nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Why do nocturnal orb-web spiders (Araneidae) search for light?

The nocturnal orb-web spider Larinioides sclopetarius lives near water and frequently builds webs on bridges. In Vienna, Austria, this species is particularly abundant along the artificially lit handrails of a footbridge. Fewer individuals placed their webs on structurally identical but unlit handrails of the same footbridge. A census of the potential prey available to the spiders and the actual prey captured in the webs revealed that insect activity was significantly greater and consequently webs captured significantly more prey in the lit habitat compared to the unlit habitat. A laboratory experiment showed that adult female spiders actively choose artificially lit sites for web construction. Furthermore, this behaviour appears to be genetically predetermined rather than learned, as laboratory-reared individuals which had previously never foraged in artificial light exhibited the same preference. This orb-web spider seems to have evolved a foraging behaviour that exploits the attraction of insects to artificial lights.
A New Approach to Determine Eps Parameter of DBSCAN Algorithm

In recent years, data analysis has become important with increasing data volume. Clustering, which groups objects according to their similarity, has an important role in data analysis. DBSCAN is one of the most effective and popular density-based clustering algorithm and has been successfully implemented in many areas. However, it is a challenging task to determine the input parameter values of DBSCAN algorithm which are neighborhood radius Eps and minimum number of points MinPts. The values of these parameters significantly affect clustering performance of the algorithm. In this study, we propose AE-DBSCAN algorithm which includes a new method to determine the value of neighborhood radius Eps automatically. The experimental evaluations showed that the proposed method outperformed the classical method.
TEACHING WRITING AT THE PRIMARY LEVELS

Writing is a critical skill for young learners to master for academic purposes and as a work and life skill. This paper is part of a larger study on the English Language 2010 syllabus and its national curriculum in Singapore particularly in the area of the teaching of writing at the primary levels. In this paper, we report findings from a quantitative content analysis of both the syllabus and the curriculum as “policy texts” (Ball, 2005) to locate alignments and variances in a discussion of their potential impact on classroom instruction. Findings from the analysis of these documents reveal that, on the whole, the national curriculum is aligned not only to current approaches for the teaching of writing but also to the syllabus in terms of instructional principles. However, the findings also reveal a difference in terms of emphasis between both documents that may potentially restrict the realisation of syllabus outcomes in the area of writing instruction at the primary levels.
Effects of a 4-week dynamic-balance-training program supplemented with Graston instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilization for chronic ankle instability.

A dynamic-balance-training (DBT) program supplemented with the Graston instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilization (GISTM) technique has not been evaluated collectively as a treatment in subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI).



To examine the effects of GISTM in conjunction with a DBT program on outcomes associated with CAI, including pain and disability, range of motion (ROM), and dynamic postural control.



Pretest/posttest, repeated measures.



High school and a Division I mid-Atlantic university.



Thirty-six healthy, physically active individuals (5 female, 31 male; age 17.7 ± 1.9 y; height 175.3 ± 14.6 cm) with a history of CAI as determined by an ankle-instability questionnaire volunteered to be in this study.



Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention groups: both treatments (DBT/GISTM, n = 13), DBT and a sham GISTM treatment (DBT/GISTM-S, n = 12), or DBT and control-no GISTM (DBT/C, n = 11). All groups participated in a 4-wk DBT program consisting of low-impact and dynamic activities that was progressed from week to week. The DBT/GISTM and DBT/GISTM-S groups received the GISTM treatment or sham treatment twice a week for 8 min before performing the DBT program. Pretest and posttest measurements included the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), FAAM Sport, the visual analog scale (VAS), ankle ROM in 4 directions, and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in 3 directions.



FAAM and FAAM-Sport scores, VAS, goniometric ROM (plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion), and SEBT (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral).



Subjects in all groups posttest demonstrated an increase in FAAM, FAAM Sport, ROM, and SEBT in all directions but not in VAS, which decreased. No other results were significant.



For subjects with CAI, dynamic postural control, ROM, pain and disability improved pretest to posttest regardless of group membership, with the largest effects found in most measures in the DBT/GISTM group.
Measuring Individuals' Concerns over Collective Privacy on Social Networking Sites

