nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fish gill morphology: inside out.

In this short review of fish gill morphology we cover some basic gross anatomy as well as in some more detail the microscopic anatomy of the branchial epithelia from representatives of the major extant groups of fishes (Agnathans, Elasmobranchs, and Teleosts). The agnathan hagfishes have primitive gill pouches, while the lampreys have arch-like gills similar to the higher fishes. In the lampreys and elasmobranchs, the gill filaments are supported by a complete interbranchial septum and water exits via external branchial slits or pores. In contrast, the teleost interbranchial septum is much reduced, leaving the ends of the filaments unattached, and the multiple gill openings are replaced by the single caudal opening of the operculum. The basic functional unit of the gill is the filament, which supports rows of plate-like lamellae. The lamellae are designed for gas exchange with a large surface area and a thin epithelium surrounding a well-vascularized core of pillar cell capillaries. The lamellae are positioned for the blood flow to be counter-current to the water flow over the gills. Despite marked differences in the gross anatomy of the gill among the various groups, the cellular constituents of the epithelium are remarkably similar. The lamellar gas-exchange surface is covered by squamous pavement cells, while large, mitochondria-rich, ionocytes and mucocytes are found in greatest frequency in the filament epithelium. Demands for ionoregulation can often upset this balance. There has been much study of the structure and function of the branchial mitochondria-rich cells. These cells are generally characterized by a high mitochondrial density and an amplification of the basolateral membrane through folding or the presence of an intracellular tubular system. Morphological subtypes of MRCs as well as some methods of MRC detection are discussed.
The Impact of Inrush Currents on the Mechanical Stress of High-Voltage Power Transformer Coils

From failure experience on power transformers very often it was suspected that inrush currents, occurring when energizing unloaded transformers, were the reason for damage. In this paper it was investigated how mechanical forces within the transformer coils build up under inrush compared to those occurring at short circuit. 2D and 3D computer modeling for a real 268 MVA, 525/17.75 kV three-legged step up transformer were employed. The results show that inrush current peaks of 70% of the rated short circuit current cause local forces in the same order of magnitude as those at short circuit. The resulting force summed up over the high voltage coil is even three times higher. Although inrush currents are normally smaller, the forces can have similar amplitudes as those at short circuit, with longer exposure time, however. Therefore, care has to be taken to avoid such high inrush currents. Today controlled switching offers an elegant and practical solution.
An Empirical Study of Mobile Ad Targeting

Advertising, long the financial mainstay of the web ecosystem, has become nearly ubiquitous in the world of mobile apps. While ad targeting on the web is fairly well understood, mobile ad targeting is much less studied. In this paper, we use empirical methods to collect a database of over 225,000 ads on 32 simulated devices hosting one of three distinct user profiles. We then analyze how the ads are targeted by correlating ads to potential targeting profiles using Bayes’ rule and Pearson’s chi squared test. This enables us to measure the prevalence of different forms of targeting. We find that nearly all ads show the effects of applicationand time-based targeting, while we are able to identify location-based targeting in 43% of the ads and user-based targeting in 39%.
Solid Waste Management System : Public-Private Partnership , the Best System for Developing Countries

Solid waste management (SWM) is a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many developing countries. Nairobi’s solid waste situation, which could be taken to generally represent the status which is largely characterized by low coverage of solid waste collection, pollution from uncontrolled dumping of waste, inefficient public services, unregulated and uncoordinated private sector and lack of key solid waste management infrastructure. This paper recapitulates on the public-private partnership as the best system for developing countries; challenges, approaches, practices or systems of SWM, and outcomes or advantages to the approach; the literature review focuses on surveying information pertaining to existing waste management methodologies, policies, and research relevant to the SWM. Information was sourced from peer-reviewed academic literature, grey literature, publicly available waste management plans, and through consultation with waste management professionals. Literature pertaining to SWM and municipal solid waste minimization, auditing and management were searched for through online journal databases, particularly Web of Science, and Science Direct. Legislation pertaining to waste management was also researched using the different databases. Additional information was obtained from grey literature and textbooks pertaining to waste management topics. After conducting preliminary research, prevalent references of select sources were identified and scanned for additional relevant articles. Research was also expanded to include literature pertaining to recycling, composting, education, and case studies; the manuscript summarizes with future recommendationsin terms collaborations of public/ private patternships, sensitization of people, privatization is important in improving processes and modernizing urban waste management, contract private sector, integrated waste management should be encouraged, provisional government leaders need to alter their mind set, prepare a strategic, integrated SWM plan for the cities, enact strong and adequate legislation at city and national level, evaluate the real impacts of waste management systems, utilizing locally based solutions for SWM service delivery and design, location, management of the waste collection centersand recycling and compositing activities should be
Transnational families and the family nexus: perspectives of Indonesian and Filipino children left behind by migrant parent(s).

