nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Interactive Natural Language Processing: Building on Success

Computer atural language processing (NLP), originally developed at the beginning of the Cold War1 for the mechanical translation of Soviet physics papers, is one of the first computational grails. These early efforts to analyze and model human language were characterized by a unified operational approach. They worked in batch mode, with programs reading data from files and writing results to other files. But time flew like an arrow, and eventually paper tape and punched cards gave way to teleprocessing, desktop publishing, and simulated virtual environments. As computing systems became more powerful and affordable , they also became " interactive "-and interactive NLP soon joined the list of computational grails.  Interactivity has changed computing profoundly. Without it, there would be no such things as graphical user interfaces and the World Wide Web would be a much different experience. Interactivity has also influenced system development and user expectations. It changed NLP prominently and permanently. For example, speech processing (the analysis and modeling of human utterances) barely existed in batch-mode days. Now this inherently interactive domain is one of the hotter topics in the field. The overall goal of interactive NLP is to let humans and computers effectively and quickly communicate by using natural language. But what is it about interactivity that changes the way NLP is done? How do the theoretical and processing assumptions differ when the input stream is " live, " thus increasing the emphasis on response time and throughput? What are the trade-offs? What are the mechanisms (symbolic , statistical, connectionist, hybrid)? Finally, what are the strategies that let interactive NLP be effected or finessed? This theme issue of Computer addresses these questions. While earlier NLP systems did not operate in real time, interactive systems which must process input and generate appropriate output within a fraction of a second to a few seconds-have more modern problems and constraints. And while unrestricted NLP is still a very complex problem , many successful interactive systems are available for specific, well-defined domains of discourse.2 These systems include natural language interfaces to interactive computer systems (databases , expert systems, and operating systems); interfaces that integrate speech understanding components for a variety of domains (both speaker-dependent and speaker-independent, discrete-word applications and continuous-speech applications) ; dialogue management and story understanding systems ; and machine translation systems. An NLP system's success depends on its knowledge of the …
Improved Sliding Mode Nonlinear Extended State Observer based Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Uncertain Systems with Unknown Total Disturbance

This paper presents a new strategy for the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) of a general uncertain system with unknown bounded disturbance based on a nonlinear sliding mode extended state observer (SMESO). Firstly, a nonlinear extended state observer is synthesized using sliding mode technique for a general uncertain system assuming asymptotic stability. Then the convergence characteristics of the estimation error are analyzed by Lyapunov strategy. It revealed that the proposed SMESO is asymptotically stable and accurately estimates the states of the system in addition to estimating the total disturbance. Then, an ADRC is implemented by using a nonlinear state error feedback (NLSEF) controller; that is suggested by J. Han and the proposed SMESO to control and actively reject the total disturbance of a permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor. These disturbances caused by the unknown exogenous disturbances and the matched uncertainties of the controlled model. The proposed SMESO is compared with the linear extended state observer (LESO). Through digital simulations using MATLAB / SIMULINK, the chattering phenomenon has been reduced dramatically on the control input channel compared to LESO. Finally, the closed-loop system exhibits a high immunity to torque disturbance and quite robustness to matched uncertainties in the system. extended state observer; sliding mode; rejection control; tracking differentiator; DC motor; nonlinear state feedback
Behavioral animal models of depression

Depression is a chronic, recurring and potentially life-threatening illness that affects up to 20% of the population across the world. Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on human, little is known about its pathogenesis. One of the major reasons is the restricted availability of validated animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression. Besides, some core symptoms such as depressed mood, feeling of worthlessness, and recurring thoughts of death or suicide, are impossible to be modeled on laboratory animals. Currently, the criteria for identifying animal models of depression rely on either of the 2 principles: actions of known antidepressants and responses to stress. This review mainly focuses on the most widely used animal models of depression, including learned helplessness, chronic mild stress, and social defeat paradigms. Also, the behavioral tests for screening antidepressants, such as forced swimming test and tail suspension test, are also discussed. The advantages and major drawbacks of each model are evaluated. In prospective, new techniques that will be beneficial for developing novel animal models or detecting depression are discussed. 抑郁症是一种慢性的、 具有高复发率的精神性疾病, 往往会危及到病人的生命。 尽맜其全球发病率高达 20%, 但人们对其病理生理机制了解甚少, 这主要归因于缺乏有效可靠的动物模型。 此外, 抑郁症的核心症状, 例如抑郁心境、 无价值感和反复出现自杀念头等, 均无法在实验动物上得以模拟。 目前, 大部分动物模型的建立 主要参照以下两个原则之一: 对于已知抗抑郁药的作用或者是对应激的反应。 本综述主要介绍目前最常用的几个 抑郁症动物模型, 包括获得性无助、 慢性温和应激和社会失败应激, 以及一些用于筛选有抗抑郁活性药物的行为 学检测方法(如强迫游泳实验和悬尾实验), 并对它们的优点与不足进行讨论。 最后, 对动物模型和行为学检测 方法的发展方向进行展望。
Detect Rumor and Stance Jointly by Neural Multi-task Learning

