nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring auditory selective attention using frequency tagging

Frequency tagging of sensory inputs (presenting stimuli that fluctuate periodically at rates to which the cortex can phase lock) has been used to study attentional modulation of neural responses to inputs in different sensory modalities. For visual inputs, the visual steady-state response (VSSR) at the frequency modulating an attended object is enhanced, while the VSSR to a distracting object is suppressed. In contrast, the effect of attention on the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) is inconsistent across studies. However, most auditory studies analyzed results at the sensor level or used only a small number of equivalent current dipoles to fit cortical responses. In addition, most studies of auditory spatial attention used dichotic stimuli (independent signals at the ears) rather than more natural, binaural stimuli. Here, we asked whether these methodological choices help explain discrepant results. Listeners attended to one of two competing speech streams, one simulated from the left and one from the right, that were modulated at different frequencies. Using distributed source modeling of magnetoencephalography results, we estimate how spatially directed attention modulates the ASSR in neural regions across the whole brain. Attention enhances the ASSR power at the frequency of the attended stream in contralateral auditory cortex. The attended-stream modulation frequency also drives phase-locked responses in the left (but not right) precentral sulcus (lPCS), a region implicated in control of eye gaze and visual spatial attention. Importantly, this region shows no phase locking to the distracting stream. Results suggest that the lPCS in engaged in an attention-specific manner. Modeling results that take account of the geometry and phases of the cortical sources phase locked to the two streams (including hemispheric asymmetry of lPCS activity) help to explain why past ASSR studies of auditory spatial attention yield seemingly contradictory results.
The Future of Glioblastoma Therapy: Synergism of Standard of Care and Immunotherapy

The current standard of care for glioblastoma (GBM) is maximal surgical resection with adjuvant radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ). As the 5-year survival with GBM remains at a dismal <10%, novel therapies are needed. Immunotherapies such as the dendritic cell (DC) vaccine, heat shock protein vaccines, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) vaccines have shown encouraging results in clinical trials, and have demonstrated synergistic effects with conventional therapeutics resulting in ongoing phase III trials. Chemoradiation has been shown to have synergistic effects when used in combination with immunotherapy. Cytotoxic ionizing radiation is known to trigger pro-inflammatory signaling cascades and immune activation secondary to cell death, which can then be exploited by immunotherapies. The future of GBM therapeutics will involve finding the place for immunotherapy in the current treatment regimen with a focus on developing strategies. Here, we review current GBM therapy and the evidence for combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors, DC and peptide vaccines with the current standard of care.
Full electro-thermal model of a 6.5kV field-stop IGBT module

As the integration level of power electronics equipment increases, the coupling between multi-domain physical effects becomes more and more relevant for design optimization. At the same time, virtual analysis capability acquires a critical importance and is conditioned by the achievement of an adequate compromise between accuracy and computational effort. This paper proposes the compact model development of a 6.5 kV field-stop IGBT module, for use in a circuit simulation environment. The model considers the realistic connection of IGBT and anti-parallel freewheeling diode pairs: the description of semiconductor physics is coupled with self-heating effects, both at device and module level; electro-magnetic phenomena associated with the package and layout are also taken into account. The modeling approach follows a mixed physical and behavioral description, resulting in an ideal compromise for realistic analysis of multi-chip structures. Finally, selected examples, derived from a railway traction application scenario, demonstrate the validity of the proposed solution, both for simulation of short transients and periodic operation, qualifying the model as a support tool of general validity, from system design development to reliability investigations.
Bit error rate in NAND Flash memories

NAND flash memories have bit errors that are corrected by error-correction codes (ECC). We present raw error data from multi-level-cell devices from four manufacturers, identify the root-cause mechanisms, and estimate the resulting uncorrectable bit error rates (UBER). Write, retention, and read-disturb errors all contribute. Accurately estimating the UBER requires care in characterization to include all write errors, which are highly erratic, and guardbanding for variation in raw bit error rate. NAND UBER values can be much better than 10-15, but UBER is a strong function of program/erase cycling and subsequent retention time, so UBER specifications must be coupled with maximum specifications for these quantities.
Inborn errors of metabolism associated with psychosis: literature review and case–control study using exome data from 5090 adult individuals

