Query: white collar crime

title: Gender and White Collar Crime Theoretical Issues
abstract: In the mid 1970s, scholars theorized that as women's lives grew beyond traditional gendered constraints their involvement in crime would come to resemble that of men. Key to some arguments was that women's increasing involvement in workplaces would provide criminal opportunity. Yet, there has been limited attention paid to the issue of gender in white collar research. This article discusses the implications of the research in this special issue and also identifies a number of important theoretical issues that white collar scholars should be attentive to moving forward. It is critical that research should continue to problematize not only the incidence of female involvement in white collar crime but also the qualities of that involvement. Further, scholars should also be reflective and consider the degree to which their hypotheses related to women's involvement in crime inherently assume that white masculine identities are the baseline to which women's behavior will adapt.

title: Gender and White Collar Crime: Convenience in Target Selection
abstract: We find support for the idea that gender affects target selection when committing white collar crime. Based on the theory of convenience, we argue that male and female offenders vary in their perce.

title: White Collar Crime and Anomie

title: The Convenience of White Collar Crime in Business

title: Extending Situational Action Theory to White Collar Crime
abstract: A theory that has started to receive increased empirical attention is Situational Action Theory. This theory argues that an individual's morality is the central individual level variable in predicting offending. It also hypothesizes that low self control will only predict offending among those with low morals. Although this theory has been applied to street crime, the current study represents the first time it has been applied to white collar crime. With the use of a scenario based methodology, the results support the theory. Along with the implications of these findings, limitations and directions for future research are also presented.

title: White collar crime opportunity

title: Social Bonds and White Collar Crime: A Two Study Assessment of Informal Social Controls in White Collar Offenders
abstract: In two studies, this paper examines age graded informal social controls (bonds) in white collar offenders. Using register data, Study 1 compares bonds in a sample of white collar offenders to a matched control sample, while Study 2 uses probation data to examine bonds within a subsample of white collar offenders of Study 1. The results show that white collar offenders, including those who occupy executive positions and those with an adult crime onset, were characterized by weakened bonds and that early onset offenders had weaker bonds than adult onset offenders. Along with the implications of these findings for theory, limitations and directions for future research are presented.

title: Convenience Triangle in White Collar Crime
abstract: The aEUR~convenience triangleaEUR(tm) is the dynamic relationship between motive, opportunity, and willingness to commit a crime, which culminates in the illegal acts which constitute white collar crime. This book aims to discuss the role of the aEUR~convenience triangleaEUR(tm) in white collar crime, how it affects the perpetration of these crimes, the impact of this on detection and prevention and the effects of the punitive measures taken against white collar criminals.

title: White collar crime in academia: Trends in digital academic dishonesty over time and their effect on penalty severity
abstract: This study explored patterns of change over time in penalties for conducting academic dishonesty (AD) following a previous study (Friedman Blau Eshet Alkalai, 2016) that reported lower penalties for digital AD offenses compared to analog ones across two years. In the present study, we examined whether this trend changes over time, and what could explain it. We offered two contradicting hypotheses: the regulations hypothesis suggests that the gap between penalties for analog and digital AD caused since it takes time for academic institutes to adjust their regulations to digital dishonesties. Therefore, this gap will diminish and eventually disappear. The perception hypothesis suggests that the penalty gap will remain stable, since it reflects the perception of digital AD as a "white collar" offense. Contrary to previous studies that used self reported measurements of AD perceptions, this study analyzed Disciplinary Committee's protocols, which contains a more objective descriptions of type of AD, student's explanations, and penalty types. These protocols provide information about the actual behavior of students and faculty, and not about their opinions. We analyzed the entire volume of 628 university's protocols collected during four consecutive years. Findings clearly demonstrated that the trend of lower penalties for digital offenses remained stable across four years. Results support the perception hypothesis, suggest that this phenomenon relates to the perception of digital AD as a "white collar crime" Like other white collar crimes, is perceived as less harmful and therefore, punished less severely than other crimes. This claim is also supported by our findings that motivations to behave unethically, which students reported to the Discipline Committee, influenced penalties' severity in analog, but not in digital settings. Unexpectedly, a consistent gender gap was found in penalties' severity for both digital and analog offenses, indicating that women were punished more severely than men. This dissimilarity in penalizing AD offenses remained stable over the studied period. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

title: The whiteness of white collar crime in the United States: Examining the role of race in a culture of elite white collar offending
abstract: While the role of race has been heavily scrutinized in terms of minority involvement in crime, it has remained largely invisible for Whites despite indications that Whites are overrepresented as offenders in elite white collar crimes. We propose a theoretical model detailing how "whiteness" encourages cultural adaptations conducive to elite white collar crime in contemporary US society. Many middle and upper class US Whites live in environments of relative social isolation, both geographically (in terms of schools and neighborhoods) and culturally (as mainstream media largely reflect the lived realities of middle and upper class Whites) When this social isolation is combined with financial advantage, it serves to block the development of empathy toward outgroups and increases feelings of individual entitlement, which leads to the formation of crime specific cultural frames that include neutralizations and justifications for elite white collar crime. We argue that whiteness plays a role that is independent from (but exacerbated by) socioeconomic status, and is an important contributor to the generative worlds from which many white collar criminals emanate.