In recent years, an unhealthy phenomenon characterized as the massive spread of fake news or unverified information (i.e., rumors) has become increasingly a daunting issue in human society. The rumors commonly originate from social media outlets, primarily microblogging platforms, being viral afterwards by the wild, willful propagation via a large number of participants. It is observed that rumorous posts often trigger versatile, mostly controversial stances among participating users. Thus, determining the stances on the posts in question can be pertinent to the successful detection of rumors, and vice versa. Existing studies, however, mainly regard rumor detection and stance classification as separate tasks. In this paper, we argue that they should be treated as a joint, collaborative effort, considering the strong connections between the veracity of claim and the stances expressed in responsive posts. Enlightened by the multi-task learning scheme, we propose a joint framework that unifies the two highly pertinent tasks, i.e., rumor detection and stance classification. Based on deep neural networks, we train both tasks jointly usingweight sharing to extract the common and task-invariant features while each task can still learn its task-specific features. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets gathered from Twitter and news portals demonstrate that our proposed framework improves both rumor detection and stance classification tasks consistently with the help of the strong intertask connections, achieving much better performance than stateof-the-art methods.
The Verdict Is In The Verdict Is In The case for attachment theory

While many schools of psychotherapy have held that our early experiences with our caretakers have a powerful impact on our adult functioning, there have been plenty of hard-nosed academics and researchers who've remained unconvinced. Back in 1968, psychologist Walter Mischel created quite a stir when he challenged the concept that we even have a core personality that organizes our behavior, contending instead that situational factors are much better predictors of what we think and do. Some developmental psychologists, like Judith Rich Harris, author of The Nurture Assumption, have gone so far as to argue that the only important thing parents give their children is their genes, not their care. Others, like Jerome Kagan, have emphasized the ongoing influence of inborn temperament in shaping human experience, asserting that the effect of early experience, if any, is far more fleeting than is commonly assumed. In one memorable metaphor, Kagan likened the unfolding of life to a tape recorder with the record button always turned on and new experiences overwriting and erasing previous experiences. n At the same time, the last 50 years have seen the accumulation of studies supporting an alternative view: the idea that the emotional quality of our earliest attachment experience is perhaps the single most important influence on human development. The central figure in the birth of this school of research has been British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby, who challenged the Freudian view of development, claiming that it had focused too narrowly on the inner world of the child without taking into account the actual relational environment that shapes the earliest stages of human consciousness.
Oral hairy leukoplakia: clinicopathologic features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical significance.

Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a lesion frequently, although not exclusively, observed in patients infected by human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). OHL is clinically characterized by bilateral, often elevated, white patches of the lateral borders and dorsum of the tongue. Histologically, there is profound acanthosis, sometimes with koilocytic changes, and a lack of a notable inflammatory infiltrate. The koilocytic changes are due to intense replication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), while epithelial hyperplasia and acanthosis are likely to result from the combined action of the EBV-encoded proteins, latent membrane protein-1, and antiapoptotic BHRF1. How OHL is initiated and whether it develops after EBV reactivation from latency or superinfection remain unresolved; nevertheless, definitive diagnosis requires the demonstration of EBV replicating vegetatively in histological or cytological specimens. In patients with HIV infection, the development of OHL may herald severe HIV disease and the rapid onset of AIDS, but despite its title, OHL is not regarded as premalignant and is unlikely to give rise to oral squamous cell carcinoma.
The Role of Root-Mean-Square Error in the Geo-Transformation of Images in GIS

There is growing interest in the use of images in GIs applications. This paper examines the role of root-mean-square error in assessing the accuracy of digitisation and image-to-world transformation. The study employed Arc/Info software, using an aerial photograph of a small coastal settlement as the base image. The transformed image was overlayed onto a calibrated digital cadastre of the town to evaluate (visually) the geometric integrity of the image rectificalion. While not dismissing the relevance of rms error in the statistical appraisal of data quality in GIs, the study failed to confirm a workable association between rms error and the quality of image transformation. No apparent improvement in the quality of image transformation was achieved as a result of reducing rms error directly, by eliminating the control points with high residual error.
Purple VLC: Accelerating Visible Light Communication in Room-Area through PRU Offloading