A literature review was conducted, using the computerized “Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man” (OMIM) and PubMed, to identify inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) in which psychosis may be a predominant feature or the initial presenting symptom. Different combinations of the following keywords were searched using OMIM: “psychosis”, “schizophrenia”, or “hallucinations” and “metabolic”, “inborn error of metabolism”, “inborn errors of metabolism”, “biochemical genetics”, or “metabolic genetics”. The OMIM search generated 126 OMIM entries, 40 of which were well known IEM. After removing IEM lacking evidence in PubMed for an association with psychosis, 29 OMIM entries were identified. Several of these IEM are treatable. They involve different small organelles (lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria), iron or copper accumulation, as well as defects in other met-abolic pathways (e.g., defects leading to hyperammonemia or homocystinemia). A clinical checklist summarizing the key features of these conditions and a guide to clinical approach are provided. The genes corresponding to each of these con-ditions were identified. Whole exome data from 2545 adult cases with schizophrenia and 2545 unrelated controls, accessed via the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP), were analyzed for rare functional variants in these genes. The odds ratio of having a rare functional variant in cases versus controls was calculated for each gene. Eight genes are significantly associated with schizophrenia (p < 0.05, OR >1) using an unselected group of adult patients with schizophrenia. Increased awareness of clinical clues for these IEM will optimize referrals and timely metabolic interventions.
The muscular force transmission system: role of the intramuscular connective tissue.

The objective of this review is to analyze in detail the microscopic structure and relations among muscular fibers, endomysium, perimysium, epimysium and deep fasciae. In particular, the multilayer organization and the collagen fiber orientation of these elements are reported. The endomysium, perimysium, epimysium and deep fasciae have not just a role of containment, limiting the expansion of the muscle with the disposition in concentric layers of the collagen tissue, but are fundamental elements for the transmission of muscular force, each one with a specific role. From this review it appears that the muscular fibers should not be studied as isolated elements, but as a complex inseparable from their fibrous components. The force expressed by a muscle depends not only on its anatomical structure, but also the angle at which its fibers are attached to the intramuscular connective tissue and the relation with the epimysium and deep fasciae.
A framework for integrating IoT and SDN using proposed OF-enabled management device

The world today is becoming smart in-terms of technology. Internet of Things is an enabler for smart world. However the problem with internet of Things is that they are devices which support heterogeneous methods of communication. Another problem is that the existing network is already loaded and the surge of data increase once more and more devices are connected will be enormous. In this paper we propose a framework to easily imbibe Internet of Things devices into the network with better control than the existing scenario. Also we proposed a device to solve the challenge of heterogeneous communication methods used in IoT. We also gave the sequence of steps which is the flow of data from the IoT to the remote processing device. Our future work is to provide the implementation details of the proposed device.
High efficiency classification of children with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a wide-ranging collection of developmental diseases with varying symptoms and degrees of disability. Currently, ASD is diagnosed mainly with psychometric tools, often unable to provide an early and reliable diagnosis. Recently, biochemical methods are being explored as a means to meet the latter need. For example, an increased predisposition to ASD has been associated with abnormalities of metabolites in folate-dependent one carbon metabolism (FOCM) and transsulfuration (TS). Multiple metabolites in the FOCM/TS pathways have been measured, and statistical analysis tools employed to identify certain metabolites that are closely related to ASD. The prime difficulty in such biochemical studies comes from (i) inefficient determination of which metabolites are most important and (ii) understanding how these metabolites are collectively related to ASD. This paper presents a new method based on scores produced in Support Vector Machine (SVM) modeling combined with High Dimensional Model Representation (HDMR) sensitivity analysis. The new method effectively and efficiently identifies the key causative metabolites in FOCM/TS pathways, ranks their importance, and discovers their independent and correlative action patterns upon ASD. Such information is valuable not only for providing a foundation for a pathological interpretation but also for potentially providing an early, reliable diagnosis ideally leading to a subsequent comprehensive treatment of ASD. With only tens of SVM model runs, the new method can identify the combinations of the most important metabolites in the FOCM/TS pathways that lead to ASD. Previous efforts to find these metabolites required hundreds of thousands of model runs with the same data.
The Genetics of Aortopathies in Clinical Cardiology

Aortopathies pose a significant healthcare burden due to excess early mortality, increasing incidence, and underdiagnosis. Understanding the underlying genetic causes, early diagnosis, timely surveillance, prophylactic repair, and family screening are keys to addressing these diseases. Next-generation sequencing continues to expand our understanding of the genetic causes of heritable aortopathies, rapidly clarifying their underlying molecular pathophysiology and suggesting new potential therapeutic targets. This review will summarize the pathogenetic mechanisms and management of heritable genetic aortopathies with attention to specific forms of both syndromic and nonsyndromic disorders, including Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection.
70.4 Tb/s capacity over 7,600 km in C+L band using coded modulation with hybrid constellation shaping and nonlinearity compensation

We demonstrate 70.4 Tb/s transmission over 7,600 km with C+L band EDFAs using coded modulation with hybrid probabilistic and geometrical constellation shaping. We employ multi-stage nonlinearity compensation including DBP, fast LMS equalizer and generalized filter.
Baby-Led Weaning: The Evidence to Date

Infants are traditionally introduced to solid foods using spoon-feeding of specially prepared infant foods.