With the rise of social networking sites (SNSs), individuals not only disclose personal information but also share private information concerning others online. While shared information is co-constructed by self and others, personal and collective privacy boundaries become blurred. Thus there is an increasing concern over information privacy beyond the individual perspective. However, limited research has empirically examined if individuals are concerned about privacy loss not only of their own but their social ties’; nor is there an established instrument for measuring the collective aspect of individuals’ privacy concerns. In order to address this gap in existing literature, we propose a conceptual framework of individuals’ collective privacy concerns in the context of SNSs. Drawing on the Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theory (Petronio, 2002), we suggest three dimensions of collective privacy concerns, namely, collective information access, control and diffusion. This is followed by the development and empirical validation of a preliminary scale of SNS collective privacy concerns (SNSCPC). Structural model analyses confirm the three-dimensional conceptualization of SNSCPC and reveal antecedents of SNS users’ concerns over violations of the collective privacy boundaries. This paper serves as a starting point for theorizing privacy as a collective notion and for understanding online information disclosure as a result of social interaction and group influence.
Forecasting Uncertainty in Electricity Smart Meter Data by Boosting Additive Quantile Regression

Smart electricity meters are currently deployed in millions of households to collect detailed individual electricity consumption data. Compared with traditional electricity data based on aggregated consumption, smart meter data are much more volatile and less predictable. There is a need within the energy industry for probabilistic forecasts of household electricity consumption to quantify the uncertainty of future electricity demand in order to undertake appropriate planning of generation and distribution. We propose to estimate an additive quantile regression model for a set of quantiles of the future distribution using a boosting procedure. By doing so, we can benefit from flexible and interpretable models, which include an automatic variable selection. We compare our approach with three benchmark methods on both aggregated and disaggregated scales using a smart meter data set collected from 3639 households in Ireland at 30-min intervals over a period of 1.5 years. The empirical results demonstrate that our approach based on quantile regression provides better forecast accuracy for disaggregated demand, while the traditional approach based on a normality assumption (possibly after an appropriate Box-Cox transformation) is a better approximation for aggregated demand. These results are particularly useful since more energy data will become available at the disaggregated level in the future.
Cash Flow in Predicting Financial Distress and Bankruptcy

of this study is to determine whether cash flow impacts business failure prediction using the BP models (Altman z-score, or Neural Network, or any of the BP models which could be implemented having objective to predict the financial distress or more complex financial failure-bankruptcy of the banks or companies). Units of analysis are financial ratios derived from raw financial data: B/S, P&L statements (income statements) and cash flow statements of both failed and non-failed companies/corporates that have been collected from the auditing resources and reports performed. A number of these studies examined whether a cash flow improve the prediction of business failure. The authors would have the objective to show the evidence and usefulness and efficacy of statistical models such as Altman Z-score discriminant analysis bankruptcy predictive models to assess client on going concern status. Failed and non-failed companies were selected for analysis to determine whether the cash flow improves the business failure prediction aiming to proof that the cash flow certainly makes better financial distress and bankruptcy prediction possible.  bankruptcy prediction, financial distress, financial crisis, transition economy, auditing statement, balance sheet, profit and loss accounts, income statements
A Multi-Band Stacked RF Energy Harvester With RF-to-DC Efficiency Up to 84%

The aim of this paper is to show the possibility to harvest RF energy to supply wireless sensor networks in an outdoor environment. In those conditions, the number of existing RF bands is unpredictable. The RF circuit has to harvest all the potential RF energy present and cannot be designed for a single RF tone. In this paper, the designed RF harvester adds powers coming from an unlimited number of sub-frequency bands. The harvester's output voltage ratios increase with the number of RF bands. As an application example, a 4-RF band rectenna is designed. The system harvests energy from GSM900 (Global System for Mobile Communications), GSM1800, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and WiFi bands simultaneously. RF-to-dc conversion efficiency is measured at 62% for a cumulative -10-dBm input power homogeneously widespread over the four RF bands and reaches 84% at 5.8 dBm. The relative error between the measured dc output power with all four RF bands on and the ideal sum of each of the four RF bands power contribution is less than 3%. It is shown that the RF-to-dc conversion efficiency is more than doubled compared to that measured with a single RF source, thanks to the proposed rectifier architecture.
A Reconfigurable K-/Ka-Band Power Amplifier With High PAE in 0.18- $\mu$m SiGe BiCMOS for Multi-Band Applications

This paper presents a high power efficient broad-band programmable gain amplifier with multi-band switching. The proposed two stage common-emitter amplifier, by using the current reuse topology with a magnetically coupled transformer and a MOS varactor bank as a frequency tunable load, achieves a 55.9% peak power added efficiency (PAE), a peak saturated power of +11.1 dBm, a variable gain from 1.8 to 16 dB, and a tunable large signal 3-dB bandwidth from 24.3 to 35 GHz. The design is fabricated in a commercial 0.18- μm SiGe BiCMOS technology and measured with an output 1-dB gain compression point which is better than +9.6 dBm and a maximum dc power consumption of 22.5 mW from a single 1.8 V supply. The core amplifier, excluding the measurement pads, occupies a die area of 500 μm×450 μm.
Triple frequency circular patch antenna

