nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel design of compact 2.4 GHz microstrip antennas

A novel design of compact 2.4 GHz microstrip antennas, where the radiating patch is designed in fractal configuration, namely, square and pentagon shape respectively, is proposed. The newly designed microstrips provide an optimized patch area resulting into a substantial reduction in size compared to a typical microstrip patch designed at the same frequency of operation. It was found that the characteristics of the novel fractal patch antennas are comparable to the conventional patch antenna, while their gain and radiating efficiency are noticeably improved.
A Computational Exploration of Problem-Solving Strategies and Gaze Behaviors on the Block Design Task

The block design task, a standardized test of nonverbal reasoning, is often used to characterize atypical patterns of cognition in individuals with developmental or neurological conditions. Many studies suggest that, in addition to looking at quantitative differences in block design speed or accuracy, observing qualitative differences in individuals’ problem-solving strategies can provide valuable information about a person’s cognition. However, it can be difficult to tie theories at the level of problem-solving strategy to predictions at the level of externally observable behaviors such as gaze shifts and patterns of errors. We present a computational architecture that is used to compare different models of problem-solving on the block design task and to generate detailed behavioral predictions for each different strategy. We describe the results of three different modeling experiments and discuss how these results provide greater insight into the analysis of gaze behavior and error patterns on the block design task.
Asymmetrical impact of trustworthiness attributes on trust, perceived value and purchase intention: a conceptual framework for cross-cultural study on consumer perception of online auction

Lack of trust has been frequently cited to be one of the key factors that discourage customers from participating in e-commerce, while cultural differences affect the formation of trust. As such, this cross-cultural study aims at establishing a conceptual framework to investigate the primary antecedents of online trust and the mechanism that converts consumer trust into perceived value and purchase intention in online auction. Two elements of our model bear mention here. First, the authors divide the consumer trust into two facets, seller and intermediary trust, and intend to assess their reciprocal relationships. Second, the authors intend to examine the asymmetrical impact of the negative and positive trustworthiness attributes on trust, and the interrelationship among trust, perceived value and purchase intention across cultural groups.
Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analysis.

This study was a meta-analysis of the relationship between personality and ratings of transformational and transactional leadership behaviors. Using the 5-factor model of personality as an organizing framework, the authors accumulated 384 correlations from 26 independent studies. Personality traits were related to 3 dimensions of transformational leadership--idealized influence-inspirational motivation (charisma), intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration--and 3 dimensions of transactional leadership--contingent reward, management by exception-active, and passive leadership. Extraversion was the strongest and most consistent correlate of transformational leadership. Although results provided some support for the dispositional basis of transformational leadership--especially with respect to the charisma dimension--generally, weak associations suggested the importance of future research to focus on both narrower personality traits and nondispositional determinants of transformational and transactional leadership.
Deep multi-task learning for a geographically-regularized semantic segmentation of aerial images

This is the pre-acceptance version, to read the final version published in the ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, please go to: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.06.007. When approaching the semantic segmentation of overhead imagery in the decimeter spatial resolution range, successful strategies usually combine powerful methods to learn the visual appearance of the semantic classes (e.g. convolutional neural networks) with strategies for spatial regularization (e.g. graphical models such as conditional random fields). In this paper, we propose a method to learn evidence in the form of semantic class likelihoods, semantic boundaries across classes and shallow-to-deep visual features, each one modeled by a multi-task convolutional neural network architecture. We combine this bottom-up information with top-down spatial regularization encoded by a conditional random field model optimizing the label space across a hierarchy of segments with constraints related to structural, spatial and data-dependent pairwise relationships between regions. Our results show that such strategy provide better regularization than a series of strong baselines reflecting state-of-the-art technologies. The proposed strategy offers a flexible and principled framework to include several sources of visual and structural information, while allowing for different degrees of spatial regularization accounting for priors about the expected output structures.  Michele Volpi, michele.volpi@sdsc.ethz.ch, Tel: +41 (0) 44 635 5256,    2018 ar X iv :1 80 8. 07 67 5v 1 [ cs .C V ] 2 3 A ug 2 01 8
Measuring complexity using FuzzyEn, ApEn, and SampEn.