Embedded VLC (Visible Light Communication) has attracted significant research attention in recent years. A reliable and robust VLC system can become one of the IoT communication technologies for indoor environment. VLC could become a wireless technology complementary to existing RF-based technology but with no RF interference. However, existing low cost LED based VLC platforms have limited throughput and reliability. In this work, we introduce Purple VLC: a new embedded VLC platform that can achieve 100 kbps aggregate throughput at a distance of 6 meters, which is 6-7x improvement over state-of-the-art. Our design combines I/O offloading in computation, concurrent communication with polarized light, and full-duplexing to offer more than 99% link reliability at a distance of 6 meters.
Improving Knowledge Distillation with Supporting Adversarial Samples

Many recent works on knowledge distillation have provided ways to transfer the knowledge of a trained network for improving the learning process of a new one, but finding a good technique for knowledge distillation is still an open problem. In this paper, we provide a new perspective based on a decision boundary, which is one of the most important component of a classifier. The generalization performance of a classifier is closely related to the adequacy of its decision boundaries, so a good classifier bears good decision boundaries. Therefore, transferring the boundaries directly can be a good attempt for knowledge distillation. To realize this goal, we utilize an adversarial attack to discover samples supporting the decision boundaries. Based on this idea, to transfer more accurate information about the decision boundaries, the proposed algorithm trains a student classifier based on the adversarial samples supporting the decision boundaries. Alongside, two metrics are proposed to evaluate the similarity between decision boundaries. Experiments show that the proposed method indeed improves knowledge distillation and produces much more similar decision boundaries to the teacher classifier.
Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crops for Sustainable Agriculture

In this review, we present the recent developments and future prospects of improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crops using various complementary approaches. These include conventional breeding and molecular genetics, in addition to alternative farming techniques based on no-till continuous cover cropping cultures and/or organic nitrogen (N) nutrition. Whatever the mode of N fertilization, an increased knowledge of the mechanisms controlling plant N economy is essential for improving NUE and for reducing excessive input of fertilizers, while maintaining an acceptable yield and sufficient profit margin for the farmers. Using plants grown under agronomic conditions, with different tillage conditions, in pure or associated cultures, at low and high N mineral fertilizer input, or using organic fertilization, it is now possible to develop further whole plant agronomic and physiological studies. These can be combined with gene, protein and metabolite profiling to build up a comprehensive picture depicting the different steps of N uptake, assimilation and recycling to produce either biomass in vegetative organs or proteins in storage organs. We provide a critical overview as to how our understanding of the agro-ecophysiological, physiological and molecular controls of N assimilation in crops, under varying environmental conditions, has been improved. We OPEN ACCESS Sustainability 2011, 3 1453 have used combined approaches, based on agronomic studies, whole plant physiology, quantitative genetics, forward and reverse genetics and the emerging systems biology. Long-term sustainability may require a gradual transition from synthetic N inputs to legume-based crop rotation, including continuous cover cropping systems, where these may be possible in certain areas of the world, depending on climatic conditions. Current knowledge and prospects for future agronomic development and application for breeding crops adapted to lower mineral fertilizer input and to alternative farming techniques are explored, whilst taking into account the constraints of both the current world economic situation and the environment.
Analysis and Design of Phase-Shifted Dual H-Bridge Converter With a Wide ZVS Range and Reduced Output Filter

In this paper, a phase-shifted dual H-bridge converter, which can solve the drawbacks of existing phase-shifted full-bridge converters such as narrow zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) range, large circulating current, large duty-cycle loss, and serious secondary-voltage overshoot and oscillation, is analyzed and evaluated. The proposed topology is composed of two symmetric half-bridge inverters that are placed in parallel on the primary side and are driven in a phase-shifting manner to regulate the output voltage. At the rectifier stage, a center-tap-type rectifier with two additional low-current-rated diodes is employed. This structure allows the proposed converter to have the advantages of a wide ZVS range, no problems related to duty-cycle loss, no circulating current, and the reduction of secondary-voltage oscillation and overshoot. Moreover, the output filter's size becomes smaller compared to the conventional phase-shift full-bridge converters. This paper describes the operation principle of the proposed converter and the analysis and design consideration in depth. A 1-kW 320-385-V input 50-V output laboratory prototype operating at a 100-kHz switching frequency is designed, built, and tested to verify the effectiveness of the presented converter.
Parametric analysis of multi section slot coupled quadrature coupler

This paper presents a design procedure of an ultra wideband three section slot coupled hybrid coupler employing a parametric analysis of different design parameters. The coupler configuration is composed of a modified hexagonal shape at the top and bottom conductor plane along with a hexagonal slot at the common ground plane. The coupler performance for different design parameters is studied through full wave simulations. A final design providing a return loss and isolation better than 20dB, an amplitude imbalance between output ports of less than 0.9dB and a phase imbalance of ±1.9° across the 3.1-10.6 GHz band is confirmed.
A Wideband Slot-Coupled Stacked-Patch Array for Wireless Communications

