nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of synesthesia : activation of V 4 / V 8 by spoken words

untarily and automatically, a sensation in another: thus, in ‘colored hearing’, hearing words induces sensations of color1. Positron-emission tomography (PET) has shown in colored-hearing synesthetes the activation by speech of regions of visual association cortex not activated in controls, without significant activation of lower visual areas, including areas V1, V2 or V4/V8 (ref. 2). If synesthetic color experience is similar to true color percepts, however, one can more specifically predict activation of the human ‘color center’, called V4 (refs. 3, 4) or V8 (ref. 5). Using the greater spatial resolution and sensitivity of fMRI, we tested this prediction by comparing brain activation patterns elicited by spoken words versus tones in synesthetes and controls. We also determined whether primary visual cortex (areas V1 and V2) was active during colored-hearing synesthesia. Lack of V1/V2 activity would suggest the generation of conscious visual percepts without contribution from primary visual cortex6–8. Specifically, we compared the activation pattern in synesthetes hearing words to those observed in response to seen colors both in a group of non-synesthetes for whom the latter data were already9 available (Experiment 1) and, in a within-subject design, in synesthetes themselves (Experiment 2). To control for the possibility that synesthetes might have an unusual topography of the visual areas, we also compared the regions activated by seen colors in these subjects and in non-synesthetes. In Experiment 3, we investigated whether normal subjects imagining colors show activation of a similar kind to that observed when synesthetes spontaneously Functional magnetic resonance imaging of synesthesia: activation of V4/V8 by spoken words
Affiliate Crookies: Characterizing Affiliate Marketing Abuse

Modern affiliate marketing networks provide an infrastructure for connecting merchants seeking customers with independent marketers (affiliates) seeking compensation. This approach depends on Web cookies to identify, at checkout time, which affiliate should receive a commission. Thus, scammers ``stuff'' their own cookies into a user's browser to divert this revenue. This paper provides a measurement-based characterization of cookie-stuffing fraud in online affiliate marketing. We use a custom-built Chrome extension, AffTracker, to identify affiliate cookies and use it to gather data from hundreds of thousands of crawled domains which we expect to be targeted by fraudulent affiliates. Overall, despite some notable historical precedents, we found cookie-stuffing fraud to be relatively scarce in our data set. Based on what fraud we detected, though, we identify which categories of merchants are most targeted and which third-party affiliate networks are most implicated in stuffing scams. We find that large affiliate networks are targeted significantly more than merchant-run affiliate programs. However, scammers use a wider range of evasive techniques to target merchant-run affiliate programs to mitigate the risk of detection suggesting that in-house affiliate programs enjoy stricter policing.
Proxy Graph: Visual Quality Metrics of Big Graph Sampling

Data sampling has been extensively studied for large scale graph mining. Many analyses and tasks become more efficient when performed on graph samples of much smaller size. The use of proxy objects is common in software engineering for analysis and interaction with heavy objects or systems. In this paper, we coin the term ’proxy graph’ and empirically investigate how well a proxy graph visualization can represent a big graph. Our investigation focuses on proxy graphs obtained by sampling; this is one of the most common proxy approaches. Despite the plethora of data sampling studies, this is the first evaluation of sampling in the context of graph visualization. For an objective evaluation, we propose a new family of quality metrics for visual quality of proxy graphs. Our experiments cover popular sampling techniques. Our experimental results lead to guidelines for using sampling-based proxy graphs in visualization.
Morphology, development and probable systematic position of Cercariaeum crassum Wesenberg-Lund, 1934 (Digenea), a parasite of Pisidium amnicum in eastern Finland

Cercariaeum crassum Wesenberg-Lund, 1934 is redescribed at the cercariaeum stage and the daughter-rediae and cercaria are also described on the basis of new material from Pisidium amnicum collected in the Liikasepuro River (eastern Finland). The species is allocated to the family Allocreadiidae, although its generic affiliation remains unknown. The probable life-cycle (based on the developmental stages observed in daughter-redia) appears to eliminate the cercarial stage and, instead, a cercariaeum (a type of cercaria without a tail) may develop directly from germ balls or, rarely, through the stages of an ophthalmoxiphidiocercaria that transforms into a young caudate cercariaeum. Their morphology and development are shown to be consistent with the family Allocreadiidae. The probable lack of a second intermediate host in the life-cycle is discussed.
Visualizing Software Systems as Cities

