Query: additive manufacturing review

title: Additive Manufacturing Review: Early Past to Current Practice
abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM) is a set of manufacturing processes that are capable of producing complex parts directly from a computer model of the part. This review provides a history of the early antecedents of these processes. In addition, the different classes of AM processes and their commercialization are presented and discussed along with their fields of use. This paper emphasizes AM processes that produce production quality parts. The review also addresses design issues and the commercial state of the art for production of polymer, metal, and ceramic parts. A main emphasis of this paper is the development and motivations for AM especially during its nascent years. The paper is written for the general readership of manufacturing professionals and researchers.

title: 4D Printing Additive Manufacturing Review; Mechanisim, Chalanges, Applications and Future
abstract: Article Type Original Research Authors Moradi M.1 PhD, Karami Moghadam M.*1 MSc, Asgari F.1 BSc

title: Mechanical Performance in Fused Deposition Modeling Manufactured Parts An Additive Manufacturing Review
abstract: Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a rapid prototyping technology which has simplified the process of creating complex parts and components. 3D printers based on FDM technology are relatively low in cost, requires little maintenance and are easy to learn to use. This paper presents current and innovative strategies in improving mechanical behavior of FDM fabricated parts. Polymers are often used due to their relatively low melting point and acceptable mechanical performance. Some materials allow for the user to design parts that will be used in mechanically demanding scenarios. FDM produced parts are often much weaker in the direction perpendicular to the layers. This will affect the overall performance of the part. When looking for ways to better the mechanical performance the user can manipulate the orientation of the part to ensure the part will be used in its 'strongest' orientation. There are many ways in which the user can manipulated the slicer/G Code to further optimize the mechanical behavior. Some of the production parameters that are available in slicers will directly influence the mechanical integrity of the part to be manufactured. This paper sheds light on various pre and post manufacturing techniques used to optimize the mechanical behavior of FDM manufactured technology.

title: On Design for Additive Manufacturing: Review of Challenges and Opportunities utilising Visualisation Technologies
abstract: Design for additive manufacturing poses new challenges and opportunities for manufacturers to produce highly customised parts while reducing cost, production time and improving quality. Manufacturing constraints of conventional manufacturing methods, such as geometric complexity limitations and workpiece handling, have shaped the landscape of computer aided design tools, which are therefore not suitably adapted to design for additive manufacturing. Furthermore, computer aided design tools require a high level of training to produce appropriate models. Augmented reality and feedback technologies pose an interesting opportunity for design for additive manufacturing, whereby the interaction with 3D models in an augmented or virtual design space can provide intuitive feedback to engineers and designers, providing fast validation of designs, parametric modelling and opportunities for training and use in both professional and amateur designer communities. This paper will explore and review the opportunities this exciting new technology provides.

title: Methods of Preparing Soft and Hard Magnetic Elements by Additive Manufacturing Review
abstract: Applications of soft magnetic elements and permanent magnets increase due to broaden range of products with their usage. Nowadays magnetic elements are prepared mainly by casting, sintering or bonding technology. Presently research is focused on two ways: improvement of known magnetic materials and elaboration of new technology of fabrication magnetic elements. Development of new technologies enables obtaining magnetic elements with complicated geometry and can be made in a near net shape. These technologies that can be used are called additive manufacturing or 3D printing. 3D printing are divided in different methods. Article presents a review of different methods of 3D printing that are applied to manufacturing magnetic elements.

title: Additive manufacturing (3D printing) A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges
abstract: Freedom of design, mass customisation, waste minimisation and the ability to manufacture complex structures, as well as fast prototyping, are the main benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out. In particular, the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed. The current state of materials development, including metal alloys, polymer composites, ceramics and concrete, was presented. In addition, this paper discussed the main processing challenges with void formation, anisotropic behaviour, the limitation of computer design and layer by layer appearance. Overall, this paper gives an overview of 3D printing, including a survey on its benefits and drawbacks as a benchmark for future research and development.

title: Approaches in computational welding mechanics applied to additive manufacturing: Review and outlook
abstract: The development of computational welding mechanics (CWM) began more than four decades ago. The approach focuses on the region outside the molten pool and is used to simulate the thermo metallurgical mechanical behaviour of welded components. It was applied to additive manufacturing (AM) processes when they were known as weld repair and metal deposition. The interest in the CWM approach applied to AM has increased considerably, and there are new challenges in this context regarding welding. The current state and need for developments from the perspective of the authors are summarised in this study.

title: State of the art of additive manufacturing: Review for tolerances, mechanical resistance and production costs
abstract: The new technology named additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining significance in the industrial sector due to its capacity to define new improvements in the design, production and logistical issues related to a specific product. This new area in industrial engineering is becoming operative but is still not easily applicable to all types of production systems. Many research and practical contributions have been developed in the last few years, but a unique answer for a possibility to be applied to the industrial sector has not yet been derived. This paper aims to analyse existing research literature on AM application in the industrial sector and tries to determine the open issues related to this theme. Here the themes on the mechanical and chemical characteristics of the materials produced with AM and the management theme are examined.

title: Steels in additive manufacturing: A review of their microstructure and properties
abstract: Today, a large number of different steels are being processed by Additive Manufacturing (AM) methods. The different matrix microstructure components and phases (austenite, ferrite, martensite) and the various precipitation phases (intermetallic precipitates, carbides) lend a huge variability in microstructure and properties to this class of alloys. This is true for AM produced steels just as it is for conventionally produced steels. However, steels are subjected during AM processing to time temperature profiles which are very different from the ones encountered in conventional process routes, and hence the resulting microstructures differ strongly as well. This includes a very fine and highly morphologically and crystallographically textured microstructure as a result of high solidification rates as well as non equilibrium phases in the as processed state. Such a microstructure, in turn, necessitates additional or adapted post AM heat treatments and alloy design adjustments. In this review, we give an overview over the different kinds of steels in use in fusion based AM processes and present their microstructures, their mechanical and corrosion properties, their heat treatments and their intended applications. This includes austenitic, duplex, martensitic and precipitation hardening stainless steels, TRIP/TWIP steels, maraging and carbon bearing tool steels and ODS steels. We identify areas with missing information in the literature and assess which properties of AM steels exceed those of conventionally produced ones, or, conversely, which properties fall behind. We close our review with a short summary of iron base alloys with functional properties and their application perspectives in Additive Manufacturing.

title: Review on characterization and impacts of the lattice structure in additive manufacturing
abstract: Manufacturing is most commonly known as 3D Printing that indicates the Rapid Prototyping (RP) Technologies developed in the 1980s, which can directly fabricate complex structures into 3D objects by 3D Computer Aided Design (3D CAD) Recent advancements in AM created a platform for developing complex geometries and reduce cost and production time of products in design space of the original product. The main aim of this process is to attain a product with optimizing features like lightweight, increase in energy absorption and heat transfer, insulation and reduce materials. On the contrary, there are many complications in modelling and generation of lattice structures and implementing various applications. Hence, this paper reveals the modern approach for the configuration of generating lattices and their behavior.