Query: Acceptability of covid vaccine

title: Acceptability of a COVID 19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated?
abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Several prophylactic vaccines against COVID 19 are currently in development, yet little is known about people's acceptability of a COVID 19 vaccine.  We conducted an online survey of adults ages 18 and older in the United States (n=2,006) in May 2020. Multivariable relative risk regression identified correlates of participants' willingness to get a COVID 19 vaccine (i.e. vaccine acceptability) Results Overall, 69% of participants were willing to get a COVID 19 vaccine. Participants were more likely to be willing to get vaccinated if they thought their healthcare provider would recommend vaccination (RR=1.73, 95% CI: 1.49 2.02) or if they were moderate (RR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.02 1.16) or liberal (RR=1.14, 95% CI: 1.07 1.22) in their political leaning. Participants were also more likely to be willing to get vaccinated if they reported higher levels of perceived likelihood getting a COVID 19 infection in the future (RR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.01 1.09) perceived severity of COVID 19 infection (RR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.04 1.11) or perceived effectiveness of a COVID 19 vaccine (RR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.40 1.52) Participants were less likely to be willing to get vaccinated if they were non Latinx black (RR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.74 0.90) or reported a higher level of perceived potential vaccine harms (RR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.92 0.98)  Many adults are willing to get a COVID 19 vaccine, though acceptability should be monitored as vaccine development continues. Our findings can help guide future efforts to increase COVID 19 vaccine acceptability (and uptake if a vaccine becomes available)

title: Parents' and guardians' views on the acceptability of a future COVID 19 vaccine: A multi methods study in England
abstract: The availability of a COVID 19 vaccine has been heralded as key to controlling the COVID 19 pandemic. COVID 19 vaccination programme success will rely on public willingness to be vaccinated.  We used a multi methods approach involving an online cross sectional survey and semi structured interviews to investigate parents' and guardians' views on the acceptability of a future COVID 19 vaccine. 1252 parents and guardians (aged 16+ years) who reported living in England with a child aged 18 months or under completed the survey. Nineteen survey participants were interviewed.  Most survey participants reported they would likely accept a COVID 19 vaccine for themselves (Definitely 55.8% Unsure but leaning towards yes 34.3% and their child/children (Definitely 48.2% Unsure but leaning towards yes 40.9% Less than 4% of survey participants reported that they would definitely not accept a COVID 19 vaccine. Survey participants were more likely to accept a COVID 19 vaccine for themselves than their child/children. Participants that self reported as Black, Asian, Chinese, Mixed or Other ethnicity were almost 3 times more likely to reject a COVID 19 vaccine for themselves and their children than White British, White Irish and White Other participants. Survey participants from lower income households were also more likely to reject a COVID 19 vaccine. In open text survey responses and interviews, self protection from COVID 19 was reported as the main reason for vaccine acceptance. Common concerns identified in open text responses and interviews were around COVID 19 vaccine safety and effectiveness, mostly prompted by the newness and rapid development of the vaccine.  Information on how COVID 19 vaccines are developed and tested, including their safety and efficacy, must be communicated clearly to the public. To prevent inequalities in uptake, it is crucial to understand and address factors that may affect COVID 19 vaccine acceptability in ethnic minority and lower income groups who are disproportionately affected by COVID 19.

title: Parents' and guardians' views on the acceptability of a future Covid 19 vaccine: a multi methods study in England
abstract: The availability of a COVID 19 vaccine has been heralded as key to controlling the COVID 19 pandemic. COVID 19 vaccination programme success will rely on public willingness to be vaccinated.  We used a multi methods approach involving an online cross sectional survey and semi structured interviews to investigate parents' and guardians' views on the acceptability of a future COVID 19 vaccine. 1252 parents and guardians (aged 16+ years) who reported living in England with a child aged 18 months or under completed the survey. Nineteen survey respondents were interviewed.  Most participants reported they would definitely accept or were unsure but leaning towards accepting a COVID 19 vaccine for themselves (Definitely 55.8% Unsure but leaning towards yes 34.3% and their child/children (Definitely 48.2% Unsure but leaning towards yes 40.9% Less than 4% of participants reported that they would definitely not accept a COVID 19 vaccine for themselves or their child/children. Participants were more likely to accept a COVID 19 vaccine for themselves than for their child/children. Participants that self reported as Black, Asian, Chinese, Mixed or Other ethnicity were almost 3 times more likely to reject a COVID 19 vaccine for themselves and their children than White British, White Irish and White Other participants. Respondents from lower income households were also more likely to reject a COVID 19 vaccine. The main reason for vaccine acceptance was for self protection from COVID 19. Common concerns were around COVID 19 vaccine safety and effectiveness, which were largely prompted by the newness and rapid development of the vaccine.  To alleviate concerns, information on how COVID 19 vaccines are developed and tested, including their safety and efficacy, must be communicated clearly to the public. To prevent inequalities in uptake, it is crucial to understand and address factors that may affect COVID 19 vaccine acceptability in ethnic minority and lower income groups who are disproportionately affected by COVID 19.

