nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Alternating hot and cold water immersion for athlete recovery: a review

The aim of this review was to investigate whether alternating hot–cold water treatment is a legitimate training tool for enhancing athlete recovery. A number of mechanisms are discussed to justify its merits and future research directions are reported. Alternating hot–cold water treatment has been used in the clinical setting to assist in acute sporting injuries and rehabilitation purposes. However, there is overwhelming anecdotal evidence for it’s inclusion as a method for post exercise recovery. Many coaches, athletes and trainers are using alternating hot–cold water treatment as a means for post exercise recovery.  A literature search was performed using SportDiscus, Medline and Web of Science using the key words recovery, muscle fatigue, cryotherapy, thermotherapy, hydrotherapy, contrast water immersion and training.  The physiologic effects of hot–cold water contrast baths for injury treatment have been well documented, but its physiological rationale for enhancing recovery is less known. Most experimental evidence suggests that hot–cold water immersion helps to reduce injury in the acute stages of injury, through vasodilation and vasoconstriction thereby stimulating blood flow thus reducing swelling. This shunting action of the blood caused by vasodilation and vasoconstriction may be one of the mechanisms to removing metabolites, repairing the exercised muscle and slowing the metabolic process down.  To date there are very few studies that have focussed on the effectiveness of hot–cold water immersion for post exercise treatment. More research is needed before conclusions can be drawn on whether alternating hot–cold water immersion improves recuperation and influences the physiological changes that characterises post exercise recovery. q 2003
Deep-space optical communications

Current key initiatives in deep-space optical communications are treated in terms of historical context, contemporary trends, and prospects for the future. An architectural perspective focusing on high-level drivers, systems, and related operations concepts is provided. Detailed subsystem and component topics are not addressed. A brief overview of past ideas and architectural concepts sets the stage for current developments. Current requirements that might drive a transition from radio frequencies to optical communications are examined. These drivers include mission demand for data rates and/or data volumes; spectrum to accommodate such data rates; and desired power, mass, and cost benefits. As is typical, benefits come with associated challenges. For optical communications, these include atmospheric effects, link availability, pointing, and background light. The paper describes how NASA's Space Communication and Navigation Office will respond to the drivers, achieve the benefits, and mitigate the challenges, as documented in its Optical Communications Roadmap. Some nontraditional architectures and operations concepts are advanced in an effort to realize benefits and mitigate challenges as quickly as possible. Radio frequency communications is considered as both a competitor to and a partner with optical communications. The paper concludes with some suggestions for two affordable first steps that can yet evolve into capable architectures that will fulfill the vision inherent in optical communications.
Easy and Fast Western Blotting by Thin-Film Direct Coating with Suction.

Thin-film direct coating (TDC) has been successfully used in Western blotting (WB). In this study, the advanced technique of TDC with suction (TDCS) was developed to reduce the consumption amount of antibody by a factor of up to 10(4) in comparison with the amount consumed by the conventional WB using the capillary tube without any need of special micromachining processes. The operation time for completely finishing a high-quality WB can be reduced from 3 h in conventional WB to about 5 min or even less by TDCS. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio of the immunoblotting by TDCS can be markedly increased. TDCS WB showed a high linearity within a 6-log2 dynamic range for detecting 90-6000 ng of purified recombinant glutathione-S-transferase (GST) proteins and could particularly detect extrinsic GST proteins added in crude Escherichia coli or 293T cell lysates. Moreover, a protein mixture containing bovine serum albumin, GST, and ubiquitin could be specifically probed in parallel with their corresponding antibodies through multichannel TDCS WB. This simple and innovative TDCS WB offers various potential applications in simultaneously finishing multiple antibody-antigen screenings in a fast and single experiment.
Sexualizing Media Use and Self-Objectification

Objectification theorists suggest that exposure to sexualizing media increases self-objectification among individuals. Correlational and experimental research examining this relation has received growing attention. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the influence of sexualizing media use on self-objectification among women and men. For this purpose, we analyzed 54 papers yielding 50 independent studies and 261 effect sizes. The data revealed a positive, moderate effect of sexualizing media on self-objectification (r 1⁄4 .19). The effect was significant and robust, 95% CI [.15, .23], p < .0001. We identified a conditional effect of media type, suggesting that the use of video games and/or online media led to stronger self-objectification effects when compared to television use. Other sample characteristics or study characteristics did not moderate the overall effect. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of sexualizing media exposure on women’s and men’s objectified selfconcept. We discuss future research directions and implications for practice. We hope that the article will stimulate researchers in their future work to address the research gaps outlined here. Moreover, we hope that the findings will encourage practitioners and parents to reflect on the role of the use of sexualizing media in the development of individuals’ self-objectification.
AtomTracker: A Comprehensive Approach to Atomic Region Inference and Violation Detection

