nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUTED BUS PROTECTION APPLICATION IN A PLATFORM FOR PROCESS BUS DEPLOYMENT IN THE SMART SUBSTATION

Bus protection is typically a station-wide protection function, as it uses the majority of the high voltage (HV) electrical signals available in a substation. All current measurements that define the bus zone of protection are needed. Voltages may be included in bus protection relays, as the number of voltages is relatively low, so little additional investment is not needed to integrate them into the protection system. This paper presents a new Distributed Bus Protection System that represents a step forward in the concept of a Smart Substation solution. This Distributed Bus Protection System has been conceived not only as a protection system, but as a platform that incorporates the data collection from the HV equipment in an IEC 61850 process bus scheme. This new bus protection system is still a distributed bus protection solution. As opposed to dedicated bay units, this system uses IEC 61850 process interface units (that combine both merging units and contact I/O) for data collection. The main advantage then, is that as the bus protection is deployed, it is also deploying the platform to do data collection for other protection, control, and monitoring functions needed in the substation, such as line, transformer, and feeder. By installing the data collection pieces, this provides for the simplification of engineering tasks, and substantial savings in wiring, number of components, cabinets, installation, and commissioning. In this way the new bus protection system is the gateway to process bus, as opposed to an addon to a process bus system. The paper analyzes and describes the new Bus Protection System as a new conceptual design for a Smart Substation, highlighting the advantages in a vision that comprises not only a single element, but the entire installation.  Current Transformer, Digital Fault Recorder, Fiber Optic Cable, International Electro Technical Commission, Process Interface Units
SPAM: Signal Processing to Analyze Malware

CYBER attacks have risen in recent times. The attack on Sony Pictures by hackers, allegedly from North Korea, has caught worldwide attention. The President of the United States of America issued a statement and “vowed a US response after North Korea’s alleged cyber-attack”.This dangerous malware termed “wiper” could overwrite data and stop important execution processes. An analysis by the FBI showed distinct similarities between this attack and the code used to attack South Korea in 2013, thus confirming that hackers re-use code from already existing malware to create new variants. This attack along with other recently discovered attacks such as Regin, Opcleaver give one clear message: current cyber security defense mechanisms are not sufficient enough to thwart these sophisticated attacks. Today’s defense mechanisms are based on scanning systems for suspicious or malicious activity. If such an activity is found, the files under suspect are either quarantined or the vulnerable system is patched with an update. These scanning methods are based on a variety of techniques such as static analysis, dynamic analysis and other heuristics based techniques, which are often slow to react to new attacks and threats. Static analysis is based on analyzing an executable without executing it, while dynamic analysis executes the binary and studies its behavioral characteristics. Hackers are familiar with these standard methods and come up with ways to evade the current defense mechanisms. They produce new malware variants that easily evade the detection methods. These variants are created from existing malware using inexpensive easily available “factory toolkits” in a “virtual factory” like setting, which then spread over and infect more systems. Once a system is compromised, it either quickly looses control and/or the infection spreads to other networked systems. While security techniques constantly evolve to keep up with new attacks, hackers too change their ways and continue to evade defense mechanisms. As this never-ending billion dollar “cat and mouse game” continues, it may be useful to look at avenues that can bring in novel alternative and/or orthogonal defense approaches to counter the ongoing threats. The hope is to catch these new attacks using orthogonal and complementary methods which may not be well known to hackers, thus making it more difficult and/or expensive for them to evade all detection schemes. This paper focuses on such orthogonal approaches from Signal and Image Processing that complement standard approaches.
A Novel Wide Area Protection Classification Technique for Interconnected Power Grids Based on MATLAB Simulation

More recent technological advancements in microprocessor relays, combined with GPS receivers for synchronization and accurate time stamping, is providing users advanced relay systems with synchronized measurements, called synchrophasor measurements (IEEE Power System Relaying Committee, 2002; Phadke, 2002; Marek, 2002). Synchrophasor measurements together with advancements in digital communications, provides users with the power system state at a rate of twenty times per second. Synchrophasor measurements from different network locations when combined and processed in a central computer system will provide users with the absolute phase angle difference between distant network buses with an accuracy of tenths of an electrical degree. These types of central computer systems, equipped with wide-area protection and control algorithms, will be able to better address future system out-of-step conditions and other system problems because they will have a better knowledge of what happens throughout the power system. In addition, knowledge of online generation and load demand provided from synchrophasor measurement systems will aid in balancing better the generation and load during islanding, as well as minimizing load and generation shedding in order to preserve stability during major system disturbances. Time synchronized phasor measurements provide a dynamic view of a power system, combining these measurements in a central protection system (CPS); this capability is used to set up a wide area control, protection and optimization platform by means of new communication systems and (GPS), integrated application design is shown in  1 shows an integrated application design based on phasor measuring units. When the system operates in extreme conditions, load shedding, generation shedding, or system islanding must occur to prevent total system collapse (Thorp et al., 1988; Centen et al., 1993; Guzman et al., 2002; Guzman et al., 2002). Typical causes of system collapse are voltage instability or transient angle instability. These instabilities can occur independently or jointly. In most cases, system wide-area disruptions begin as a voltage stability problem. Because of a failure to take proper actions for the system to recover, this voltage stability problem evolves into an angle stability problem. New monitoring, protection, and communications technologies allow us to implement economical localand wide-area protection systems that minimize risk of wide-area system disruptions or total system collapse.
ManyVis: Multiple Applications in an Integrated Visualization Environment

