nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An efficient method of occluded solder ball segmentation for automated BGA void defect inspection using X-ray images

One challenge concerning the reliability of ball grid array (BGA) packages assembly is to detect the void defects occurring inside solder balls. Additionally, for use in mass production, an automated inspection system has increasingly become an attractive solution. In practice, the first procedure of this system is required to segment the individual solder balls from the background. Here, we have proposed the efficient method to analyze the X-ray images obtained from arbitrary rotating angles of a printed circuit board (PCB). Specifically, we have succeeded in dealing with the general pattern of solder balls arrangement by applying the Delaunay triangulation technique and verifying the unit cell of periodic lattice. The proposed method is robust against occluded balls caused by some interference and outperforms the conventional method in term of yielding higher accuracy of solder ball segmentation and lower processing time. These conclusions were confirmed by our experiments.
Contraception and sexual health in obese women.

As the proportion of women with obesity increases worldwide, understanding the influence of body weight on sexual behavior, fertility, and contraceptive effectiveness is critical for health-care professionals and patients. Although many have theorized that obese women are different from normal-weight women regarding sexual health and behavior, current evidence for the most part disproves this. The exception is in adolescents where body image may play a role in riskier behavior, placing them at a greater risk of an unintended pregnancy. Given that most modern contraceptives were not originally evaluated in obese women, understanding how weight affects contraceptive pharmacokinetics and efficacy should be a focus of ongoing research. Evidence is reassuring that most modern contraceptive methods are safe and effective in obese women. This paper reviews what is known about sexual and contraceptive behavior, as well as the effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of modern contraceptives, for overweight and obese women.
A community effort to assess and improve drug sensitivity prediction algorithms

Predicting the best treatment strategy from genomic information is a core goal of precision medicine. Here we focus on predicting drug response based on a cohort of genomic, epigenomic and proteomic profiling data sets measured in human breast cancer cell lines. Through a collaborative effort between the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Dialogue on Reverse Engineering Assessment and Methods (DREAM) project, we analyzed a total of 44 drug sensitivity prediction algorithms. The top-performing approaches modeled nonlinear relationships and incorporated biological pathway information. We found that gene expression microarrays consistently provided the best predictive power of the individual profiling data sets; however, performance was increased by including multiple, independent data sets. We discuss the innovations underlying the top-performing methodology, Bayesian multitask MKL, and we provide detailed descriptions of all methods. This study establishes benchmarks for drug sensitivity prediction and identifies approaches that can be leveraged for the development of new methods.
Design of discrete time notch filter for biomedical applications

The challenge in obtaining accurate recordings of biomedical signals such as EEG and ECG is to deal with the interference that is caused due to power line, which is a low frequency signal at 50Hz/60Hz. In order to yield accurate readings from ECG/EEG there is a need to eliminate this interfering signal. This paper presents the design of discrete-time notch filter to eliminate 60Hz, The filter is implemented in CMOS 180nm technology. The Tow-Thomas topology is used for the implementation of the filter which includes fully differential operational amplifier and switched capacitor based resistors. The conventional approach of filter design i.e continuous time approach using resistors consumed large silicon area, hence a discrete time approach is presented in this paper which replaces the resistors by switched-capacitor network. The results of discrete time filter show a notch depth of 62.3dB consuming power of 9.936μΨ. The design is simulated using Cadence Virtuoso and the post layout simulations are presented.
LIME: A Method for Low-light IMage Enhancement

When one captures images in low-light conditions, the images often suffer from low visibility. This poor quality may significantly degrade the performance of many computer vision and multimedia algorithms that are primarily designed for high-quality inputs. In this paper, we propose a very simple and effective method, named as LIME, to enhance low-light images. More concretely, the illumination of each pixel is first estimated individually by finding the maximum value in R, G and B channels. Further, we refine the initial illumination map by imposing a structure prior on it, as the final illumination map. Having the well-constructed illumination map, the enhancement can be achieved accordingly. Experiments on a number of challenging real-world low-light images are present to reveal the efficacy of our LIME and show its superiority over several state-of-the-arts.
Why Artificial Intelligence Needs a Task Theory - And What It Might Look Like

