Query: marigold against mosquito

title: Synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) from petal extracts of marigold Tagetes sp. and sunflower Helianthus sp. and their effective use as a control tool against mosquito vectors
abstract: Synthesis and characterization of CuNPs using petal extract of marigold Tagetes sp. and sunflower Helianthus sp. and mosquito larval mortality was studied by synthesized CuNPs against Culex quinquefasciatus The CuNPs was synthesized by petal extract of marigold and sulflower. The characterization of CuNPs was done with visual colour change, UV Vis spectrum, Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and phase contrast micrograph. Larvaecidal study was conducted as per standard method. It was recorded that blue colour of copper sulphate changes to reddish colour in aqueous medium. The Surface Plusmon Resonance (SPR) for marigold and sunflower mediated CuNPs shows absorption at 374 nm and 315 nm, respectively. SEM and phase contrast micrograph picture showed that CuNPs are spherical in nature. Moreover, FTIR spectra indicate the different functional groups of biomoleculs involved in the formation and stabilization of CuNPs. Results also revealed that synthesized nanoparticles showed mosquito larval mortality rate 98.8 and 70 with marigold and sunflower mediated CuNPs, respectively. Present results suggest that green synthesis of CuNPs has immense potentiality to kill the mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. The novelty of this work is that for the first time marigold and sunflower petal extract was used for the synthesis of CuNPs.

title: Development of mosquito repellent cotton using marigold
abstract: From centuries man has always concerned about his protection which then leads to number of developments in every field with regards to textile. Global warming is the cause of the distribution of mosquitoes which has expanded from tropical regions to northern latitudes and that leads to a spread in sources of viral infection from mosquitoes. Hence, personal protective measures must be taken to protect human from mosquito bites. The major tool in mosquito control operation was the application of synthetic insecticides. But this has not been very successful because it has harmful effect on human health i.e. unpleasant smell; oily feeling to some users and potential toxicity. Using natural plant products is a simple and sustainable method of mosquito control. Repellents of plant origin do not pose hazards of toxicity to human and domestic animals and are easily biodegradable. Enhancing the health and hygiene qualities of consumer product make it necessary to find a new ways of applications on textiles with medicinal plants. Marigold (petals) methanol extract was used for mosquito repellent finish on woven cotton. Fabric was enzymatically desized, scoured and bleached. For mosquito repellent finishing on fabric two application techniques i.e. direct and resin cross linking were used through pad dry cure method. Mosquito repellent finished samples were tested against mosquitoes for evaluating their efficacy and durability to washing and sun drying.

title: Mosquito larvicidal activity of cadmium nanoparticles synthesized from petal extracts of marigold (Tagetes sp. and rose (Rosa sp. flower
abstract: Mosquitoes are blood thirsty insects and serve as the most important vectors for spreading most notorious diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and filariasis. The extensive use of synthetic mosquito repellent has resulted in resistance in mosquitoes. Therefore, the development of a reliable, eco friendly processes for the synthesis of nano dimensional materials is an utmost important aspect of nanotechnology. In the present study, authors report absolute green synthesis of cadmium nanoparticles using marigold and rose flower petal extract. The characterization of nanomaterials was done by using UV Vis, SEM, FTIR and fluorescent spectrophotometer analysis. Finally cadmium nanoparticles were also evaluated for their larvicidal activity of mosquito. Marigold flower petal extract shows 100 mortality after 72 h of incubation with 10 ppm of Cd nanoparticles. No mortality was observed in the control. Therefore, out of two flower petal mediated nanoparticles, only marigold showed better performance towards mosquito larvicidal activity than rose petal extracts. This is the first report on mosquito larvicidal activity of flower petal mediated cadmium nanoparticles. Thus, the use of marigold petal extract to synthesize cadmium nanoparticles is a rapid, ecofriendly, and a single step approach and the CdNps formed can be potential mosquito larvicidal agents.

