Query: defined fake news

title: LibGuides: Academic Integrity Referencing, Citation Avoiding Plagiarism: Plagiarism Defined: Fake News

title: An Exploratory Study of "Fake News" and Media Trust in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa
abstract: In recent years, concerns about the perceived increase in the amount of "fake news" have become prevalent in discussions about media and politics, particularly in the United States and Europe. However, debates around "fake news" even if some object to the use of the term due to it being loosely defined, appear to speak of processes that occur not only in the Global North but also elsewhere. In Africa, mis and disinformation campaigns have been used to influence political agendas, and governments have responded with countermeasures. This article explores the phenomenon in Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa using data from a two wave online survey (N 1847) We find that perceived exposure to disinformation is high, and that trust in social and national media is low. We also identify a significant relationship between higher levels of perceived exposure to disinformation and lower levels of media trust in South Africa. The limitations of this study, which focuses on a subset of the population that is highly educated, the implications of our findings, and recommendations for future research are discussed.

title: Fake News as Discursive Integration: An Analysis of Sites That Publish False, Misleading, Hyperpartisan and Sensational Information
abstract: After the 2016 US presidential election, the concept of fake news captured popular attention, but conversations lacked a clear conceptualization and used the label in elastic ways to describe various distinct phenomena. In this paper, we analyze fake news as genre blending, combining elements of traditional news with features that are exogenous to normative professional journalism: misinformation, sensationalism, clickbait, and bias. Through a content analysis of stories published by 50 sites that have been labeled fake news and the engagement they generated on social media, we found that stories employed moderate levels of sensationalism, misinformation and partisanship to provide anti establishment narratives. Complete fabrications were uncommon and did not resonate well with audiences, although there was some truth stretching that came with genre blending. Results suggest that technocentric solutions aimed at detecting falsehoods are likely insufficient, as fake news is defined more by partisanship and identity politics than misinformation and deception.

title: Defining "Fake News"
abstract: This paper is based on a review of how previous studies have defined and operationalized the term "fake news." An examination of 34 academic articles that used the term "fake news" between 2003 and 2017 resulted in a typology of types of fake news: news satire, news parody, fabrication, manipulation, advertising, and propaganda. These definitions are based on two dimensions: levels of facticity and deception. Such a typology is offered to clarify what we mean by fake news and to guide future studies.

title: Evaluating the Fake News Problem at the Scale of the Information Ecosystem
abstract: "Fake news, broadly defined as deliberately false or misleading information masquerading as legitimate news, is frequently asserted to be pervasive on the web, and on social media in particular, with serious consequences for public opinion, political polarization, and ultimately democracy. Using a unique multimode data set that comprises a nationally representative sample of mobile, desktop, and television consumption across all categories of media content, we refute this conventional wisdom on three levels. First, news consumption of any sort is heavily outweighed by other forms of media consumption, comprising at most 14.2% of Americans' daily media diets. Second, to the extent that Americans do consume news, it is overwhelmingly from television, which accounts for roughly five times as much as news consumption as online, while a supermajority of Americans consume little or no news online at all. Third, fake news comprises only about 1% of overall news consumption and 0.15% of Americans' daily media diet. Although consumption data alone cannot determine that online misinformation in any dose is not dangerous to democracy, our results suggest that the origins of public mis informedness and polarization are more likely to lie in the content of ordinary news especially on television or alternatively in the avoidance of news altogether as they are in overt fakery.

title: Gatekeeping Fake News Discourses on Mainstream Media Versus Social Media
abstract: This study analyzes mainstream media (MSM) coverage of fake news discourse and compares it with social networking sites (SNS) users who reference the term "fakenews" in their tweets. The study employs computational methods by analyzing over 8 million tweets and 1,350 news stories using topic modeling. Building on the theory of (networked) gatekeeping and Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model, the results show that SNS users follow networked gatekeeping practices by mostly associating fake news references to the alleged bias of MSM. On the other hand, MSM coverage tends to link fake news to SNS's negative role in spreading misinformation. I argue here that there is a networked flak activity on Twitter which is defined as a collective negative response to MSM in order to discipline it, change its tone and editorial stance, or undermine the public's trust in it.

