Query: Technological competition

title: Television match officials, referees, and home advantage: Evidence from the European Rugby Cup
abstract: The regulation of on field competition by officials is an important aspect of the management of sport. Increasingly, sports are providing technological support for officials to aid their decision making. In this paper, the authors analyse the impact of such an innovation by exploring the impact of the introduction and subsequent extended role of the television match official on the award of sanctionable offences of players in matches played in the group stages of the European Rugby Cup (ERC) and European Rugby Champions Cup (ERCC) over 15 seasons from 2000/01 to 2015/16. Rugby Union is an important sport to reflect upon because of the central role that the referee plays in rule interpretation and game management and the level of home advantage tends to be relatively high in the sport. Indeed, 65% of all matches in the sample analysed resulted in home wins. Results suggest that crowd effects and referee experience influence referee decisions, but the effects vary depending on the type of incident being considered. The main finding and contribution of the paper is that the introduction of the television match official has influenced the incidence of sanctions issued to both teams. However, the increase in the number of yellow cards awarded to away teams implies that home bias has increased since the introduction of the television match official. This suggests that referees may have been consciously or unconsciously seeking to avoid contributing to home bias before the introduction of a further official who is remote from the effects of the crowd. Recognising that such an adjustment takes place according to the circumstances is important information for the training of officials; particularly as a television match official may not be present in all games that they will referee.

title: Reluctant innovators? Inter organizational conflict and the U.S.A.'s route to becoming a drone power
abstract: Few innovations have marked the late 20th and early 21st centuries more than unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones. Drones' current preeminence leads many to assume that their development was teleologically determined by technological advances. The empirical record, however, belies such assumptions and is filled with vicissitudes. The Air Force's and Naval aviation's pilot dominated hierarchies never prioritized drones over manned aircraft of their own accord. Politicians, meanwhile, lacked the expertise to judge what technologies could achieve and therefore could not compel the military to embrace drones. It was, thus, competition from other organizations the CIA, the Navy's surface warfare community and the Army that obliged reluctant aviators to embrace drones. My study's key original finding is that inter agency competition impels militaries to embrace technologies that they would otherwise reject. Warfare's evolution means that non military bodies intelligence agencies, interior ministries and paramilitary forces develop capabilities that rival those of traditional military services in specific domains and these organizations can prove more agile at adopting certain new technologies because of their flatter organizational structures.

title: ARE WE READY FOR COMMUNITIES 5,0?
abstract: As a zoon politicon creature, humans always develop and follow the pattern of life and life accompanied by various innovations in the form of science and information technology. Advances in information technology in particular have changed the face of human life as zoon politicon in various sectors such as the economic and the education. One important phase in technological development is the emergence of the 4th wave of industrial revolution, or better known as industrial revolution 4.0. The 4.0 industrial revolution is one of Germany's modern technological strategies in 2020 (Germany's High Tech Strategy 2020) The strategy is implemented through improving manufacturing sector technology, creating a consistent strategic policy framework, and setting certain priorities in the face of global competition. Industry 4.0 is not yet over and suddenly society 5.0 appears. Society 5.0 was first echoed by the Japanese State, where Society 5.0 was the answer to the challenges that arose due to the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. This development provides unrest for writers related to the readiness of zoon politicon to deal with every phase of life development like this. The study related to human readiness in facing industrial revolution 5.0 will be comprehensively discussed in this article.

title: The map is not the territory: coevolution of technology and institution for a sustainable future
abstract: Technology and institution are two major forces driving forward the socioeconomic development of human civilisation. Technological innovation, like institutionalised governance, is a dynamic and complex process that connects past and future with the accumulation of change that leads to transformation. The world is transforming under six mega trends: economic slowdown; aging population; rapid urbanisation; cleaner energy and climate change; unprecedented connectivity of things and digitalisation; and disruptive geopolitics with rising inequality and intense competition. Technology and institution are key drivers and copers of the shifts and shocks caused by these mega trends. This review presented a balanced survey of studies on technology, institution and sustainability. It took a critical look at the coevolutionary mechanism between technology and institution under six mega transformations, and presented an analytical framework of Social Ecological Systems (SES) that accommodates integrity, complexity and uncertainty in the Anthropocene.

title: Demystifying the Quantum Threat: Infrastructure, Institutions, and Intelligence Advantage
abstract: In theory, a fully functional quantum computer could break the cryptographic protocols that underwrite cybersecurity everywhere, which would be disastrous for national security, global trade, and civil society. Quantum cryptography, conversely, promises an unprecedented level of security, yet this benefit comes with some danger: revisionist actors with impenetrable communications might be able to conduct surprise attacks and covert conspiracies. In reality, neither of these threat scenarios are likely. Intelligence advantage in political competition depends on the interaction of technological infrastructure with organizational institutions. Robust cryptosystems can be undermined by poor organizational coordination, and careful security policy can compensate for technical vulnerabilities. Scientific innovation in quantum technology only affects one of these dimensions while potentially complicating the other. Even if the formidable engineering challenges of quantum computing can be overcome, signals intelligence collectors will still have to analyze a vast number of decrypts and deliver timely and relevant judgments to interested decision makers. The quantum networks of tomorrow, similarly, will provide little protection for complex organizations that have weak operations security practices. In the practice of intelligence, we should expect classical politics to dominate quantum computing.