A particularly insidious type of concurrency bug is atomicity violations. While there has been substantial work on automatic detection of atomicity violations, each existing technique has focused on a certain type of atomic region. To address this limitation, this paper presents Atom Tracker, a comprehensive approach to atomic region inference and violation detection. Atom Tracker is the first scheme to (1) automatically infer generic atomic regions (not limited by issues such as the number of variables accessed, the number of instructions included, or the type of code construct the region is embedded in) and (2) automatically detect violations of them at runtime with negligible execution overhead. Atom Tracker provides novel algorithms to infer generic atomic regions and to detect atomicity violations of them. Moreover, we present a hardware implementation of the violation detection algorithm that leverages cache coherence state transitions in a multiprocessor. In our evaluation, we take eight atomicity violation bugs from real-world codes like Apache, MySql, and Mozilla, and show that Atom Tracker detects them all. In addition, Atom Tracker automatically infers all of the atomic regions in a set of micro benchmarks accurately. Finally, we also show that the hardware implementation induces a negligible execution time overhead of 0.2–4.0% and, therefore, enables Atom Tracker to find atomicity violations on-the-fly in production runs.
Deep Learning: An Introduction for Applied Mathematicians

Multilayered artificial neural networks are becoming a pervasive tool in a host of application fields. At the heart of this deep learning revolution are familiar concepts from applied and computational mathematics; notably, in calculus, approximation theory, optimization and linear algebra. This article provides a very brief introduction to the basic ideas that underlie deep learning from an applied mathematics perspective. Our target audience includes postgraduate and final year undergraduate students in mathematics who are keen to learn about the area. The article may also be useful for instructors in mathematics who wish to enliven their classes with references to the application of deep learning techniques. We focus on three fundamental questions: what is a deep neural network? how is a network trained? what is the stochastic gradient method? We illustrate the ideas with a short MATLAB code that sets up and trains a network. We also show the use of state-of-the art software on a large scale image classification problem. We finish with references to the current literature.
Evolving BioAssay Ontology (BAO): modularization, integration and applications

The lack of established standards to describe and annotate biological assays and screening outcomes in the domain of drug and chemical probe discovery is a severe limitation to utilize public and proprietary drug screening data to their maximum potential. We have created the BioAssay Ontology (BAO) project (http://bioassayontology.org) to develop common reference metadata terms and definitions required for describing relevant information of low-and high-throughput drug and probe screening assays and results. The main objectives of BAO are to enable effective integration, aggregation, retrieval, and analyses of drug screening data. Since we first released BAO on the BioPortal in 2010 we have considerably expanded and enhanced BAO and we have applied the ontology in several internal and external collaborative projects, for example the BioAssay Research Database (BARD). We describe the evolution of BAO with a design that enables modeling complex assays including profile and panel assays such as those in the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS). One of the critical questions in evolving BAO is the following: how can we provide a way to efficiently reuse and share among various research projects specific parts of our ontologies without violating the integrity of the ontology and without creating redundancies. This paper provides a comprehensive answer to this question with a description of a methodology for ontology modularization using a layered architecture. Our modularization approach defines several distinct BAO components and separates internal from external modules and domain-level from structural components. This approach facilitates the generation/extraction of derived ontologies (or perspectives) that can suit particular use cases or software applications. We describe the evolution of BAO related to its formal structures, engineering approaches, and content to enable modeling of complex assays and integration with other ontologies and datasets.
Photodynamic Therapy for Bowen's Disease of the Vulva Area

Bowen's disease is a squamous cell carcinoma in situ and has the potential to progress to a squamous cell carcinoma. The authors treated two female patients (a 39-year-old and a 41-year-old) with Bowen's disease in the vulva area using topical photodynamic therapy (PDT), involving the use of 5-aminolaevulinic acid and a light-emitting diode device. The light was administered at an intensity of 80 mW/cm(2) for a dose of 120 J/cm(2) biweekly for 6 cycles. The 39-year-old patient showed excellent clinical improvement, but the other patient achieved only a partial response. Even though one patient underwent a total excision 1 year later due to recurrence, both patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcomes of this therapy and the partial improvement over time. The common side effect of PDT was a stinging sensation. PDT provides a relatively effective and useful alternative treatment for Bowen's disease in the vulva area.
A Social Identity Theory of Leadership