title: Comparative analysis of larvicidal activity of essential oils of Cymbopogon flexeous (Lemon grass) and Tagetes erecta (Marigold)against Aedes aegypti larvae
abstract: In view of the recently increased interest in developing plant origin insecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticide, this study was undertaken to assess the larvicidal potential of the essential oil Cymbopogon flexeous (lemongrass) and Tagetes erecta (marigold) against medically important mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. Essential oil was hydro distilled in the laboratory from the plants obtained from the CAP. Bioefficacy of the essential oil was evaluated under laboratory conditions using III instar mosquito larvae. The LC50 values of Cymbopogon flexeous are 136.8, 52.736 and 24.056ppm after 12, 24 and 48 h of exposure respectively. The LC50 values of Tagetes erecta are 81.765, 48.951 and 17.729ppm after 12, 24 and 48 hours of exposure respectively. Chi square values were significant at p<0.05 level. The essential oil of Cymbopogon flexeous found effective to control the larvae. Such findings would be useful in promoting research aiming at the development of new agent for mosquito control based on bioactive chemical compounds from indigenous plant sources as an alternative to chemical larvicides

title: Evaluation of larvicidal action of natural extracts on mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti Diptera Culicidae
abstract: Mosquitoes are known to cause more diseases than any other group of arthropods and affect millions of people throughout the world. The current study was aimed to investigate larvicidal potential of three natural extracts such as aloe vera and onion, alcohol and cloves, marigold and garlic against the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. Insecticidal susceptibility tests were carried out using WHO standard method and the mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. All the tested extracts showed moderate to good larvicidal activities. However, the maximum larval mortality was observed in the extract of the alcohol and cloves that showed high efficacy on the Aedes mosquito larva. The findings of the present studies suggested that the use of aloe vera, onion and garlic has a strong effect in acting as a mosquito larvicide and the natural plant extracts can be prepared at home and used at any cost of time which is feasible for the masses.

title: Effect of microencapsulated plant extracts on mosquito repellency
abstract: Mosquitoes are the most important single group of insects in terms of public health importance. Mosqui toes not only cause nuisance by their bites but also transmit deadly diseases. The activity of mosquitoes is affected by climate, light and temperature. In tropical areas like India, the population of mosquitoes is found huge day by day. Repeated use of synthetic insecticides for mosquito control has disrupted environment as well as human health. To overcome this problem, plant derived compounds may be the better alternate over synthetic insecticides. To enhance the health and hygiene qualities by means of use of medicinal plants through effective application technique on textiles, marigold (petals) and nirgundi (leaves) methanol extract was used as mosquito repellent finish on 100 woven cotton. For applying mosquito repellent finish on fabric, complex coacervation technique of microencapsulation was used through pad dry cure method. Finished cotton samples were tested against Anopheles stephensi by using laboratory cage method for their efficacy and durability to washing and sun drying as per standard test methods. Marigold (petals)and nirgundi (leaves) extract finished fabric samples showed 96 and 94 repellency respectively after 60 minutes of observation. It remained 56 and 54 (after 15 washes) and 54 and 52 (after expo sure in sun for 3 hours) by the application of marigold and nirgundi extracts respectively. Hence, microencapsulation technique on selected cotton textile proved effective to repel mosquitoes up to acceptable level according to WHO (1996)

title: Larvicidal activity of Tagetes minuta (marigold) toward Aedes aegypti.
abstract: The steam distilled oils of 3 species of marigold, Tagetes patula, T. erecta and T. minuta, were tested for larvicidal activity toward third instar Aedes aegypti; activity at 10 ppm was demonstrated only for T. minuta. The larvicidal property of the whole oil dispersed in water persisted for at least 9 days. The terpene, ocimenone, which is a part of the whole oil, was found to be larvicidal only at a higher concentration than the whole oil and to lose its activity within 24 h after dispersal in water. These results suggest a potential utilization of oil of T. minuta or its components for the control of Ae. aegypti and other species of mosquitoes.

