nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of age and gender in the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness among a sample of the Saudi population.

The aim of this study is to assess whether the effect of gender on the excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is influenced by two confounders (age and hours of sleep per night). A cross-sectional study was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh (KAMC-R). A total of 2095 respondents answered a questionnaire that included questions regarding gender, age, hours of sleep per night, and daytime sleepiness using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The prevalence of EDS was 20.5% (females 22.2%, males 19.5%, p-value=0.136). The EDS did not differ between genders, age groups, or hours of sleep per night (<6 vs. ⩾6h). However, stratified statistical analysis shows that the prevalence of EDS did differ according to gender (25.3% in females, 19.0% in males, p-value=0.036) in respondents with shorter hours of sleep per night. EDS was strongly related to female gender and young age (ages⩽29years) in respondents with short hours of sleep. This study reveals that one out of five of the general Saudi population has EDS. The effect of gender on EDS appeared to be influenced by hours of sleep per night. High EDS strongly related to female gender with short hours of sleep.
Advanced Model-Based Control of a 6-DOF Hexapod Robot: A Case Study

In the vast majority of publications, it is noticeably claimed that parallel robots or manipulators are supposed to perform better than their serial counterparts. However, in practice, such mechanisms suffer from many problems, as theoretically provided potentials are difficult to exploit. This paper focuses on the issue of dynamics and control and provides a methodology to achieve accurate control for parallel manipulators in the range of high dynamics. The general case of a 6-DOF mechanism is chosen as the case study to substantiate the approach by experimental results. An important contribution is the emphasis on the structural properties of 6-DOF parallel robots to derive an appropriate and integrated control strategy that leads to the improvement of tracking performance by using only the available measurements of actuator positions. First, accurate and computationally efficient modeling of the dynamics is discussed. It is followed by presenting appropriate and optimal design of experimental parameter identification. The development of the control scheme begins with robust design of controller-observer for the single actuators. It is enhanced by a centralized feedforward dynamics compensation. Since systematic tracking errors always remain, a model-based iterative learning controller is designed to further increase the accuracy at high dynamics.
Molecular dynamics simulation of humic substances

Humic substances (HS) are complex mixtures of natural organic material which are found almost everywhere in the environment, and particularly in soils, sediments, and natural water. HS play key roles in many processes of paramount importance, such as plant growth, carbon storage, and the fate of contaminants in the environment. While most of the research on HS has been traditionally carried out by conventional experimental approaches, over the past 20 years complementary investigations have emerged from the application of computer modeling and simulation techniques. This paper reviews the literature regarding computational studies of HS, with a specific focus on molecular dynamics simulations. Significant achievements, outstanding issues, and future prospects are summarized and discussed.
Theoretical and experimental study on PMD-supported transmission using polarization diversity in coherent optical OFDM systems.

In this paper, we conduct theoretical and experimental study on the PMD-supported transmission with coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM). We first present the model for the optical fiber communication channel in the presence of the polarization effects. It shows that the optical fiber channel model can be treated as a special kind of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) model, namely, a two-input two-output (TITO) model which is intrinsically represented by a two-element Jones vector familiar to the optical communications community. The detailed discussions on various coherent optical MIMO-OFDM (CO-MIMO-OFDM) models are presented. Furthermore, we show the first experiment of polarization-diversity detection in CO-OFDM systems. In particular, a CO-OFDM signal at 10.7 Gb/s is successfully recovered after 900 ps differential-group-delay (DGD) and 1000-km transmission through SSMF fiber without optical dispersion compensation. The transmission experiment with higher-order PMD further confirms the immunity of the CO-OFDM signal to PMD in the transmission fiber. The nonlinearity performance of PMD-supported transmission is also reported. For the first time, nonlinear phase noise mitigation based on receiver digital signal processing is experimentally demonstrated for CO-OFDM transmission.
Probabilistic Under Frequency Load Shedding Considering RoCoF Relays of Distributed Generators

The activation of under frequency load shedding (UFLS) is the last automated action against the severe frequency drops in order to rebalance the system. In this paper, the setting parameters of a multistage load shedding plan are obtained and optimized using a discretized model of dynamic system frequency response. The uncertainties of system parameters including inertia time constant, load damping, and generation deficiency are taken into account. The proposed UFLS model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming optimization problem to minimize the expected amount of load shedding. The activation of rate-of-change-of-frequency relays as the anti-islanding protection of distributed generators is considered. The Monte Carlo simulation method is utilized for modeling the uncertainties of system parameters. The results of probabilistic UFLS are then utilized to design four different UFLS strategies. The proposed dynamic UFLS plans are simulated over the IEEE 39-bus and the large-scale practical Iranian national grid.
[Suicidal asphyxiation by propane-butane mixture inside a plastic bag: case report].