As the visualization field matures, an increasing number of general toolkits are developed to cover a broad range of applications. However, no general tool can incorporate the latest capabilities for all possible applications, nor can the user interfaces and workflows be easily adjusted to accommodate all user communities. As a result, users will often chose either substandard solutions presented in familiar, customized tools or assemble a patchwork of individual applications glued through ad-hoc scripts and extensive, manual intervention. Instead, we need the ability to easily and rapidly assemble the best-in-task tools into custom interfaces and workflows to optimally serve any given application community. Unfortunately, creating such meta-applications at the API or SDK level is difficult, time consuming, and often infeasible due to the sheer variety of data models, design philosophies, limits in functionality, and the use of closed commercial systems. In this paper, we present the ManyVis framework which enables custom solutions to be built both rapidly and simply by allowing coordination and communication across existing unrelated applications. ManyVis allows users to combine software tools with complementary characteristics into one virtual application driven by a single, custom-designed interface.
Fathom: reference workloads for modern deep learning methods

Deep learning has been popularized by its recent successes on challenging artificial intelligence problems. One of the reasons for its dominance is also an ongoing challenge: the need for immense amounts of computational power. Hardware architects have responded by proposing a wide array of promising ideas, but to date, the majority of the work has focused on specific algorithms in somewhat narrow application domains. While their specificity does not diminish these approaches, there is a clear need for more flexible solutions. We believe the first step is to examine the characteristics of cutting edge models from across the deep learning community. Consequently, we have assembled Fathom: a collection of eight archetypal deep learning workloads for study. Each of these models comes from a seminal work in the deep learning community, ranging from the familiar deep convolutional neural network of Krizhevsky et al., to the more exotic memory networks from Facebook's AI research group. Fathom has been released online, and this paper focuses on understanding the fundamental performance characteristics of each model. We use a set of application-level modeling tools built around the TensorFlow deep learning framework in order to analyze the behavior of the Fathom workloads. We present a breakdown of where time is spent, the similarities between the performance profiles of our models, an analysis of behavior in inference and training, and the effects of parallelism on scaling.
Traumatic brain injury in the United States: A public health perspective.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability among persons in the United States. Each year, an estimated 1.5 million Americans sustain a TBI. As a result of these injuries, 50,000 people die, 230,000 people are hospitalized and survive, and an estimated 80,000-90,000 people experience the onset of long-term disability. Rates of TBI-related hospitalization have declined nearly 50% since 1980, a phenomenon that may be attributed, in part, to successes in injury prevention and also to changes in hospital admission practices that shift the care of persons with less severe TBI from inpatient to outpatient settings. The magnitude of TBI in the United States requires public health measures to prevent these injuries and to improve their consequences. State surveillance systems can provide reliable data on injury causes and risk factors, identify trends in TBI incidence, enable the development of cause-specific prevention strategies focused on populations at greatest risk, and monitor the effectiveness of such programs. State follow-up registries, built on surveillance systems, can provide more information regarding the frequency and nature of disabilities associated with TBI. This information can help states and communities to design, implement, and evaluate cost-effective programs for people living with TBI and for their families, addressing acute care, rehabilitation, and vocational, school, and community support.
A comparative pH-dissolution profile study of selected commercial levothyroxine products using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Levothyroxine (T4) is a narrow therapeutic index drug with classic bioequivalence problem between various available products. Dissolution of a drug is a crucial step in its oral absorption and bioavailability. The dissolution of T4 from three commercial solid oral dosage forms: Synthroid (SYN), generic levothyroxine sodium by Sandoz Inc. (GEN) and Tirosint (TIR) was studied using a sensitive ICP-MS assay. All the three products showed variable and pH-dependent dissolution behaviors. The absence of surfactant from the dissolution media decreased the percent T4 dissolved for all the three products by 26-95% (at 30 min). SYN dissolution showed the most pH dependency, whereas GEN and TIR showed the fastest and highest dissolution, respectively. TIR was the most consistent one, and was minimally affected by pH and/or by the presence of surfactant. Furthermore, dissolution of T4 decreased considerably with increase in the pH, which suggests a possible physical interaction in patients concurrently on T4 and gastric pH altering drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors. Variable dissolution of T4 products can, therefore, impact the oral absorption and bioavailability of T4 and may result in bioequivalence problems between various available products.
Patch-Based Near-Optimal Image Denoising

