Query: acute stress and the immune system

title: Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta analytic study of 30 years of inquiry.
abstract: The present report meta analyzes more than 300 empirical articles describing a relationship between psychological stress and parameters of the immune system in human participants. Acute stressors (lasting minutes) were associated with potentially adaptive upregulation of some parameters of natural immunity and downregulation of some functions of specific immunity. Brief naturalistic stressors (such as exams) tended to suppress cellular immunity while preserving humoral immunity. Chronic stressors were associated with suppression of both cellular and humoral measures. Effects of event sequences varied according to the kind of event (trauma vs. loss) Subjective reports of stress generally did not associate with immune change. In some cases, physical vulnerability as a function of age or disease also increased vulnerability to immune change during stressors.

title: Effects of acute stress on the immune system of the dab, Limanda limanda
abstract: The effects of acute stress on the immune system of the dab, Limanda limanda have been investigated using differential blood cell counts and assays to measure phagocytosis and respiratory burst, together with image analysis and electron microscopy. Significant differences were recorded in spleen somatic indices, circulating blood cells and phagocytic and respiratory burst activity of kidney cells in stressed fish. A significant reduction in splenic erythrocytes was demonstrated by histology, image analysis and ultrastructural studies. Increased numbers of leucocytes, particularly phagocytes and damaged cells, were detected in the peripheral blood of stressed fish along with a decrease in lymphocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes. Kidney and spleen phagocytic cells showed a stimulation of total activity following stress, but no effect on the phagocytic index was evident. Respiratory burst activity, measured by hydrogen peroxide secretion, was also increased in stimulated kidney cells of stressed fish compared with controls.

title: Enkephalins endorphins: stress and the immune system
abstract: Enkephalins Endorphins: Stress and the Immune System.  The Ying Yang Hypothesis of Immunomodulation. Stress and the Immune System. Candidate Opioid Peptides for Interaction with the Immune System. Control Mechanisms in the Enzyme Hydrolysis of Adrenal Released Enkephalins. Studies of the Endogenous Opioid System in the Human Stress Response. Exercise Stress and Endogenous Opiates. Effects of Coping and Noncoping with Stressful Events on the Immune System. Depression, Hormones and Immunity. Endogenous Opiod Systems, Stress, and Cancer. Effects of Stress and Morphine on Natural Killer Cell Activity and on the Mammary Tumor Development. Endocrine and Immunological Responses to Acute Stress. Regulatory Circuits of the Immune, Endocrine and Nervous System. A Complete Regulatory Loop Between the Immune and Neuroendocrine Systems Operates Through Common Signal Molecules (Hormones) and Receptors.  A Link Between Personality, Stress, Emotions, Immunity, and Disease? Involvement of Non Opiate Peptides in Psychoneuroimmunological Modulations. Regulation of Human Cellular Immune Responses by Glucocorticosteriods. Estrogen Mediated Immunomodulation. Effects on the Immune System of Lesioning and Stimulation of the Nervous System: Neuroimmunomodulation. Effects of Enkephalins/Endorphins and Related Substances on Specific Immune Functions. Enkephalins: Mediators of Stress Induced Immunomodulation. Relationship Between Lymphokine and Opiatergic Modulation of Lymphocyte Proliferation. Enkephalins as Molecules of Lymphocyte Activation and Modifiers of the Biological Response. The Influence of Endogenous Opioid Peptides on Venous Granulocytes. Immunosuppressive Effects of the Opiopeptins.  Involving Autoimmune Mechanisms to the PCP Receptor in Schizophrenia. Effects of Morphine Opiates on Immune Function. Opioid Peptide Effects on Leukocyte Migration. Neuropeptides are Chemoattractants for Human Monocytes and Tumor Cells: A Basis for Mind Body Communication. Early Clinical Trials of Methionine Enkephalin(In Vivo) Methionine Enkephalin: Immunomodulator in Normal Volunteers (In Vivo) Methionine Enkephalin: Clinical Pharmacology.  Cell Enhancement in Normal Volunteers (In Vivo) Methionine Enkephalin: Enhancement of T Cells in Patients with Kaposis' Sarcoma, AIDS, and Lung Cancer (In Vivo) Epilogue. Contributors.