This paper presents a 3D visualization approach which gravitates around the city metaphor, i.e., an object-oriented software system is represented as a city that can be traversed and interacted with: the goal is to give the viewer a sense of locality to ease program comprehension. The key point in conceiving a realistic software city is to map the information about the source code in meaningful ways in order to take the approach beyond beautiful pictures. We investigated several concepts that contribute to the urban feeling, such as appropriate layouts, topology, and facilities to ease navigation and interaction. We experimented our approach on a number of systems, and present our findings.
Automatic test case generation for unit software testing using genetic algorithm and mutation analysis

Software Engineers waste a lot of their time in the process of software testing. It also has been seen in the industries that a lot of money is depleting on the software process. In software testing process we apply test cases as input and check for final output. So our first concern is to choose the appropriate test cases for the software testing process. To give the correct output, it is very difficult to choose test cases. So generation of the test cases is a NP problem. To generate automatic test cases many nature inspired optimization algorithms have been used. These nature inspired optimization algorithms help to generate appropriate test cases. In this paper for generating automatic test cases genetic algorithm and mutation analysis had been used.
ATP released from β‐amyloid-stimulated microglia induces reactive oxygen species production in an autocrine fashion

Present study demonstrated that fibrillar β-amyloid peptide (fAβ1-42) induced ATP release, which in turn activated NADPH oxidase via the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in fAβ1-42-treated microglia appeared to require Ca2+ influx from extracellular sources, because ROS generation was abolished to control levels in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Considering previous observation of superoxide generation by Ca2+ influx through P2X7R in microglia, we hypothesized that ROS production in fAβ-stimulated microglia might be mediated by ATP released from the microglia. We therefore examined whether fAβ1-42-induced Ca2+ influx was mediated through P2X7R activation. In serial experiments, we found that microglial pretreatment with the P2X7R antagonists Pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'- disulfonate (100 µM) or oxidized ATP (100 µM) inhibited fAβ-induced Ca2+ influx and reduced ROS generation to basal levels. Furthermore, ATP efflux from fAβ1-42-stimulated microglia was observed, and apyrase treatment decreased the generation of ROS. These findings provide conclusive evidence that fAβ-stimulated ROS generation in microglial cells is regulated by ATP released from the microglia in an autocrine manner.
SESSION on CAVITATION AND RECIRCULATION FIELD PROBLEMS TUTORIAL LEADER

High reliability and large rangeability are required of pumps in existing and new plants which must be capable of reliable on-off cycling operations and specially low load duties. The reliability and rangeability target is a new task for the pump designer/researcher and is made very challenging by the cavitation and/or suction recirculation effects, first of all the pump damage. The present knowledge about the: a) design critical parameters and their optimization, b) field problems diagnosis and troubleshooting has much advanced, in the very latest years. The objective of the pump manufacturer is to develop design solutions and troubleshooting approaches which improve the impeller life as related to cavitation erosion and enlarge the reliable operating range by minimizing the effects of the suction recirculation. This paper gives a short description of several field cases characterized by different damage patterns and other symptoms related with cavitation and/or suction recirculation. The troubleshooting methodology is described in detail, also focusing on the role of both the pump designer and the pump user.
t-FFD: free-form deformation by using triangular mesh

A new method of free-form deformation, t-FFD, is proposed. An original shape of large-scale polygonal mesh or point-cloud is deformed by using a control mesh, which is constituted of a set of triangles with arbitrary topology and geometry, including the cases of disconnection or self-intersection. For modeling purposes, a designer can handle the shape directly or indirectly, and also locally or globally. This method works on a simple mapping mechanism. First, each point of the original shape is parametrized by the local coordinate system on each triangle of the control mesh. After modifying the control mesh, the point is mapped according to each modified triangle. Finally, the mapped locations are blended as a new position of the original point, then a smoothly deformed shape is achieved. Details of the t-FFD are discussed and examples are shown.
Flotation separation of waste plastics for recycling-A review.

The sharp increase of plastic wastes results in great social and environmental pressures, and recycling, as an effective way currently available to reduce the negative impacts of plastic wastes, represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today. Froth flotation is a promising method to solve the key problem of recycling process, namely separation of plastic mixtures. This review surveys recent literature on plastics flotation, focusing on specific features compared to ores flotation, strategies, methods and principles, flotation equipments, and current challenges. In terms of separation methods, plastics flotation is divided into gamma flotation, adsorption of reagents, surface modification and physical regulation.
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping with Stereo Vision

In the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem, a mobile robot must build a map of its environment while simultaneously determining its location within that map. We propose a new algorithm, for visual SLAM (VSLAM), in which the robot's only sensory information is video imagery. Our approach combines stereo vision with a popular sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) algorithm, the Rao-Blackwellised particle filter, to simultaneously explore multiple hypotheses about the robot's six degree-of-freedom trajectory through space and maintain a distinct stochastic map for each of those candidate trajectories. We demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness in mapping a large outdoor virtual reality environment in the presence of odometry error
A novel self-oscillating, boost-derived DC-DC converter with load regulation

