nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast food costs and adolescent body mass index: evidence from panel data.

This study draws on four waves of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and external data to examine the relationship between adolescent body mass index (BMI) and fast food prices and fast food restaurant availability using panel data estimation methods to account for individual-level unobserved heterogeneity. Analyses also control for contextual factors including general food prices and the availability of full-service restaurants, supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience stores and commercial physical activity-related facilities. The longitudinal individual-level fixed effects results confirm cross-sectional findings that the price of fast food but not the availability of fast food restaurants has a statistically significant effect on teen BMI with an estimated price elasticity of -0.08. The results suggest that the cross-sectional model over-estimates the price of fast food BMI effect by about 25%. There is evidence that the weight of teens in low- to middle-socioeconomic status families is most sensitive to fast food prices.
Blepharoplasty complications.

Postoperative complications of blepharoplasty range from cutaneous changes to vision-threatening emergencies. Some of these can be prevented with careful preoperative evaluation and surgical technique. When complications arise, their significance can be diminished by appropriate management. This article addresses blepharoplasty complications based on the typical postoperative timeframe when they are encountered.



The authors conducted a review article of major blepharoplasty complications and their treatment.



Complications within the first postoperative week include corneal abrasions and vision-threatening retrobulbar hemorrhage; the intermediate period (weeks 1 through 6) addresses upper and lower eyelid malpositions, strabismus, corneal exposure, and epiphora; and late complications (>6 weeks) include changes in eyelid height and contour along with asymmetries, scarring, and persistent edema.



A thorough knowledge of potential complications of blepharoplasty surgery is necessary for the practicing aesthetic surgeon. Within this article, current concepts and relevant treatment strategies are reviewed with the use of the most recent and/or appropriate peer-reviewed literature available.
Monitoring pollution: Applying IoT to create a smart environment

Air quality has been negatively affected by industrial activities, which have caused imbalances in nature. The issue of air pollution has become a big concern for many people, especially those living in industrial areas. Air pollution levels can be measured using smart sensors. Additionally, Internet of Things (IoT) technology can be integrated to remotely detect pollution without any human interaction. The data gathered by such a system can be transmitted instantly to a web-based application to facilitate monitoring real time data and allow immediate risk management. In this paper, we describe an entire Internet of Things (IoT) system that monitors air pollution by collecting real-time data in specific locations. This data is analyzed and measured against a predetermined threshold. The collected data is sent to the concerned official organization to notify them in case of any violation so that they can take the necessary measures. Furthermore, if the value of the measured pollutants exceeds the threshold, an alarm system is triggered taking several actions to warn the surrounding people.
4chan and /b/: An Analysis of Anonymity and Ephemerality in a Large Online Community

We present two studies of online ephemerality and anonymity based on the popular discussion board /b/ at 4chan.org: a website with over 7 million users that plays an influential role in Internet culture. Although researchers and practitioners often assume that user identity and data permanence are central tools in the design of online communities, we explore how /b/ succeeds despite being almost entirely anonymous and extremely ephemeral. We begin by describing /b/ and performing a content analysis that suggests the community is dominated by playful exchanges of images and links. Our first study uses a large dataset of more than five million posts to quantify ephemerality in /b/. We find that most threads spend just five seconds on the first page and less than five minutes on the site before expiring. Our second study is an analysis of identity signals on 4chan, finding that over 90% of posts are made by fully anonymous users, with other identity signals adopted and discarded at will. We describe alternative mechanisms that /b/ participants use to establish status and frame their interactions.
Granola: Low-Overhead Distributed Transaction Coordination

This paper presents Granola, a transaction coordination infrastructure for building reliable distributed storage applications. Granola provides a strong consistency model, while significantly reducing transaction coordination overhead. We introduce specific support for a new type of independent distributed transaction, which we can serialize with no locking overhead and no aborts due to write conflicts. Granola uses a novel timestamp-based coordination mechanism to order distributed transactions, offering lower latency and higher throughput than previous systems that offer strong consistency. Our experiments show that Granola has low overhead, is scalable and has high throughput. We implemented the TPC-C benchmark on Granola, and achieved 3× the throughput of a platform using a locking approach.
Evaluation of 3D virtual cursor offset techniques for navigation tasks in a multi-display virtual environment

