Query: Echinococcus gross image

title: The unique stem cell system of the immortal larva of the human parasite Echinococcus multilocularis
abstract: BackgroundIt is believed that in tapeworms a separate population of undifferentiated cells, the germinative cells, is the only source of cell proliferation throughout the life cycle (similar to the neoblasts of free living flatworms) In Echinococcus multilocularis, the metacestode larval stage has a unique development, growing continuously like a mass of vesicles that infiltrate the tissues of the intermediate host, generating multiple protoscoleces by asexual budding. This unique proliferation potential indicates the existence of stem cells that are totipotent and have the ability for extensive self renewal.ResultsWe show that only the germinative cells proliferate in the larval vesicles and in primary cell cultures that undergo complete vesicle regeneration, by using a combination of morphological criteria and by developing molecular markers of differentiated cell types. The germinative cells are homogeneous in morphology but heterogeneous at the molecular level, since only sub populations express homologs of the post transcriptional regulators nanos and argonaute. Important differences are observed between the expression patterns of selected neoblast marker genes of other flatworms and the E. multilocularis germinative cells, including widespread expression in E. multilocularis of some genes that are neoblast specific in planarians. Hydroxyurea treatment results in the depletion of germinative cells in larval vesicles, and after recovery following hydroxyurea treatment, surviving proliferating cells grow as patches that suggest extensive self renewal potential for individual germinative cells.ConclusionsIn E. multilocularis metacestodes, the germinative cells are the only proliferating cells, presumably driving the continuous growth of the larval vesicles. However, the existence of sub populations of the germinative cells is strongly supported by our data. Although the germinative cells are very similar to the neoblasts of other flatworms in function and in undifferentiated morphology, their unique gene expression pattern and the evolutionary loss of conserved stem cells regulators suggest that important differences in their physiology exist, which could be related to the unique biology of E. multilocularis larvae.

title: Unconventional Maturation of Dendritic Cells Induced by Particles from the Laminated Layer of Larval Echinococcus granulosus
abstract: The larval stage of the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus causes hydatid disease in humans and livestock. This infection is characterized by the growth in internal organ parenchymae of fluid filled structures (hydatids) that elicit surprisingly little inflammation in spite of their massive size and persistence. Hydatids are protected by a millimeter thick layer of mucin based extracellular matrix, termed the laminated layer (LL) which is thought to be a major factor determining the host response to the infection. Host cells can interact both with the LL surface and with materials that are shed from it to allow parasite growth. In this work, we analyzed the response of dendritic cells (DCs) to microscopic pieces of the native mucin based gel of the LL (pLL) In vitro, this material induced an unusual activation state characterized by upregulation of CD86 without concomitant upregulation of CD40 or secretion of cytokines (interleukin 12 [IL 12] IL 10, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF a] and IL 6) When added to Toll like receptor (TLR) agonists, pLL potentiated CD86 upregulation and IL 10 secretion while inhibiting CD40 upregulation and IL 12 secretion. In vivo, pLL also caused upregulation of CD86 and inhibited CD40 upregulation in DCs. Contrary to expectations, oxidation of the mucin glycans in pLL with periodate did not abrogate the effects on cells. Reduction of disulfide bonds, which are known to be important for LL structure, strongly diminished the impact of pLL on DCs without altering the particulate nature of the material. In summary, DCs respond to the LL mucin meshwork with a "semimature" activation phenotype, both in vitro and in vivo.

