Query: SOFC

title: A novel triple pressure HRSG integrated with MED/SOFC/GT for cogeneration of electricity and freshwater: Techno economic environmental assessment, and multi objective optimization
abstract: In the present study, a novel integrated energy system comprising a multi effect desalination unit (MED) and a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) integrated with a gas turbine (GT) is presented for power and freshwater production. Thus SOFC fuel cell's waste heat is exploited by a novel design of the steam generator unit to run a triple pressure steam cycle. Using MATLAB software, the performance of the proposed system is investigated from energy, exergy, economic, and environmental aspects. A parametric study is conducted to assess the influence of key parameters. Moreover, dual and tri objective optimizations are performed to determine the best operating conditions considering exergy efficiency, levelized cost of energy, and normalized emission as objectives. The results indicate that the proposed integrated system can enhance the system power generation, the exergy efficiency, and the normalized emission by 6.5% 8.42% and 5.8% compared to the solid oxide fuel cell integrated with a gas turbine standalone. The results also show that the proposed integration leads to daily freshwater production of 1141 m3 at a constant value of levelized cost of energy. According to the exergy analysis, solid oxide fuel cells influence the system's overall enhancement considerably because of the highest exergy destruction value. By employing two objective optimization, results showed that the exergy efficiency and levelized cost of energy can improve by 18.8% and 11% compared to the base case. Although normalized emission was not considered as an objective function, 16.5% improvement was observed 3D Pareto front of three objective optimization revealed a linear correlation between the exergy efficiency and normalized emission.

title: Outlook of future implementation of PEMFC and SOFC onboard cruise ships
abstract: According to third IMO GHG Study shipping is responsible of about 2, 6% of world CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) emissions. The dangerous effect on people is increased because emissions are concentrated in coastal areas. IMO and other bodies are engaged in imposing measures to reduce GHG emissions and improve the overall ship's energy efficiency. There are many technical and operational improvements that can help to reach these goals, but hydrogen and fuel cells remain one of the best candidates to substantially reduce emissions and fuel consumption. This paper gives an outlook of possible fuel cells applications in the marine sector and analyses the potential of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) for the on board installation. The analysis shows the advantages that fuel cells can give in terms of emissions reductions and fuel saving, but also highlights some challenges that designers will face when implementing these technologies on a cruise ship. Both PEMFC and SOFC application in the marine sector suffer of the lack of standards and regulations from IMO and Classification Societies and high acquisition cost. While PEMFC are ready for marine application, SOFC are still in a study phase for on board implementation. Also, the type of fuel used by these generators and the possibility of heat recovery can influence their application on board cruise ships.

title: Comparative techno economic assessment of integrated PV SOFC and PV Battery hybrid system for natural gas processing plants
abstract: Natural gas will remain among the leading sources of energy, at least for the next few decades. Further, it is necessary to make natural gas processing operation a cost competitive, clean, and efficient energy source, and less dependent on the grid. A comparative investigation based on two case studies is presented in this paper for a natural gas processing plant; an integration of Photovoltaic panels with Battery Energy Storage System (PV BESS) and an integration of Photovoltaic panels with Solid Oxide Fuel cell (PV SOFC) technologies. The aim is to be more independent from the grid for efficient operations and to reduce the emissions by introducing renewable energy in gas processing operation plant. A techno economic analysis is performed for both cases considering a PV capacity of 33.5 MW. The outcome of this study indicates that for 25 years of operation, the Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for PV BESS is found to be 0.16 US$/kWh, and for PV SOFC is 0.11 US$/kWh, which makes the PV SOFC option more economical and feasible than PV BESS. Besides, in the projected scenario where investment cost is expected to reduce, PV SOFC's IRR is 3% and has a positive NPV of 5 Million USD$ for an internal rate of 4% Furthermore, the LCOE for PV SOFC in this scenario is around 0.04 USD$ per kWh, which is still less than the LCOE of PV BESS and less than the tariff set by the Qatari electric authority for bulk industries.

title: Study of the oxygen reduction reaction on pure and Zr doped YMnO3+d SOFC electrode
abstract: The effect of Zr doping on the novel SOFC cathode YMnO3 and its O2 Reduction Reaction (ORR) was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a function of temperature (500

title: Economic assessment of hydrogen and electricity cogeneration through steam reforming SOFC system in the Brazilian biodiesel industry
abstract: The increase of environmental concern has led to an increase in biodiesel production, which also produces high amounts of glycerol. This growing production is causing glycerol prices to plummet while constant efforts are being made in order to find suitable applications for this compound. In this sense, this work aims to evaluate the economic potential for hydrogen production by the steam reforming of glycerol in the Brazilian biodiesel industry to be used as fuel in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) afterwards. Mathematical and computer models were developed to evaluate the potential heat and power generated by this configuration and the project was economically assessed. Even though glycerol could produce much more electricity through the proposed assembly than is actually needed, the economic aspect makes the project unsuitable for practical uses. Hydrogen production costs (2.42 5.26 USD/kg) were higher than those reported for traditional reforming methods and similar to other alternative pathways, but remained below the range commonly found in the market, indicating a potential for selling H2 directly. The use of SOFCs for electricity production, however, was found to make the system unsuitable, mostly due to its high investment costs, which represents from 41.8% to 65.1% of the total costs depending on the financing scenario. Even in the best economic scenarios, the costs for producing energy from such system remained above 0.269 USD/kWh, far higher than the 0.116 USD/kWh normally found in the Brazilian market.