In this paper, we propose a denoising method motivated by our previous analysis of the performance bounds for image denoising. Insights from that study are used here to derive a high-performance practical denoising algorithm. We propose a patch-based Wiener filter that exploits patch redundancy for image denoising. Our framework uses both geometrically and photometrically similar patches to estimate the different filter parameters. We describe how these parameters can be accurately estimated directly from the input noisy image. Our denoising approach, designed for near-optimal performance (in the mean-squared error sense), has a sound statistical foundation that is analyzed in detail. The performance of our approach is experimentally verified on a variety of images and noise levels. The results presented here demonstrate that our proposed method is on par or exceeding the current state of the art, both visually and quantitatively.
The prevalence and impact of depression among medical students: a nationwide cross-sectional study in South Korea.

This nationwide cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence, possible risk factors, and impact of depression among Korean medical students.



Of all medical students (14,095) registered in 41 medical schools in 2006 in South Korea, 7,357 (52.2%) completed the survey. Depression was measured using the patient-rated version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-PR). Data on academic functioning, and sociodemographic characteristics were also obtained.



Current, one-year, and lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) were 2.9%, 6.5%, and 10.3%, respectively. Possible risk factors for one-year MDD were female gender, lower class years, admission track with exemption from entrance exam, living alone at a lodging house or a rented room, and financial difficulty (P < .05). The grade point averages (GPAs) of students with MDD were significantly lower than those of nondepressed students for both semesters (t = 3.8, P < .001; t = 4.8, P < .001). The odds ratio of students with MDD of receiving a GPA below 2.0 was 1.8 (CI 1.4-2.4) as compared with nondepressed students.



This study demonstrated that Korean medical students experience depression frequently. It also highlighted the possible risk factors of MDD among medical students and pervasive association of depression with poor functioning.
A Low-Cost Scalable 32-Element 28-GHz Phased Array Transceiver for 5G Communication Links Based on a  $2\times 2$  Beamformer Flip-Chip Unit Cell

This paper presents a scalable 28-GHz phased-array architecture suitable for fifth-generation (5G) communication links based on four-channel ( $2\times 2$ ) transmit/receive (TRX) quad-core chips in SiGe BiCMOS with flip-chip packaging. Each channel of the quad-core beamformer chip has 4.6-dB noise figure (NF) in the receive (RX) mode and 10.5-dBm output 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) in the transmit (TX) mode with 6-bit phase control and 14-dB gain control. The phase change with gain control is only ±3°, allowing orthogonality between the variable gain amplifier and the phase shifter. The chip has high RX linearity (IP1dB = −22 dBm/channel) and consumes 130 mW in the RX mode and 200 mW in the TX mode at P1dB per channel. Advantages of the scalable all-RF beamforming architecture and circuit design techniques are discussed in detail. 4- and 32-element phased-arrays are demonstrated with detailed data link measurements using a single or eight of the four-channel TRX core chips on a low-cost printed circuit board with microstrip antennas. The 32-element array achieves an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 43 dBm at P1dB, a 45-dBm saturated EIRP, and a record-level system NF of 5.2 dB when the beamformer loss and transceiver NF are taken into account and can scan to ±50° in azimuth and ±25° in elevation with < −12-dB sidelobes and without any phase or amplitude calibration. A wireless link is demonstrated using two 32-element phased-arrays with a state-of-the-art data rate of 1.0–1.6 Gb/s in a single beam using 16-QAM waveforms over all scan angles at a link distance of 300 m.
Reversible vs. nonreversible fillers in facial aesthetics: concerns and considerations.