Volatiles are easily accessible and widely used in a form of liquid petroleum gas. Death as a consequence of inhalation of volatiles can be either accidental or suicidal.


CASE OUTLINE
We present a 62-year-old men who committed suicide by placing a plastic bag over the head and inhaling propane-butane mixture from a domestic gas tank. A rubber hose was attached to the tank valve and connected with the plastic bag. The body of the deceased showed signs of advanced postmortal changes. A suicidal note was found at the scene.



Propane-butane mixture, i.e. liquified petroleum gas leads to the depletion of oxygen in the air consequently causing hypoxia and anoxia, and therefore, unconsciousness and eventual death. The mechanisms of death in cases of volatile inhalation include cardiac arrhythmias, reflex cardiac vagal inhibition, and/or central nervous system depression. Similar mechanisms occur in cases of asphyxiation with a plastic bag. The reconstruction of the event in this case was based, not so much on autopsy findings (because of significant putrefaction changes), but on the police investigation and traces found at the scene.
DoA Estimation and Capacity Analysis for 3-D Millimeter Wave Massive-MIMO/FD-MIMO OFDM Systems

With the promise of meeting future capacity demands, 3-D massive-MIMO/full dimension multiple-input-multiple-output (FD-MIMO) systems have gained much interest in recent years. Apart from the huge spectral efficiency gain, 3-D massive-MIMO/FD-MIMO systems can also lead to significant reduction of latency, simplified multiple access layer, and robustness to interference. However, in order to completely extract the benefits of the system, accurate channel state information is critical. In this paper, a channel estimation method based on direction of arrival (DoA) estimation is presented for 3-D millimeter wave massive-MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. To be specific, the DoA is estimated using estimation of signal parameter via rotational invariance technique method, and the root mean square error of the DoA estimation is analytically characterized for the corresponding MIMO-OFDM system. An ergodic capacity analysis of the system in the presence of DoA estimation error is also conducted, and an optimum power allocation algorithm is derived. Furthermore, it is shown that the DoA-based channel estimation achieves a better performance than the traditional linear minimum mean squared error estimation in terms of ergodic throughput and minimum chordal distance between the subspaces of the downlink precoders obtained from the underlying channel and the estimated channel.
Current stretched penile length: cross-sectional study of 1040 healthy Turkish children aged 0 to 5 years.

To update the normal stretched penile length values for children younger than 5 years of age. We also evaluated the association between penile length and anthropometric measures such as body weight, height, and body mass index.



The study was performed as a cross-section study. The stretched penile lengths of 1040 white uncircumcised male infants and children 0 to 5 years of age were measured, and the mean length for each age group and the rate of increase in penile length were calculated. The correlation between penile length and weight, height, and body mass index of the children was determined by Pearson analysis.



The stretched penile length was 3.65 +/- 0.27 cm in full-term newborns (n = 165) and 3.95 +/- 0.35 cm in children 1 to 3 months old (n = 112), 4.26 +/- 0.40 cm in those 3.1 to 6 months old (n = 130), 4.65 +/- 0.47 cm in those 6.1 to 12 months old (n = 148), 4.82 +/- 0.44 cm in those 12.1 to 24 months old (n = 135), 5.15 +/- 0.46 cm in those 24.1 to 36 months old (n = 120), 5.58 +/- 0.47 cm in those 36.1 to 48 months old (n = 117), and 6.02 +/- 0.50 cm in those 48.1 to 60 months old (n = 113). The fastest rate of increase in penile length was seen in the first 6 months of age, with a value of 1 mm/mo. A significant correlation was found between penile length and the weight, height, and body mass index of the boys (r = 0.881, r = 0.864, and r = 0.173, respectively; P = 0.001).



The age-related values of penile length must be known to be able to determine abnormal penile sizes and to monitor treatment of underlying diseases. Our study has provided updated reference values for penile lengths for Turkish and other white boys aged 0 to 5 years.
Privacy-Preserving Deep Learning for any Activation Function

This paper considers the scenario that multiple data owners wish to apply a machine learning method over the combined dataset of all owners to obtain the best possible learning output but do not want to share the local datasets owing to privacy concerns. We design systems for the scenario that the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm is used as the machine learning method because SGD (or its variants) is at the heart of recent deep learning techniques over neural networks. Our systems differ from existing systems in the following features: (1) any activation function can be used, meaning that no privacy-preserving-friendly approximation is required; (2) gradients computed by SGD are not shared but the weight parameters are shared instead; and (3) robustness against colluding parties even in the extreme case that only one honest party exists. We prove that our systems, while privacy-preserving, achieve the same learning accuracy as SGD and hence retain the merit of deep learning with respect to accuracy. Finally, we conduct several experiments using benchmark datasets, and show that our systems outperform previous system in terms of learning accuracies.  privacy preservation, stochastic gradient descent, distributed trainers, neural networks.
A 0.008 ${\hbox {mm}}^{2}$ 500 $\mu{\rm W}$ 469 kS/s Frequency-to-Digital Converter Based CMOS Temperature Sensor With Process Variation Compensation