This paper proposes a novel self-oscillating, boost-derived (SOBD) dc-dc converter with load regulation. This proposed topology utilizes saturable cores (SCs) to offer self-oscillating and output regulation capabilities. Conventionally, the self-oscillating dc transformer (SODT) type of scheme can be implemented in a very cost-effective manner. The ideal dc transformer provides both input and output currents as pure, ripple-free dc quantities. However, the structure of an SODT-type converter will not provide regulation, and its oscillating frequency will change in accordance with the load. The proposed converter with SCs will allow output-voltage regulation to be accomplished by varying only the control current between the transformers, as occurs in a pulse-width modulation (PWM) converter. A control network that combines PWM schemes with a regenerative function is used for this converter. The optimum duty cycle is implemented to achieve low levels of input- and output-current ripples, which are characteristic of an ideal dc transformer. The oscillating frequency will spontaneously be kept near-constant, regardless of the load, without adding any auxiliary or compensation circuits. The typical voltage waveforms of the transistors are found to be close to quasisquare. The switching surges are well suppressed, and the voltage stress of the component is well clamped. The turn-on/turn-off of the switch is zero-voltage switching (ZVS), and its resonant transition can occur over a wide range of load current levels. A prototype circuit of an SOBD converter shows 86% efficiency at 48-V input, with 12-V, 100-W output, and presents an operating frequency of 100 kHz.
Online Semantic Activity Forecasting with DARKO

Imagine your daily activities. Perhaps you will be at home today, relaxing and completing chores. Maybe you are a scientist, and plan to conduct a long series of experiments in a laboratory. You might work in an office building: you walk about your floor, greeting others, getting coffee, preparing documents, etc. There are many activities you perform regularly in large environments. If a system understood your intentions it could help you achieve your goals, or automate aspects of your environment. More generally, an understanding of human intentions would benefit, and is perhaps prerequisite for, AI systems that assist and augment human capabilities. We present a framework that continuously forecasts long-term spatial and semantic intentions (what you will do and where you will go) of a first-person camera wearer. We term our algorithm “Demonstrating Agent Rewards for K-futures Online” (DARKO). We use a first-person camera to meet the challenge of observing the wearer’s behavior everywhere.  DARKO forecasts multiple quantities: (1) the user intends to go to the shower (out of all possible destinations in their house), (2) their trajectory through  Forecasting future behavior from first-person video. The overhead map shows where the person is likely to go, predicted from the first frame. Each s
Individual differences and usage behavior: revisiting a technology acceptance model assumption

A critical assumption of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is that its belief constructs - perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU) - fully mediate the influence of external variables on IT usage behavior. If this assumption is true, researchers can effectively "assume away" the effects of broad categories of external variables, those relating to the specific task, the technology, and user differences. One recent study did indeed find that belief constructs fully mediated individual differences, and its authors suggest that further studies with similar results could pave the way for simpler acceptance models that ignore such differences. To test the validity of these authors' results, we conducted a similar study to determine the effect of staff seniority, age, and education level on usage behavior. Our study involved 106 professional and administrative staff in the IT division of a large manufacturing company who voluntarily use email and word processing. We found that these individual user differences have significant direct effects on both the frequency and volume of usage. These effects are beyond the indirect effects as mediated through the TAM belief constructs. Thus, rather than corroborating the recent study, our findings underscore the importance of users' individual differences and suggest that TAM's belief constructs are accurate but incomplete predictors of usage behavior.
Market research for requirements analysis using linguistic tools

Numerous studies in recent months have proposed the use of linguistic instruments to support requirements analysis. There are two main reasons for this: (i) the progress made in natural language processing and (ii) the need to provide the developers of software systems with support in the early phases of requirements definition and conceptual modelling. This paper presents the results of an online market research intended (a) to assess the economic advantages of developing a CASE (computer-aided software engineering) tool that integrates linguistic analysis techniques for documents written in natural language, and (b) to verify the existence of the potential demand for such a tool. The research included a study of the language – ranging from completely natural to highly restricted – used in documents available for requirements analysis, an important factor given that on a technological level there is a trade-off between the language used and the performance of the linguistic instruments. To determine the potential demand for such tool, some of the survey questions dealt with the adoption of development methodologies and consequently with models and support tools; other questions referred to activities deemed critical by the companies involved. Through statistical correspondence analysis of the responses, we were able to outline two “profiles” of companies that correspond to two potential market niches, which are characterised by their very different approach to software development.
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism: therapeutic potential in acute heart failure syndromes.

Acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) are a heterogeneous group of commonly encountered and difficult to manage clinical syndromes associated with high morbidity and mortality. Dyspnoea, pulmonary, and systemic congestion often characterize AHFS due to acutely elevated intracardiac filling pressures and fluid overload. Diuresis, respiratory support, vasodilator therapy, and gradual attenuation of the activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are the keystones of AHFS management. Despite available therapies, post-discharge mortality and re-hospitalization rates remain unacceptably high in AHFS. Neurohumoral-mediated cardiorenal dysfunction and congestion may contribute to these high event rates. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) serve a dual therapeutic role by enhancing diuresis and attenuating the pathological effects of RAAS and SNS activation. Although these agents are indicated in patients with chronic, severe heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF/REF) and in patients with HF/REF post-myocardial infarction (MI), they have not been systematically studied in patients with AHFS. The purpose of this review is to explore the potential efficacy and safety of MRAs in AHFS.
Charles Edward Beevor (1854–1908)

JO N 89 Charles Edward Beevor was born in London in 1854, and educated at the Blackheath Proprietary School and University College, London. He received his medical training at University College Hospital, took the diploma of MRCS. Eng. in 1878, and graduated MB in the University of London in 1879, and MD in 1881. He obtained the diploma of MRCP Lond. in 1882, and was elected as Fellow in 1888. He became Resident Medical Officer at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen Square, where he was subsequently elected Assistant Physician, then became Physician. He also had studied in Vienna, Leipzig, and Berlin, and was for a good many years Physician to the Great Northern Central Hospital . It is well known that he worked with Sir Victor Horsley in much of his research, especially on cerebral localization. Beevor became Treasurer of the Neurological Society of the United Kingdom for the year 1902, VicePresident in 1905 and President in 1907. His presidential address to the Neurological Society concerned the cerebral arterial supply and was published in Brain in 1907 , the journal for which he served on the editorial board assisting Henry Head. According to his obituary, Beevor attended the annual dinner of the Royal Society of Medicine on 4 December 1908, apparently still in good health but in the early hours of the next day his tragic,sudden death occurred from atheromatous disease of the coronary arteries. The name Beevor is associated with the neurological sign of “an upward migration of the umbilicus in the act of sitting up from supine position due to weakness of the lower half of the rectus abdominis”. This is regarded as a reliable sign indicating lesions at the level of the T10–12 spinal cord and/or roots. Beevor described this finding in his 100-page monograph entitled The Croonian Lectures on Muscular Movements and their Representation in the Central Nervous System, published in 1904 . The essential part of his description about the umbilical movements appears in the section “Movements of the Spinal Column” on page 40, in which he stated “I observed a symptom which enables the investigator to tell if there is any weakness of the upper or lower parts of the recti. This symptom is the movement of the umbilicus. In health, in the movement of sitting up the umbilicus dose not alter its position, but if from a lesion of the recti below the umbilicus be paralysed, the normal upper part of the recti will draw up the umbilicus, sometimes to the extent of an inch. As the abdominal wall at the level of the umbilicus is supplied by the tenth dorsal root, any marked elevation of the umbilicus in the act of sitting up would Received: October 2000  5 December 2000
Application of Deep Learning Neural Network for Classification of TB lung CT Images based on Patches

In this work, convolutional neural network (CNN) is applied to classify the five types of Tuberculosis (TB) lung CT images. In doing so, each image has been segmented into rectangular patches with side width and high varying between 20 and 55 pixels, which are later normalised into 30x30 pixels. While classifying TB types, six instead of five categories are distinguished. Group 6 houses those patches/segments that are common to most of the other types, or background. In this way, while each 3D dataset only has less than 10% distinguishable volumes that are applied to perform the training, the rest remains part of the learning cycle by participating to the classification, leading to an automated process to differentiation of five types of TB. When tested against 300 datasets, the Kappa value is 0.2187, ranking 5 among 23 submissions. However, the accuracy value of ACC is 0.4067, the highest in this competition of classification of TB types.
AdaPT: Real-time adaptive pedestrian tracking for crowded scenes

We present a novel realtime algorithm to compute the trajectory of each pedestrian in a crowded scene. Our formulation is based on an adaptive scheme that uses a combination of deterministic and probabilistic trackers to achieve high accuracy and efficiency simultaneously. Furthermore, we integrate it with a multi-agent motion model and local interaction scheme to accurately compute the trajectory of each pedestrian. We highlight the performance and benefits of our algorithm on well-known datasets with tens of pedestrians.