The concept of “task” is at the core of artificial intelligence (AI): Tasks are used for training and evaluating AI systems, which are built in order to perform and automatize tasks we deem useful. In other fields of engineering theoretical foundations allow thorough evaluation of designs by methodical manipulation of well understood parameters with a known role and importance; this allows an aeronautics engineer, for instance, to systematically assess the effects of wind speed on an airplane’s performance and stability. No framework exists in AI that allows this kind of methodical manipulation: Performance results on the few tasks in current use (cf. board games, question-answering) cannot be easily compared, however similar or different. The issue is even more acute with respect to artificial general intelligence systems, which must handle unanticipated tasks whose specifics cannot be known beforehand. A task theory would enable addressing tasks at the class level, bypassing their specifics, providing the appropriate formalization and classification of tasks, environments, and their parameters, resulting in more rigorous ways of measuring, comparing, and evaluating intelligent behavior. Even modest improvements in this direction would surpass the current ad-hoc nature of machine learning and AI evaluation. Here we discuss the main elements of the argument for a task theory and present an outline of what it might look like for physical tasks.
Automatic detection of bad programming habits in scratch: A preliminary study

Using the Scratch environment as a tool to teach programming skills or develop computational thinking is increasingly common in all levels of education, well-documented case studies from primary school to university can be found. However, there are reports that indicate that students learning to program in this environment show certain habits that are contrary to the basic programming recommendations. In our work as instructors with high school students, we have detected these and other bad practices, such as the repetition of code and object naming, on a regular basis. This paper focuses on verifying whether these issues can generally be found in the Scratch community, by analyzing a large number of projects available on the Scratch community website. To test this hypothesis, we downloaded 100 projects and analyzed them with two plug-ins we developed to automatically detect these bad practices. The plug-ins extend the functionality of the Hairball tool, a static code analyzer for Scratch projects. The results obtained show that, in general, projects in the repository also incur in the investigated malpractices. Along with suggestions for future work, some ideas that might assist to address such situations are proposed in the conclusions of the paper.
An investigation on the unwillingness of nodes to participate in mobile delay tolerant network routing

Message routing in mobile delay tolerant networks inherently relies on the cooperation between nodes. In most existing routing protocols, the participation of nodes in the routing process is taken as granted. However, in reality, nodes can be unwilling to participate. We first show in this paper the impact of the unwillingness of nodes to participate in existing routing protocols through a set of experiments. Results show that in the presence of even a small proportion of nodes that do not forward messages, performance is heavily degraded. We then analyze two major reasons of the unwillingness of nodes to participate, i.e., their rational behavior (also called selfishness) and their wariness of disclosing private mobility information. Our main contribution in this paper is to survey the existing related research works that overcome these two issues. We provide a classification of the existing approaches for protocols that deal with selfish behavior. We then conduct experiments to compare the performance of these strategies for preventing different types of selfish behavior. For protocols that preserve the privacy of users, we classify the existing approaches and provide an analytical comparison of their security guarantees.
A Falling Detection System with wireless sensor for the Elderly People Based on Ergnomics

Fall detection is an important problem in the application research of wireless sensor. The paper presents wireless sensor architecture based human falling detection system especially for elderly people. The falling detection system is implemented using 3-axis acceleration sensor to measures and collects the elderly people activities acceleration and transfer data by zigbee-3G network to remote medical monitoring system platform, which makes a preprocessing method that suspected data is acquired based on one -class SVM classification algorithm. The algorithm analyzed different action which expended different threshold ranges of energy to judgment, and then analyzed the special temporal speed, displacement and angle as an auxiliary criterion for judgment. The experiments show that the application can offer a new guarantee for the elderly health.
Functional relationships of phytoene synthase 1 alleles on chromosome 7A controlling flour colour variation in selected Australian wheat genotypes

