility design, design of components, materials compatibility, detection, and transportation. Chapter 10 serves as a reference and the appendices contained therein include: assessment examples; scaling laws, explosions, blast effects, and fragmentation; codes, standards, and NASA directives; and relief devices along with a list of tables and figures, abbreviations, a glossary and an index for ease of use. The intent of the handbook is to provide enough information that it can be used alone, but at the same time, reference data sources that can provide much more detail if required.

title: Hydrogen energy, economy and storage: Review and recommendation
abstract: The hydrogen economy is a proposed system where hydrogen is produced and used extensively as the primary energy carrier. Successful development of hydrogen economy means innumerable advantages for the environment, energy security, economy, and final users. One major key to wholly develop hydrogen economy is safe, compact, light and cost efficient hydrogen storage. The conventional gaseous state storage system as pressurized hydrogen gas and liquid state storage system pose safety and cost problems to onboard applications; therefore, they do not satisfy the future goals for a hydrogen economy. Fortunately, solid state storage systems based on metal hydrides have demonstrated great potentials to store hydrogen in large quantities in a quite secure, compact, and repeatedly reversible manner and thus, becoming increasingly attractive option for hydrogen applications. However, techno economic feasibility of hydrogen storage systems is yet to be realized as none of the current metal hydrides fulfill all the essential criteria for a practical hydrogen economy, mainly because of low hydrogen storage capacity, sluggish kinetics and unacceptable temperatures of hydrogen absorption/desorption. This article gives a brief review of hydrogen as an ideal sustainable energy carrier for the future economy, its storage as the stumbling block as well as the current position of solid state hydrogen storage in metal hydrides and makes a recommendation based on the most promising novel discoveries made in the field in recent times which suggests a prospective breakthrough towards a hydrogen economy.

title: Energy and Safety of Hydrogen Storage
abstract: Hydrogen is considered a clean fuel and is required to replace fossil fuels in order to reduce environmental pollution. It can be transported through a pressurized tank in a gaseous phase or by means of cryogenic vessels in a liquid phase. The energy required by the compression and liquefaction processes, as well as the safety requirements, are considerably different. This chapter aims to compare the energy efficiency and the safety aspects of these two storage and transportation methods. A parametric numerical simulation model was developed to estimate the whole energy consumption of compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2) tube trailer and liquid hydrogen (LH2) road tanker. Regarding the safety aspects during storage and transport, the critical events and the consequences of the main accident scenarios were considered.

title: A literature review of failure prediction and analysis methods for composite high pressure hydrogen storage tanks
abstract: With the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the on board hydrogen storage technology with safety, efficiency and economy has become a fundamental part. Low cost, light weight and good safety performance are required for the on board hydrogen storage tanks. The composite high pressure hydrogen storage tank has been recognized as an efficient solution that could address these problems. However, the complex working environment of hydrogen thermo mechanism presents challenge to the failure analysis and predictive model establishment of the composite hydrogen storage tanks. The crucial parameters or indicators for tank's failure analysis include burst pressure, damage state and fatigue lifetime, etc. So this paper gives a comprehensive review on the failure behavior analysis methods and prediction models of composite high pressure hydrogen storage tanks from the literature. First, the failure analysis methods of composite high pressure hydrogen storage tanks are summarized. Second, the latest literature regarding failure mode predictive methods and models of type III and type IV tanks are reviewed. The different failure criteria are compared and summarized, including some new failure criteria. These criteria enable failure analysis methods to obtain the interaction information on the interaction between the microscopic and macroscopic aspects of the composite. Damage evolution model and constitutive model are summarized. The post initial failure behavior of the composite laminates structure is simulated by the material property degradation method (MPDM) especially the continuum damage mechanics (CDM) in conjunction with commercial finite element (FE) analysis method. The process of progressive failure analysis of composite tank is summarized as a reference for subsequent failure analysis. The future work of progressive failure analysis should focus on the initial failure of the composite material and microscopic failure mechanisms. The burst, fiber damage and fatigue life are the mainly investigated failure modes for type III composite hydrogen storage tank. For Type IV, the mainly researched failure modes are the collapse and blistering of the liner, burst and damage. The different finite element analysis methods and failure predictive models were classified and summarized. Further improvements were required for the simulation models of full scale structure of the tank in the working environment or under the complex fiber winding modes. The liner of the type IV cylinder is completely distinct from that of the type III, therefore the behavior of collapse and blistering of the liner needs to be further investigated. The factors that affect collapse and blistering should be explored. The future research need focus on controlling these factors and monitoring the effects of these factors towards structural strength.

title: Novel multi center concave bottom for hydrogen storage cylinder
abstract: Hydrogen storage steel cylinders are the earliest and widely used hydrogen storage vessels. Fatigue cracks are easy to initiate and grow under hydrogen pressure, which threatens the safety of users. Although hydrogen has an effect on the initiation and growth of fatigue cracks, a reasonable structure of cylinder will make the stress distribution more reasonable and reduce the probability of crack initiation from the source. This paper researched the multi center concave bottom for hydrogen storage cylinder. The geometric design parameters of the new base end are determined by the orthogonal design method. We analyze the effects of various parameters on the multi center concave base end by using the finite element method. Based on the finite element analysis (FEA) of different structure, the results show that the stress concentration of new base end can be greatly reduced, and the minimum stress concentration factor is close to 1.1. The results provide valuable insights for designing and manufacturing the new type of seamless gas cylinder. The corresponding gas cylinder that we processed according to the simulation had successfully passed a series of tests.

title: A Bird's Eye view on process and engineering aspects of hydrogen storage
abstract: Hydrogen as a clean fuel is becoming vital in view of depleting fossil fuels and ever increasing energy demand. Hence hydrogen generation and storage gains immense importance. In this review article, different methods of hydrogen storage viz. physical, chemical and electrochemical in various forms like gas, liquid and solid have been discussed and compared in terms of their efficacy, capacity, operating conditions and other safety aspects. Modeling and simulation studies reported on various aspects of hydrogen storage have been presented and compared vis a vis governing equations, applications, assumptions, merits and demerits. These modeling studies would enable to understand the phenomenon better and to explore new avenues. Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of hydrogen storage especially employing metal hydrides have been discussed too to understand the mechanism, rate controlling actors and energy aspects. Future challenges and prospects of all the aspects of the review were provided.

title: Hydrogen induced cracking and service safety evaluation for precipitation strengthened austenitic stainless steel as hydrogen storage tank
abstract: The safety of precipitation strengthened austenitic stainless steels used for hydrogen storage tanks is of great interest. However, their application may face hydrogen damage resulting in hydrogen induced delayed failure. Results show that over loading and hydrogen induced failure always occur at the weld part of the alloy. Hydrogen damage such as microcracks could be observed on the surface of the matrix and the weld during charging even without any applied stress. Hydrogen induced failure occurred during charging under constant load and the normalized threshold stress decreased exponentially with increasing defined time tc. It is shown that the threshold stress with no hydrogen induced failure occurring for expected service life, i.e. forty years, was 713 MPa. Therefore under the service stress, which is less than the threshold stress, 713 MPa, the safety factor of the hydrogen storage tank for hydrogen induced fracture is great enough to indicate the tank to last for the entire designed service time.