In this letter, a novel slot-coupling feeding technique is used to realize a dual-polarized 2 × 1 microstrip stacked patch array for mobile wireless communication systems. The array is intended as a basic module for base-station linear arrays, whose final size depending on beamwidth and gain requirements. Each array element is fed through two microstrip lines arranged on the basis of a sequential rotation technique. Each stacked square patch is excited through a square ring slot realized in the feeding network ground plane. Design procedure, simulation results and measurement data are presented for a 2 × 1 array working in the GSM 1800-1900 band (1710-1910 MHz), UMTS band (1920-2170 MHz), ISM band (2400-2484 MHz), and UMTS 3G expansion band (2500-2690 MHz) or, alternatively, WiMAX band (2300-2700 MHz), with a resulting 45% percentage bandwidth (reflection coefficient <; -10 dB). Due to both the symmetry properties of the novel slot-coupling feeding configuration and the implementation of a sequential rotation technique, good results have been obtained in terms of port isolation and cross-polar radiation patterns.
Decreased expression of megalin and cubilin and altered mitochondrial activity in tenofovir nephrotoxicity.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a commonly used antiretroviral drug for HIV, rarely causing Fanconi syndrome and acute kidney injury. We retrospectively analyzed the clinico pathological presentation of 20 cases of tenofovir-induced tubulopathy, and investigated the renal expression of the megalin and cubilin proteins, as well as the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) before TDF exposure was 92 ml/min/1.73m2, decreasing to 27.5 ml/min/1.73m2 at the time of biopsy, with 30% of patients requiring renal replacement therapy. Proximal tubular expression of megalin and cubilin was altered in 19 and 18 cases, respectively, whereas it was preserved in patients exposed to TDF without proximal tubular dysfunction and in HIV-negative patients with acute tubular necrosis. Loss of megalin/cubilin was correlated with low eGFR and high urine retinol binding protein at the time of biopsy, low eGFR at last follow-up, and was more severe in patients with multifactorial toxicity. Patients with additional nephrotoxic conditions promoting tenofovir accumulation showed a lower eGFR at presentation and at last follow-up, and more severe lesions of acute tubular necrosis, than those with isolated tenofovir toxicity. Altered mitochondrial COX activity in proximal tubules was observed and may be an early cellular alteration in tenofovir nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, altered megalin/cubilin expression represents a distinctive feature in tenofovir-induced tubulopathy, and its severity is correlated with urine retinol binding protein loss and is associated with a poor renal prognosis. Concomitant exposure to other nephrotoxic conditions severely impacts the renal presentation and outcome.
Process planning and offline programming for robotic remote laser welding systems

The paper introduces a complete offline programming toolbox for remote laser welding (RLW) which provides a semi-automated method for computing close-to-optimal robot programs. A workflow is proposed for the complete planning process, and new models and algorithms are presented for solving the optimization problems related to each step of the workflow: the sequencing of the welding tasks, path planning, workpiece placement, calculation of inverse kinematics and the robot trajectory, as well as for generating the robot program code. The paper summarizes the results of an industrial case study on the assembly of a car door using RLW technology, which illustrates the feasibility and the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Cloture Votes:n/4-resilient Distributed Consensus int + 1 rounds

TheDistributed Consensus problem involvesn processors each of which holds an initial binary value. At mostt processors may be faulty and ignore any protocol (even behaving maliciously), yet it is required that the nonfaulty processors eventually agree on a value that was initially held by one of them. We measure the quality of a consensus protocol using the following parameters; total number of processorsn, number of rounds of message exchanger, and maximal message sizem. The known lower bounds are respectively 3t + 1,t + 1, and 1. While no known protocol is optimal in all these three aspects simultaneously,Cloture Votes—the protocol presented in this paper—takes further steps in this direction, by making consensus possible withn = 4t + 1,r = t + 1, and polynomial message size. Cloture is a parliamentary procedure (also known as “parliamentary guillotine”) which makes it possible to curtail unnecessary long debates. In our protocol the unanimous will of the correct processors (akin to parliamentarian supermajority) may curtail the debate. This is facilitated by having the processors open in each round a new process (debate), which either ends quickly, with the conclusion “continue” or “terminate with the default value,” or lasts through many rounds. Importantly, in the latter case the messages being sent are short.
Secondary syphilis and HIV.

Syphilis has been termed the "great mimic" due to its versatile and varied disease presentations. Dermatological findings are associated with the secondary phase of the disease and typically consist of a generalized papular eruption that can involve the palms and soles, genitals, and mucous membranes. Patients with syphilis and concomitant HIV infection may have altered presentations. We report a case of a 41-year-old HIV-positive man who presented with a papular rash of a few months' duration and was diagnosed with secondary syphilis.