Query: main approaches to financing  2018

title: Conceptual Approaches to Improving the Functioning of Non state Social Insurance Institutions in Ukraine
abstract: The influence of social expenditures and their structure on economic growth in the OECD countries for the years 1980 2015 was estimated. It was established that higher rates of economic growth are observed in the countries with the accumulative principle of financing of social expenditures (on average, for the investigated period 2.94% as compared to 1,87% in countries with distribution systems) It was determined that low level of profitability of investment activity (for the analyzed period 2008 2015) was the main reason for slow development of the system of non state social insurance in Ukraine. 75.94% of private pension funds had positive midyear nominal income, 26.3% of which had nominal income at the level of 10 20% and only 10.6% more than 20% Analysis of the formation of investment portfolios of non state social insurance institutions in Ukraine was conducted so that to determine the influence of socioeconomic factors on income and risk profile of certain financial assets included in portfolio. The authors calculated the structure of two investment portfolios in a favorable economic situation with low inflation and during an economic downturn, accompanied by high level of inflation. Calculations were carried out using the Markowitz method of investment portfolio optimization. The algorithm of investment activity management for non state social insurance on the basis of the Prudent Investor strategy was developed.

title: Exploring the Schemes for Green Climate Fund Financing: International Lessons
abstract: Asa key issue in recent international climate summits, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) is confronted with the problem of insufficient financing. This paper intends to explore several schemes for raising the public finance of the GCF among developed countries. Lessons from three main ongoing international financing mechanisms have been drawn, including the United Nations (UN) membership dues, Official Development Assistance (ODA) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) The indexes that reflect historical emission responsibility (HR) and ability to pay (AP) are also used to share the burden. Results reveal that the ongoing international financing mechanisms vary in their burden sharing results and the shares of existing donors are driven by highly complex reasons. Weighting the HR, UN, and GEF approaches with the Preference Score Compromises (PSC) method could yield a compromise scheme in which the regional contributions are highly similar to those under the GCF initial resource mobilization from 2015 to 2018. GCF financing heavily depends on contributions from the developed countries even if the donor parties are extended to emerging economics. This paper also finds that the decision of the United States to withdraw from climate finance will significantly increase the burden for other donors, particularly for the European Union the contribution share of which is predicted to increase to nearly 14 percentage points. The schemes proposed in this study can provide a useful reference for GCF financing.

title: Politics or law: what is more in the approaches of public expert monopoly?
abstract: The main aim of the article is to encourage the reader to reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of a public expert monopoly in conducting forensic expertise. In such article the obvious advantages of conducting forensic expertise by public expert institutions are stated in order to get scientifically substantiated and based on modern data of science and technology practice of conducting forensic expertise. The practice includes developed network of public expert institutions in the regions, a wide range of forensic expertise being conducted, research departments of state expert institutions, system of advancement of forensic experts; system of development of new and improvement of existing expert methods; informational records and collections in the DNDEKTS and NDECTS system at the head offices of the NP in the regions and in the city of Kyiv; state financing and provision of technical tools and materials with expert research etc. At the same time, the disadvantages of such a model of the organization of judicial expert justice's support are stated: the lack of competition among court experts; the abuse in the form of giving deliberately false conclusions to cover up someone's misuse or concealing crimes; the limitation of the parties of the court proceedings in the dispositive right to provide evidences at one's one discretion; the artificial limitation of possibilities to discover the circumstances of the proceedings (using of all possibilities to establish the truth in the case) It is concluded that the model of judicial expert support of legal proceedings in Ukraine, that is established by <judicial reform> (Law No. 2147 VIII in the wording that will come into force on March 18, 2018) is a milestone in its historical development, which certainly should be modified depending on its effectiveness and the demand of the society, public, professional and state institutions. So public forensic expert monopoly is not an ideal model of forensic expert support of justice because of corporate and political interests, corruption component, abuse of forensic experts etc. Therefore, it will undergo a review and transformation.