Extending the position of a 3D virtual cursor that represents the location of a physical tracking input device in the virtual world often enhances efficiency and usability of 3D user interactions. Most previous studies, however, tend to focus on evaluating cursor offset techniques for specific types of interactions, mainly object selection and manipulation. Furthermore, not many studies address cursor offset techniques for multi-display virtual environments, such as a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE), which require different directions of the cursor offset for different displays. This paper presents two formal user studies that evaluate effects of varying offset techniques on navigation tasks in a CAVE system. The first study compares four offset techniques: no offset, fixed-length offset, nonlinear offset and linear offset. The results indicate that the linear offset technique outperforms other techniques for exocentric travel tasks. The second study investigates the influence of three different offset lengths in the linear offset technique on the same task.
The Role of p53 in Determining Mitochondrial Adaptations to Endurance Training in Skeletal Muscle

p53 plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether p53 is required for the physiological and mitochondrial adaptations with exercise training. Furthermore, it is also unknown whether impairments in the absence of p53 are a result of its loss in skeletal muscle, or a secondary effect due to its deletion in alternative tissues. Thus, we investigated the role of p53 in regulating mitochondria both basally, and under the influence of exercise, by subjecting C57Bl/6J whole-body (WB) and muscle-specific p53 knockout (mKO) mice to a 6-week training program. Our results confirm that p53 is important for regulating mitochondrial content and function, as well as proteins within the autophagy and apoptosis pathways. Despite an increased proportion of phosphorylated p53 (Ser15) in the mitochondria, p53 is not required for training-induced adaptations in exercise capacity or mitochondrial content and function. In comparing mouse models, similar directional alterations were observed in basal and exercise-induced signaling modifications in WB and mKO mice, however the magnitude of change was less pronounced in the mKO mice. Our data suggest that p53 is required for basal mitochondrial maintenance in skeletal muscle, but is not required for the adaptive responses to exercise training.
Masturbation: Scientific Evidence and Islam’s View

Masturbation is the stimulation of sexual organs usually to the point of orgasm with an essential autoerotic component. Due to the high prevalence of this sexual behavior, it was and still is a matter of debate if masturbation is a normal action without any side effects and even if it is advantageous or it is associated with side effects necessitating public education how to avoid it. In addition, it is a common question if masturbation is religiously lawful or not. In this study, I assess the results of scientific studies about this sexual behavior and also shed some light on the Islam’s view about it.
Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Enzyme Inhibition for Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications

A large number of enzyme inhibitors are used as drugs to treat several diseases such as gout, diabetes, AIDS, depression, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Electrochemical biosensors based on enzyme inhibition are useful devices for an easy, fast and environment friendly monitoring of inhibitors like drugs. In the last decades, electrochemical biosensors have shown great potentials in the detection of different drugs like neostigmine, ketoconazole, donepezil, allopurinol and many others. They attracted increasing attention due to the advantage of being high sensitive and accurate analytical tools, able to reach low detection limits and the possibility to be performed on real samples. This review will spotlight the research conducted in the past 10 years (2007-2017) on inhibition based enzymatic electrochemical biosensors for the analysis of different drugs. New assays based on novel bio-devices will be debated. Moreover, the exploration of the recent graphical approach in diagnosis of reversible and irreversible inhibition mechanism will be discussed. The accurate and the fast diagnosis of inhibition type will help researchers in further drug design improvements and the identification of new molecules that will serve as new enzyme targets.
The quality and strength of evidence for etiology: example of carpal tunnel syndrome.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the quality and strength of scientific evidence supporting an etiologic relationship between a disease and a proposed risk factor using a scoring system based on the Bradford Hill criteria for causal association.



A quantitative score based on the Bradford Hill criteria (qBHs) was used to evaluate 117 articles presenting original data regarding the etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome: 33 (28%) that evaluated biological (structural or genetic) risk factors, 51 (44%) that evaluated occupational (environment or activity-related) risk factors, and 33 (28%) that evaluated both types of risk factors.