title: Human machine interaction: A case study on fake news detection using a backtracking based on a cognitive system
abstract: Although the Internet provides a variety of news, it also can give confusion caused by personal subjective thoughts such as personal TV, blogs, and unproven news. The unproven news is written in a subjective direction with added personal opinions rather than objective content, so readers may acquire knowledge with the wrong outlook. In addition, fake news is being produced and the problem of social polarization is becoming serious. In the end, it is necessary to detect the fake news, but it is not easy to distinguish the truth of published news because of the lack of fake news distinction time compared to the speed of information sharing on the Internet and the diversity and strong subjectivity of news. Therefore, in this paper, the possibility of fake news is defined by using the reverse tracking method of the articles which are posted on the Cognitive System. Finally, as the result, the detection rate is average 85%

title: From fake to junk news
abstract: 'Fake news' is a key subject of data politics, but also a tricky a one. As this chapter aims to show, various phenomena signified by this misleading label have little in common, except being opposite to the kind of algorithmic intelligence that most other chapters present as the main concern of data politics. This does not mean that 'fake news' is not related to computational analytics or political intentions, but it does mean that this relation is not straightforward. To discuss this relation, I will go through a three stage argument. First, I will criticise the notion of 'fake news' dismissing the idea that this type of misinformation can be defined by its relationship to truth. Second, I will propose a different definition of this phenomenon based on its circulation rather than of its contents. Third, I will reintroduce the connection to data politics, by describing the economic, communicational, technological, cultural and political dimensions of junk news.

title: Subleading BMS charges and fake news near null infinity
abstract: A bstractIn this paper we establish a relation between the non linearly conserved New man Penrose charges and certain subleading terms in a large r expansion of the BMS charges in an asymptotically flat spacetime. We define the subleading BMS charges by considering a 1/r expansion of the Barnich Brandt prescription for defining asymptotic charges in an asymptotically flat spacetime. At the leading order, i.e. 1/r0, one obtains the standard BMS charges, which would be integrable and conserved in the absence of a flux term at null infinity, corresponding to gravitational radiation, or Bondi news. At subleading orders, analogous terms in general provide obstructions to the integrability of the corresponding charges. Since the subleading terms are defined close to null infinity, but vanish actually at infinity, the analogous obstructions are not associated with genuine Bondi news. One may instead describe them as corresponding to "fake news" At order r 3, we find that a set of integrable charges can be defined and that these are related to the ten non linearly conserved Newman Penrose charges.

title: FAKE NEWS AND THE RITUALISATION OF THE SELF
abstract: Two hundred years have passed since the question of subjectivity (re interpreted through Kierkegaard's existentialism) became central in modern philosophy. Over these two centuries, multiple theories addressed and questioned the borders between authentic subjectivity and an internalized panopticon of the hegemonic views that dominate the subject. Nevertheless, they still have to be definitively defined. As we may try to point Fake News (FN) is an opponent to subjectivity, and yet it comes from the subject. FN is the intentional spreading through new technologies of false information on a global level by subjects that use social media, a process influencing not only the sense of socio political reality but also the concept of identity. Identities (personal or collective) are in general the combination of the socially determined understanding of 'who I am' and the socially and psychologically influenced 'mental model' of 'what the world and the self within it should be' all expressed and produced under the fundamental influence of our idiosyncratic characteristics. One of the fields that all these factors meet and interact is the new mediated environment where almost everyone can participate and contribute. According to the Sociology of Communication as founded by Giddens, Habermas and Luckmann (Leydesdorff 2000) this makes the public part of our identity the dominant one, creating a ritual in which our narcissistic elements dominate our private ones. The Self, addressing itself into the public like an echo and back to the Self, becomes ritualized. In our paper, we explore the interrelation of this phenomenon with the creation and distribution of Fake News, from the vantage point of Kierkegaard's existential philosophy.