As a significant supplier of labour migrants, Southeast Asia presents itself as an important site for the study of children in transnational families who are growing up separated from at least one migrant parent and sometimes cared for by 'other mothers'. Through the often-neglected voices of left-behind children, we investigate the impact of parental migration and the resulting reconfiguration of care arrangements on the subjective well-being of migrants' children in two Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia and the Philippines. We theorise the child's position in the transnational family nexus through the framework of the 'care triangle', representing interactions between three subject groups- 'left-behind' children, non-migrant parents/other carers; and migrant parent(s). Using both quantitative (from 1010 households) and qualitative (from 32 children) data from a study of child health and migrant parents in Southeast Asia, we examine relationships within the caring spaces both of home and of transnational spaces. The interrogation of different dimensions of care reveals the importance of contact with parents (both migrant and nonmigrant) to subjective child well-being, and the diversity of experiences and intimacies among children in the two study countries.
Differentially Private Chi-squared Test by Unit Circle Mechanism

We describe Algorithm 2 in detail. Algorithm 2 takes as input the sample set S, the query sequence F , the sensitivity of query ∆, the threshold τ , and the stop parameter s. Algorithm 2 outputs the result of each comparison with the threshold. In Algorithm 2, each noisy query output is compred with a noisy threshold at line 4 and outputs the result of comparison. Let ⊤ mean that fk(S) > τ . Algorithm 2 is terminated if outputs ⊤ s times.
MOTIVATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN ATHLETES TRAINED BY COACHES OF DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONAL AND LEADERSHIP PROFILES

Coaches of different profiles influence athletes’ sports motivation differently. The aim of this paper was to investigate the coaches’ contribution to the motivational structure of athletes from team sports. Using the coaches’ self-evaluations of goal orientation and intrinsic motivation and the athletes’ evaluations of their coaches’ leadership styles, the two types of coaches were identified. Discriminant analysis showed the differences in motivational structure between athletes trained by the coaches from either one or the other group. The athletes who were trained by the more athlete-directed, low ego-oriented coaches showed a preferable motivational pattern; they perceived the mastery motivational climate in their teams, were higher on intrinsic motivation, their task goal orientation was high and ego goal orientation was elevated. The athletes trained by the less athlete-directed and high ego-oriented coaches perceived fewer signs of the mastery motivational climate in their teams, were less intrinsically motivated, and their task orientation and ego goal orientation were lower. The motivational structure profiles of the athletes from the second group and their coaches seem incongruent and this incompatibility might induce athletes’ lower motivation.
The Ad Hoc UAV Ground Network ( AUGNet )

This paper descr ibes an implementation of a wireless mobile ad hoc network with radio nodes mounted at fixed sites, on ground vehicles, and in small (10kg) UAVs. The ad hoc networking allows any two nodes to communicate either directly or through an arbitrary number of other nodes which act as relays. We envision two scenar ios for this type of network. In the first, the UAV acts as a prominent radio node that connects disconnected ground radios. In the second, the networking enables groups of UAVs to communicate with each other to extend small UAVs' operational scope and range. The network consists of mesh network radios assembled from low-cost commercial off the shelf components. The radio is an IEEE 802.11b (WiFi) wireless inter face and is controlled by an embedded computer . The network protocol is an implementation of the Dynamic Source Routing ad hoc networking protocol. The radio is mounted either in an environmental enclosure for outdoor fixed and vehicle mounting or directly in our custom built UAVs. A monitor ing architecture has been embedded into the radios for detailed per formance character ization and analysis. This paper descr ibes these components and per formance results measured at an outdoor test range.
Associations Between Materialism, Gratitude, and Well-Being in Children of Overseas Filipino Workers