Soft-tissue augmentation of the face is an increasingly popular cosmetic procedure. In recent years, the number of available filling agents has also increased dramatically, improving the range of options available to physicians and patients. Understanding the different characteristics, capabilities, risks, and limitations of the available dermal and subdermal fillers can help physicians improve patient outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. The most popular fillers are those made from cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA). A major and unique advantage of HA fillers is that they can be quickly and easily reversed by the injection of hyaluronidase into areas in which elimination of the filler is desired, either because there is excess HA in the area or to accelerate the resolution of an adverse reaction to treatment or to the product. In general, a lower incidence of complications (especially late-occurring or long-lasting effects) has been reported with HA fillers compared with the semi-permanent and permanent fillers. The implantation of nonreversible fillers requires more and different expertise on the part of the physician than does injection of HA fillers, and may produce effects and complications that are more difficult or impossible to manage even by the use of corrective surgery. Most practitioners use HA fillers as the foundation of their filler practices because they have found that HA fillers produce excellent aesthetic outcomes with high patient satisfaction, and a low incidence and severity of complications. Only limited subsets of physicians and patients have been able to justify the higher complexity and risks associated with the use of nonreversible fillers.
Got issues? Who cares about it? A large scale investigation of issue trackers from GitHub

Feedback from software users constitutes a vital part in the evolution of software projects. By filing issue reports, users help identify and fix bugs, document software code, and enhance the software via feature requests. Many studies have explored issue reports, proposed approaches to enable the submission of higher-quality reports, and presented techniques to sort, categorize and leverage issues for software engineering needs. Who, however, cares about filing issues? What kind of issues are reported in issue trackers? What kind of correlation exist between issue reporting and the success of software projects? In this study, we address the need for answering such questions by performing an empirical study on a hundred thousands of open source projects. After filtering relevant trackers, the study used about 20,000 projects. We investigate and answer various research questions on the popularity and impact of issue trackers.
The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals

The consumption of dietary protein is important for resistance-trained individuals. It has been posited that intakes of 1.4 to 2.0 g/kg/day are needed for physically active individuals. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a very high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained men and women.



Thirty healthy resistance-trained individuals participated in this study (mean ± SD; age: 24.1 ± 5.6 yr; height: 171.4 ± 8.8 cm; weight: 73.3 ± 11.5 kg). Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Control (CON) or high protein (HP). The CON group was instructed to maintain the same training and dietary habits over the course of the 8 week study. The HP group was instructed to consume 4.4 grams of protein per kg body weight daily. They were also instructed to maintain the same training and dietary habits (e.g. maintain the same fat and carbohydrate intake). Body composition (Bod Pod®), training volume (i.e. volume load), and food intake were determined at baseline and over the 8 week treatment period.



The HP group consumed significantly more protein and calories pre vs post (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the HP group consumed significantly more protein and calories than the CON (p < 0.05). The HP group consumed on average 307 ± 69 grams of protein compared to 138 ± 42 in the CON. When expressed per unit body weight, the HP group consumed 4.4 ± 0.8 g/kg/d of protein versus 1.8 ± 0.4 g/kg/d in the CON. There were no changes in training volume for either group. Moreover, there were no significant changes over time or between groups for body weight, fat mass, fat free mass, or percent body fat.



Consuming 5.5 times the recommended daily allowance of protein has no effect on body composition in resistance-trained individuals who otherwise maintain the same training regimen. This is the first interventional study to demonstrate that consuming a hypercaloric high protein diet does not result in an increase in body fat.
The Discovery of Human Herpesvirus 6 ( HHV-6 )

The Discovery of Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Initially designated HBLV, for human B-lymphotropic virus, HHV-6 was isolated fortuitously in 1986 from interleukin 2stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with AIDS or lymphoproliferative disorders (1). The PBMC cultures exhibited an unusual cytopathic effect characterized by enlarged balloonlike cells. The causative agent was identified as a herpesvirus by electron microscopy and lack of crosshybridization to a number of human herpesviruses (2). The GS strain is the prototype of the first isolates. Two additional isolates of lymphotropic human herpesviruses, U1102 and Gambian, genetically similar to HBLV, were obtained 1 year later from PBMCs of African AIDS patients. All of the isolates could grow in T cells (CEM, H9, Jurkat), in monocytes (HL60, U937), in glial cells (HED), as well as in B-cell lines (Raji, RAMOS, L4, WHPT) (3,4). A new variant, Z29, subsequently shown to differ in restriction endonuclease pattern from GS-like strains, was isolated from PBMCs of patients with AIDS (5). The cells supporting virus growth were characterized as CD4+ T lymphocytes (6). The designation HHV-6 was proposed 1 year after discovery of the first isolate to comply with the rules established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (7). More than 100 additional HHV-6 strains have been isolated from PBMCs of children with subitum or febrile syndromes (8), from cell-free saliva of healthy or HIV-infected patients (9,10), from PBMCs of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (11), and from PBMCs of healthy adultsthese PBMCs were cultivated for human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) isolation (12).