nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficiency and Sequenceability in Fair Division of Indivisible Goods with Additive Preferences

In fair division of indivisible goods, using sequences of sincere choices (or picking sequences) is a natural way to allocate the objects. The idea is the following: at each stage, a designated agent picks one object among those that remain. This paper, restricted to the case where the agents have numerical additive preferences over objects, revisits to some extent the seminal paper by Brams and King  which was specific to ordinal and linear order preferences over items. We point out similarities and differences with this latter context. In particular, we show that any Paretooptimal allocation (under additive preferences) is sequenceable, but that the converse is not true anymore. This asymmetry leads naturally to the definition of a “scale of efficiency” having three steps: Pareto-optimality, sequenceability without Paretooptimality, and non-sequenceability. Finally, we investigate the links between these efficiency properties and the “scale of fairness” we have described in an earlier work [7]: we first show that an allocation can be envy-free and non-sequenceable, but that every competitive equilibrium with equal incomes is sequenceable. Then we experimentally explore the links between the scales of efficiency and fairness.
Primitive myxoid mesenchymal tumor of infancy: a report of a further case with locally aggressive behavior.

We report a case of an 8-month-old child with a primitive myxoid mesenchymal tumor of infancy arising in the thenar eminence. The lesion recurred after conservative excision and was ultimately nonresponsive to chemotherapy, necessitating partial amputation. The patient remains free of disease 5 years after this radical surgery. This is the 1st report of such a tumor since it was initially described by Alaggio and colleagues in 2006. The pathologic differential diagnosis is discussed.
A fusion framework based on fuzzy integrals for passive-blind image tamper detection

The innate complexity and uncertainty in the domain of image forensics has made the application of fusion technology an obligatory requirement. Fuzzy integrals, that provide a meaningful formalism for combining different information sources has gained limited consideration in image forensics. The current paper presents a fuzzy integral based fusion framework for image tamper detection that can exploit the interaction between multiple forensic tools for collaborative decision making. Four tools that expose traces of semantic manipulation based on specific statistical cues are designed that work cohesively to allow detection of forgeries in single image (copy-move), composite image (splicing) and two generic artefacts (double JPEG compression and noise inconsistency). The measurement level fusion of tool outcome is carried out with Sugneo and Choquet integrals as the underlying aggregation operators. The classification competency of each tool is evaluated on a specialized dataset of forged images with the respective forgery trace. The empirical evaluation of the fusion framework for blind tamper detection is carried out on a combined master dataset comprising the various forgery traces under study. The Choquet integral based aggregation exhibits an enhanced classification competency on comparison with other fusion approaches like Feature level, Fuzzy Logic based on if-else rules, Behaviour Knowledge Space, Dempster-Shafer combination and classifier ensemble architecture based on Wolpkart’s stacked generalization.
Rational variability in children’s causal inferences: The Sampling Hypothesis

We present a proposal-"The Sampling Hypothesis"-suggesting that the variability in young children's responses may be part of a rational strategy for inductive inference. In particular, we argue that young learners may be randomly sampling from the set of possible hypotheses that explain the observed data, producing different hypotheses with frequencies that reflect their subjective probability. We test the Sampling Hypothesis with four experiments on 4- and 5-year-olds. In these experiments, children saw a distribution of colored blocks and an event involving one of these blocks. In the first experiment, one block fell randomly and invisibly into a machine, and children made multiple guesses about the color of the block, either immediately or after a 1-week delay. The distribution of guesses was consistent with the distribution of block colors, and the dependence between guesses decreased as a function of the time between guesses. In Experiments 2 and 3 the probability of different colors was systematically varied by condition. Preschoolers' guesses tracked the probabilities of the colors, as should be the case if they are sampling from the set of possible explanatory hypotheses. Experiment 4 used a more complicated two-step process to randomly select a block and found that the distribution of children's guesses matched the probabilities resulting from this process rather than the overall frequency of different colors. This suggests that the children's probability matching reflects sophisticated probabilistic inferences and is not merely the result of a naïve tabulation of frequencies. Taken together the four experiments provide support for the Sampling Hypothesis, and the idea that there may be a rational explanation for the variability of children's responses in domains like causal inference.
Improving Chain of Custody in Forensic Investigation of Electronic Digital Systems