This paper presents a temperature sensor based on a frequency-to-digital converter with digitally controlled process compensation. The proposed temperature sensor utilizes ring oscillators to generate a temperature dependent frequency. The adjusted linear frequency difference slope is used to improve the linearity of the temperature sensor and to compensate for process variations. Furthermore, an additional process compensation scheme is proposed to enhance the accuracy under one point calibration. With one point calibration, the resolution of the temperature sensor is 0.18 <sup>°</sup>C/LSB and the maximum inaccuracy of 20 measured samples is less than ±1.5<sup>°</sup>C over a temperature range of 0<sup>°</sup>C ~ 110<sup>°</sup>C. The entire block occupies 0.008 mm<sup>2</sup> in 65 nm CMOS and consumes 500 μW at a conversion rate of 469 kS/s.
A review on effectiveness of best management practices in improving hydrology and water quality: Needs and opportunities.

Best management practices (BMPs) have been widely used to address hydrology and water quality issues in both agricultural and urban areas. Increasing numbers of BMPs have been studied in research projects and implemented in watershed management projects, but a gap remains in quantifying their effectiveness through time. In this paper, we review the current knowledge about BMP efficiencies, which indicates that most empirical studies have focused on short-term efficiencies, while few have explored long-term efficiencies. Most simulation efforts that consider BMPs assume constant performance irrespective of ages of the practices, generally based on anticipated maintenance activities or the expected performance over the life of the BMP(s). However, efficiencies of BMPs likely change over time irrespective of maintenance due to factors such as degradation of structures and accumulation of pollutants. Generally, the impacts of BMPs implemented in water quality protection programs at watershed levels have not been as rapid or large as expected, possibly due to overly high expectations for practice long-term efficiency, with BMPs even being sources of pollutants under some conditions and during some time periods. The review of available datasets reveals that current data are limited regarding both short-term and long-term BMP efficiency. Based on this review, this paper provides suggestions regarding needs and opportunities. Existing practice efficiency data need to be compiled. New data on BMP efficiencies that consider important factors, such as maintenance activities, also need to be collected. Then, the existing and new data need to be analyzed. Further research is needed to create a framework, as well as modeling approaches built on the framework, to simulate changes in BMP efficiencies with time. The research community needs to work together in addressing these needs and opportunities, which will assist decision makers in formulating better decisions regarding BMP implementation in watershed management projects.
Tourist Satisfaction and Repeat Visitation ; Toward a New Comprehensive Model

Tourism researchers have recently focused on repeat visitation as a part of destination loyalty. Different models have also considered satisfaction as the main determinant of revisit intention, while findings in many studies show it as a continuous issue. This conceptual paper attempts at evaluating recent empirical studies on satisfaction and revisit intention. Based on limitations and gaps in recent studies, the current paper suggests a new model that would be more comprehensive than those in previous studies. The new model offers new relationships between antecedents (destination image, perceived value, specific novelty seeking, and distance to destination) and both of satisfaction and revisit intention. Revisit intention in turn is suggested to be measured in a temporal approach. Satisfaction, revisit intention, a new model
Delta-Sigma Fractional-N Phase-Locked Loops

This paper presents a tutorial on delta-sigma fractional-N PLLs for frequency synthesis. The presentation assumes the reader has a working knowledge of integer-N PLLs. It builds on this knowledge by introducing the additional concepts required to understand ΔΣ fractional-N PLLs. After explaining the limitations of integerN PLLs with respect to tuning resolution, the paper introduces the delta-sigma fractional-N PLL as a means of avoiding these limitations. It then presents a selfcontained explanation of the relevant aspects of deltasigma modulation, an extension of the well known integerN PLL linearized model to delta-sigma fractional-N PLLs, a design example, and techniques for wideband digital modulation of the VCO within a delta-sigma fractional-N PLL.
Verilog Implementation of 32 Point FFT Using Radix-2 Algorithm on FPGA Technology