Children left behind by parents who are overseas Filipino workers (OFW) benefit from parental migration because their financial status improves. However, OFW families might emphasize the economic benefits to compensate for their separation, which might lead to materialism among children left behind. Previous research indicates that materialism is associated with lower well-being. The theory is that materialism focuses attention on comparing one's possessions to others, making one constantly dissatisfied and wanting more. Research also suggests that gratitude mediates this link, with the focus on acquiring more possessions that make one less grateful for current possessions. This study explores the links between materialism, gratitude, and well-being among 129 adolescent children of OFWs. The participants completed measures of materialism, gratitude, and well-being (life satisfaction, self-esteem, positive and negative affect). Results showed that gratitude mediated the negative relationship between materialism and well-being (and its positive relationship with negative affect). Children of OFWs who have strong materialist orientation seek well-being from possessions they do not have and might find it difficult to be grateful of their situation, contributing to lower well-being. The findings provide further evidence for the mediated relationship between materialism and well-being in a population that has not been previously studied in the related literature. The findings also point to two possible targets for psychosocial interventions for families and children of OFWs.
A review on text mining

Because of large amounts of unstructured text data generated on the Internet, text mining is believed to have high commercial value. Text mining is the process of extracting previously unknown, understandable, potential and practical patterns or knowledge from the collection of text data. This paper introduces the research status of text mining. Then several general models are described to know text mining in the overall perspective. At last we classify text mining work as text categorization, text clustering, association rule extraction and trend analysis according to applications.
Mixing Context Granularities for Improved Entity Linking on Question Answering Data across Entity Categories

The first stage of every knowledge base question answering approach is to link entities in the input question. We investigate entity linking in the context of a question answering task and present a jointly optimized neural architecture for entity mention detection and entity disambiguation that models the surrounding context on different levels of granularity. We use the Wikidata knowledge base and available question answering datasets to create benchmarks for entity linking on question answering data. Our approach outperforms the previous state-of-the-art system on this data, resulting in an average 8% improvement of the final score. We further demonstrate that our model delivers a strong performance across different entity categories.
The Bioecological Model of Human Development

OVERVIEW 795 DEFINING PROPERTIES OF THE BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL 796 Proposition I 797 Proposition II 798 FROM THEORY TO  OPERATIONALIZING THE BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL 799 Developmental Science in the Discovery Mode 801 Different Paths to Different Outcomes: Dysfunction versus Competence 803 The Role of Experiments in the Bioecological Model 808 HOW DO PERSON CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCE LATER DEVELOPMENT? 810 Force Characteristics as Shapers of Development 810 Resource Characteristics of the Person as Shapers of Development 812 Demand Characteristics of the Person as Developmental Inf luences 812 THE ROLE OF FOCUS OF ATTENTION IN PROXIMAL PROCESSES 813 PROXIMAL PROCESSES IN SOLO ACTIVITIES WITH OBJECTS AND SYMBOLS 814 THE MICROSYSTEM MAGNIFIED: ACTIVITIES, RELATIONSHIPS, AND ROLES 814 Effects of the Physical Environment on Psychological Development 814 The Mother-Infant Dyad as a Context of Development 815 BEYOND THE MICROSYSTEM 817 The Expanding Ecological Universe 818  A Bioecological Interpretation 819 TIME IN THE BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL: MICRO-, MESO-, AND MACROCHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 820 FROM RESEARCH TO REALITY 822 THE BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL: A DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT 824 REFERENCES 825
Dear prudence. Interview by Sophia Häfner.

Chicken chicken chicken: chicken chicken. This is actually no major typing error but well and truly the title of both a publication in the 2006  and a homonymous talk at the 2007 AAAS conference by the software engineer Doug Zongker, composed of totally serious looking texts, graphs and diagrams e based exclusively on a vocabulary restricted to the common name of Gallus gallus domesticus. Apart from having caused the open-plan hilarity of the scientific public, chicken and more generally fowl also happen to be the main reservoir and evolutionary playground for influenza A viruses that occasionally jump over to humans and even more occasionally cause a media e centered commotion. Indeed, manifold combinations of hemagglutinin H1 to H16 and neuraminidase N1 to N9, the two surface proteins used to subtype the virus, are all found in wild water birds and at least seven of them have made it into humans until now . Interestingly, that renders birds apparently better at handing down infectious agents to humans than those closest relatives, African apes, who managed to pass “only” two diseases on to us. Admittedly, the agents in question are Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1, but considering the broad range of available pathogens, the number remains low . It remains nevertheless ambiguous if the simian pathogens are untalented or rather lacked the opportunities of their winged relatives, spreading their gatecrashers through direct contact on live poultry markets . The latest edition of the series is H7N9, which caused its first human victims in February 2013 , after about two years of patching up starting from H7N3, H9N9 and a preliminary version of H7N9 [7], with the involuntary participation of ducks, bramblings and other migratory birds as vectors [6]. Above all praised as a victory of the rapid and coordinated reaction of the Chinese health instances and the fast and efficient sharing of information at the international level , from he media coverage point of view, things have been remarkably calm around H7N9 lately, despite the fact that the season-related second outbreak in China at the end of this winter caused way more fatalities than the one in 2013 . Papers were busily
Motivation in video games: a literature review