processes associated with social identity. Group identification, as self-categorization, constructs an intragroup prototypicality gradient that invests the most prototypical member with the appearance of having influence; the appearance arises because members cognitively and behaviorally conform to the prototype. The appearance of influence becomes a reality through depersonalized social attraction processes that makefollowers agree and comply with the leader's ideas and suggestions. Consensual social attraction also imbues the leader with apparent status and creates a status-based structural differentiation within the group into leader(s) and followers, which has characteristics ofunequal status intergroup relations. In addition, afundamental attribution process constructs a charismatic leadership personality for the leader, which further empowers the leader and sharpens the leader-follower status differential. Empirical supportfor the theory is reviewed and a range of implications discussed, including intergroup dimensions, uncertainty reduction and extremism, power, and pitfalls ofprototype-based leadership.
Towards Accurate Relation Extraction from Wikipedia

Enormous efforts of human volunteers have made Wikipedia become a treasure of textual knowledge. Relation extraction that aims at extracting structured knowledge in the unstructured texts in Wikipedia is an appealing but quite challenging problem because it's hard for machines to understand plain texts. Existing methods are not effective enough because they understand relation types in textual level without exploiting knowledge behind plain texts. In this paper, we propose a novel framework called Athena 2.0 leveraging Semantic Patterns which are patterns that can understand relation types in semantic level to solve this problem. Extensive experiments show that Athena 2.0 significantly outperforms existing methods.
Data Streams - Models and Algorithms

In recent years, advances in hardware technology have facilitated ne w ways of collecting data continuously. In many applications such as network monitorin g, the volume of such data is so large that it may be impossible to store the data on disk. Furthermore, even when the data can be stored, the volume of th incoming data may be so large that it may be impossible to process any partic ular record more than once. Therefore, many data mining and database op erati ns such as classification, clustering, frequent pattern mining and indexing b ecome significantly more challenging in this context. In many cases, the data patterns may evolve continuously, as a result of which it is necessary to design the mining algorithms effectively in order to accou nt f r changes in underlying structure of the data stream. This makes the solution s of the underlying problems even more difficult from an algorithmic and computa tion l point of view. This book contains a number of chapters which are caref ully chosen in order to discuss the broad research issues in data streams. The purp ose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the organization of the stream proces sing and mining techniques which are covered in this book.
CLVQ: cross-language video question/answering system

Multilanguage information retrieval promotes users to browse documents in the form of their mother language, and more and more peoples interested in retrieves short answers rather than a full document. In this paper, we present a cross-language video QA system i.e. CLVQ, which could process the English questions, and find answers in Chinese videos. The main contribution of this research are: (1) the application of QA technology into different media; and (2) adopt a new answer finding approach without human-made rules; (3) the combination of several techniques of passage retrieval algorithms. The experimental result shows 56% of answer finding. The testing collection was consists of six discovery movies, and questions are from the School of Discovery Web site.
THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GINGER ( ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ) ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN RATS

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of daily injection of ginger Zingiber officinale extract on the physiological parameters, as well as the histological structure of the l iver of adult rats. Adult male rats were divided into four groups; (G1, G2, G3, and Control groups). The first group received 500 ml/kg b. wt/day of aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale i.p. for four weeks, G2 received 500 ml/kg b wt/day of aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale for three weeks and then received carbon tetrachloride CCl4 0.1ml/150 g b. wt. for one week, G3 received 500 ml/kg body weight/day of aqueous extract of ginger Zingiber officinale i .p. for three weeks and then received CCl4 for one week combined with ginger). The control group (C) received a 500 ml/kg B WT/day of saline water i.p. for four weeks. The results indicated a significant decrease in the total protein and increase in the albumin/globulin ratio in the third group compared with first and second group. Also, the results reported a significant decrease in the body weight in the third and the fourth groups compared with the first and the second groups. A significant decrease in the globulin levels in the third and the fourth groups were detected compared with the first and the second groups. The obtained results showed that treating rats with ginger improved the histopathological changes induced in the liver by CCl4. The study suggests that ginger extract can be used as antioxidant, free radical scavenging and protective action against carbon tetrachloride oxidative damage in the l iver.
ICT integration in the classroom: Challenging the potential of a school policy