title: [Stress and the immune system]
abstract: Research in psychoneuroimmunology has demonstrated that biopsychosocial factors such as psychological stress can influence the immune system. Chronic stress has been associated with the suppression of the immune function. In contrast, acute psychological stressors and physical exercise have been shown to transiently enhance immune responses. These stress effects on immunity seem to be mediated via endocrine factors, since hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides can interact with cellular components of the immune system. In summary, experimental and clinical evidence suggests a functional relationship between stress, immunity, and diseases.

title: Physiological responses and depression of humoral components of the immune system in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) following daily acute stress
abstract: Changes in the immune system indicators serum hemagglutinating activity, complement levels, antibody titer, and lymphocyte number and in the plasma levels of cortisol and glucose in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) indicated that stress was induced when fish were chased daily for 8 min with a hand held net for 16 days. Plasma levels of cortisol and glucose were elevated after 1 day and cortisol remained above prestress levels throughout the experiment. The immune system was altered as indicated by lymphocytopenia and decreases in hemolytic activity, agglutination capacity, and antibody titer. As these results show, for the first time, that the complement system is depressed after stress, a routine complement analysis is suggested as an additional technique for assessing the health status of fish.

title: Impact of stress on aged immune system compartments: Overview from fundamental to clinical data
abstract: &NA; Life expectancy is continuously increasing due to major progress in preventing, delaying or curing various pathologies normally encountered in old age. However, both scientific and medical advances are still required to understand underlying cause of the disparate comorbidities occurrence with aging. In one hand, aging profoundly impairs the immune system; it is characterized by many changes in haematopoiesis, adaptive and innate systems, associated with pro inflammatory environment. In another hand, stressful events (acute or chronic) can also impact the immune system through the secretion of hormones, which are also altered with aging. The field of psychoneuroimmunology is now providing evidences that in acute medical conditions, elderly people are not equal in their responses to stressors depending on many extrinsic and intrinsic factors. These parameters could interfere with elderly's ability to mount an effective immune response. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the literature (from fundamental to clinical observations) to draw a parallel between immune dysregulation caused by stress or by aging. Understanding this entanglement could enable us to target fundamental age related pathways and thus open new avenues in improving both lifespan and health span. HighlightsAging and stressful events impair the immune systemStress induces high level of pro and anti inflammatory mediators required to defend the host while keeping the immune balanceThe immune system is affected by this stress, which participates to the bad evolution of elderly patientsIn acute medical conditions, elderly people are not equal to their responses to stressors depending on many factors

title: Interrelations Between Acute and Chronic Exercise Stress and the Immune and Endocrine Systems
abstract: Interaction between the endocrine and immune system is necessary to regulate our health. However, under some conditions, stress hormones can overstimulate or suppress the immune system, resulting in harmful consequences (1) Stress is often considered negative, yet it is an intrinsic part of everyday life. Stress is not clearly defined; it is context specific and depends on the nature of factors that challenge our body. Internal stimuli will elicit different stress reactions compared with external stimuli (1) Similarly, some stressors will induce responses that may benefit survival, whereas others will cause disturbances that may endanger our health. Stress also depends on how our bodies perceive and respond to stressful stimuli (1)

