nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Color Constancy : Developing Empirical Tests of Computational Models

Brainard et al. 2 INTRODUCTION Object recognition is difficult because there is no simple relation between an object's properties and the retinal image. Where the object is located, how it is oriented, and how it is illuminated also affect the image. Moreover, the relation is under-determined: multiple physical configurations can give rise to the same retinal image. In the case of object color, the spectral power distribution of the light reflected from an object depends not only on the object's intrinsic surface reflectance but also factors extrinsic to the object, such as the illumination. The relation between intrinsic reflectance, extrinsic illumination, and the color signal reflected to the eye is shown schematically in Figure 1. The light incident on a surface is characterized by its spectral power distribution E(λ). A small surface element reflects a fraction of the incident illuminant to the eye. The surface reflectance function S(λ) specifies this fraction as a function of wavelength. The spectrum of the light reaching the eye is called the color signal and is given by C(λ) = E(λ)S(λ). Information about C(λ) is encoded by three classes of cone photoreceptors, the L-, M-, and Scones. The top two patches rendered in Plate 1 illustrate the large effect that a typical change in natural illumination (see Wyszecki and Stiles, 1982) can have on the color signal. This effect might lead us to expect that the color appearance of objects should vary radically, depending as much on the current conditions of illumination as on the object's surface reflectance. Yet the very fact that we can sensibly refer to objects as having a color indicates otherwise. Somehow our visual system stabilizes the color appearance of objects against changes in illumination, a perceptual effect that is referred to as color constancy. Because the illumination is the most salient object-extrinsic factor that affects the color signal, it is natural that emphasis has been placed on understanding how changing the illumination affects object color appearance. In a typical color constancy experiment, the independent variable is the illumination and the dependent variable is a measure of color appearance experiments employ different stimulus configurations and psychophysical tasks, but taken as a whole they support the view that human vision exhibits a reasonable degree of color constancy. Recall that the top two patches of Plate 1 illustrate the limiting case where a single surface reflectance is seen under multiple illuminations. Although this …
Dependability modeling and evaluation of multiple-phased systems using DEEM

Multiple-Phased Systems (MPS), i.e., systems whose operational life can be partitioned in a set of disjoint periods, called "phases", include several classes of systems such as Phased Mission Systems and Scheduled Maintenance Systems. Because of their deployment in critical applications, the dependability modeling and analysis of Multiple-Phased Systems is a task of primary relevance. The phased behavior makes the analysis of Multiple-Phased Systems extremely complex. This paper describes the modeling methodology and the solution procedure implemented in DEEM, a dependability modeling and evaluation tool specifically tailored for Multiple Phased Systems. It also describes its use for the solution of representative MPS problems. DEEM relies upon Deterministic and Stochastic Petri Nets as the modeling formalism, and on Markov Regenerative Processes for the model solution. When compared to existing general-purpose tools based on similar formalisms, DEEM offers advantages on both the modeling side (sub-models neatly model the phase-dependent behaviors of MPS), and on the evaluation side (a specialized algorithm allows a considerable reduction of the solution cost and time). Thus, DEEM is able to deal with all the scenarios of MPS which have been analytically treated in the literature, at a cost which is comparable with that of the cheapest ones, completely solving the issues posed by the phased-behavior of MPS.
The Autonomously Replicating Sequence (ARS) of the Yeast Saccharomyces exiguus Yp74L-3

Fragments containing ARSes were cloned from the genomic DNA of the yeast Saccharomyces exiguus Yp74L-3, and the essential regions for ARSes were restricted for these fragments. Mapping studies of ARS-acting sequences in one of these fragments suggested that S. exiguus recognizes a sequence as an ARS that is different from that recognized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two ARS essential regions of S. exiguus were sequenced, and an ARS core consensus sequence of S. exiguus was deduced to be MATTAMWAWWTK. This sequence differs significantly from that of S. cerevisiae in two positions, suggesting that these nucleotide substitutions cause the difference in the ARS-recognition modes between S. exiguus and S. cerevisiae.
Learning to Detect Patterns of Crime

Our goal is to automatically detect patterns of crime. Among a large set of crimes that happen every year in a major city, it is challenging, time-consuming, and labor-intensive for crime analysts to determine which ones may have been committed by the same individual(s). If automated, data-driven tools for crime pattern detection are made available to assist analysts, these tools could help police to better understand patterns of crime, leading to more precise attribution of past crimes, and the apprehension of suspects. To do this, we propose a pattern detection algorithm called Series Finder, that grows a pattern of discovered crimes from within a database, starting from a “seed” of a few crimes. Series Finder incorporates both the common characteristics of all patterns and the unique aspects of each specific pattern, and has had promising results on a decade’s worth of crime pattern data collected by the Crime Analysis Unit of the Cambridge Police Department.
PhenomeCentral: a portal for phenotypic and genotypic matchmaking of patients with rare genetic diseases.