This paper compares three related measures of complexity, ApEn, SampEn, and FuzzyEn. Since vectors' similarity is defined on the basis of the hard and sensitive boundary of Heaviside function in ApEn and SampEn, the two families of statistics show high sensitivity to the parameter selection and may be invalid in case of small parameter. Importing the concept of fuzzy sets, we developed a new measure FuzzyEn, where vectors' similarity is defined by fuzzy similarity degree based on fuzzy membership functions and vectors' shapes. The soft and continuous boundaries of fuzzy functions ensure the continuity as well as the validity of FuzzyEn at small parameters. The more details obtained by fuzzy functions also make FuzzyEn a more accurate entropy definition than ApEn and SampEn. In addition, similarity definition based on vectors' shapes, together with the exclusion of self-matches, earns FuzzyEn stronger relative consistency and less dependence on data length. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that FuzzyEn provides an improved evaluation of signal complexity and can be more conveniently and powerfully applied to short time series contaminated by noise.
Heritability for Alzheimer's disease: the study of dementia in Swedish twins.

Alzheimer's disease has been thought to have familial and sporadic forms, and several genetic defects have been identified that chiefly explain early-onset familial cases. In this study, our purpose was to detect all cases of dementia in an established twin registry and to estimate total extent of genetic contribution to liability to Alzheimer's disease.



At the first stage, members of the registry were screened for dementia, using in-person or telephone mental status testing. At the second stage, those who screened positively and their partners were referred for clinical work-ups, including neuropsychological assessment, physician examination, laboratory tests, and neuroimaging. Clinical diagnoses were assigned at a multidisciplinary consensus conference. Probandwise concordance rates were examined by zygosity, and structural modeling was applied to the data to estimate genetic and environmental influences, using both single- and multiple-threshold models.



Sixty-five pairs were identified in which one or both was demented. The probandwise concordance rate for Alzheimer's disease among monozygotic pairs was 67%; the corresponding figure for dizygotic pairs was 22%. Heritability of liability to Alzheimer's disease was estimated to be .74; to any dementia, .43. The other variance is attributable to environmental influences.



Findings indicate a substantial genetic effect for these predominantly late-onset Alzheimer's disease cases. At the same time, structural modeling results and large intra-pair differences in age of onset suggest that environmental factors are also important in determining whether and when an individual may develop dementia.
Short-Circuit Fault Diagnosis for Three-Phase Inverters Based on Voltage-Space Patterns

This paper introduces a fault detection and isolation (FDI) method for faulty metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors in a three-phase pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage source inverter. Short-circuit switch faults are the leading cause of failure in power converters. It is extremely vital to detect them in the early stages to prevent unwanted shutdown and catastrophic failures in motor drives and power generation systems. Against the common FDI methods for power electronic inverters that use phase currents and PWM gate control signals, the proposed method only uses the inverter output voltages. This method analyzes the PWM switching signals in a time-free domain that is called the voltage space. For a healthy inverter, the projection of the state transitions in the voltage space results in a cubic pattern. Each short-circuit switch fault uniquely changes the voltage-space pattern that allows isolating the faulty switch. The fault detection time is only within one PWM carrier period, which is significantly faster than current-based conventional methods. The FDI result does not depend on the load, the PWM switching frequency, and the feedback loop. This method can address the reliability problem of multilevel inverters in renewable electrical generation systems and can dramatically reduce the number of required sensors.
Factors influencing e-marketplace adoption in agricultural micro-enterprises

E-marketplaces present a business-to-business (B2B) trading environment in which firms can benefit from increased choice among trading partners, and other efficiencies gained through electronic trading. B2B e-marketplaces have only recently emerged in New Zealand; however, there is already doubt whether predicted benefits are being realized. This study draws on the Tornatzky and Fleischer (1990) adoption model to explore the motivations and barriers to e-marketplace adoption that agricultural micro-enterprises experience. Key perceived barriers of e-marketplace adoption include conflict with pre-existing relationships, risk perceptions, ease of use and infrastructure problems. Dominant motivations include the ability to exclude the agent middleman, a reduction in transaction costs, and market reach. E-marketplace owners can use these preliminary findings to reduce perceived barriers and encourage increased participation. They also extend our understanding and assist theory development of the factors influencing micro enterprise adoption and participation in e-marketplaces, and within the agricultural sector.
Helping a Victim or Helping the Victim : Altruism and Identifiability

Although it has been claimed that people care more about identifiable than statistical victims, demonstrating this “identifiable victim effect” has proven difficult because identification usually provides information about a victim, and people may respond to the information rather than to identification per se. We show that a very weak form of identifiability—determining the victim without providing any personalizing information—increases caring. In the first, laboratory study, subjects were more willing to compensate others who lost money when the losers had already been determined than when they were about to be. In the second, field study, people contributed more to a charity when their contributions would benefit a family that had already been selected from a list than when told that the family would be selected from the same list.
A Fast New DES Implementation in Software