title: Preliminary design of AR/SOFC cogeneration energy system using livestock waste
abstract: This paper reports on a sizing procedure for integrated Anaerobic Reactor/Solid Oxide Fuel Cell cogeneration energy system powered by livestock waste, in order to meet the provisions of Industry 4.0, connected to the new paradigm of Agriculture 4.0. The algorithm accounts on two main computational blocks, associated to the biogas production plant and to the SOFC energy unit respectively. A numerical modeling is performed to dimension the anaerobic digester and the biogas production deriving, as well as to dimension the energy unit and determine its techno energy performance when it is fed by the previous biogas. An application of the algorithm is made to a mid size livestock farm, in order to valorize the biomass waste produced in situ.

title: Facile wet chemical synthesis and evaluation of physico chemical characteristics of novel nanocrystalline NdCoO3 based perovskite oxide as cathode for LT SOFC applications
abstract: The material characteristics study of nanocrystalline cathode from perovskite family for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT SOFC) application was reported in this study. The nanocrystalline perovskite with composition of Nd0.90Sr0.10Co0.90Fe0.10O3 d (NSCFO) was prepared using cost effective, simple, room temperature chemical precipitation method. The phase characterization was studied using X ray powder diffraction analysis, which shows single fluorite cubic phase structure, wherein nanocrystallinity is retained (crystallite size 17.5 nm) The metal oxide bond was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared characterization. The surface morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy, which exhibits distorted cubic structure with agglomerations with size of about ~300 nm, which coincides with particle size data. The elemental composition was confirmed by energy dispersive X ray microanalysis mapping. The electrical behaviour of NSCFO composition was studied and the Nyquist plot exhibits the conductivity of 1.37 x 10 1 S cm 1 at 600degC with the activation energy of 0.355 eV. The acquired physical and electrochemical characterization results were scrutinized in order to use the materials as an efficient cathode in LT SOFC.

title: Holistic Approach to Design, Test, and Optimize Stand Alone SOFC Reformer Systems
abstract: Reliable electrical and thermal energy supplies are basic requirements for modern societies and their food supply. Stand alone stationary power generators based on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) represent an attractive solution to the problems of providing the energy required in both rural communities and in rurally based industries such as those of the agricultural industry. The great advantages of SOFC based systems are high efficiency and high fuel flexibility. A wide range of commercially available fuels can be used with no or low effort pre treatment. In this study, a design process for stand alone system consisting of a reformer unit and an SOFC based power generator is presented and tested. An adequate agreement between the measured and simulated values for the gas compositions after a reformer unit is observed with a maximum error of 3 vol% (volume percent) Theoretical degradation free operation conditions determined by employing equilibrium calculations are identified to be steam to carbon ratio (H2O/C) higher 0.6 for auto thermal reformation and H2O/C higher 1 for internal reforming. The produced gas mixtures are used to fuel large planar electrolyte supported cells (ESC) Current densities up to 500 mA/cm2 at 0.75 V are reached under internal reforming conditions without degradation of the cells anode during the more than 500 h long term test run. More detailed electrochemical analysis of SOFCs fed with different fuel mixtures showed that major losses are caused by gas diffusion processes.

title: Study of Long Term Stability of Ni Zr0.92Y0.08O2 d|Zr0.92Y0.08O2 d|Ce0.9Gd0.1O2 d |Pr0.6Sr0.4CoO3 d at SOFC and SOEC Mode
abstract: Long term stability is one of the decisive properties of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) as well as solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) materials from the commercialization perspective. To improve the understanding about degradation mechanisms solid oxide cells with different electrode compositions should be studied. In this work, Ni Zr0.92Y0.08O2 d (Ni YSZ) Zr0.92Y0.08O2 d (YSZ)|Ce0.9Gd0.1O2 d (GDC)|Pr0.6Sr0.4CoO3 d (PSC) cells are tested in the SOFC regime for 17,820 h at 650 degC, and in the SOEC regime for 860 h at 800 degC. The SOFC experiment showed a degradation speed of 2.4% per 1000 h at first but decreased to 1.1% per 1000 h later. The electrolysis test was performed for 860 h at 800 degC. The degradation speed was 16.3% per 1000 h. In the end of the stability tests, an electrode activity mapping was carried out using a novel 18O tracing approach. Average Ni grain sizes were measured and correlated with the results of the oxygen isotope maps. Results indicate that Ni coarsening is dependent on solid oxide cell activity. Strontium, chromium and silicon concentrations were also analyzed using the ToF SIMS method and compared to the electrode activity map, but significant correlation was not observed.

title: Grid Interactive Hybrid (PV SOFC) Power System with Controlled Power Generation
abstract: The planned system is a PV SOFC based renewable power generating system. The system is synchronized with the grid parameters to enhance the system efficiency, to make the system more cost effective and inclusion of renewable sources over the conventional used generating sources. The controlling technique used in the proposed system is a basic PLL technique that takes into account the grid active, reactive power and the frequency as the reference and compares them within the hysteresis band till the error signal is zero.