title: Flattening the Curve of COVID 19 Vaccine Rejection A Global Overview
abstract: Current levels of public acceptability of immunisation put at serious risk the effectiveness of any future anti SARS CoV 2 vaccination programs. High levels of COVID 19 vaccine hesitancy are reported even from countries severely affected by the pandemic. A survey on a representative sample of adult Polish citizens (n=1066) was conducted, showing that 28% of adults in Poland would not vaccinate against SARS CoV 2 if the vaccine became available. A majority (51% of the reluctant respondents indicated that their minds would not be changed if given information regarding vaccine safety or efficacy, or if threatened with heavy fines. Significantly fewer respondents (37% supported COVID 19 vaccinations specifically than supported childhood vaccinations in Poland in general (78% in 2018) Subsequently, a systematic search of nationally representative and methodologically sound surveys identified a total of 20. The vaccine hesitancy for the hypothetical, yet anticipated COVID 19 vaccine varied from very low (2 6% China) to very high (43% Czechia, and 44% Turkey) A legislative action, as well as the creation of sound and coherent common international public policies, should precede the availability of effective and safe COVID 19 vaccine.

title: Assessment of COVID 19 vaccine acceptance among healthcare workers in Los Angeles
abstract: Healthcare workers (HCW) are slated to be early recipients of SARS CoV 2 vaccines due to increased risk of exposure to patients with COVID 19, and will be tasked with administering approved vaccines to the general population. As lynchpins of the vaccination effort, HCWs' opinions of a vaccine's safety and efficacy may affect both public perception and uptake of the vaccine. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and address potential hesitancy prior to vaccine administration.  To understand healthcare workers' attitudes about vaccine safety, efficacy, and acceptability in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic, including acceptance of a novel coronavirus vaccine.  A cross sectional survey was distributed to participants enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study surveilling SARS CoV 2 infection among 1,093 volunteer sampled University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Health System employees. Surveys were completed online between September 24 and October 16, 2020. In total, 609 participants completed this supplemental survey.  We averaged a 9 statement Likert scale matrix scored from 1 "strongly disagree" to 5 "strongly agree" and found respondents overwhelmingly confident about vaccine safety (4.47) effectiveness (4.44) importance, self protection, and community health (4.67) Notably, 47.3% of respondents reported unwillingness to participate in a coronavirus vaccine trial, and most (66.5% intend to delay vaccination. The odds of reporting intent to delay coronavirus vaccine uptake were 4.15 times higher among nurses, 2.45 times higher among other personnel with patient contact roles, and 2.15 times higher among those without patient contact compared to doctors. Evolving SARS CoV 2 science (76.0% current political climate (57.6% and fast tracked vaccine development timeline (83.4% were cited as primary variables impacting HCW decisions to undergo vaccination. Of note, these results were obtained prior to release of Phase III data from companies manufacturing vaccines in the U.S.  Despite overall confidence in vaccines, a majority of HCW expressed concerns over a novel coronavirus vaccine. A large proportion plan to delay vaccine uptake due to concerns about expedited development, emerging scientific discoveries, and the political climate. Forthcoming vaccination campaigns must address these unique points of coronavirus vaccine hesitancy in order to achieve adequate vaccine coverage.

title: Social patterning and stability of COVID 19 vaccination acceptance in Scotland: Will those most at risk accept a vaccine?
abstract: Vaccination is central to controlling COVID 19. Its success relies on having safe and effective vaccines and also on high levels of uptake by the public over time. Addressing questions of population level acceptability, stability of acceptance and sub population variation in acceptability are imperative. Using a prospective design, a repeated measures two wave online survey was conducted to assess key sociodemographic variables and intention to accept a COVID 19 vaccine. The first survey (time 1) was completed by 3436 people during the period of national lockdown in Scotland and the second survey (n=2016) was completed two months later (time 2) when restrictions had been eased. At time one, 78% reported being willing to receive a COVID 19 vaccine. Logistic regression analyses showed that there were clear sociodemographic differences in intention to accept a vaccine for COVID 19 with intention being higher in participants of white ethnicity in comparison to Black, Asian, and minority ethnic (BAME) groups, and in those with higher income levels and higher education levels. Intention was also higher in those who were 'shielding' due to underlying medical conditions. Our results suggest that future interventions such as mass media and social marketing need to be targeted to a range of sub populations and diverse communities.