title: Modelling the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs in the northwest and in the southwest of Morocco.
abstract: Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) infection was studied in 151 dogs in two regions of Morocco: 68 dogs in the northwest (Loukkos) and 83 dogs in the southwest (Tiznit) The mean prevalence rates of echinococcosis in dogs were 58.82% (46.23 70.63% in Loukkos and 55.42% (44.10 66.34% in Tiznit and the mean abundances of E. granulosus per dog were 75 (59 93) and 547 (504 595) respectively. The mean abundance of E. granulosus in dogs was fitted to a negative binomial distribution by the maximum likelihood techniques to define parameters. E. granulosus was aggregated in dogs in the two regions. The prevalence of infection and the abundance of E. granulosus in dogs were fitted to mathematical models in order to determine if the parasite population is partly regulated by definitive host immunity. The best fit was obtained with the models assuming the presence of immunity. The mean time of exposure to infection was similar in the two regions and ranged from 8 months to about 2 years. The infection pressures (number of E. granulosus) obtained per dog each year were 65 (8 294) in Loukkos and 476 (316 886) in Tiznit. The proportion of dogs susceptible to infection was still high along the life of the dogs in Loukkos, while it was not different from zero in old dogs of Tiznit.

title: Echinococcus multilocularis Detection in Live Eurasian Beavers (Castor fiber) Using a Combination of Laparoscopy and Abdominal Ultrasound under Field Conditions
abstract: Echinococcus multilocularis is an important pathogenic zoonotic parasite of health concern, though absent in the United Kingdom. Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) may act as a rare intermediate host, and so unscreened wild caught individuals may pose a potential risk of introducing this parasite to disease free countries through translocation programs. There is currently no single definitive ante mortem diagnostic test in intermediate hosts. An effective non lethal diagnostic, feasible under field condition would be helpful to minimise parasite establishment risk, where indiscriminate culling is to be avoided. This study screened live beavers (captive, n 18 or wild trapped in Scotland, n 12) and beaver cadavers (wild Scotland, n 4 or Bavaria, n 11) for the presence of E. multilocularis. Ultrasonography in combination with minimally invasive surgical examination of the abdomen by laparoscopy was viable under field conditions for real time evaluation in beavers. Laparoscopy alone does not allow the operator to visualize the parenchyma of organs such as the liver, or inside the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, hence the advantage of its combination with abdominal ultrasonography. All live beavers and Scottish cadavers were largely unremarkable in their haematology and serum biochemistry with no values suspicious for liver pathology or potentially indicative of E. multilocularis infection. This correlated well with ultrasound, laparoscopy, and immunoblotting, which were unremarkable in these individuals. Two wild Bavarian individuals were suspected E. multilocularis positive at post mortem, through the presence of hepatic cysts. Sensitivity and specificity of a combination of laparoscopy and abdominal ultrasonography in the detection of parasitic liver cyst lesions was 100% in the subset of cadavers (95%Confidence Intervals 34.24 100% and 86.7 100% respectively) For abdominal ultrasonography alone sensitivity was only 50% (95%CI 9.5 90.6% with specificity being 100% (95%CI 79.2 100% For laparoscopy alone sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 34.2 100% with specificity also being 100% (95% CI 77.2 100% Further immunoblotting, PCR and histopathological examination revealed one individual positive for E. multilocularis, whilst the other individual was positive for Taenia martis.

title: Hepatic cystic echinococcosis due to Echinococcus granulosus, grossly observed by needle aspiration
abstract: Copyright (c) 2019 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine  http:/www.kjim.org Departments of 1Internal Medicine and 2Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

title: Giant Pulmonary Echinococcus Cyst
abstract: This is a case report of a 67 year old male farmer and heavy smoker with 3 packs of cigarettes, who presented with 12 day history of fever and haemoptysis. On chest X ray a mass was observed at the right lower lobe right lung. He underwent full clinical, laboratory, and endoscopic evaluation. No enlargement of lymph nodes was observed on the CT and also highlighted giant mass in the right lower lobe, of the right lung. The patient underwent surgery which revealed a large viable hydatid cyst measuring 10,3x8,5x7,3 cm, with irregular margins and mixed (solid and cystic) content.

title: Primary hydatid cyst of kidney and ureter with gross hydatiduria: A case report and evaluation of radiological features
abstract: We report a rare case of echinococcosis, primarily involving the right kidney and ureter, presenting with gross hydatiduria. We also present the salient diagnostic features of renal hydatid.