The quantitative Bradford Hill scores of 2 independent observers showed very good agreement, supporting the reliability of the instrument. The average qBHs was 12.2 points (moderate association) among biological risk factors compared with 5.2 points (poor association) for occupational risk factors. The highest average qBHs was observed for genetic factors (14.2), race (11.7), and anthropometric measures of the wrist (11.3 points) with all studies finding a moderate causal association. The highest average qBHs among occupational risk factors was observed for activities requiring repetitive hand use (6.5 points among the 30 of 45 articles that reported a causal association), substantial exposure to vibration (6.3 points; 14 of 20 articles), and type of occupation (5.6 points; 38 of 53 articles), with the findings being much less consistent.



According to a quantitative analysis of published scientific evidence, the etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome is largely structural, genetic, and biological, with environmental and occupational factors such as repetitive hand use playing a minor and more debatable role. Speculative causal theories should be analyzed through a rigorous approach prior to wide adoption.
Active Learning for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification

Cross-lingual sentiment classification aims to predict the sentiment orientation of a text in a language (named as the target language) with the help of the resources from another language (named as the source language). However, current cross-lingual performance is normally far away from satisfaction due to the huge difference in linguistic expression and social culture. In this paper, we suggest to perform active learning for cross-lingual sentiment classification, where only a small scale of samples are actively selected and manually annotated to achieve reasonable performance in a short time for the target language. The challenge therein is that there are normally much more labeled samples in the source language than those in the target language. This makes the small amount of labeled samples from the target language flooded in the aboundance of labeled samples from the source language, which largely reduces their impact on cross-lingual sentiment classification. To address this issue, we propose a data quality controlling approach in the source language to select high-quality samples from the source language. Specifically, we propose two kinds of data quality measurements, intraand extra-quality measurements, from the certainty and similarity perspectives. Empirical studies verify the appropriateness of our active learning approach to cross-lingual sentiment classification.
Physics-inspired adaptive fracture refinement

Physically based animation of detailed fracture effects is not only computationally expensive, but also difficult to implement due to numerical instability. In this paper, we propose a physics-inspired approach to enrich low-resolution fracture animation by realistic fracture details. Given a custom-designed material strength field, we adaptively refine a coarse fracture surface into a detailed one, based on a discrete gradient descent flow. Using the new fracture surface, we then generate a high-resolution fracture animation with details on both the fracture surface and the exterior surface. Our experiment shows that this approach is simple, fast, and friendly to user design and control. It can generate realistic fracture animations within a few seconds.
Critical Theory, Political Economy and Game Studies: A Review of "Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games"

In Games of Empire, Nick Dyer-Witheford and Greig de Peuter expand an earlier study of “the video game industry as an aspect of an emerging postindustrial, post-Fordist capitalism” (xxix) to argue that videogames are “exemplary media of Empire” (xxix). Their notion of “Empire” is based on Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s Empire (2000), which characterizes the contemporary world order as a decentralized system of global economic, political, and economic power that transcends national boundaries. In the view of the authors, Hardt and Negri’s account sets itself apart from other analyses of international politics by offering a “comprehensive account of conditions of work, forms of subjectivity, and types of struggle in contemporary capital” (xx). Dyer-Witheford and de Peuter thus divide Games of Empire into three sections to reflect each of these aspects of Empire’s argument, seeing their work as the first account to explore “virtual games within a system of global ownership, privatized property, coercive class relations, military operations, and radical struggle” (xxix). Books in the University of Minnesota Press’s Electronic Mediations series “explore the humanistic and social implications” of new technologies that spark “significant changes in society and culture, politics and economics, thinking and being.” That’s an abstract goal, and one that Games of Empire surely meets. Yet at times it can be difficult to understand exactly which specific intervention this book seeks to make. It is unclear whether the authors of Games of Empire see their work as an indictment of game scholars’ lack of attention to political economy, or whether it’s a work of political theory hoping to show that other disciplines should be paying more attention to the production and play of videogames. Because Dyer-Witheford and de Peuter don’t directly criticize previous political critiques of gaming—such as Edward Castronova’s exploration of the “porous membrane” allowing two-way traffic between virtual economies and those of the real world, or Alexander Galloway’s unraveling of control protocols in algorithmic design, or Ian Bogost’s idea of political procedural rhetoric—they sometimes leave the reader wondering how to situate the book in the broader discourse on games and politics, either separately or together. Thus, Games of Empire might best be seen as an introduction to the writings of Hardt and Negri for game players and designers, rather than as a text for communicating the basic concepts of Games of Empire:
Esophagitis dissecans associated with eosinophilic esophagitis in an adolescent