title: Asymmetry effect of intercropping non host crops between cabbage and climatic factor on the population of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L. and yield
abstract: Diamondback Moth (DBM) is one of the major constraints for the profitable production of cabbage in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. The loss in yield of cabbage caused by DBM could reach up to more than 80% if a severe infestation occurred in the field. Due to that problem, farmers in Cameron Highlands are preferred to apply the broad spectrum of synthetic insecticides rather than implementing other pest management strategies. The demand for insecticides in Cameron Highlands seems endless until today, but more aggressive. This paper highlighted the possibility of implementing intercropping cabbage with seven treatments in reducing adults and larvae populations of DBM in the polyculture system. The distributions of adults and larvae population of DBM against the factors of temperature and rainfall also have been addressed in this study. A total of seven treatments was implicated, including onion Allium cepa L. tomato Solanum lycopersicon L. marigold Tagetes erecta L. citronella grass Cymbopogon nardus L. rendle) and mosquito plants Pelargonium citrosum which arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) The results indicated that insignificant variations (P>0.05) were observed among the population of adults and larvae at all seven treatments tested compared with the control. Moreover, adults and larvae of DBM were negatively correlated with temperature and rainfall factors. The results also showed that a critical period of DBM infestations was detected in the pre heading stage 30 DAT) In terms of performance among treatments, our finding also has shown that mosquito plant was the best treatment acted as a repellent, however mosquito plant treatment contributed to the lowest yield due to the competition of plant growth resources and its wider canopy structure.

title: Going beyond personal protection against mosquito bites to eliminate malaria transmission: population suppression of malaria vectors that exploit both human and animal blood
abstract: Protecting individuals and households against mosquito bites with long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) or indoor residual spraying (IRS) can suppress entire populations of unusually efficient malaria vector species that predominantly feed indoors on humans. Mosquitoes which usually feed on animals are less reliant on human blood, so they are far less vulnerable to population suppression effects of such human targeted insecticidal measures. Fortunately, the dozens of mosquito species which primarily feed on animals are also relatively inefficient vectors of malaria, so personal protection against mosquito bites may be sufficient to eliminate transmission. However, a handful of mosquito species are particularly problematic vectors of residual malaria transmission, because they feed readily on both humans and animals. These unusual vectors feed often enough on humans to be potent malaria vectors, but also often enough on animals to evade population control with LLINs, IRS or any other insecticidal personal protection measure targeted only to humans. Anopheles arabiensis and A. coluzzii in Africa, A. darlingi in South America and A. farauti in Oceania, as well as A. culicifacies species E, A. fluviatilis species S, A. lesteri and A. minimus in Asia, all feed readily on either humans or animals and collectively mediate residual malaria transmission across most of the tropics. Eliminating malaria transmission by vectors exhibiting such dual host preferences will require aggressive mosquito population abatement, rather than just personal protection of humans. Population suppression of even these particularly troublesome vectors is achievable with a variety of existing vector control technologies that remain underdeveloped or underexploited.

title: Plant extracts for developing mosquito larvicides: From laboratory to the field, with insights on the modes of action.
abstract: In the last decades, major research efforts have been done to investigate the insecticidal activity of plant based products against mosquitoes. This is a modern and timely challenge in parasitology, aimed to reduce the frequent overuse of synthetic pesticides boosting resistance development in mosquitoes and causing serious threats to human health and environment. This review covers the huge amount of literature available on plant extracts tested as mosquito larvicides, particularly aqueous and alcoholic ones, due to their easy formulation in water without using surfactants. We analysed results obtained on more than 400 plant species, outlining that 29 of them have outstanding larvicidal activity (i.e. LC50 values below 10 ppm) against major vectors belonging to the genera Anopheles, Aedes and Culex, among others. Furthermore, synergistic and antagonistic effects between plant extracts and conventional pesticides, as well as among selected plant extracts are discussed. The efficacy of pure compounds isolated from the most effective plant extracts and when available their mechanism of action, as well as the impact on non target species, is also covered. These belong to the following class of secondary metabolites: alkaloids, alkamides, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, sterols, flavonoids, coumarins, anthraquinones, xanthones, acetogenonins and aliphatics. Their mode of action on mosquito larvae ranges from neurotoxic effects to inhibition of detoxificant enzymes and larval development and/or midugut damages. In the final section, current drawbacks as well as key challenges for future research, including technologies to synergize efficacy and improve stability thus field performances of the selected plant extracts, are outlined. Unfortunately, despite the huge amount of laboratory evidences about their efficacy, only a limited number of studies was aimed to validate their efficacy in the field, nor the epidemiological impact potentially arising from these vector control operations has been assessed. This strongly limits the development of commercial mosquito larvicides of botanical origin, at variance with plant borne products developed in the latest decades to kill or repel other key arthropod species of medical and veterinary importance (e.g. ticks and lice) as well as mosquito adults. Further research on these issues is urgently needed.