Video gaming is a firmly established leisure pursuit, which continues to grow in popularity. This paper is an examination of what motivates people to play computer games, and the relevance of such factors to the positive and negative aspects of computer gaming. When all of an individual’s motivations to play video games are for the pursuit of ‘fun’, it is said that an intrinsic motivation is the most prevalent motivation. However, the primary motivation for playing video games among periodic gamers is different from the primary motivation of regular gamers: periodic gamers are driven by extrinsic motivation, whereas regular gamers are driven by intrinsic motivation. The pursuit of a challenge is the prevalent motivation reported by regular gamers of both genders. The Theory of Flow Experience, and the Attribution Theory have contributed to the understanding of why games may provide a safe medium, in which to learn about the consequences of actions through experience. Computer games may facilitate the development of self-monitoring and coping mechanisms. If the avoidance or escape from other activities is the primary motivation for playing video games, there tends to be an increased risk of engaging in addiction-related behaviours. This paper reports on the findings of previous research (into the motivations for playing computer games), and on industry reports containing data relating to gamer motivations. The aim is to build a picture of what motivates people to play computer games, and how motivation is associated with the main positive and negative aspects of computer gaming.
Deep Haptic Model Predictive Control for Robot-Assisted Dressing

Robot-assisted dressing offers an opportunity to benefit the lives of many people with disabilities, such as some older adults. However, robots currently lack common sense about the physical implications of their actions on people. The physical implications of dressing are complicated by non-rigid garments, which can result in a robot indirectly applying high forces to a person's body. We present a deep recurrent model that, when given a proposed action by the robot, predicts the forces a garment will apply to a person's body. We also show that a robot can provide better dressing assistance by using this model with model predictive control. The predictions made by our model only use haptic and kinematic observations from the robot's end effector, which are readily attainable. Collecting training data from real world physical human-robot interaction can be time consuming, costly, and put people at risk. Instead, we train our predictive model using data collected in an entirely self-supervised fashion from a physics-based simulation. We evaluated our approach with a PR2 robot that attempted to pull a hospital gown onto the arms of 10 human participants. With a 0.2s prediction horizon, our controller succeeded at high rates and lowered applied force while navigating the garment around a persons fist and elbow without getting caught. Shorter prediction horizons resulted in significantly reduced performance with the sleeve catching on the participants' fists and elbows, demonstrating the value of our model's predictions. These behaviors of mitigating catches emerged from our deep predictive model and the controller objective function, which primarily penalizes high forces.
Self-Crowdsourcing Training for Relation Extraction

One expensive step when defining crowdsourcing tasks is to define the examples and control questions for instructing the crowd workers. In this paper, we introduce a self-training strategy for crowdsourcing. The main idea is to use an automatic classifier, trained on weakly supervised data, to select examples associated with high confidence. These are used by our automatic agent to explain the task to crowd workers with a question answering approach. We compared our relation extraction system trained with data annotated (i) with distant supervision and (ii) by workers instructed with our approach. The analysis shows that our method relatively improves the relation extraction system by about 11% in F1.
Deep Learning in Information Security

Machine learning has a long tradition of helping to solve complex information security problems that are difficult to solve manually. Machine learning techniques learn models from data representations to solve a task. These data representations are hand-crafted by domain experts. Deep Learning is a sub-field of machine learning, which uses models that are composed of multiple layers. Consequently, representations that are used to solve a task are learned from the data instead of being manually designed. In this survey, we study the use of DL techniques within the domain of information security. We systematically reviewed 77 papers and presented them from a data-centric perspective. This data-centric perspective reflects one of the most crucial advantages of DL techniques – domain independence. If DL-methods succeed to solve problems on a data type in one domain, they most likely will also succeed on similar data from another domain. Other advantages of DL methods are unrivaled scalability and efficiency, both regarding the number of examples that can be analyzed as well as with respect of dimensionality of the input data. DL methods generally are capable of achieving high-performance and generalize well. However, information security is a domain with unique requirements and challenges. Based on an analysis of our reviewed papers, we point out shortcomings of DL-methods to those requirements and discuss further research opportunities.