nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of core muscle activity during physical fitness exercises.

A consensus has not been reached among strength and conditioning specialists regarding what physical fitness exercises are most effective to stimulate activity of the core muscles. Thus, the purpose of this article was to systematically review the literature on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of 3 core muscles (lumbar multifidus, transverse abdominis, quadratus lumborum) during physical fitness exercises in healthy adults. CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PubMed, SPORTdiscus, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles using a search strategy designed by the investigators. Seventeen studies enrolling 252 participants met the review's inclusion/exclusion criteria. Physical fitness exercises were partitioned into 5 major types: traditional core, core stability, ball/device, free weight, and noncore free weight. Strength of evidence was assessed and summarized for comparisons among exercise types. The major findings of this review with moderate levels of evidence indicate that lumbar multifidus EMG activity is greater during free weight exercises compared with ball/device exercises and is similar during core stability and ball/device exercises. Transverse abdominis EMG activity is similar during core stability and ball/device exercises. No studies were uncovered for quadratus lumborum EMG activity during physical fitness exercises. The available evidence suggests that strength and conditioning specialists should focus on implementing multijoint free weight exercises, rather than core-specific exercises, to adequately train the core muscles in their athletes and clients.
Pathologic conditions of hard tissue: role of osteoclasts in osteolytic lesion

Hard tissue homeostasis is regulated by the balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. This physiologic process allows adaptation to mechanical loading and calcium homeostasis. Under pathologic conditions, however, this process is ill-balanced resulting in either over-resorption or over-formation of hard tissue. Local over-resorption by osteoclasts is typically observed in osteolytic metastases of malignancies, autoimmune arthritis, and giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). In tumor-related local osteolysis, tumor-derived osteoclast-activating factors induce bone resorption not by directly acting on osteoclasts but by indirectly upregulating receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) on osteoblastic cells. Similarly, synovial tissue in the autoimmune arthritis model does overexpress RANKL and contains numerous osteoclast precursors, and like a landing craft, when it comes in contact with eroded bone surfaces, osteoclast precursors are immediately polarized to become mature osteoclasts, inducing rapidly progressive bone destruction at a late stage of the disease. GCTB, on the other hand, is a common primary bone tumor, usually arising at the metaphysis of the long bone in young adults. After the discovery of RANKL, the concept of GCTB as a tumor of RANKL-expressing stromal cells was established, and comprehensive exosome studies finally disclosed the causative single-point mutation at histone H3.3 (H3F3A) in stromal cells. Thus, osteolytic lesions under various pathological conditions are ultimately attributable to the overexpression of RANKL, which opens up a common, practical and useful therapeutic target for diverse osteolytic conditions.
A Highly Accurate Feature Fusion Network For Vehicle Detection In Surveillance Scenarios

In this paper we present a novel vehicle detection method in traffic surveillance scenarios. This work is distinguished by three key contributions. First, a feature fusion backbone network is proposed to extract vehicle features which has the capability of modeling geometric transformations. Second, a vehicle proposal sub-network is applied to generate candidate vehicle proposals based on multi-level semantic feature maps. Finally, a head network is used to refine the categories and locations of these proposals. Benefits from the above cues, vehicles with large variation in occlusion and lighting conditions can be detected with high accuracy. Furthermore, the method also demonstrates robustness in the case of motion blur caused by rapid movement of vehicles. We test our network on DETRAC[21] benchmark detection challenge and it shows the state-of-theart performance. Specifically, the proposed method gets the best performances not only at 4 different level: overall, easy, medium and hard, but also in sunny, cloudy and night conditions.
Fall Avoidance Control of Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Type Robotic Wheelchair While Climbing Stairs

The wheelchair is the major means of transport for physically disabled people. However, it cannot overcome architectural barriers such as curbs and stairs. In this paper, the authors proposed a method to avoid falling down of a wheeled inverted pendulum type robotic wheelchair for climbing stairs. The problem of this system is that the feedback gain of the wheels cannot be set high due to modeling errors and gear backlash, which results in the movement of wheels. Therefore, the wheels slide down the stairs or collide with the side of the stairs, and finally the wheelchair falls down. To avoid falling down, the authors proposed a slider control strategy based on skyhook model in order to decrease the movement of wheels, and a rotary link control strategy based on the staircase dimensions in order to avoid collision or slide down. The effectiveness of the proposed fall avoidance control strategy was validated by ODE simulations and the prototype wheelchair. EPW, fall avoidance control, skyhook, wheeled inverted pendulum.
A 3 D-polar Coordinate Colour Representation Suitable for Image Analysis