Despite the assumption that the integration of ICT influences the entire school system, research focusing on ICT in schools is generally limited to the study of variables at class level. In contrast to these studies, the present research explores ICT integration from a school improvement approach. More particularly, it examines the local school policy with respect to ICT integration from both the principal’s perspective and perceptions of teachers. Furthermore, it studies the relationship between school policies and the actual use of ICT in the classroom. To answer the research questions, a representative sample of 53 primary school principals was interviewed. In addition, the interview data were supplemented with survey data of 574 teachers from the same 53 schools. What emerged from the analyses was that school-related policies, such as an ICT plan, ICT support and ICT training have a significant effect on class use of ICT. In addition, the findings from the interviews indicate that school policies are often underdeveloped and underutilised. The discussion section focuses on challenges to improve the potential of an ICT school policy.
Motor Skill Competency and Physical Activity in Elementary School Students

Childhood mastery of manipulative skills predicted their adolescent learning and mastering specialized skills needed for successful participation in sports and activity. This study investigated relationships between levels of manipulative skill competency and participation in physical activity in school-aged children.  265 fifth-grade students voluntarily participated in this study. The students’ skill performance in four basic specialized manipulative skills was assessed using reliable and valid assessment rubrics with processand product-oriented criteria. The students’ daily physical activity was assessed using a 7-day daily physical activity (PA) log. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and univariate analyses, Pearson bivariate correlation, and multiple R-squared liner regression methods.  The results of regression models indicated that overall skill competency in four manipulative skills significantly contributed to weekly PA minutes for the total sample and girls, but not for boys. Specifically, girls’ competency in soccer skills was a significant predictor of weekly PA minutes. Independent sample t-tests revealed that both boys and girls in the Skill-Competent group spent a significant amount of time in PA than their counterparts in the Skill-Incompetent group.  Manipulative skill competency plays a significant role in participation in PA inside and outside of school for school-aged children, especially for girls. Improving girls’ manipulative skill competency is a key determinant of PA behavior for girls.
On the End-to-End Solution to Mandarin-English Code-switching Speech Recognition

Code-switching (CS) refers to a linguistic phenomenon where a speaker uses different languages in an utterance or between alternating utterances. In this work, we study end-to-end (E2E) approaches to the Mandarin-English code-switching speech recognition (CSSR) task. We first examine the effectiveness of using data augmentation and byte-pair encoding (BPE) subword units. More importantly, we propose a multitask learning recipe, where a language identification task is explicitly learned in addition to the E2E speech recognition task. Furthermore, we introduce an efficient word vocabulary expansion method for language modeling to alleviate data sparsity issues under the code-switching scenario. Experimental results on the SEAME data, a Mandarin-English CS corpus, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Pediatric appendicitis score.

Morbidity in children treated with appendicitis results either from late diagnosis or negative appendectomy. A Prospective analysis of efficacy of Pediatric Appendicitis Score for early diagnosis of appendicitis in children was conducted.



In the last 5 years, 1,170 children aged 4 to 15 years with abdominal pain suggestive of acute appendicitis were evaluated prospectively. Group 1 (734) were patients with appendicitis and group 2 (436) nonappendicitis. Multiple linear logistic regression analysis of all clinical and investigative parameters was performed for a model comprising 8 variables to form a diagnostic score.



Logistic regression analysis yielded a model comprising 8 variables, all statistically significant, P <.001. These variables in order of their diagnostic index were (1) cough/percussion/hopping tenderness in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen (0.96), (2) anorexia (0.88), (3) pyrexia (0.87), (4) nausea/emesis (0.86), (5) tenderness over the right iliac fossa (0.84), (6) leukocytosis (0.81), (7) polymorphonuclear neutrophilia (0.80) and (8) migration of pain (0.80). Each of these variables was assigned a score of 1, except for physical signs (1 and 5), which were scored 2 to obtain a total of 10. The Pediatric Appendicitis Score had a sensitivity of 1, specificity of 0.92, positive predictive value of 0.96, and negative predictive value of 0.99.



Pediatric appendicitis score is a simple, relatively accurate diagnostic tool for accessing an acute abdomen and diagnosing appendicitis in children.
Endosymbiotic bacteria associated with nematodes, ticks and amoebae.

Endosymbiosis is a mutualistic, parasitic or commensal symbiosis in which one symbiont is living within the body of another organism. Such symbiotic relationship with free-living amoebae and arthropods has been reported with a large biodiversity of microorganisms, encompassing various bacterial clades and to a lesser extent some fungi and viruses. By contrast, current knowledge on symbionts of nematodes is still mainly restricted to Wolbachia and its interaction with filarial worms that lead to increased pathogenicity of the infected nematode. In this review article, we aim to highlight the main characteristics of symbionts in term of their ecology, host cell interactions, parasitism and co-evolution, in order to stimulate future research in a field that remains largely unexplored despite the availability of modern tools.