The discovery of disease-causing mutations typically requires confirmation of the variant or gene in multiple unrelated individuals, and a large number of rare genetic diseases remain unsolved due to difficulty identifying second families. To enable the secure sharing of case records by clinicians and rare disease scientists, we have developed the PhenomeCentral portal (https://phenomecentral.org). Each record includes a phenotypic description and relevant genetic information (exome or candidate genes). PhenomeCentral identifies similar patients in the database based on semantic similarity between clinical features, automatically prioritized genes from whole-exome data, and candidate genes entered by the users, enabling both hypothesis-free and hypothesis-driven matchmaking. Users can then contact other submitters to follow up on promising matches. PhenomeCentral incorporates data for over 1,000 patients with rare genetic diseases, contributed by the FORGE and Care4Rare Canada projects, the US NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, the EU Neuromics and ANDDIrare projects, as well as numerous independent clinicians and scientists. Though the majority of these records have associated exome data, most lack a molecular diagnosis. PhenomeCentral has already been used to identify causative mutations for several patients, and its ability to find matching patients and diagnose these diseases will grow with each additional patient that is entered.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT . WHERE ARE WE AND DO THEY APPLY WORLDWIDE ?

On the international level ISO (International Organization for Standardization), CEN (European Committee for Standardization) and ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers) are writing standards related to the indoor environment. This presentation will focus on the development of standards for the indoor thermal environment and indoor air quality. In the future, recommendations for acceptable indoor environments will be specified as classes. This allows for national differences in the requirements and also for designing buildings for different quality levels. This will require a better dialogue between the client (builder, owner) and the designer. It is also being discussed how people can adapt to accept higher indoor temperatures during summer in naturally ventilated (free running) buildings. Several of these standards have been developed mainly by experts from Europe, North America and Japan, thus guaranteeing a worldwide basis. Are there, however, special considerations related to other parts of the world (lifestyle, outdoor climate, and economy), which are not dealt with in these standards and which will require revision? Critical issues such as adaptation, effect of increased air velocity, humidity, type of indoor pollutant sources etc. are still being discussed, but in general these standards can be used worldwide. It is nevertheless important to take into account people’s clothing related to regional traditions and season.
InGaAs–InP Photodiodes With High Responsivity and High Saturation Power

InGaAs-InP modified charge compensated uni- traveling carrier photodiodes with both absorbing and nonabsorbing depleted region are demonstrated. The fiber-coupled external quantum efficiency was 60% (responsivity at 1550 nm = 0.75 A/W). A 40-mum-diameter photodiode achieved 14-GHz bandwidth and 25-dBm RF output power and a 20-mum-diameter photodiode exhibited 30-GHz bandwidth and 15.5-dBm RF output power. The saturation current-bandwidth products are 1820 mA ldr GHz and 1560 mA GHz for the 40-mum-diameter and 40-mum-diameter devices, respectively.
A zero charge-pump mismatch current tracking loop for reference spur reduction in PLLs

The charge-pump (CP) mismatch current is a dominant source of static phase error and reference spur in the nano-meter CMOS PLL implementations due to its worsened channel length modulation effect. This paper presents a charge-pump (CP) mismatch current reduction technique utilizing an adaptive body bias tuning of CP transistors and a zero CP mismatch current tracking PLL architecture for reference spur suppression. A chip prototype of the proposed circuit was implemented in 0:13 μm CMOS technology. The frequency synthesizer consumes 8.2 mA current from a 1.3 V supply voltage and achieves a phase noise of 96.01 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz offset from a 2.4 GHz RF carrier. The charge-pump measurements using the proposed calibration technique exhibited a mismatch current of less than 0.3 μA (0.55%) over the VCO control voltage range of 0.3–1.0 V. The closed loop measurements show a minimized static phase error of within 770 ps and a C9 dB reduction in reference spur level across the PLL output frequency range 2.4–2.5 GHz. The presented CP calibration technique compensates for the DC current mismatch and the mismatch due to channel length modulation effect and therefore improves the performance of CP-PLLs in nano-meter CMOS implementations. & 2015
Political Representation of the Poor and Economic Inequality : A Comparative Analysis