Flour colour measured as a Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) b* value is an important wheat quality attribute for a range of end-products, with genes and enzymes of the xanthophyll biosynthesis pathway providing potential sources of trait variation. In particular, the phytoene synthase 1 (Psy1) gene has been associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flour b* colour variation. Several Psy1 alleles on chromosome 7A (Psy-A1) have been described, along with proposed mechanisms for influencing flour b* colour. This study sought to identify evolutionary relationships among known Psy-A1 alleles, to establish which Psy-A1 alleles are present in selected Australian wheat genotypes and establish their role in controlling variation for flour b* colour via QTL analysis. Phylogenetic analyses showed seven of eight known Psy-A1 alleles clustered with sequences from T. urartu, indicating the majority of alleles in Australian germplasm share a common evolutionary lineage. In this regard, Psy-A1a, Psy-A1c, Psy-A1e and Psy-A1p were common in Australian genotypes with flour b* colour ranging from white to yellow. In contrast Psy-A1s was found to be related to A. speltoides, indicating a possible A–B genome translocation during wheat polyploidisation. A new allele Psy-A1t (similar to Psy-A1s) was discovered in genotypes with yellow flour, with QTL analyses indicating Psy-A1t strongly influences flour b* colour in Australian germplasm. QTL LOD value maxima did not coincide with Psy-A1 gene locus in two of three populations and, therefore, Psy-A1a and Psy-A1p may not be involved in flour colour. Instead two other QTL were identified, one proximal and one distal to Psy-A1 in Australian wheat lines. Comparison of Psy-A1t and Psy-A1p predicted protein sequences suggests differences in putative sites for post-translational modification may influence enzyme activity and subsequent xanthophyll accumulation in the wheat endosperm. Psy-A1a and Psy-A1p were not involved in flour b* colour variation, indicating other genes control variation on chromosome 7A in some wheat genotypes.
Application of design for verification with concurrency controllers to air traffic control software

We present an experimental study which demonstrates that model checking techniques can be effective in finding synchronization errors in safety critical software when they are combined with a design for verification approach. We apply the concurrency controller design pattern to the implementation of the synchronization operations in Java programs. This pattern enables a modular verification strategy by decoupling the behaviors of the concurrency controllers from the behaviors of the threads that use them using interfaces specified as finite state machines. The behavior of a concurrency controller can be verified with respect to arbitrary numbers of threads using infinite state model checking techniques, and the threads which use the controller classes can be checked for interface violations using finite state model checking techniques. We present techniques for thread isolation which enables us to analyze each thread in the program separately during interface verification. We conducted an experimental study investigating the effectiveness of the presented design for verification approach on safety critical air traffic control software. In this study, we first reengineered the Tactical Separation Assisted Flight Environment (TSAFE) software using the concurrency controller design pattern. Then, using fault seeding, we created 40 faulty versions of TSAFE and used both infinite and finite state verification techniques for finding the seeded faults. The experimental study demonstrated the effectiveness of the presented modular verification approach and resulted in a classification of faults that can be found using the presented approach.
A Low Latency, Loss Tolerant Architecture and Protocol for Wide Area Group Communication

Group communication systems are proven tools upon which to build fault-tolerant systems. As the demands for fault-tolerance increase and more applications require re liable distributed computing over wide area networks, wide area group communication systems are becoming very useful. However, building a wide area group communication system is a challenge. This paper presents the design of the transport protocols of the Spread wide area group communication system. We focus on two aspects of the system. First, the value of using overlay networks for application level group communication services. Second, the requirements and design of effective low latency link protocols use d to construct wide area group communication. We support our claims with the results of live experiments conducted
Kinematic Design and Commutation of a Spherical Stepper Motor

This paper addresses the design and commutation of a novel kind of spherical stepper motor in which the poles of the stator are electromagnets and the poles of the rotor (rotating ball) are permanent magnets. Due to the fact that points on a sphere can only be arranged with equal spacing in a limited number of cases (corresponding to the Platonic solids), design of spherical stepper motors with fine rotational increments is fundamentally geometrical in nature. We address this problem and the related problem of how rotor and stator poles should be arranged in order to interact to cause motion. The resulting design has a much wider range of unhindered motion than other spherical stepper motor designs in the literature. We also address the problem of commutation, i.e., we determine the sequence of stator polarities in time that approximate a desired spherical motion.
Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome.

Psychological stress is an important factor for the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). More and more clinical and experimental evidence showed that IBS is a combination of irritable bowel and irritable brain. In the present review we discuss the potential role of psychological stress in the pathogenesis of IBS and provide comprehensive approaches in clinical treatment. Evidence from clinical and experimental studies showed that psychological stresses have marked impact on intestinal sensitivity, motility, secretion and permeability, and the underlying mechanism has a close correlation with mucosal immune activation, alterations in central nervous system, peripheral neurons and gastrointestinal microbiota. Stress-induced alterations in neuro-endocrine-immune pathways acts on the gut-brain axis and microbiota-gut-brain axis, and cause symptom flare-ups or exaggeration in IBS. IBS is a stress-sensitive disorder, therefore, the treatment of IBS should focus on managing stress and stress-induced responses. Now, non-pharmacological approaches and pharmacological strategies that target on stress-related alterations, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, miscellaneous agents, 5-HT synthesis inhibitors, selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, and specific 5-HT receptor antagonists or agonists have shown a critical role in IBS management. A integrative approach for IBS management is a necessary.
SketchVisor: Robust Network Measurement for Software Packet Processing