The processing and analysis of colour images has become an important area of study and application. The representation of the RGB colour space in 3D-polar coordinates (hue, saturation and brightness) can sometimes simplify this task by revealing characteristics not visible in the rectangular coordinate representation. The literature describes many such spaces (HLS, HSV, etc.), but many of them, having been developed for computer graphics applications, are unsuited to image processing and analysis tasks. We describe the flaws present in these colour spaces, and present three prerequisites for 3D-polar coordinate colour spaces well-suited to image processing and analysis. We then derive 3D-polar coordinate representations which satisfy the prerequisites, namely a space based on the norm which has efficient linear transform functions to and from the RGB space; and an improved HLS (IHLS) space. The most important property of this latter space is a “well-behaved” saturation coordinate which, in contrast to commonly used ones, always has a small numerical value for near-achromatic colours, and is completely independent of the brightness function. Three applications taking advantage of the good properties of the IHLS space are described: the calculation of a saturation-weighted hue mean and of saturation-weighted hue histograms, and feature extraction using mathematical morphology. 1Updated July 16, 2003. 2Jean Serra is with the Centre de Morphologie Mathématique, Ecole des Mines de Paris, 35 rue Saint-Honoré, 77305 Fontainebleau cedex, France.
Social Semantic Web Mining

e past ten years have seen a rapid growth in the numbers of people signing up to use Webbased social networks (hundreds of millions of new members are now joining the main services each year) with a large amount of content being shared on these networks (tens of billions of content items are shared each month). With this growth in usage and data being generated, there are many opportunities to discover the knowledge that is often inherent but somewhat hidden in these networks. Web mining techniques are being used to derive this hidden knowledge. In addition, the Semantic Web, including the Linked Data initiative to connect previously disconnected datasets, is making it possible to connect data from across various social spaces through common representations and agreed upon terms for people, content items, etc. In this book, we detail some current research being carried out to semantically represent the implicit and explicit structures on the Social Web, along with the techniques being used to elicit relevant knowledge from these structures, and we present the mechanisms that can be used to intelligently mesh these semantic representations with intelligent knowledge discovery processes. We begin this book with an overview of the origins of the Web, and then show how web intelligence can be derived from a combination of web and Social Web mining. We give an overview of the Social and Semantic Webs, followed by a description of the combined Social Semantic Web (along with some of the possibilities it affords), and the various semantic representation formats for the data created in social networks and on social media sites. Provenance and provenance mining is an important aspect here, especially when data is combined from multiple services. We will expand on the subject of provenance and especially its importance in relation to social data. We will describe extensions to social semantic vocabularies specifically designed for community mining purposes (SIOCM). In the last three chapters, we describe how the combination of web intelligence and social semantic data can be used to derive knowledge from the Social Web, starting at the community level (macro), and then moving through group mining (meso) to user profile mining (micro).
Techno-talk: An American Sign Language (ASL) Translator

In this paper, an accurate implementation of American Sign Language Translator is presented. It is a portable electronic hand glove to be used by any deaf/mute person to communicate effectively with the othesr who don't understand sign language. It provides the visual and audible output on an LCD and through a speaker respectively. This glove consists of five flex sensors that senses the variation in different signs, an accelerometer to distinguish between the static and dynamic signs, a contact sensor, Arduino Mega 2560 for processing of the data, VoiceBox shield, LCD and Speaker for the outputs. There exists a communication gap between the normal and the disabled people. A simpler, easier, useful and efficient solution to fill this void is presented in this paper.
Forth and AI revisited: BRAIN.FORTH

Six years ago in this journal we discussed the work of Arthur T. Murray, who endeavored to explore artificial intelligence using the Forth programming language . His creation, which he called MIND.FORTH, was interesting in its ability to understand English sentences in the form: subject-verb-object. It also had the capacity to learn new things and to form mental associations between recent experiences and older memories. In the intervening years, Mr. Murray has continued to develop his MIND.FORTH: he has translated it into Visual BASIC, PERL and Javascript, he has written a book [2] on the subject, and he maintains a wiki web site where anyone may suggest changes or extensions to his design . MIND.FORTH is necessarily complex and opaque by virtue of its functionality; therefore it may be challenging for a newcomer to grasp. However, the more dedicated student will find much of value in this code. Murray himself has become quite a controversial figure.
Condition monitoring system of Ubin Island micro-grid

Singapore has embarked a project to build a remote monitoring system for an existing micro-grid located at Ubin Island. This paper introduces the design of the monitoring system. In this monitoring system, the module level of PV and cell level of battery conditions will be monitored. All the measurements within the micro-grid will be synchronized by using GPS modules for better understanding the micro-grid. And the resolution of the measurements can be as high as 10 samples per cycle. Because of the micro-grid is an isolated system, a remote monitoring operation center will be built for the users to monitor the micro-grid.
Learning Adversarially Fair and Transferable Representations