This paper analyses the relation between economic inequality at the macro-level and the political representation of poor citizens in a comparative perspective. More specifically it addresses the research question: Does the level of economic inequality at the time of the election affect how well citizens belonging to the two lowest quintiles of the income distribution are represented by the party system and governments as compared to richer citizens? Using survey data for citizens’ policy preferences and expert placement of political parties, we find that in economically more unequal societies the party system represents relatively poor citizens worse than in more equal societies. This moderating effect of economic inequality is also found for policy congruence between citizens and governments, albeit slightly less clear-cut. ∗ Jan Rosset is a doctoral student at the Swiss Foundation for Research in Social Sciences, c/o University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, jan.rosset@fors.unil.ch. Dr Nathalie Giger is a post-doc research fellow at the Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim, D68131 Mannheim, nathalie.giger@mzes.uni-mannheim.de. Julian Bernauer is a doctoral student at the Department of Politics and Management, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, julian.bernauer@uni-konstanz.de. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the EUROCORES Programme of the European Science Foundation. Julian Bernauer has received support from the Heinrich Böll Foundation. We would like to thank Anna Walsdorf for excellent research assistance.
N-gram: a language independent approach to IR and NLP

With the increasingly widespread use of computers & the Internet in India, large amounts of information in Indian languages are becoming available on the web. Automatic information processing and retrieval is therefore becoming an urgent need in the Indian context. Moreover, since India is a multilingual country, any effective approach to IR in the Indian context needs to be capable of handling a multilingual collection of documents. In this paper, we discuss the N-gram approach to developing some basic tools in the area of IR and NLP. This approach is statistical and language independent in nature, and therefore eminently suited to the multilingual Indian context. We first present a brief survey of some language-processing applications in which N-grams have been successfully used. We also present the results of some preliminary experiments on using N-grams for identifying the language of an Indian language document, based on a method proposed by Cavnar et al .
A Human-Airbag System for Hip Protection Using MEMS Motion Sensors: Experimental Feasibility Results

This paper describes the development of a human airbag system which is designed to reduce the impact force from slippage falling-down. A micro inertial measurement unit (muIMU) which is based on MEMS accelerometers and gyro sensors is developed as the motion sensing part of the system. A weightless recognition algorithm is used for real-time falling determination. With the algorithm, the microcontroller integrated with muIMU can discriminate falling-down motion from normal human motions and trigger an airbag system when a fall occurs. Our airbag system is designed to be fast response with moderate input pressure, i.e., the experimental response time is less than 0.3 second under 0.4 MPa (gage pressure). Also, we present our progress on development of the inflator and the airbags
Automated Audience Segmentation Using Reputation Signals

Selecting the right audience for an advertising campaign is one of the most challenging, time-consuming and costly steps in the advertising process. To target the right audience, advertisers usually have two options: a) market research to identify user segments of interest and b) sophisticated machine learning models trained on data from past campaigns. In this paper we study how demand-side platforms (DSPs) can leverage the data they collect (demographic and behavioral) in order to learn reputation signals about end user convertibility and advertisement (ad) quality. In particular, we propose a reputation system which learns interest scores about end users, as an additional signal of ad conversion, and quality scores about ads, as a signal of campaign success. Then our model builds user segments based on a combination of demographic, behavioral and the new reputation signals and recommends transparent targeting rules that are easy for the advertiser to interpret and refine. We perform an experimental evaluation on industry data that showcases the benefits of our approach for both new and existing advertiser campaigns.
Development of an Automated Healthcare Kiosk for the Management of Chronic Disease Patients in the Primary Care Setting

An increase in the prevalence of chronic disease has led to a rise in the demand for primary healthcare services in many developed countries. Healthcare technology tools may provide the leverage to alleviate the shortage of primary care providers. Here we describe the development and usage of an automated healthcare kiosk for the management of patients with stable chronic disease in the primary care setting. One-hundred patients with stable chronic disease were recruited from a primary care clinic. They used a kiosk in place of doctors’ consultations for two subsequent follow-up visits. Patient and physician satisfaction with kiosk usage were measured on a Likert scale. Kiosk blood pressure measurements and triage decisions were validated and optimized. Patients were assessed if they could use the kiosk independently. Patients and physicians were satisfied with all areas of kiosk usage. Kiosk triage decisions were accurate by the 2nd month of the study. Blood pressure measurements by the kiosk were equivalent to that taken by a nurse (p = 0.30, 0.14). Independent kiosk usage depended on patients’ language skills and educational levels. Healthcare kiosks represent an alternative way to manage patients with stable chronic disease. They have the potential to replace physician visits and improve access to primary healthcare. Patients welcome the use of healthcare technology tools, including those with limited literacy and education. Optimization of environmental and patient factors may be required prior to the implementation of kiosk-based technology in the healthcare setting.
Moving camera video stabilization using homography consistency

Videos recorded on moving cameras are often known to be shaky due to unstable carrier motion and the video stabilization problem involves inferring the intended smooth motion to keep and the unintended shaky motion to remove. However, conventional methods typically require proper, scenario-specific parameter setting, which does not generalize well across different scenarios. Moreover, we observe that a stable video should satisfy two conditions: a smooth trajectory and consistent inter-frame transition. While conventional methods only target at the former condition, we address these two issues at the same time. In this paper, we propose a homography consistency based algorithm to directly extract the optimal smooth trajectory and evenly distribute the inter-frame transition. By optimizing in the homography domain, our method does not need further matrix decomposition and parameter adjustment, automatically adapting to all possible types of motion (eg. translational or rotational) and video properties (eg. frame rates). We test our algorithm on translational videos recorded from a car and rotational videos from a hovering aerial vehicle, both of high and low frame rates. Results show our method widely applicable to different scenarios without any need of additional parameter adjustment.
Pediatric toxicology: specialized approach to the poisoned child.