An enhanced but simple triple band circular ring patch antenna with a new slotting technique is presented, which is most suitable for X-band, Ku-band and K-band applications. This compact micro strip antenna is obtained by inserting small rectangular strip in a circular ring patch antenna. The antenna has been designed and simulated on an FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 2mm. The design is analysed by Finite Element Method based HFSS Simulator Software (version 14.0), The simulated return losses obtained are -35.80dB, -42.39dB, and -44.98dB at 8.96 GHz, 14.44 GHz, 18.97 GHz respectively. Therefore, this antenna can be applicable for X-band, Ku-band and K-band applications respectively.
COMPUTATIONALLY FEASIBLE ONLINE SECOND ORDER TIME SERIES PREDICTOR

We investigate the problem of sequential linear prediction for real life big data applications. The second order algorithms, i.e., Newton-Raphson Methods, asymptotically achieve the performance of the ”best” possible linear predictor much faster compared to the first order algorithms, e.g., Online Gradient Descent. However, implementation of these methods is not usually feasible in big data applications because of the extremely high computational needs. To this end, we introduce a highly efficient implementation reducing the computational complexity of the second order methods from quadratic to linear scale. We do not rely on any statistical assumptions, hence, lose no information. We demonstrate the computational efficiency of our algorithm on a real life sequential big dataset.
The Tree of Life : Tangled Roots and Sexy Shoots Tracing the genetic pathway from the Last Universal Common Ancestor to Homo sapiens

This article is a fully referenced research review to overview progress in unraveling the details of the evolutionary Tree of Life, from life's first occurrence in the hypothetical RNA-era, to humanity's own emergence and diversification, through migration and intermarriage, using research diagrams and brief discussion of the current state of the art. The Tree of Life, in biological terms, has come to be identified with the evolutionary tree of biological diversity. It is this tree which represents the climax fruitfulness of the biosphere and the genetic foundation of our existence, embracing not just higher Eucaryotes, plants, animals and fungi, but Protista, Eubacteria and Archaea, the realm, including the extreme heat and salt-loving organisms, which appears to lie almost at the root of life itself. To a certain extent the notion of a tree based on generational evolution has become complicated by a variety of compounding factors. Gene transfer is not just vertical carried down the generations. There is also evidence for promiscuous incidences of horizontal gene transfer, genetic symbiosis, hybridization and even the formation of chimeras. This review will cover all these aspects, from the first life on Earth to Homo sapiens.
Dynamic Adaptive Video Streaming: Towards a Systematic Comparison of ICN and TCP/IP

Streaming of video content over the Internet is experiencing an unprecedented growth. While video permeates every application, it also puts tremendous pressure in the network—to support users having heterogeneous accesses and expecting a high quality of experience, in a furthermore cost-effective manner. In this context, future internet paradigms, such as information centric networking (ICN), are particularly well suited to not only enhance video delivery at the client (as in the dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) approach), but to also naturally and seamlessly extend video support deeper in the network functions. In this paper, we contrast ICN and transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) with an experimental approach, where we employ several state-of-the-art DASH controllers (PANDA, AdapTech, and BOLA) on an ICN versus TCP/IP network stack. Our campaign, based on tools that we developed and made available as open-source software, includes multiple clients (homogeneous vesrus heterogeneous mixture and synchronous vesrus asynchronous arrivals), videos (up to 4k resolution), channels (e.g., DASH profiles, emulated WiFi and LTE, and real 3G/4G traces), and levels of integration with an ICN network (i.e., vanilla named data networking (NDN), wireless loss detection and recovery at the access point, and load balancing). Our results clearly illustrate, as well as quantitatively assess, the benefits of ICN-based streaming, warning about potential pitfalls that are however easy to avoid.
Prevalence of students with symptoms of depression among high school students in a district of western Turkey: an epidemiological study.

To determine the factors affecting the prevalence of depression and also to present some pertinent comments concerning prevention of depression among high school students. This study was deemed important and relevant due to the increasing importance of depression among high school students.



A sample of students aged 14-19 years from the 6 high schools of 1 district of western Turkey were surveyed. The students selected were all attending the school during March and April 2006. The Beck Depression Inventory was used as a screening test.



During the study, a total of 846 students completed the survey. Of the study group, 51.9% (439) were male and 48.1% (407) female, with an age average of 16.3 +/- 1.1 years. According to the scale, the prevalence of depression was 30.7% (n = 260), 22.6% for males (n = 99) and 39.6% for females (n = 161). The most depression was seen in males (22.6%), those with any kind of physical problem (37.3%), those with diseases necessitating the use of medication (51.1%), those with acne vulgaris (35.2%), and those having previously experienced any kind of problem (47.3%).