title: Razrabotka unifitsirovannogo podkhoda k otsenke stoimosti futbol'nykh klubov
abstract: home world cup 2018 should give an additional input to the development of all football organizations in Russia, and especially for the key players in this industry football clubs. The main problem of domestic professional football remains to be its full dependence on budgetary financing and the absence of private investors. This could be solved by the development of a fair methodology for evaluating football clubs, taking into account the specifics of their activities and aimed at improving overall efficiency. The analysis carried out by the author showed that the approaches used today to assess the value of football clubs give inflated results, which leads potential investors into confusion and adversely affects the development of football industry. The calculations made it possible to provide a formula for calculating the value of football clubs, implying the calculation of an integrated indicator based on revenue, EBITDA, the value of squad, attendance of matches and the involvement of fans, measured through the social network Facebook. This methodology can be used as a single indicator of efficiency, taking into account the interests of all stakeholders of any football club: shareholders, fans and the state. The first are directly interested in increasing the value, which is achieved due to the growth of financial indicators. For fans, the sports result is always a priority, however, it also largely depends on the financial situation, and in part determines it. Finally, the state is given the opportunity to solve a number of social issues by the means of sport (in this case football) and also has the opportunity to relieve the financial burden of maintaining professional clubs and infrastructure by attracting private investors, which again will be the case only for efficient organizations The practical value of such a model can be justified by the fact that the five indicators used in the calculations together cover all the key areas of the football club's work. Therefore, improving the results for each of them individually will improve overall efficiency.

title: An Innovative Model For Business Financing in Wine Production
abstract: Development of markets and market relations always leads to enhanced competition and increased consumer demand, thus making quality one of the key factor in success and survival of any organization. An important prerequisite for improving quality is also having an opportunity for flexible financing of organizations. The study focuses on small and medium sized wine producers, located in Southern Wine Region in Bulgaria. The main purpose is to identify the challenges these producers are facing, related to ensuring financial funds. We base our conclusions on the data from various official sources including the European Commission and Bulgarian National Agencies as well as our own data. The latter has been collected through questionnaires, spread among local wine producers at the beginning of July 2017. The selected approach confirmed some of the conclusions made in the official sources concerning the challenges faced by SMEs. Regarding the methodology we have concluded that it is better to reduce the number of questions or combine some of them. We also intend to start personal communication with managers of the companies in question. Also, we believe that in depth interviews will help us understand better the circumstances behind the specific answers provided in the survey.  June, 2018 1st  August, 2018  November, 2018  2018 (c) CSR, 2018 Mina Angelova, Daniela Pastarmadzhieva, Penyo Georgiev, Gergana Dimitrova An innovative model for business financing in wine production 107

title: Health Financing Policy in the Ukraine and Georgia: Problems and Perspectives
abstract: After gaining independence, the crises in the healthcare systems of Post Soviet countries reqiured fundamental reformation of the sector. Over the past 25 years Ukraine and Georgia passed through specific ways to healthcare system reformation. In Ukraine health system financing has essentially retained the Soviet system of tax based approach. Officially, Ukraine has a comprehensive guaranteed package of health care services provided free of charge at the point of use as a constitutional right, nevertheless, user charges are widely levied in the Ukrainian health system. Most part of the health financing comes from general government revenues raised through taxation. Out of pocket payments account for a significant proportion of the total health expenditure and there are some limited Voluntary health insurance (VHI) schemes. Health care reform plan initiated from 2000, but Ukrainian health care system is still largely based on the Semasko model. Hospital financing is based on the number of hospitals beds, which provides strong incentives for local authorities to maintain large scale facilities. The process of health care system reorientation began in 1995 in Georgia. The main objective of the reforms was to restore the order in the field functioning in an unorganized manner, to establish qualitatively new relationships in the system, corresponding to the requirements of the country's political and economic development. Since 2013, the Universal State Healthcare Program has been enacted. The goal of these reforms was to provide all citizens of Georgia with basic benefit package. The program financing has rapidly increased. It went from 365 million GEL to 980 million GEL in 2018. Despite increased government spending on healthcare in Georgia, the share of government spending on health care is significantly lower not only compared to the margin recommended by WHO, but compared to the indicators of many low income, poor countries. Therefore, the population has to bear substantial costs of medical services itself. In this respect, a comparative analysis of healthcare system financing in Ukraine and Georgia is very interesting.