As established in the previous sections, we can view the purpose of the adversary’s objective function as calculating a test discrepancy between Z0 and Z1 for a particular adversary h. Since the adversary is trying to maximize its objective, then a close-to-optimal adversary will have objectiveLAdv(h) close to the statistical distance betweenZ0 and Z1. Therefore, an optimal adversary can be thought of as regularizing our representations according to their statistical distance. It is essential for our model that the adversary is incentivized to reach as high a test discrepancy as possible, to fully penalize unfairness in the learned representations and in classifiers which may be learned from them.
Tunable Center Frequency Negative Group Delay Filter Using Coupling Matrix Approach

In this letter, a negative group delay filter (NGDF) with tunable center frequencies is presented. The proposed filter is designed using finite unloaded-Qu resonators based on the coupling matrix approach. The proposed NGDF does not require a lumped resistor to generate a negative group delay and has source-load and inter-resonator couplings. The center frequency of the filter is tuned by varying the bias voltage of the varactor diodes. The design theory for the proposed filter is validated experimentally through fabrication of a second-order NGDF at a center frequency of 2.14 GHz.
The Discrete Event Simulation Framework DESMO-J: Review, Comparison To Other Frameworks And Latest Development

This review paper focusses on DESMO-J, a comprehensive and stable Java-based open-source simulation library. DESMO-J is recommended in numerous academic publications for implementing discrete event simulation models for various applications. The library was integrated into several commercial software products. DESMO-J’s functional range and usability is continuously improved by the Department of Informatics of the University of Hamburg (Germany). The paper summarizes DESMO-J’s core functionality and important design decisions. It also compares DESMO-J to other discrete event simulation frameworks. Furthermore, latest developments and new opportunities are addressed in more detail. These include a) improvements relating to the quality and applicability of the software itself, e.g. a port to .NET, b) optional extension packages like visualization libraries and c) new components facilitating a more powerful and flexible simulation logic, like adaption to real time or a compact representation of production chains and similar queuing systems. Finally, the paper exemplarily describes how to apply DESMO-J to harbor logistics and business process modeling, thus providing insights into DESMO-J practice.
Using Support Vector Machines and Bayesian Filtering for Classifying Agent Intentions at Road Intersections

Classifying other agents’ intentions is a very complex task but it can be very essential in assisting (autonomous or human) agents in navigating safely in dynamic and possibly hostile environments. This paper introduces a classification approach based on support vector machines and Bayesian filtering (SVM-BF). It then applies it to a road intersection problem to assist a vehicle in detecting the intention of an approaching suspicious vehicle. The SVM-BF approach achieved very promising results.
A comparison between RSA and ElGamal based untraceable blind signature schemes

This paper presents a comparison between RSA and ElGamal based untraceable blind signature (BS) schemes through simulation. The objective is to provide a guideline while selecting either of them to develop an application. A BS scheme is a cryptographic protocol that can be used in cryptographic applications like electronic voting systems, electronic payment systems etc to conduct their privacy-related transactions anonymously but securely. While a user operates her electronic transactions employing a BS scheme over the internet, the BS scheme ensures the confidentiality of the secret message of the user. Besides, untraceability is a crucial criterion for any BS scheme because thereby the signer of this scheme is unable to link the message-signature pair after the BS has been revealed to the public. Two untraceable BS schemes: one is proposed by Hwang et al. and is based on RSA cryptosystem whereas the other is proposed by Lee et al. and is based on ElGamal cryptosystem have been chosen here for simulation. The outcome of the simulation model is the comparison of computation time requirement of blinding, singing, unblinding and verification phases of the chosen BS schemes.
Intelligent distributed fuzzy logic control system (IDFLCS) of a mecanum wheeled autonomous guided vehicle

A truly autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) must sense its surrounding environment and react accordingly. In order to maneuver an AGV autonomously, it has to overcome navigational and collision avoidance problems. Previous AGV control systems have relied on hand-coded algorithms for processing sensor information. An intelligent distributed fuzzy logic control system (IDFLCS) has been implemented in a mecanum wheeled AGV system in order to achieve improved reliability and to reduce complexity of the development of control systems. Fuzzy logic controllers have been used to achieve robust control of mechatronic systems by fusing multiple signals from noisy sensors, integrating the representation of human knowledge and implementing behaviour-based control using if-then rules. This paper presents an intelligent distributed controller that implements fuzzy logic on an AGV that uses four independently driven mecanum wheels, incorporating laser, inertial and ultrasound sensors. Distributed control system, fuzzy control strategy, navigation and motion control of such an AGV are presented.
A Study of Non-Abelian Public Key