Esophagitis dissecans superficialis and eosinophilic esophagitis are distinct esophageal pathologies with characteristic clinical and histologic findings. Esophagitis dissecans superficialis is a rare finding on endoscopy consisting of the peeling of large fragments of esophageal mucosa. Histology shows sloughing of the epithelium and parakeratosis. Eosinophilic esophagitis is an allergic disease of the esophagus characterized by eosinophilic inflammation of the epithelium and symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. Both of these esophageal processes have been associated with other diseases, but there is no known association between them. We describe a case of esophagitis dissecans superficialis and eosinophilic esophagitis in an adolescent patient. To our knowledge, this is the first case describing an association between esophageal dissecans superficialis and eosinophilic esophagitis.  Guerra MR, Vahabnezhad E, Swanson E, Naini BV, Wozniak LJ (2015) Esophagitis dissecans associated with eosinophilic esophagitis in an adolescent.   2015;  February 19, 2015;   The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Models of Stochastic Choice and Decision Theories : Why Both are Important for Analyzing Decisions

We select a menu of seven popular decision theories and embed each theory in five models of stochastic choice, including tremble, Fechner and random utility model. We find that the estimated parameters of decision theories differ significantly when theories are combined with different models. Depending on the selected model of stochastic choice we obtain different rankings of decision theories with regard to their goodness of fit to the data. The fit of all analyzed decision theories improves significantly when they are embedded in a Fechner model of heteroscedastic truncated errors or a random utility model.
Ship hull automatic optimization techniques research based on CFD

The article briefly elaborated the ship hull optimization research development of domestic and foreign based on CFD, proposed that realizing the key of ship hull optimization based on CFD is the hull form parametrization geometry modeling technology. On the foundation of the domestic and foreign hull form parametrization, we proposed the ship blending method, and clarified the principle, had developed the hull form parametrization blending module. Finally, we realized the integration of hull form parametrization blending module and CFD using the integrated optimization frame, has realized hull form automatic optimization design based on CFD, build the foundation for the research of ship multi-disciplinary optimization.
A 'random steady-state' model for the pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme complexes.

The multienzyme complexes, pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, involved in the central metabolism of Escherichia coli consist of multiple copies of three different enzymes, E1, E2 and E3, that cooperate to channel substrate intermediates between their active sites. The E2 components form the core of the complex, while a mixture of E1 and E3 components binds to the core. We present a random steady-state model to describe catalysis by such multienzyme complexes. At a fast time scale, the model describes the enzyme catalytic mechanisms of substrate channeling at a steady state, by polynomially approximating the analytic solution of a biochemical master equation. At a slower time scale, the structural organization of the different enzymes in the complex and their random binding/unbinding to the core is modeled using methods from equilibrium statistical mechanics. Biologically, the model describes the optimization of catalytic activity by substrate sharing over the entire enzyme complex. The resulting enzymatic models illustrate the random steady state (RSS) for modeling multienzyme complexes in metabolic pathways.
On the (In-)Accuracy of GPS Measures of Smartphones: A Study of Running Tracking Applications

Sports tracking applications are increasingly available on the market, and research has recently picked up this topic. Tracking a user's running track and providing feedback on the performance are among the key features of such applications. However, little attention has been paid to the accuracy of the applications' localization measurements. In evaluating the nine currently most popular running applications, we found tremendous differences in the GPS measurements. Besides this finding, our study contributes to the scientific knowledge base by qualifying the findings of previous studies concerning accuracy with smartphones' GPS components.