However, over the last 10-15 years, an alternative approach termed 'baby-led weaning' has grown in popularity. This approach involves allowing infants to self-feed family foods, encouraging the infant to set the pace and intake of the meal. Proponents of the approach believe it promotes healthy eating behaviour and weight gain trajectories, and evidence is starting to build surrounding the method. This review brings together all empirical evidence to date examining behaviours associated with the approach, its outcomes and confounding factors.



Overall, although there is limited evidence suggesting that a baby-led approach may encourage positive outcomes, limitations of the data leave these conclusions weak. Further research is needed, particularly to explore pathways to impact and understand the approach in different contexts and populations.
Kinect v2 Sensor-Based Mobile Terrestrial Laser Scanner for Agricultural Outdoor Applications

Mobile terrestrial laser scanners (MTLS), based on light detection and ranging sensors, are used worldwide in agricultural applications. MTLS are applied to characterize the geometry and the structure of plants and crops for technical and scientific purposes. Although MTLS exhibit outstanding performance, their high cost is still a drawback for most agricultural applications. This paper presents a low-cost alternative to MTLS based on the combination of a Kinect v2 depth sensor and a real time kinematic global navigation satellite system (GNSS) with extended color information capability. The theoretical foundations of this system are exposed along with some experimental results illustrating their performance and limitations. This study is focused on open-field agricultural applications, although most conclusions can also be extrapolated to similar outdoor uses. The developed Kinect-based MTLS system allows to select different acquisition frequencies and fields of view (FOV), from one to 512 vertical slices. The authors conclude that the better performance is obtained when a FOV of a single slice is used, but at the price of a very low measuring speed. With that particular configuration, plants, crops, and objects are reproduced accurately. Future efforts will be directed to increase the scanning efficiency by improving both the hardware and software components and to make it feasible using both partial and full FOV.
Relationships of loneliness and mobile phone dependence with Internet addiction in Japanese medical students

We investigated factors contributing to Internet addiction in 105 Japanese medical students. The subjects were administered by a self-reporting questionnaire designed to evaluate demographic factors, Internet addiction, loneliness, healthrelated lifestyle factors, depressive state, patterns of behavior, and mobile phone dependence. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that loneliness and mobile phone dependence were positively related to degree of addiction. Our findings suggest that Internet addiction is associated with loneliness and mobile phone dependence in Japanese students.
Empirical evidence for resource-rational anchoring and adjustment.

People's estimates of numerical quantities are systematically biased towards their initial guess. This anchoring bias is usually interpreted as sign of human irrationality, but it has recently been suggested that the anchoring bias instead results from people's rational use of their finite time and limited cognitive resources. If this were true, then adjustment should decrease with the relative cost of time. To test this hypothesis, we designed a new numerical estimation paradigm that controls people's knowledge and varies the cost of time and error independently while allowing people to invest as much or as little time and effort into refining their estimate as they wish. Two experiments confirmed the prediction that adjustment decreases with time cost but increases with error cost regardless of whether the anchor was self-generated or provided. These results support the hypothesis that people rationally adapt their number of adjustments to achieve a near-optimal speed-accuracy tradeoff. This suggests that the anchoring bias might be a signature of the rational use of finite time and limited cognitive resources rather than a sign of human irrationality.
High voltage device edge termination for wide temperature range plus humidity with surface charge control (SCC) technology

A novel high voltage edge termination utilizing Surface-Charge-Control (SCC) technology has been proposed for a wide range temperature with humidity. Under electrically biased and high-humidity conditions, charges generated by the high electric field and external perturbations accumulate on the silicon surface, which eventually degrades the blocking capability. The proposed edge termination structure has an optimized semi-insulated layer on the silicon surface. Due to this optimized layer, the accumulated charges on the silicon surface are swept away, which contributes to the improvement of the reliability. HTRB and low-temperature with high-humidity tests were carried out on the fabricated 6.5kV IGBT devices utilizing the SCC technology. The results validate that the proposed SCC technology has improved the long-term stability and the robustness against high humidity conditions.
Nonlinear brain dynamics as macroscopic manifestation of underlying many-body field dynamics