Network measurement remains a missing piece in today's software packet processing platforms. Sketches provide a promising building block for filling this void by monitoring every packet with fixed-size memory and bounded errors. However, our analysis shows that existing sketch-based measurement solutions suffer from severe performance drops under high traffic load. Although sketches are efficiently designed, applying them in network measurement inevitably incurs heavy computational overhead.
 We present SketchVisor, a robust network measurement framework for software packet processing. It augments sketch-based measurement in the data plane with a fast path, which is activated under high traffic load to provide high-performance local measurement with slight accuracy degradations. It further recovers accurate network-wide measurement results via compressive sensing. We have built a SketchVisor prototype on top of Open vSwitch. Extensive testbed experiments show that SketchVisor achieves high throughput and high accuracy for a wide range of network measurement tasks and microbenchmarks.
Design of a high-performance humanoid dual arm system with inner shoulder joints

This paper presents the design of the KIT Dual Arm System, which consists of two high-performance, humanoid robot arms. Based on human arm kinematics, each arm has 8 degrees of freedom (DOF) including a clavicle joint of the inner shoulder. In comparison to classical 7 DOF robot arms, the incorporation of the clavicle joint results in a larger workspace and an increased dexterity in bimanual tasks. The arm structure is based on an exoskeleton design approach: Highly modular and highly integrated sensor-actuator-control units in each joint are linked by a hollow structure, which allows a stiff construction at low weight. Combined with its length of 1 m and a maximum payload of 11 kg at stretched configuration, the performance of the KIT Arm is comparable to state-of-the art industrial robot arms. Thereby, it combines the strengths of humanoid and industrial robot arms.
A Controllable Bidirectional Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles with Vehicle-to-Grid Capability

This paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for the design of a controllable electric vehicle charger capable of making the most of the interaction with an autonomous smart energy management system (EMS) in a residential setting. Autonomous EMSs aim achieving the potential benefits associated with energy exchanges between consumers and the grid, using bidirectional and power-controllable electric vehicle chargers. A suitable design for a controllable charger is presented, including the sizing of passive elements and controllers. This charger has been implemented using an experimental setup with a digital signal processor to validate its operation. The experimental results obtained foresee an adequate interaction between the proposed charger and a compatible autonomous EMS in a typical residential setting.
Acquisition vs. outsourcing decisions modeling process applied on an international transport company by means of the decision tree method

In this paper, we emphasize the simulation of a decision making process applied to an international transport company from Romania. Our goal was to establish the most efficient decision, having in view three alternatives: acquisition of one additional truck, acquisition of two additional trucks and the outsourcing supplementary requests of transport services, over the trucks fleet capacity of the company, to other specialized transport companies. In view to determine mathematically the best decision, we applied the decision tree method, in the conditions in which the company's manager offered us a feasibility analysis concerning these alternatives. We also reveal in this paper the opportunity provided by WinQSB software functions, which reduce the time involved by solving this decision problem.
Negative Capacitance Carbon Nanotube FETs

As continued scaling of silicon FETs grows increasingly challenging, alternative paths for improving digital system energy efficiency are being pursued. These paths include replacing the transistor channel with emerging nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes), as well as utilizing negative capacitance effects in ferroelectric materials in the FET gate stack, e.g., to improve sub-threshold slope beyond the 60 mV/decade limit. However, which path provides the largest energy efficiency benefits—and whether these multiple paths can be combined to achieve additional energy efficiency benefits—is still unclear. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the first negative capacitance carbon nanotube FETs (CNFETs), combining the benefits of both carbon nanotube channels and negative capacitance effects. We demonstrate negative capacitance CNFETs, achieving sub-60 mV/decade sub-threshold slope with an average sub-threshold slope of 55 mV/decade at room temperature. The average ON-current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{ \mathrm{ON}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of these negative capacitance CNFETs improves by <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.1\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> versus baseline CNFETs, (i.e., without negative capacitance) for the same OFF-current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{ \mathrm{OFF}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). This work demonstrates a promising path forward for future generations of energy-efficient electronic systems.