title: Factors affecting COVID 19 vaccine acceptability in the US

title: Acceptability of Vaccination Against COVID 19 Among Healthcare Workers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
abstract: This study aims to estimate the acceptability of a future vaccine against COVID 19 and associated factors if offered in Congolese health care workers (HCWs) since they have the highest direct exposure to the disease.  We conducted an analytical cross sectional study among 23 Congolese referral hospitals, including three university hospitals, located in three towns from March through 30 April 2020. The main outcome variable was healthcare workers' acceptance of a future vaccine against COVID 19. The associated factors of vaccination willingness were identified through a logistic regression analysis.  A sample of 613 HCWs participated in the study and completed the study questionnaire, including 312 (50.9% men and 301 (49.1% women. Only 27.7% of HCWs said that they would accept a COVID 19 vaccine if it was available. From the logistic regression analysis, male healthcare workers (ORa=1.17, 95% CI: 1.15 2.60) primarily doctors (ORa=1.59; 95% CI:1.03 2.44) and having a positive attitude towards a COVID 19 vaccine (ORa=11.49; 95% CI: 5.88 22.46) were significantly associated with reporting willingness to be vaccinated.  For acceptability of vaccination against COVID 19 among others education among HCWs is crucial because health professionals' attitudes about vaccines are an important determinant of their own vaccine uptake and their likelihood of recommending the vaccine to their patients.

title: The use of the health belief model to assess predictors of intent to receive the COVID 19 vaccine and willingness to pay
abstract: The development of a vaccine against SARS CoV 2 infection is on the way. To prepare for public availability, the acceptability of a hypothetical COVID 19 vaccine and willingness to pay (WTP) were assessed to provide insights into future demand forecasts and pricing considerations.  A cross sectional survey was conducted from 3 to 12 April 2020. The health belief model (HBM) was used to assess predictors of the intent to receive the vaccine and the WTP.  A total of 1,159 complete responses was received. The majority reported a definite intent to receive the vaccine (48.2% followed by a probable intent (29.8% and a possible intent (16.3% Both items under the perceived benefits construct in the HBM, namely believe the vaccination decreases the chance of infection (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.19 5.26) and the vaccination makes them feel less worry (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.03 4.65) were found to have the highest significant odds of a definite intention to take the vaccine. The mean standard deviation (SD) for the amount that participants were willing to pay for a dose of COVID 19 vaccine was MYR$134.0 (SD+ 79.2) [US$30.66 18.12] Most of the participants were willing to pay an amount of MYR$100  (28.9% and MYR$50 [US$11.5] (27.2% for the vaccine. The higher marginal WTP for the vaccine was influenced by no affordability barriers as well as by socio economic factors, such as higher education levels, professional and managerial occupations and higher incomes.  The findings demonstrate the utility of HBM constructs in understanding COVID 19 vaccination intention and WTP.

title: COVID 19 vaccination intention in the UK: Results from the COVID 19 Vaccination Acceptability Study (CoVAccS) a nationally representative cross sectional survey
abstract: To investigate factors associated with intention to be vaccinated against COVID 19.  Online cross sectional survey of 1,500 UK adults, recruited from an existing online research panel. Data were collected between 14th and 17th July 2020. We used linear regression analyses to investigate associations between intention to be vaccinated for COVID 19 when a vaccine becomes available to you and socio demographic factors, previous influenza vaccination, general vaccine attitudes and beliefs, attitudes and beliefs about COVID 19, and attitudes and beliefs about a COVID 19 vaccination.  64% of participants reported being likely to be vaccinated against COVID 19; 27% were unsure and 9% reported being unlikely to be vaccinated. Personal and clinical characteristics, previous influenza vaccination, general vaccination beliefs, and beliefs and attitudes about COVID 19 and a COVID 19 vaccination explained 77% of the variance in vaccination intention. Intention to be vaccinated was associated with more positive general COVID 19 vaccination beliefs and attitudes, weaker beliefs that the vaccination would cause side effects or be unsafe, greater perceived information sufficiency to make an informed decision about COVID 19 vaccination, greater perceived risk of COVID 19 to others but not oneself, older age, and having been vaccinated for influenza last winter (2019/20)  Despite uncertainty around the details of a COVID 19 vaccination, most participants reported intending to be vaccinated for COVID 19. Actual uptake will likely be lower. Vaccination intention reflects general vaccine beliefs and attitudes. Campaigns and messaging about a COVID 19 vaccination should emphasize the risk of COVID 19 to others and necessity for everyone to be vaccinated.