title: Solving Nonlinear and High Dimensional Partial Differential Equations via Deep Learning
abstract: In this work we apply the Deep Galerkin Method (DGM) described in Sirignano and Spiliopoulos (2018) to solve a number of partial differential equations that arise in quantitative finance applications including option pricing, optimal execution, mean field games, etc. The main idea behind DGM is to represent the unknown function of interest using a deep neural network. A key feature of this approach is the fact that, unlike other commonly used numerical approaches such as finite difference methods, it is mesh free. As such, it does not suffer (as much as other numerical methods) from the curse of dimensionality associated with highdimensional PDEs and PDE systems. The main goals of this paper are to elucidate the features, capabilities and limitations of DGM by analyzing aspects of its implementation for a number of different PDEs and PDE systems. Additionally, we present: (1) a brief overview of PDEs in quantitative finance along with numerical methods for solving them; (2) a brief overview of deep learning and, in particular, the notion of neural networks; (3) a discussion of the theoretical foundations of DGM with a focus on the justification of why this method is expected to perform well.

title: ESTABLISHING THE RATIO OF CONCEPTS OF COUNTERACTION TO LEGALIZATION (LAUNDERING) OF ILLEGALLY OBTAINED INCOME AND COUNTERACTION TO THE SHADOW ECONOMY: THE IMPORTANCE FOR DETERMINING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESSES
abstract: The vast majority of reports from governments of the European Union member states and applicants for such membership contain a separate provision on ensuring their effectiveness in the system of combating money laundering and terrorist financing, adherence to the requirements of leading international groups and organizations for such measures. In particular, the assessment of compliance with the 40 Recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on combating money laundering and counteraction to terrorist financing, conducted in Ukraine in 2017 and ended with the relevant report of the Committee of Experts of the Council of Europe MONEYVAL (Report, 2018) is systematically evaluated. The mentioned monitoring body of the Council of Europe assesses, in particular, compliance with the main international standards of organizational, technical, and legal provision of counteraction actors in the respective country, making emphasis on the fact that corruption and illegal (shadow) economic activity (and, according to a well founded author's approach "shadowing of the economy" Tylchyk, 2017) are the main threats (risks) of money laundering (Report, 2018) Today it is possible to state the awareness of the need to introduce generally accepted standards into the practice of special subjects of providing economic security, although in the absence of a single vision of their place in the overall system of subjects of national security. At the same time, there is a significant complication regarding the gradual, system, and systematic nature of this activity, which is determined by the aggravation of social tension in society, external aggression, features of the formation of domestic doctrine and legislation traditionally oriented towards the application of the maximally defined concepts, at the same time, to date contain ambiguous provisions as to the content, in particular, the concept of illegally obtained income, which does not coincide with that specified in the mentioned Standards and other international documents. The above stipulates the urgency to search for optimal ways to eliminate these inconsistencies, which lead to real hampering activities related to providing a counteraction to the legalization (laundering) of illegally obtained income, in order to secure not only the national interests of Ukraine but also of the entire world.  The solution of the set purpose is realized using the cognitive potential of the system of philosophical, general scientific, and special methods. Analysis and synthesis allowed identifying the signs of illegally obtained income, shadow economy, fight against the shadowing of the economy, and forming the latter concept. Methods of grammatical review and interpretation of legal rules helped to identify gaps and other shortcomings of legislation on problems of providing counteraction to the legalization (laundering) of illegally obtained income, to develop proposals for its improvement, in particular regarding the features of defining the meaning of the concept of "illegally obtained income" in domestic law field, the correlation of this concept and other economic and legal concepts. The comparative legal method allowed determining the development directions for domestic statutory acts in order to bring them in line with the generally accepted European standards.  The level of shadowing of the Ukrainian economy, as well as many other countries of the world, requires the introduction of effective, timely, and consistent measures, in particular, to ensure control over the mentioned processes and create conditions for minimizing the possibilities of legalization (laundering) of illegally obtained income by the efforts of the system of subjects of providing national (including economic) security to counteract the shadowing of the economy, for which it is necessary to formulate uniform unambiguous basic concepts that are "legalization (laundering) of illegally obtained income" "counteraction to the economic shadowing" which determine the actual direction of the activities of these subjects and correlate the use of appropriate complex measures and facilities.