Neural activity patterns related to behavior occur at many scales in time and space from the atomic and molecular to the whole brain. Patterns form through interactions in both directions, so that the impact of transmitter molecule release can be analyzed to larger scales through synapses, dendrites, neurons, populations and brain systems to behavior, and control of that release can be described step-wise through transforms to smaller scales. Here we explore the feasibility of interpreting neurophysiological data in the context of many-body physics by using tools that physicists have devised to analyze comparable hierarchies in other fields of science. We focus on a mesoscopic level that offers a multi-step pathway between the microscopic functions of neurons and the macroscopic functions of brain systems revealed by hemodynamic imaging. We use electroencephalographic (EEG) records collected from high-density electrode arrays fixed on the epidural surfaces of primary sensory and limbic areas in rabbits and cats trained to discriminate conditioned stimuli (CS) in the various modalities. High temporal resolution of EEG signals with the Hilbert transform gives evidence for diverse intermittent spatial patterns of amplitude (AM) and phase modulations (PM) of carrier waves that repeatedly re-synchronize in the beta and gamma ranges in very short time lags over very long distances. The dominant mechanism for neural interactions by axodendritic synaptic transmission should impose distancedependent delays on the EEG oscillations owing to finite propagation velocities and sequential synaptic delays. It does not. EEGs show evidence for anomalous dispersion: neural populations have a low velocity range of information and energy transfers, and a high velocity range of the spread of phase transitions. This distinction labels the phenomenon but does not explain it. In this report we analyze these phenomena using concepts of energy dissipation, the maintenance by cortex of multiple ground states corresponding to AM patterns, and the exclusive selection by spontaneous breakdown of symmetry (SBS) of single states in sequential phase transitions. Brain dynamics and many-body field theory 2 Freeman & Vitiello 02 Feb 2006
Integral planning of primary-secondary distribution systems using mixed integer linear programming

Important research effort has been devoted to the topic of optimal planning of distribution systems. However, in general it has been mostly referred to the design of the primary network, with very modest considerations to the effect of the secondary network in the planning and future operation of the complete grid. Relatively little attention has been paid to the optimization of the secondary grid and to its effect on the optimality of the design of the complete electrical system, although the investment and operation costs of the secondary grid represent an important portion of the total costs. Appropriate design procedures have been proposed separately for both the primary and the secondary grid; however, in general, both planning problems have been presented and treated as different-almost isolated-problems, setting aside with this approximation some important factors that couple both problems, such as the fact that they may share the right of way, use the same poles, etc., among other factors that strongly affect the calculation of the investment costs. The main purpose of this work is the development and initial testing of a model for the optimal planning of a distribution system that includes both the primary and the secondary grids, so that a single optimization problem is stated for the design of the integral primary-secondary distribution system that overcomes these simplifications. The mathematical model incorporates the variables that define both the primary as well as the secondary planning problems and consists of a mixed integer-linear programming problem that may be solved by means of any suitable algorithm. Results are presented of the application of the proposed integral design procedure using conventional mixed integer-linear programming techniques to a real case of a residential primary-secondary distribution system consisting of 75 electrical nodes.
Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412.

Six healthy young male volunteers at a contract research organization were enrolled in the first phase 1 clinical trial of TGN1412, a novel superagonist anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody that directly stimulates T cells. Within 90 minutes after receiving a single intravenous dose of the drug, all six volunteers had a systemic inflammatory response characterized by a rapid induction of proinflammatory cytokines and accompanied by headache, myalgias, nausea, diarrhea, erythema, vasodilatation, and hypotension. Within 12 to 16 hours after infusion, they became critically ill, with pulmonary infiltrates and lung injury, renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Severe and unexpected depletion of lymphocytes and monocytes occurred within 24 hours after infusion. All six patients were transferred to the care of the authors at an intensive care unit at a public hospital, where they received intensive cardiopulmonary support (including dialysis), high-dose methylprednisolone, and an anti-interleukin-2 receptor antagonist antibody. Prolonged cardiovascular shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome developed in two patients, who required intensive organ support for 8 and 16 days. Despite evidence of the multiple cytokine-release syndrome, all six patients survived. Documentation of the clinical course occurring over the 30 days after infusion offers insight into the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the absence of contaminating pathogens, endotoxin, or underlying disease.