Forensic investigators should acquire and analyze large amount of digital evidence and submit to the court the technical truth about facts in virtual worlds. Since digital evidence is complex, diffuse, volatile and can be accidentally or improperly modified after acquired, the chain of custody must ensure that collected evidence can be accepted as truthful by the court. In this scenario, traditional paper-based chain of custody is inefficient and cannot guarantee that the forensic processes follow legal and technical principles in an electronic society. Computer forensics practitioners use forensic software to acquire copies or images from electronic devices and register associated metadata, like computer hard disk serial number and practitioner name. Usually, chain of custody software and data are insufficient to guarantee to the court the quality of forensic images, or guarantee that only the right person had access to the evidence or even guarantee that copies and analysis only were made by authorized manipulations and in the acceptable addresses. Recent developments in forensic software make possible to collect in multiple locations and analysis in distributed environments. In this work we propose the use of the new network facilities existing in Advanced Forensic Format (AFF), an open and extensible format designed for forensic tolls, to increase the quality of electronic chain of custody.
Fine Grained Citation Span for References in Wikipedia

Verifiability is one of the core editing principles in Wikipedia, editors being encouraged to provide citations for the added content. For a Wikipedia article, determining the citation span of a citation, i.e. what content is covered by a citation, is important as it helps decide for which content citations are still missing. We are the first to address the problem of determining the citation span in Wikipedia articles. We approach this problem by classifying which textual fragments in an article are covered by a citation. We propose a sequence classification approach where for a paragraph and a citation, we determine the citation span at a finegrained level. We provide a thorough experimental evaluation and compare our approach against baselines adopted from the scientific domain, where we show improvement for all evaluation metrics.
A guide to the treatment of adults with ADHD.

While child and adolescent physicians are familiar with the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperac-tivity disorder (ADHD), many adult physicians have had little experience with the disorder. It is difficult to develop clinical skills in the management of residual adult manifestations of developmental disorders without clinical experience with their presentation in childhood. Adult patients are increasingly seeking treatment for the symptoms of ADHD, and physicians need practice guidelines. Adult ADHD often presents differently from childhood ADHD. Because adult ADHD can be comorbid with other disorders and has symptoms similar to those of other disorders, it is important to understand differential diagnoses. Physicians should work with patients to provide feedback about their symptoms, to educate them about ADHD, and to set treatment goals. Treatment for ADHD in adults should include a medication trial, restructuring of the patient's environment to make it more compatible with the symptoms of ADHD, and ongoing supportive management to address any residual impairment and to facilitate functional and developmental improvements.
The social strategy cone: Towards a framework for evaluating social media strategies

Social media is growing rapidly. Providing both risks and opportunities for organizations as it does. The social strategy cone is developed for evaluating social media strategies. This framework comprises of seven key elements of social media strategies as based on a systematic literature review and case studies. The results of 21 interviews have contributed to the construction of the social media strategy cone for analyzing social media strategies. Three levels of maturity of social media strategy are proposed: initia-
Effects of rest frames on cybersickness and oscillatory brain activity

Cybersickness is an undesirable side effect, which occurs when people experience in a virtual environment (VE). A number of studies have tried to find ways to control cybersickness and some of them have demonstrated that presenting rest frames in VE might be one promising method to reduce cybersickness. This study investigates the effects of rest frames on cybersickness and the cybersickness-related brain activities. Participants (n=22) were exposed to a roller coaster simulator in a VE, both under a rest frame condition and a nonrest frame condition, in counter-balanced order while undergoing EEG recordings. Participants who experienced less cybersickness in the rest frame condition showed characteristic oscillations in different EEG frequency bands compared to those of in the nonrest frame condition. Based on the level of cybersickness and oscillatory EEG changes, we suggest that rest frames may reduce or delay the onset of cybersickness by alleviating users' attention or perception load.
Reproducibility of ultrasound-derived muscle thickness and echo-intensity for the entire quadriceps femoris muscle.

Muscle thickness (MT) and muscle echo-intensity (EI) allow the study of skeletal muscle adaptive changes with ultrasound. This study investigates the intra- and inter-session reliability and agreement of MT and EI measurements for each of the four heads of the quadriceps femoris in transverse and longitudinal scans, using two sizes for the region of interest (ROI); EI measurements only.



Three B-mode images from two views were acquired from each head of quadriceps femoris from twenty participants (10 females) in two sessions, 7 days apart. EI was measured using a large and a small ROI. Reliability was examined with the mixed two-way intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of mean (SEM) and the smallest detectable change (SDC). Bland-Altman's plots were used to study agreement.



High to very high inter-session ICC values were found for MT for all muscle heads, particularly for measurements from transverse scans. For EI measurement, ICC values ranged from low to high, with higher ICC values seen with the largest ROI. SDC values ranged between 0.19 and 0.53 cm for MT and between 3.73 and 18.56 arbitrary units (a.u.) for two ROIs. Good agreement existed between MT measurements made in both scans. A small bias and larger 95% limits of agreement were seen for EI measurements collected with the two ROI sizes.