These results highlight not only the need for students' parents and teachers to be well informed on the subject of depression in terms of students' health but also the need for more education programs to be aimed at students relating to the problems they may experience during the period of adolescence. Furthermore, these results show that students identified as depressed should be referred for an appropriate diagnosis to specialized psychiatry centers.
Terahertz CMOS Frequency Generator Using Linear Superposition Technique

A low Terahertz (324 GHz) frequency generator is realized in 90 nm CMOS by linearly superimposing quadruple (N=4) phase shifted fundamental signals at one fourth of the output frequency (81 GHz). The developed technique minimizes the fundamental, second and third order harmonics without extra filtering and results in a high fundamental-to-4 th harmonic signal conversion ratio of 0.17 or -15.4 dB. The demonstrated prototype produces a calibrated -46 dBm output power when biased at 1 V and 12 mA with 4 GHz tuning range and extrapolated phase noise of -91 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz frequency offset. The linear superposition (LS) technique can be generalized for all even number cases (N=2k, where k=1,2,3,4,...,n) with different tradeoffs in output power and frequency. As CMOS continues to scale, we anticipate the LS N=4 VCO to generate signals beyond 2 Terahertz by using 22 nm CMOS and produce output power up to -1.5 dBm with 1.7% power added efficiency with an LS VCO + Class-B Power Amplifier cascaded circuit architecture.
Wideband probe-type waveguide-to-microstrip transition for V-band applications

A novel broadband probe-type waveguide-to-microstrip transition adapted for operation in V band is presented. The transition is realized on a standard high frequency printed circuit board (PCB) fixed between a standard WR-15 waveguide and a simple backshort. The microstrip-fed probe is placed at the same side of the PCB with the backshort and acts as an impedance matching element. The proposed transition additionally includes two through holes implemented on the PCB in the center of the transition area. Thus, significant part of the lossy PCB dielectric is removed from that area providing wideband and low-loss performance of the transition. Measurements show that the designed transition has the bandwidth of 50–70 GHz for the −10 dB level of the reflection coefficient with the loss level of only 0.75 dB within the transition bandwidth.
Experimental characterization and analysis of the BITalino platforms against a reference device

Low-cost hardware platforms for biomedical engineering are becoming increasingly available, which empower the research community in the development of new projects in a wide range of areas related with physiological data acquisition. Building upon previous work by our group, this work compares the quality of the data acquired by means of two different versions of the multimodal physiological computing platform BITalino, with a device that can be considered a reference. We acquired data from 5 sensors, namely Accelerometry (ACC), Electrocardiography (ECG), Electroencephalography (EEG), Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Electromyography (EMG). Experimental evaluation shows that ACC, ECG and EDA data are highly correlated with the reference in what concerns the raw waveforms. When compared by means of their commonly used features, EEG and EMG data are also quite similar across the different devices.
A learning-based framework for handling dilemmas in urban automated driving

Over the last decade, automated vehicles have been widely researched and their massive potential has been verified through several milestone demonstrations. However, there are still many challenges ahead. One of the biggest challenges is integrating them into urban environments in which dilemmas occur frequently. Conventional automated driving strategies make automated vehicles foolish in dilemmas such as making lane-change in heavy traffic, handling a yellow traffic light and crossing a double-yellow line to pass an illegally parked car. In this paper, we introduce a novel automated driving strategy that allows automated vehicles to tackle these dilemmas. The key insight behind our automated driving strategy is that expert drivers understand human interactions on the road and comply with mutually-accepted rules, which are learned from countless experiences. In order to teach the driving strategy of expert drivers to automated vehicles, we propose a general learning framework based on maximum entropy inverse reinforcement learning and Gaussian process. Experiments are conducted on a 5.2 km-long campus road at Seoul National University and demonstrate that our framework performs comparably to expert drivers in planning trajectories to handle various dilemmas.
Embroidered Antenna-Microchip Interconnections and Contour Antennas in Passive UHF RFID Textile Tags

We studied the possibilities of embroidered antenna-IC interconnections and contour antennas in passive ultrahigh-frequency radio-frequency identification textile tags. The tag antennas were patterned from metal-coated fabrics and embroidered with conductive yarn. The wireless performance of the tags with embroidered antenna-IC interconnections was evaluated through measurements, and the results were compared to identical tags, where the ICs were attached using regular conductive epoxy. Our results show that the textile tags with embroidered antenna-IC interconnections attained similar performance. In addition, the tags where only the borderlines of the antennas were embroidered showed excellent wireless performance.