In this paper we describe a fast new DES implementation. This implementation is about ve times faster than the fastest known DES implementation on a (64-bit) Alpha computer, and about three times faster than than our new optimized DES implementation on 64-bit computers. This implementation uses a non-standard representation, and view the processor as a SIMD computer, i.e., as 64 parallel one-bit processors computing the same instruction. We also discuss the application of this implementation to other ciphers. We describe a new optimized standard implementation of DES on 64-bit processors, which is about twice faster than the fastest known standard DES implementation on the same processor. Our implementations can also be used for fast exhaustive search in software, which can nd a key in only a few days or a few weeks on existing parallel computers and computer networks.
Design of a Compact Dual-Band Annular-Ring Slot Antenna

This letter aims at miniaturizing an annular-ring slot antenna that is suitable for the 2.4/5-GHz dual-band operations. The miniaturization purpose was achieved by embedding in the center patch of the antenna a pair of slots to excite three resonant modes. The resonant band of the first excited resonant mode was lowered from that of the unperturbed annular-ring slot antenna, whereas those of the second and third excited resonant modes were combined to form a wide upper operating band by appropriately adjusting the dimensions of the embedded slots. The proposed antenna proves to have very similar copolarization radiation patterns in its two operating bands and have enough antenna gains for practical applications.
Analyzing deception, evolvability, and behavioral rarity in evolutionary robotics

A common aim across evolutionary search is to skillfully navigate complex search spaces, which requires search algorithms that exploit search space structure. This paper focuses on evolutionary robotics (ER) in particular, wherein controllers for robots are evolved to produce complex behavior. One productive approach for probing search space structure is to analyze properties of fitness landscapes; however, this paper argues that ER may require a fresh perspective for landscape analysis, because ER often goes beyond the black-box setting, i.e. evaluations provide useful information about how robots behave, beyond scalar performance heuristics. Indeed, some ER algorithms explicitly exploit such behavioral information, e.g. to follow gradients of behavioral novelty rather than to climb gradients of increasing performance. Thus well-motivated behavior-aware metrics may aid probing search-space structure in ER. In particular, this paper argues that behavioral conceptions of deception, evolvability, and rarity may help to understand ER landscapes, and seeks to quantify and explore them within a common ER benchmark task. To help this investigation, an expressive but limited encoding is designed, such that the behavior of all possible individuals in the domain can be precomputed. The result is an efficient platform for experimentation that facilitates (1) probing exact quantifications of deception, evolvability, and rarity in the chosen domain, and (2) the ability to efficiently drive search through idealistic ground-truth measures. The results help develop intuitions and suggest possible new ER algorithms. The hope is that the extensible open-source framework enables quick experimentation and idea generation, aiding brainstorming of new search algorithms and measures.
Fast Anomaly Detection for Streaming Data

This paper introduces Streaming Half-Space-Trees (HS-Trees), a fast one-class anomaly detector for evolving data streams. It requires only normal data for training and works well when anomalous data are rare. The model features an ensemble of random HS-Trees, and the tree structure is constructed without any data. This makes the method highly efficient because it requires no model restructuring when adapting to evolving data streams. Our analysis shows that Streaming HS-Trees has constant amortised time complexity and constant memory requirement. When compared with a state-of-theart method, our method performs favourably in terms of detection accuracy and runtime performance. Our experimental results also show that the detection performance of Streaming HS-Trees is not sensitive to its parameter settings.
Tonsillectomy and risk of Parkinson's disease: A danish nationwide population-based cohort study.

We hypothesized that tonsillectomy modifies the risk of PD.



To test the hypothesis in a nationwide population-based cohort study.



We used Danish medical registries to construct a cohort of all patients in Denmark with an operation code of tonsillectomy 1980-2010 (n = 195,169) and a matched age and sex general population comparison cohort (n = 975,845). Patients were followed until PD diagnosis, death, censoring, or end of follow-up 30 November 2013. Using Cox regression, we computed hazard ratios for PD and corresponding 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for age and sex by study design, and potential confounders.



We identified 100 and 568 patients diagnosed with PD among the tonsillectomy and general population comparison cohort, respectively, finding similar risks of PD (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.95 [95% confidence interval: 0.76-1.19]; for > 20 years' follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.96 [95% confidence interval: 0.64-1.41]).