Nonabelian group-based public key cryptography is a relatively new and exciting research field. Rapidly increasing computing power and the futurity quantum computers [52] that have since led to, the security of public key cryptosystems in use today, will be questioned. Research in new cryptographic methods is also imperative. Research on nonabelian group-based cryptosystems will become one of contemporary research priorities. Many innovative ideas for them have been presented for the past two decades, and many corresponding problems remain to be resolved. The purpose of this paper, is to present a survey of the nonabelian group-based public key cryptosystems with the corresponding problems of security. We hope that readers can grasp the trend that is examined in this study.
Smartphones usage in the classrooms: Learning aid or interference?

Many educational institutions, especially higher education institutions, are considering to embrace smartphones as part of learning aids in classes as most students (in many cases all students) not only own them but also are also attached to them. The main question is whether embracing smartphones in classroom teaching enhances the learning or perhaps an interference. This paper presents the finding of our study on embracing smartphone in classroom teaching. The study was carried out through a survey and interview/discussion with a focus group of students. We found that they use their smartphones to access teaching materials or supporting information, which are normally accessible through the Internet. Students use smartphones as learning aids due many reasons such as they provide convenience, portability, comprehensive learning experiences, multi sources and multitasks, and environmentally friendly. They also use smartphones to interact with teachers outside classes and using smartphones to manage their group assignments. However, integrating smartphones in a classroom-teaching environment is a challenging task. Lecturers may need to incorporate smartphones in teaching and learning to create attractive teaching and optimum interaction with students in classes while mitigating or at least minimising distractions that can be created. Some of the challenges are distraction, dependency, lacking hands on skills, and the reduce quality of face-to-face interaction. To avoid any disturbances in using smartphones within a classroom environment, proper rules of using smartphones in class should be established before teaching, and students need to abide to these rules.
Formatting Time-Aligned ASR Transcripts for Readability

We address the problem of formatting the output of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system for readability, while preserving wordlevel timing information of the transcript. Our system enriches the ASR transcript with punctuation, capitalization and properly written dates, times and other numeric entities, and our approach can be applied to other formatting tasks. The method we describe combines hand-crafted grammars with a class-based language model trained on written text and relies on Weighted Finite State Transducers (WFSTs) for the preservation of start and end time of each word.
Web Crawlers : Taxonomy , Issues & Challenges

with increase in the size of Web, the search engine relies on Web Crawlers to build and maintain the index of billions of pages for efficient searching. The creation and maintenance of Web indices is done by Web crawlers, the crawlers recursively traverses and downloads Web pages on behalf of search engines. The exponential growth of Web poses many challenges for crawlers.This paper makes an attempt to classify all the existing crawlers on certain parameters and also identifies the various challenges to web crawlers.  WWW, URL, Mobile Crawler, Mobile Agents, Web Crawler.
Biohybrid actuators for robotics: A review of devices actuated by living cells

Actuation is essential for artificial machines to interact with their surrounding environment and to accomplish the functions for which they are designed. Over the past few decades, there has been considerable progress in developing new actuation technologies. However, controlled motion still represents a considerable bottleneck for many applications and hampers the development of advanced robots, especially at small length scales. Nature has solved this problem using molecular motors that, through living cells, are assembled into multiscale ensembles with integrated control systems. These systems can scale force production from piconewtons up to kilonewtons. By leveraging the performance of living cells and tissues and directly interfacing them with artificial components, it should be possible to exploit the intricacy and metabolic efficiency of biological actuation within artificial machines. We provide a survey of important advances in this biohybrid actuation paradigm.
Brushless AC interior-permanent magnet motor design: Comparison of slot/pole combinations and distributed vs. concentrated windings

This paper compares the attributes of 36 slot, 33 slot and 12 slot brushless interior permanent magnet motor designs, each with an identical 10 pole interior magnet rotor. The aim of the paper is to quantify the trade-offs between alternative distributed and concentrated winding configurations taking into account aspects such as thermal performance, field weakening behaviour, acoustic noise, and efficiency. It is found that the concentrated 12 slot design gives the highest theoretical performance however significant rotor losses are found during testing and a large amount of acoustic noise and vibration is generated. The 33 slot design is found to have marginally better performance than the 36 slot but it also generates some unbalanced magnetic pull on the rotor which may lead to mechanical issues at higher speeds.