Query: causes of french revolution

title: Intellectual History and the Causes of the French Revolution
abstract: From the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, historians, politicians, and even the interested public believed radical ideas to be at the bottom of this upheaval. Upstaged by social explanations, particularly in the first two thirds of the twentieth century, intellectual accounts have regained prominence, as recent scholarship has reiterated that ideas mattered. But what ideas? This essay focuses on those ideas that became evident at and around the outbreak of the revolution in 1788 89. For this period, a new wave of scholarship emphasizes not the idea of equality but rather historic rights and patriotism. In these accounts, Enlightenment notions of natural law provided the central justification for radicalizing the revolution as the decade proceeded. Beyond patriotism and rights, this essay also examines other competing discourses, especially those that challenged the church.

title: Abbot A. Barruel about the Causes and Organizers of the French Revolution
abstract: The article deal with the version of participation in the events of the French revolution of secret organizations, proposed by Catholic priest and publicist Augustin Barruel. According to the emigrant abbot, who became a witness and participant in the revolutionary processes, those events were organized by the conspirators represented by philosophers enlighteners, masons and illuminati, who joined after 1789 in the Club of the Jacobins. A. Barruel shared his views in a multivolume work, which was published in London at the very end of the 18th century. The book aroused great interest and was translated into many languages, including Russian. From that moment, a "black legend" was approved in the assessment of the European Masonic movement. This legend explained all the revolutionary events by a destructive "Masonic conspiracy" The author focuses the research on characterizing the real causes that had become the catalyst for the French revolution. In the context of criticism of Barruel's views, the assessments are also given to the evolution of the Masonic movement in France of the 18th century. The author touches upon a very important problem of transformation of national Masonic organizations. This problem is considered in the context of the formation of the structures of the Great East of France. The article notes the close relationship of this structure with the elite and the Royal court. The undertaken analysis is based on the special literature and the original sources, such as The Constitutions by James Anderson the first printed constitution of the premier Grand Lodge of England; Memoires by Augustin Barruel.

title: The causes of the French Revolution
abstract: There were three (3) classes of people in France. The First Estate was the Church. Members of the Church paid no taxes. The Church owned 20% of the land. The Second Estate were the nobles. They had all the best jobs in the country and they owned most of the land. They also paid no taxes. The Third Estate was made up of 97% of the people (peasants, workers, middle class) They had no special rights. They did pay all the taxes.

title: Rousseau and the French Revolution
abstract: Among the many crises in the world's history few have attracted the attention of historians and political writers as has the French Revolution. Nor is it remarkable that all who are interested in problems of government should inquire carefully into the causes and history of the movement from which constitutional rule in France has developed, and which is to day considered the source of whatever democratic institutions Continental Europe possesses. No less noticeable than the number of authors who have treated the period, is the variety of causes to which the final outbreak has been attributed. One writer has considered it

title: The diplomatic retreat of France and public opinion on the eve of the French Revolution, 1783 1789
abstract: Between 1783 and 1789, a series of diplomatic defeats and humiliations expelled France as the arbiter of Europe. This narrative history explores the dramatic collapse of France and the public response to it, proposing these as major causes of the French Revolution.

title: Causes and Consequences of the Great Vietnam Famine, 1944 5
abstract: This article analyses Vietnam's 1944 5 great famine, which, even beyond its sheer scale of a million deaths, is historically important as instrumental in the August 1945 Viet Minh and communist revolution. It is argued that typhoons which struck coastal areas resulted in a shortfall of available food and were the proximate cause of famine. The Japanese in occupation of Vietnam, the American government directing attacks on the transport system, or the country's French colonial administration could have acted to limit, or even reverse, the famine. However, under the pressure of war, no government or institution opted for an effective famine alleviation strategy. That was also true of Asia's other great Second World War famines in Bengal, Henan, and Java, which paralleled Vietnam's both in causation and in feasible avoidance strategies. In Vietnam, differences in endowments and entitlements largely explain who died in the famine.