title: An Open World
abstract: This ambitious and incisive book presents a new vision for American foreign policy and international order at a time of historic upheaval The United States global leadership crisis is not a passing shock created by the Trump presidency or COVID 19, but the product of forces that will endure for decades Amidst political polarization, technological transformation, and major global power shifts, Lissner and Rapp Hooper convincingly argue, only a grand strategy of openness can protect American security and prosperity despite diminished national strength Disciplined and forward looking, an openness strategy would counter authoritarian competitors by preventing the emergence of closed spheres of influence, maintaining access to the global commons, supporting democracies without promoting regime change, and preserving economic interdependence The authors provide a roadmap for the next president, who must rebuild strength at home while preparing for novel forms of international competition Lucid, trenchant, and practical, An Open World is an essential guide to the future of geopolitics (c) 2020 by Rebecca Lissner and Mira Rapp Hooper All right reserved

title: The Medieval Cultural and Political Origins of the Industrial Revolution
abstract: This article argues that cultural and political legacies from the Middle Ages were crucial for the sustained economic growth that led to the Industrial Revolution. The medieval social/political orders had an exceptional openness to innovations (technological, organizational and institutional) when compared to other contemporary civilizations. Such openness was caused by the competition between them, as well as by the existence of multiple organizations independent from the State. The emergence of national states changed the medieval scenario but a legacy of some of its important cultural/institutional features remained and played a decisive role in the forthcoming Industrial Revolution: the Rule of Law, individualism, representative assemblies, the respect for labor and professions (notably the merchants) and the embryo of a culture of economic growth. Also, the legacy of a process of accumulation of capital, which was translated into a superior level of labor productivity when compared to those prevailing in any other civilization until that moment.

title: The Future of Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence: A Role for Confidence Building Measures?
abstract: As militaries around the world seek to gain a strategic edge over their adversaries by integrating artificial intelligence (AI) innovations into their arsenals, how can members of the international community effectively reduce the unforeseen risks of this technological competition? We argue that pursuing confidence building measures (CBMs) a class of information sharing and transparency enhancing arrangements that states began using in the Cold War to enhance strategic stability, could offer one model of managing AI related risk today. Analyzing the conditions that led to early CBMs suggests such measures, however, will unlikely succeed today without being adapted to current conditions. This article uses historical analogies to illustrate how, in the absence of combat experiences involving novel military technology, it is difficult for states to be certain how these innovations change the implicit rules of warfare. Pursuing international dialogue, in ways that borrow from the Cold War CBM toolkit, may help speed the learning process about the implications of military applications of AI in ways that reduce the risk that states' uncertainty about changes in military technology undermine international security and stability.

title: Artificial intelligence future warfare: implications for international security
abstract: Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) suggest that this emerging technology will have a deterministic and potentially transformative influence on military power, strategic competition, and world politics more broadly. After the initial surge of broad speculation in the literature related to AI this article provides some much needed specificity to the debate. It argues that left unchecked the uncertainties and vulnerabilities created by the rapid proliferation and diffusion of AI could become a major potential source of instability and great power strategic rivalry. The article identifies several AI related innovations and technological developments that will likely have genuine consequences for military applications from a tactical battlefield perspective to the strategic level.

title: La Union Europea frente al ascenso de China como potencia tecnologica: el caso del 5G
abstract: espanolEl auge de China como potencia ha traido consigo un nuevo escenario de competencia estructural entre Washington y Pekin. Y en esta competencia, la supremacia tecnologica juega un papel fundamental. La Union Europea, actor sin autonomia tecnologica, se ha visto presionada por ambas potencias para vetar o incluir a Huawei en las redes 5G. Este es el primer ejemplo de una situacion que tiene visos de alargarse en el tiempo. En este nuevo escenario, en el que el desarrollo tecnologico es indispensable para la autonomia y el poder, y que se caracteriza por la competencia geopolitica, los Estados miembros no pueden competir separados. Es el momento de repensar nuestro papel a escala global y de pensar en medidas ambiciosas para poder ser autonomos y competitivos. EnglishThe rise of China has brought a new scenario of structural competition between Washington and Beijing. In this competition, technological supremacy plays a fundamental role. The European Union, an actor without technological autonomy, has been pressured by both powers to veto or include Huawei in its 5G networks. This is the first example of a situation that has signs of lengthening over time. In this new scenario, in which technological development is indispensable for autonomy and power, and which is characterized by geopolitical competition, member states cannot compete separately. It is time to rethink our role on a global scale and design ambitious measures to be autonomous and competitive.