Ultrasound measures of MT and EI show moderate to very high reliability. The reliability and agreement of MT and EI measurements are improved in transverse scans and with larger ROIs.
A new Web cache replacement algorithm

In recent research, the problem of document replacement in Web caches has received much interest. Web caches are different from system/processor caches because web caches have several additional criteria (frequency and recentness of pages, size of a document, cost of fetching a document etc.). It has been shown that, the classical LRU replacement policy performs poorly in Web caches because the above criteria decrease hit rate and increase eviction latency and access latency of Web request. Moreover, in order to implement the classical and novel schemes, one needs to maintain complex data structures and the operations of the data structures lead net traffic jam. The current randomized algorithms don't perform constantly well. We propose a randomized algorithm that avoids the need for any data structure and performs constantly well. In this paper, a new randomized algorithm approximating random replacement (RR) and least recently used (LRU) scheme is introduced for page replacement in caches. The basic version of the new proposed algorithm performs as follows: bins are logical division in cache and number of bins depends on percentage of error acceptable for approximation. When a new page is to be evicted from the cache, the algorithm randomly selects a bin containing pages (old, new, or both type of pages). After searching for an old page randomly in the selected bin, it replaces the old page, if there any, with the new page. Otherwise it selects another bin randomly and continues in the same manner. The algorithm can easily be implemented without using any complex data structure. It also reduces the response time effectively. Experiment shows that the algorithm performs better while being used in Web caches.
Changes in carotenoids during processing and storage of foods.

Being highly unsaturated, carotenoids are susceptible to isomerization and oxidation during processing and storage of foods. Isomerization of trans-carotenoids to cis-carotenoids, promoted by contact with acids, heat treatment and exposure to light, diminishes the color and the vitamin A activity of carotenoids. The major cause of carotenoid loss, however, is enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation, which depends on the availability of oxygen and the carotenoid structure. It is stimulated by light, heat, some metals, enzymes and peroxides and is inhibited by antioxidants. Data on percentage losses of carotenoids during food processing and storage are somewhat conflicting, but carotenoid degradation is known to increase with the destruction of the food cellular structure, increase of surface area or porosity, length and severity of the processing conditions, storage time and temperature, transmission of light and permeability to O2 of the packaging. Contrary to lipid oxidation, for which the mechanism is well established, the oxidation of carotenoids is not well understood. It involves initially epoxidation, formation of apocarotenoids and hydroxylation. Subsequent fragmentations presumably result in a series of compounds of low molecular masses. Completely losing its color and biological activities, the carotenoids give rise to volatile compounds which contribute to the aroma/flavor, desirable in tea and wine and undesirable in dehydrated carrot. Processing can also influence the bioavailability of carotenoids, a topic that is currently of great interest.
Smart STEM-Driven Computer Science Education

Based on the thorough analysis of the literature, Chap. 1 introduces readers with challenges of STEM-driven education in general and those challenges caused by the use of this paradigm in computer science (CS) education in particular. This analysis enables to motivate our approach we discuss throughout the book. Chapter 1 also formulates objectives, research agenda and topics this book addresses. The objectives of the book are to discuss the concepts and approaches enabling to transform the current CS education paradigm into the STEM-driven one at the school and, to some extent, at the university. We seek to implement this transformation through the integration of the STEM pedagogy, the smart content and smart devices and educational robots into the smart STEM-driven environment, using reuse-based approaches taken from software engineering and CS.
Cost-Aware Collaborative Filtering for Travel Tour Recommendations

Advances in tourism economics have enabled us to collect massive amounts of travel tour data. If properly analyzed, this data could be a source of rich intelligence for providing real-time decision making and for the provision of travel tour recommendations. However, tour recommendation is quite different from traditional recommendations, because the tourist’s choice is affected directly by the travel costs, which includes both financial and time costs. To that end, in this article, we provide a focused study of cost-aware tour recommendation. Along this line, we first propose two ways to represent user cost preference. One way is to represent user cost preference by a two-dimensional vector. Another way is to consider the uncertainty about the cost that a user can afford and introduce a Gaussian prior to model user cost preference. With these two ways of representing user cost preference, we develop different cost-aware latent factor models by incorporating the cost information into the probabilistic matrix factorization (PMF) model, the logistic probabilistic matrix factorization (LPMF) model, and the maximum margin matrix factorization (MMMF) model, respectively. When applied to real-world travel tour data, all the cost-aware recommendation models consistently outperform existing latent factor models with a significant margin.
Darwin: a neuromorphic hardware co-processor based on Spiking Neural Networks