title: The Influence of the Community Involvement on Academic Performance of Secondary Schools: Case of Garowe District
abstract: The main Purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of community involvement on academic performance of secondary schools in Garowe. The objectives of this study were: to investigate the influence of community involvement in school financing, motivating teachers, maintenance of school infrastructure of the schools on academic performance in Garowe city. The researcher used questionnaires to collect data from the teachers, parents, CECs, CBOs and private business sectors. Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting relevant data, the techniques to be used in their analysis, keeping in view the objective of the research and availability of resources like time and money (Kothari, 1995) Accordingly, the time dimension for this research is cross sectional study. From different types of research designs, descriptive type of research design was being employed for the realization of intended objectives. Because, the descriptive research design is a fact finding study with adequate and `accurate interpretation of findings. Furthermore, it allows describing both qualitative and quantitative approaches (Kothari, 2004) It was evidence in the study findings that community participation in school financing, motivating teachers and maintenance of school infrastructures of secondary schools affects academic performance in Garowe city. The study made the following conclusions; community have a role to play in the school finance, motivating teachers, in maintenance school infrastructures for providing school fee, and students' scholastic materials, teachers' salaries, respect status for teachers, rehabilitation and school building respectively. However, is the issue of community participation in the management of the schools that their children attend; It is in this regard that the findings of the study indicated that, although the communities are involved in supporting their children's school education in some ways, generally speaking, they are not involved in the management of these schools. At the least, some of the data collected indicated that community is not actively represented in the school management committees but it exist nominal like parents' teachers Associations in which influence the students' performance of schools. Also the CECs in Garowe secondary schools not actively involved for managerial activities, while community participation in school management are crucial for the effectiveness academic performance of secondary schools because community members have deeper understanding of the circumstance of particular families, of relationships between individuals, and of micro politics. Community members on school committees may provide an important element of continuity. The recommendation of the study was to community to International Journal of Contemporary Applied Researches Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2018 ) www.ijcar.net 87 take up specific roles in school management and indicating the values of their participation in the secondary school management let alone making it possible for them to participate in school managerial activities through conducting the managerial functions in which they are involved in ways and it modes of communication that the parents comfortably understand.

title: Review of Integrated care: A guide for effective implementation.
abstract: Reviews the book, Integrated Care: A Guide for Effective Implementation edited by Lori E. Raney, Gina B. Lasky, and Clare Scott. The book is separated into three main sections. Part 1 includes three chapters that focus primarily on considerations such as the importance of organizational support and leadership, team development, and culture change. Part 2 is a review of the roles, across three respective chapters, of the behavioral health provider, the primary care provider, and the consulting psychiatrist on an integrated care team. Finally, Part 3 is a broad review of policy and financing considerations, and suggests that the authors are hoping to appeal not only to clinicians in the creating of this text, but to administrators as well. Minor issues aside, this is an exceptional book that functions essentially as a "user's manual" for the design and implementation of a successful approach to collaborative care. I would recommend this to the leadership and clinicians at any site developing a similar program of their own, as the practical uses of this book are notable indeed.