Query: vitamin D covid-19

title: Vitamin D, Covid 19 and Children.
abstract: 1. Paediatrics, Trinity College, the University of Dublin. 2. Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI) Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRICC) Trinity College Dublin. 3. Paediatrics Neonatology, Children's Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght Crumlin, Dublin. 4. Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin. 5. Endocrinology, CHI at Temple St, Dublin. 6. Paediatrics, University College Dublin, Ireland.

title: The Role of Vitamin D in Suppressing Cytokine Storm in COVID 19 Patients and Associated Mortality
abstract: The authors have withdrawn this manuscript because they have noticed idiosyncrasies in the reporting of 25(OH)D data across different countries. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited until after this issue is addressed. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.

title: Considerations for Obesity, Vitamin D, and Physical Activity Amid the COVID 19 Pandemic
abstract: As the biomedical community races to disentangle the unknowns associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus responsible for causing coronavirus disease, the link between diminished immune function and individuals with obesity raises important questions about the possibility for greater viral pathogenicity in this population. Increased adiposity may undermine the pulmonary microenvironment wherein viral pathogenesis and immune cell trafficking could contribute to a maladaptive cycle of local inflammation and secondary injury. A further challenge to those with obesity during the current pandemic may involve vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. In the interest of personal and public health, we caution decision and policy makers alike not to pin all hope on a proverbial "silver bullet." Until further breakthroughs emerge, we should remember that modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity should not be marginalized. Decades of empirical evidence support both as key factors promoting health and wellness.

title: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID 19 Infections and Deaths
abstract: The world is in the grip of the COVID 19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID 19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID 19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID 19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40 60 ng/mL (100 150 nmol/L) For treatment of people who become infected with COVID 19, higher vitamin D3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

title: Letter: Covid 19, and vitamin D
abstract: LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Tian et al and Tian and Rong papers. To view these articles, visit https:/doi.org/10.1111/apt.15731 and https:/doi.org/10.1111/apt.15764.

title: Letter: Covid 19, and vitamin D. Authors' reply
abstract: LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Sands et al papers. To view these articles, visit https:/doi.org/10.1111/apt.15555 and https:/doi.org/10.1111/apt.15716.

title: COVID 19 and vitamin D Is there a link and an opportunity for intervention?
abstract: The recent outbreak and rapid spreading of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) are a global threat and primary concern worldwide, with a still uncertain outcome. With the lack of effective therapy, chemoprevention, and vaccination, focusing on the immediate repurposing of existing drugs gives hope of curbing the pandemic. Here, I underline that so far there are no reports on the vitamin D status among affected persons. On the other hand, a large number of well established data showed antiviral effects of vitamin D, which can interfere directly with viral replication, but also can act in an immunomodulatory and anti inflammatory way (7) The latter effects could be crucial for their assumptive beneficial effects during SARS CoV 2 infection, since it seems that SARS CoV 2 initially uses immune evasion mechanisms, which in some patients is followed by immune hyperreaction and cytokine storm (1) as a common pathogenic mechanism of acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) development, regardless of the etiological factor. In that sense, the protective effect of vitamin D has been reported in many conditions associated with pneumonia, cytokine hyperproduction, and ARDS (2, 8, 10) and vitamin D was recently proposed as a repurposed drug for influenza A H5N1 virus induced lung injury (3) Additionally, some studies suggest the effectiveness of vitamin D as an adjuvant therapy along with antiretroviral agents in HIV infected patients (5) Furthermore, vitamin D pretreatment was beneficial in animal models of ARDS, reducing lung permeability by modulation of renin angiotensin system activity and ACE2 expression (9) The role of vitamin D in the context of viral infections is also supported by findings of certain vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) alleles that are associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory infections (6) as well as with the progression of HIV infection (4) Owing to the lack of specific treatment and urgency to act, these findings could be tentatively extrapolated to SARSCoV 2 infection, justifying the use of vitamin D as a possible adjuvant therapy. From the public health aspect, the recommendation of intensive supplementation as possible prophylaxis also could be considered. Given the good tolerability and safety of even high doses of vitamin D, this approach complies primum non nocere principle. Investigations on vitamin D status and VDR polymorphisms of affected subjects could contribute to explain "unusual behavior" of SARS CoV 2 spreading and a tremendous variety of COVID 19 clinical presentations and outcomes.

title: Optimisation of Vitamin D Status for Enhanced Immuno protection Against Covid 19.
abstract: Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH)D<50nmol/l) is common in Ireland, particularly amongst older adults, hospital inpatients and nursing home residents. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of acute viral respiratory infection and community acquired pneumonia, with several molecular mechanisms proposed to explain this association. Vitamin D supplementation has also been shown to reduce the risk of respiratory infection. Vitamin D and Covid 19 Correction of vitamin D deficiency is thought to suppress CD26, a putative adhesion molecule for Covid 19 host cell invasion. Vitamin D may also attenuate interferon gamma (IFNg) and interleukin 6 (IL 6) inflammatory responses, both potent predictors of poorer outcome in critically ill ventilated patients including those with Covid 19. Vitamin D Requirements Irish adults require 25 30mg/d of vitamin D3, an intake not achievable by diet alone, to reliably maintain serum 25(OH)D levels >50nmol/l. Supplementation with doses up to 100mg/d has been shown to be safe for adults, and many agencies and expert groups now advocate supplementation in older adults, albeit at lower levels than this.  D deficiency is common and may contribute to increased risk of respiratory infection including Covid 19. We recommend that all older adults, hospital inpatients, nursing home residents and other vulnerable groups (e.g. those with diabetes mellitus or compromised immune function, those with darker skin, vegetarians and vegans, those who are overweight or obese, smokers and healthcare workers) be urgently supplemented with 20 50mg/d of vitamin D to enhance their resistance to Covid 19, and that this advice be quickly extended to the general adult population.

title: A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID 19
abstract: COVID 19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a public health emergency of international concern. As of this time, there is no known effective pharmaceutical treatment, although it is much needed for patient contracting the severe form of the disease. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence regarding chloroquine for the treatment of COVID 19.  PubMed, EMBASE, and three trial Registries were searched for studies on the use of chloroquine in patients with COVID 19.  We included six articles (one narrative letter, one in vitro study, one editorial, expert consensus paper, two national guideline documents) and 23 ongoing clinical trials in China. Chloroquine seems to be effective in limiting the replication of SARS CoV 2 (virus causing COVID 19) in vitro.  There is rationale, pre clinical evidence of effectiveness and evidence of safety from long time clinical use for other indications to justify clinical research on chloroquine in patients with COVID 19. However, clinical use should either adhere to the Monitored Emergency Use of Unregistered Interventions (MEURI) framework or be ethically approved as a trial as stated by the World Health Organization. Safety data and data from high quality clinical trials are urgently needed.

title: Trend and forecasting of the COVID 19 outbreak in China
abstract: By using the public data from Jan. 20 to Feb. 11, 2020, we perform data driven analysis and forecasting on the COVID 19 epidemic in mainland China, especially Hubei province. Our results show that the turning points of the daily infections are predicted to be Feb. 6 and Feb. 1, 2020, for Hubei and China other than Hubei, respectively. The epidemic in China is predicted to end up after Mar. 10, 2020, and the number of the total infections are predicted to be 51600. The data trends reveal that quick and active strategies taken by China to reduce human exposure have already had a good impact on the control of the epidemic.