Broadly speaking, the goal of neuromorphic engineering is to build computer systems that mimic the brain. Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is a type of biologically-inspired neural networks that perform information processing based on discrete-time spikes, different from traditional Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Hardware implementation of SNNs is necessary for achieving high-performance and low-power. We present the Darwin Neural Processing Unit (NPU), a neuromorphic hardware co-processor based on SNN implemented with digitallogic, supporting a maximum of 2048 neurons, 20482 = 4194304 synapses, and 15 possible synaptic delays. The Darwin NPU was fabricated by standard 180 nm CMOS technology with an area size of 5 ×5 mm2 and 70 MHz clock frequency at the worst case. It consumes 0.84 mW/MHz with 1.8 V power supply for typical applications. Two prototype applications are used to demonstrate the performance and efficiency of the hardware implementation. 脉冲神经网络(SNN)是一种基于离散神经脉冲进行信息处理的人工神经网络。本文提出的“达尔文”芯片是一款基于SNN的类脑硬件协处理器。它支持神经网络拓扑结构,神经元与突触各种参数的灵活配置,最多可支持2048个神经元,四百万个神经突触及15个不同的突触延迟。该芯片采用180纳米CMOS工艺制造,面积为5x5平方毫米,最坏工作频率达到70MHz,1.8V供电下典型应用功耗为0.84mW/MHz。基于该芯片实现了两个应用案例,包括手写数字识别和运动想象脑电信号分类。
Generalisation in humans and deep neural networks

We compare the robustness of humans and current convolutional deep neural networks (DNNs) on object recognition under twelve different types of image degradations. First, using three well known DNNs (ResNet-152, VGG-19, GoogLeNet) we find the human visual system to be more robust to nearly all of the tested image manipulations, and we observe progressively diverging classification error-patterns between humans and DNNs when the signal gets weaker. Secondly, we show that DNNs trained directly on distorted images consistently surpass human performance on the exact distortion types they were trained on, yet they display extremely poor generalisation abilities when tested on other distortion types. For example, training on salt-and-pepper noise does not imply robustness on uniform white noise and vice versa. Thus, changes in the noise distribution between training and testing constitutes a crucial challenge to deep learning vision systems that can be systematically addressed in a lifelong machine learning approach. Our new dataset consisting of 83K carefully measured human psychophysical trials provide a useful reference for lifelong robustness against image degradations set by the human visual system.
Coreference and Modality

The prevailing view on meaning in logical semantics from its inception at the end of the nineteenth century until the beginning of the eighties has been one which is aptly summarized in the slogan ‘meaning equals truth conditions’. This view on meaning is one which can rightly be labeled static: it describes the meaning relation between linguistic expressions and the world as a static relation, one which may itself change through time, but which does not bring about any change itself. For non-sentential expressions (nouns, verbs, modifiers, etc.) the same goes through: in accordance with the principle of compositionality of meaning, their meaning resides in their contribution to the truth-conditions of the sentences in which they occur. In most cases this contribution consists in what they denote (refer to), hence the slogan can be extended to ‘meaning equals denotation conditions’. Of course, although this view on meaning was the prevailing one for almost a century, many of the people who initiated the enterprise of logical semantics, including people like Frege and Wittgenstein, had an open eye for all that it did not catch. However, the logical means which Frege, Wittgenstein, Russell, and the generation that succeeded them, had at their disposal were those of classical mathematical logic and set-theory, and these indeed are not very suited for an analysis of other aspects of meaning than those which the slogan covers. A real change in view then had to await the emergence of other concepts, which in due course became available mainly under the influence of developments in computer science and cognate disciplines such as artificial intelligence. And this is one of the reasons why it took almost a century before any serious and successful challenge of the view that meaning equals truthconditions from within logical semantics could emerge. The static view on meaning was, of course, already challenged from the outside, but in most cases such attacks started from premises which are quite alien to the logical semantics enterprise as such, and hence failed to bring about any radical changes. An important development has been that of speech act theory, originating from the work of Austin, and worked out systematically by Searle and
Slow-Wave Line Coupler With Interdigital Capacitor Loading

In this study, a full-wave-based circuit model of an interdigital capacitor in the form of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) configuration is studied by using numerical thru-reflect-line calibration techniques, which can easily be combined with commercial electromagnetic simulation software. Subsequently, a slow-wave line coupler is proposed and realized for size miniaturization by loading different interdigital capacitors onto a coupled CPW line, which has equal phase velocities for both odd and even modes. An experimental prototype is fabricated, and measured results show a good agreement with simulated ones, thereby demonstrating an excellent performance.