title: Poland's Contentious Elites Enter the Age of Revolution: Extending Social Movement Concepts+
abstract: Scholars of social movements commonly call for the field to be broadened in various ways because movements are often intertwined with other forms of conflict and because the causes or consequences of movements may operate differently in different contexts. Important change processes that were unfolding in Poland at the time of the French Revolution provide an instructive case. Although the contemporaneous French Revolution, with its enormous quantity and variety of collective mobilizations has been a touchstone for social movement scholars, the work of Poland's reform parliament and the adoption of Poland's 1791 constitution have gotten much less attention. Poland's reform politics not only provides both instructive parallels to and differences from French revolutionary developments, but were also deeply intertwined with them and embedded with those French events in a larger, European field of contention. Perhaps one of the most intriguing aspects of the Polish reform movement is that it was largely driven by elites, something noted in Karl Marx's bemused praise. Although social movements played very much less of a role in Poland than in France, we try to show here that familiar tools of social movement analysis permit an account of those Polish events as well.

title: Natural Experiments of History
abstract: Prologue: Natural Experiments of History Jared Diamond and James A. Robinson Controlled Comparison and Polynesian Cultural Evolution Patrick V. Kirch Exploding Wests: Boom and Bust in Nineteenth Century Settler Societies James Belich Politics, Banking, and Economic Development: Evidence from New World Economies Stephen Haber Intra Island and Inter Island Comparisons Jared Diamond Shackled to the Past: The Causes and Consequences of Africa's Slave Trades Nathan Nunn Colonial Land Tenure, Electoral Competition, and Public Goods in India Abhijit Banerjee and Lakshmi Iyer From Ancien Regime to Capitalism: The Spread of the French Revolution as a Natural Experiment Daron Acemoglu, Davide Cantoni, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson Afterword: Using Comparative Methods in Studies of Human History Jared Diamond and James A. Robinson Contributors

title: The Challenge of Revolution: Contemporary Russia in Historical Perspective
abstract: This volume provides an challenging and controversial explanation of the recent events in Russia. It examines the causes, processes, and consequences of Russia's recent political development. Drawing on, and criticizing the existing literature, the book also shows how the recent Russian experience casts light on general theories of revolution and comparative political developments. The transformation in Russia is usually compared with transformations in other post communist countries. The authors argue that the Russian transformation should be explained in the logic of the great revolutions of the past such as the English Civil War, the French Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution. The difficulties and inconsistency of Russian reforms are usually explained as a result of mistakes made by reformers. This book argues, however, that these problems should be considered as a natural consequence of the 'weak state' In revolution the weakness of state power is inevitable (resulting from social fragmentation, property rights transformation, changes in the interests of different social groups) Hence, the authors argue that most of the transitional problems in Russia were unavoidable. The authors go on to argue that revolutions are usually considered as rapid change made through violence. However, the spontaneous character of change in the situation of a weak state is a much more important feature of any revolution than violence. The book contains unique interviews with four leaders of the Russian transformation Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Yakovlev, Yegor Gaidar, and Gennadii Burbulis as well as the personal experience of the authors, who were deeply involved in the practical process of Russian transformation.

title: Muslim Citizens! After the January 2015 Paris Attacks: France's Republicanism and its Muslim Population
abstract: Responses to the January 2015 killings in Paris were often based on the assumption that there is an essential incompatibility between France's republican model, of which laicite is an essential element, and the aspirations of its Muslim population. The killings were therefore taken as evidence that France needed to adopt multicultural policies. Against the binary opposition between French republicanism and Islam, I argue that France's postcolonial citizens, including Muslims, are committed to France's republican principles, which they contributed to defining by appropriating the ideals of the French revolution. I claim that French postcolonial citizens are more concerned with equality than identity, that the structural causes of terrorism are to be found in the lack of equality, and that issues surrounding Muslims in France can be addressed within the framework of laicite.