title: Intracranial cysts: radiologic pathologic correlation and imaging approach.
abstract: Cysts and cystic appearing intracranial masses have a broad imaging and pathologic spectra. The authors review the pathologic findings, origin, radiologic appearance, and differential diagnosis of many different intracranial cysts. A diagnostic algorithm based on most common anatomic locations is presented that helps narrow the differential diagnosis.

title: Pro Angiogenic Activity of Monocytic Type Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells from Balb/C Mice Infected with Echinococcus Granulosus and the Regulatory Role of miRNAs
abstract: This study aims to predict the pro angiogenic functions of monocytic type myeloid derived suppressor cells (M MDSCs) derived from mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus.  M MDSCs were collected from Balb/c mice infected with E. granulosus and normal mice (control) and cultured in vitro. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with the cell supernatant, and angiogenesis was investigated and analysed by the Angiogenesis module of the software NIH Image J. RNA was extracted from fresh isolated M MDSCs and analysed with miRNA microarray; differentially expressed miRNAs and their potential functions were analysed through several bioinformatics tools. Finally, quantitative PCR was used to confirm the results of microarray analysis.  M MDSCs from mice infected with E. granulosus could promote the formation of tubes from HUVECs in vitro. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed significantly high expression, whereas soluble fms like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt 1) showed low expression at the transcriptional level in M MDSCs from mice infected with E. granulosus. Microarray analysis of miRNAs showed that 28 miRNAs were differentially expressed in M MDSCs from the two experimental mice groups, and 272 target genes were predicted using the microRNA databases TargetScan, PITA and microRNAorg. These target genes were mainly involved in the biological processes of intracellular protein transport, protein targeting to the lysosome and protein transport, and mainly located in the cytoplasm, neuronal cell body and membrane. Moreover, they were mainly involved in the molecular functions of protein binding, metal ion binding and SH3 domain binding. Further, the differentially expressed miRNAs were mainly enriched in the endocytosis, Wnt and axon guidance pathways, as well as the MAPK, focal adhesion, PI3K Akt, cAMP, mTOR and TGF b signalling pathways, which are linked to immunoregulation and angiogenesis based on the results of bioinformatics analysis with DIANA miRPath 3.0. In addition, the expression of eight miRNAs was randomly verified by quantitative PCR independently in three mice infected with E. granulosus and three normal mice.  M MDSCs have a potential angiogenic role during E. granulosus infection, and miRNAs may play a role in the immune response and angiogenesis functions of M MDSCs through regulation of the identified signalling pathways.

title: Co infections of the cestode Echinococcus vogeli and the nematode Calodium hepaticum in the hystricomorphic rodent Agouti paca from a forest reserve in Acre, Brazil
abstract: The helminth fauna of Agouti paca (Linnaeus, 1766) has seldom been studied. In this paper, we report an unusual mixed infection of Echinococcus vogeli Rausch Bernstein, 1972 and Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica Bancroft, 1863) in free ranging paca from a forested region in Acre (Brazil) Gross morphological examination revealed that paca liver contained multiple spherical to subspherical white or translucent lesions, which were isolated or frequently contiguous and partially covered by Glisson's capsule. Microscopic examination revealed unilocular cystic structures that contained abundant brood capsules in which numerous protoscolices budded from the inner surface. The protoscolices possessed rostellar hooks (33 41 mm in length) a morphological characteristic of the blade and calcareous corpuscles that is consistent with the metacestode E. vogeli. The diagnosis of C. hepaticum infection was based on the morphology and morphometry of the egg shaped ellipsoids with bipolar plugs (44.8 1.9 mm (length) x 24.4 2.0 mm (width) and liver histopathology. This finding expands the known range of C. hepaticum hosts in South America and, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first case of a mixed infection of E. vogeli and C. hepaticum. Furthermore, our data provide evidence that wild animal meat may be a source of C. hepaticum infection.