The poisoned child presents unique considerations in circumstances of exposure, clinical effects, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic interventions. The emergency provider must be aware of the pathophysiologic vulnerabilities of infants and children and substances that are especially toxic. Awareness is essential for situations in which the risk of morbidity and mortality is increased, such as child abuse by poisoning. Considerations in treatment include the need for attentive supportive care, pediatric implications for antidotal therapy, and extracorporeal removal methods such as hemodialysis in children. In this article, each of these issues and emerging poison hazards are discussed.
Event-related potential (ERP) studies of memory encoding and retrieval: a selective review.

As event-related brain potential (ERP) researchers have increased the number of recording sites, they have gained further insights into the electrical activity in the neural networks underlying explicit memory. A review of the results of such ERP mapping studies suggests that there is good correspondence between ERP results and those from brain imaging studies that map hemodynamic changes. This concordance is important because the combination of the high temporal resolution of ERPs with the high spatial resolution of hemodynamic imaging methods will provide a greatly increased understanding of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the brain networks that encode and retrieve explicit memories.
A 4-Phase 30–70 MHz Switching Frequency Buck Converter Using a Time-Based Compensator

A high switching frequency multi-phase buck converter architecture using a time-based compensator is presented. Efficiency degradation due to mismatch between the phases is mitigated by generating precisely matched duty-cycles by combining a time-based multi-phase generator (MPG) with a time-based PID compensator (T-PID). The proposed approach obviates the need for a complex current sensing and calibration circuitry needed to implement active current sharing in an analog controller. It also eliminates the need for a high resolution analog-to-digital converter and digital pulse width modulator needed for implementing passive current sharing in a digital controller. Fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process, the prototype multi-phase buck converter occupies an active area of 0.32 mm2, of which the controller occupies only 0.04 mm2. The converter operates over a wide range of switching frequencies (30-70 MHz) and regulates output to any desired voltage in the range of 0.6 V to 1.5 V from 1.8 V input voltage. With a 400 mA step in the load current, the settling time is less than 0.6 μs and the measured duty-cycle mismatch is less than 0.48%. Better than 87% peak efficiency is achieved while consuming a quiescent current of only 3 μA/MHz.
Interactive Learning of Spatial Knowledge for Text to 3D Scene Generation

We present an interactive text to 3D scene generation system that learns the expected spatial layout of objects from data. A user provides input natural language text from which we extract explicit constraints on the objects that should appear in the scene. Given these explicit constraints, the system then uses prior observations of spatial arrangements in a database of scenes to infer the most likely layout of the objects in the scene. Through further user interaction, the system gradually adjusts and improves its estimates of where objects should be placed. We present example generated scenes and user interaction scenarios.
Five-Point Fundamental Matrix Estimation for Uncalibrated Cameras

We aim at estimating the fundamental matrix in two views from five correspondences of rotation invariant features obtained by e.g. the SIFT detector. The proposed minimal solver1 first estimates a homography from three correspondences assuming that they are co-planar and exploiting their rotational components. Then the fundamental matrix is obtained from the homography and two additional point pairs in general position. The proposed approach, combined with robust estimators like Graph-Cut RANSAC, is superior to other state-of-the-art algorithms both in terms of accuracy and number of iterations required. This is validated on synthesized data and 561 real image pairs. Moreover, the tests show that requiring three points on a plane is not too restrictive in urban environment and locally optimized robust estimators lead to accurate estimates even if the points are not entirely co-planar. As a potential application, we show that using the proposed method makes two-view multi-motion estimation more accurate.
Cooperative coevolution using the Brain Storm Optimization Algorithm

The Brain Storm Optimization (BSO) algorithm is a powerful optimization approach that has been proposed in the past few years. A number of improvements have been previously proposed for BSO with successful application for real-world problems. In this paper, the implementation of a Cooperative Co-evolutionary BSO (CCBSO) algorithm that is based on the explicit space decomposition approach is investigated. The improved performance of CCBSO is illustrated based on experimental comparisons with other BSO variants on a library of 20 well-known classical benchmark functions.