Tonsillectomy is not associated with risk of PD, especially early-onset PD.
Squiggle: a Semantic Search Engine for Indexing and Retrieval of Multimedia Content

Search engines are becoming such an easy way to find textual resources that we wish to use them also for multimedia content; however, syntactic techniques, even if promising, are not up to the task: future search engines must consider new approaches. Experimental prototypes of this search engine of the future are appearing. Most of them employs “smart machines” able to directly elaborate multimedia resources, but we believe that the solution should embrace also “smart data”, able to capture lexical and conceptual characteristics of a domain in an ontology. In order to prove that Semantic Web technologies provide real benefits to end users in terms of an easier and more effective access to information, we developed Squiggle, a Semantic Web framework that eases the deployment of semantic search engines. Following a model-driven approach to application development, Squiggle makes ontologies (both the SKOS model and the domain knowledge) part of the running code. We evaluate the advantages of Squiggle against traditional approaches in two real world deployments: one to search images of skiers for Torino 2006 Winter Olympic Games and one to search music files.
Design for reliability of power electronics modules

0026-2714/$ see front matter 2009  Corresponding author.  Power electronics uses semiconductor technology to convert and control electrical power. Demands for efficient energy management, conversion and conservation, and the increasing take-up of electronics in transport systems has resulted in tremendous growth in the use of power electronics devices such as Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT’s). The packaging of power electronics devices involves a number of challenges for the design engineer in terms of reliability. For example, IGBT modules will contain a number of semiconductor dies within a small footprint bonded to substrates with aluminum wires and wide area solder joints. To a great extent, the reliability of the package will depend on the thermo-mechanical behavior of these materials. This paper details a physics of failure approach to reliability predictions of IGBT modules. It also illustrates the need for a probabilistic approach to reliability predictions that include the effects of design variations. Also discussed are technologies for predicting the remaining life of the package when subjected to qualification stresses or in service stresses using prognostics methods.
SPHORB: A Fast and Robust Binary Feature on the Sphere

In this paper, we propose SPHORB, a new fast and robust binary feature detector and descriptor for spherical panoramic images. In contrast to state-of-the-art spherical features, our approach stems from the geodesic grid, a nearly equal-area hexagonal grid parametrization of the sphere used in climate modeling. It enables us to directly build fine-grained pyramids and construct robust features on the hexagonal spherical grid, thus avoiding the costly computation of spherical harmonics and their associated bandwidth limitation. We further study how to achieve scale and rotation invariance for the proposed SPHORB feature. Extensive experiments show that SPHORB consistently outperforms other existing spherical features in accuracy, efficiency and robustness to camera movements. The superior performance of SPHORB has also been validated by real-world matching tests.
Thinking critically about critical thinking: ability, disposition or both?

The objectives of this study were to determine the extent to which clinician-educators agree on definitions of critical thinking and to determine whether their descriptions of critical thinking in clinical practice are consistent with these definitions.



Ninety-seven medical educators at five medical schools were surveyed. Respondents were asked to define critical thinking, to describe a clinical scenario in which critical thinking would be important, and to state the actions of a clinician in that situation who was thinking critically and those of another who was not. Qualitative content analysis was conducted to identify patterns and themes.



The definitions mostly described critical thinking as a process or an ability; a minority of respondents described it as a personal disposition. In the scenarios, however, the majority of the actions manifesting an absence of critical thinking resulted from heuristic thinking and a lack of cognitive effort, consistent with a dispositional approach, rather than a lack of ability to analyse or synthesise.



If we are to foster critical thinking among medical students, we must reconcile the way it is defined with the manner in which clinician-educators describe critical thinking--and its absence--in action. Such a reconciliation would include consideration of clinicians' sensitivity to complexity and their inclination to exert cognitive effort, in addition to their ability to master material and process information.
"Soft" Exoskeletons for Upper and Lower Body Rehabilitation - Design, Control and Testing

The basic concepts for exoskeletal systems have been suggested for some time with applications ranging from construction, manufacturing and mining to rescue and emergency services. In recent years, research has been driven by possible uses in medical/rehabilitation and military applications. Yet there are still significant barriers to the effective use and exploitation of this technology. Among the most pertinent of these factors is the power and actuation system and its impact of control, strength, speed and, perhaps most critically, safety. This work describes the design, construction and testing of an ultra low-mass, full-body exoskeleton system having seven degrees of freedom (DOFs) for the upper limbs and five degrees of freedom (DOFs) for each of the lower limbs. This low mass is primarily due to the use of a new range of pneumatic muscle actuators as the power source for the system. The work presented will show how the system takes advantage of the inherent controllable compliance to produce a unit that is powerful, providing a wide range of functionality (motion and forces over an extended range) in a manner that has high safety integrity for the user. The general layout of both the upper and the lower body exoskeleton is presented together with results from preliminary experiments to demonstrate the potential of the device in limb retraining, rehabilitation and power assist (augmentation) operations.