Here the transformation related to the fast Fourier strategy mainly used in the field oriented well effective operations of the strategy elated to the scenario of the design oriented fashion in its implementation related to the well efficient strategy of the processing of the signal in the digital domain plays a crucial role in its analysis point of view in well oriented fashion respectively. It can also be applicable for the processing of the images and there is a crucial in its analysis in terms of the pixel wise process takes place in the system in well effective manner respectively. There is a vast number of the applications oriented strategy takes place in the system in w ell effective manner in the system based implementation followed by the well efficient analysis point of view in well stipulated fashion of the transformation related to the fast Fourier strategy plays a crucial role and some of them includes analysis of the signal, Filtering of the sound and also the compression of the data equations of the partial differential strategy plays a major role and the responsibility in its implementation scenario in a well oriented fashion respectively. There is a huge amount of the efficient analysis of the system related to the strategy of the transformation of the fast Fourier environment plays a crucial role and the responsibility for the effective implementation of the DFT in well respective fashion. Here in the present system oriented strategy DFT implementation takes place in a well explicit manner followed by the well effective analysis of the system where domain related to the time based strategy of the decimation plays a crucial role in its implementation aspect in well effective fashion respectively. Experiments have been conducted on the present method where there is a lot of analysis takes place on the large number of the huge datasets in a well oriented fashion with respect to the different environmental strategy and there is an implementation of the system in a well effective manner in terms of the improvement in the performance followed by the outcome of the entire system in well oriented fashion respectively.
Chapter 2 Application of MATLAB / SIMULINK in Solar PV Systems Learning

Basic components of Solar PV system and its merits and demerits. • Involvement of power electronic devices in Solar PV components. • MATLAB/SIMULINK model of different control strategies of power conditioning unit. • Importance of MATLAB/SIMULINK model in improving the efficiency of the overall solar PV system. • Characteristics of Solar PV panel and its MATLAB/SIMULINK model. • Characteristics and MATLAB/SIMULINK model of Solar PV power conditioning unit.
Early failures in 4,641 consecutively placed Brånemark dental implants: a study from stage 1 surgery to the connection of completed prostheses.

This study comprised 4,641 Brånemark dental implants, which were retrospectively followed from stage 1 surgery to completion of the prosthetic restorations. The implants were placed during a 3-year period (1986 to 1988) in 943 jaws, representing 889 patients with complete and partial edentulism. The jaw and sex distribution revealed a predominance of mandibles (564/943) and females (534/943). The mean age of the patients was 57.5 years (range 13 to 88 years) at implant placement. Only 69 (1.5%) fixtures failed to integrate, and most losses were seen in completely edentulous maxillae (46/69), in which the jaw bone exhibited soft quality and severe resorption. A preponderance of failures could also be seen among the shortest fixtures (7 mm). A majority of the mobile implants were recorded at the abutment connection (stage 2) operation (48/69).
Computational methods for identifying miRNA sponge interactions

Recent findings show that coding genes are not the only targets that miRNAs interact with. In fact, there is a pool of different RNAs competing with each other to attract miRNAs for interactions, thus acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). The ceRNAs indirectly regulate each other via the titration mechanism, i.e. the increasing concentration of a ceRNA will decrease the number of miRNAs that are available for interacting with other targets. The cross-talks between ceRNAs, i.e. their interactions mediated by miRNAs, have been identified as the drivers in many disease conditions, including cancers. In recent years, some computational methods have emerged for identifying ceRNA-ceRNA interactions. However, there remain great challenges and opportunities for developing computational methods to provide new insights into ceRNA regulatory mechanisms.In this paper, we review the publically available databases of ceRNA-ceRNA interactions and the computational methods for identifying ceRNA-ceRNA interactions (also known as miRNA sponge interactions). We also conduct a comparison study of the methods with a breast cancer dataset. Our aim is to provide a current snapshot of the advances of the computational methods in identifying miRNA sponge interactions and to discuss the remaining challenges.
Coenzyme Q cytoprotective mechanisms for mitochondrial complex I cytopathies involves NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1).

The commonest mitochondrial diseases are probably those impairing the function of complex I of the respiratory electron transport chain. Such complex I impairment may contribute to various neurodegenerative disorders e.g. Parkinson's disease. In the following, using hepatocytes as a model cell, we have shown for the first time that the cytotoxicity caused by complex I inhibition by rotenone but not that caused by complex III inhibition by antimycin can be prevented by coenzyme Q (CoQ1) or menadione. Furthermore, complex I inhibitor cytotoxicity was associated with the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. ROS scavengers or inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition prevented cytotoxicity. The CoQ1 cytoprotective mechanism required CoQ1 reduction by DT-diaphorase (NQO1). Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels were restored at low CoQ1 concentrations (5 microM). This suggests that the CoQ1H2 formed by NQO1 reduced complex III and acted as an electron bypass of the rotenone block. However cytoprotection still occurred at higher CoQ1 concentrations (>10 microM), which were less effective at restoring ATP levels but readily restored the cellular cytosolic redox potential (i.e. lactate: pyruvate ratio) and prevented ROS formation. This suggests that CoQ1 or menadione cytoprotection also involves the NQO1 catalysed reoxidation of NADH that accumulates as a result of complex I inhibition. The CoQ1H2 formed would then also act as a ROS scavenger.