title: Effects of Acute Stress or Centrally Injected Interleukin 1beta on Neuropeptide Expression in the Immune System.
abstract: Acute stress stimulates the expression and release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) from the hypothalamus, and the pro opiomelanocortin products beta endorphin and ACTH from the anterior pituitary. These neuropeptides are also expressed in immune tissues, and it has been proposed that they may modulate immune responses to stress through paracrine mechanisms. We subjected rats to restraint stress or central injection of interleukin (IL) 1beta to determine whether these acute stimuli can alter the expression of neuropeptides in the spleen and thymus. Restraint stress significantly increased the contents of all these neuropeptides in thymic, but not splenic, extracts. A single icv injection of IL 1beta increased contents of CRH, AVP, ACTH and beta endorphin in the spleens of both sham operated and adrenalectomised (ADX) rats. IL 1beta increased thymic contents of CRH and ACTH in sham operated rats but these increases were not observed in ADX rats. These results suggest that the effects of IL 1beta on neuropeptide expression in the spleen are independent of glucocorticoids, whereas IL 1beta stimulation of neuropeptide expression in the thymus is dependent on circulating glucocorticoids. There were significant correlations between increases in CRH, ACTH and beta endorphin in the spleen, and between CRH and ACTH in the thymus, consistent with the suggestion that IL 1beta induced increases in ACTH and beta endorphin may be mediated through CRH. These results provide evidence that stressors can directly influence neuropeptide expression in immune tissues. Thus stress may influence immune functions through paracrine mechanisms involving locally synthesised neuropeptides as well as through activation of the hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis.

title: Effects of acute thermal stress on the immune system of the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)
abstract: We tested the hypothesis that exposure of Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virgi nianus) to acute temperature stressors impairs their immune system function and resistance to disease. Birds were randomly assigned to either a thermoneutral (constant 21?C) cold stress (cycled from 3.6 to 20?C over 24 h) or heat stress (cycled from 30.8 to 39.0?C over 24 h) treatment for four consecutive days. Immunocompetence of each bird was evaluated on day 5 using a panel of assays, including a measure of resistance to a Pasteurella multocida Type 3 challenge. Neither thermal stressor had an influence on spleen mass or measures of cell mediated and humoral immunity. Disease resistance of Northern Bobwhites to P. multocida was not influenced by heat stress but increased following cold stress. Cold stress may have increased the activity of phagocytic leukocytes, which are important in resistance of birds to bacterial pathogens. A concomitant decrease in lymphocyte numbers suggested that resistance to viral pathogens was compromised during cold stress.  February 1996, accepted 26 September 1996.

title: Influence of immunostimulant polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and Bacillus strains on the innate immune and acute stress response in turbots (Scophthalmus maximus) fed soy bean and wheat based diets
abstract: Immunostimulants are widely applied in aquaculture practice and may have beneficial effects on the immune system and physical functions allowing higher tolerance to stress. In the current study, the impact of four (i iv) dietary active ingredients on the immune and stress response of turbot was examined in two experiments (I and II) A basal low fish meal (FM; 32% diet was formulated and supplemented with (i) yeast b glucan and mannan oligosaccharide (GM) (ii) alginic acid (AC) (iii) yeast nucleotides and RNA (NR) or (iv) Bacillus strains (BS) The basal diet (C LF) and a high FM (59% control (C HF) were maintained. All six diets were fed to juvenile turbots for 84 days in experiment I and for additional 28 days prior to experiment II. Immunological and hematological parameters were determined in experiment I. In experiment II, physical stress response to a typical short term <1 day) aquaculture handling procedure (combination of capture, netting/transfer, and crowding) was investigated. For this, turbot blood was sampled before and at 0.5, 1, 4, and 24 h post stress. Plasma lysozyme activity, neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and total plasma protein levels did not significantly differ between treatment groups; however, plasma cholesterol increased significantly in fish fed GM, AC, NR, and C HF compared to C LF (I) A significant increase in plasma glucose and triglyceride was observed in GM and NR treatments, while glucose levels were significantly higher in C HF compared to C LF. Moreover, the immunostimulant supplemented diets exhibited significantly lower cortisol levels compared to controls C LF (at 0.5 h) and C HF (at 1 h) post stress, respectively (II) According to our findings, FM substitution did not modulate the innate immune response but was associated with reduced levels of cholesterol. Dietary immunostimulants were not effective enough to boost the immune response, but we believe they might be helpful to trigger metabolic advantages during stressful handling events on fish farms.