nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
[The corrugator supercilii muscle. A review].

Corrugator supercilii is a facial, forehead and supra-orbital muscle. The frown glabellar wrinkles are mainly formed by repeated contractions of this muscle. These wrinkles will produce the picture of premature ageing even in a young person. Many treatments reduce or abolish the action of this muscle, enhancing the appearance of the glabellar area. We propose to review the recent material related to the anatomical characteristics of this muscle in order to build the necessary knowledge to optimize the result of these different treatments.
What Are Optimal Coding Functions for Time-of-Flight Imaging?

The depth resolution achieved by a continuous wave time-of-flight (C-ToF) imaging system is determined by the coding (modulation and demodulation) functions that it uses. Almost all current C-ToF systems use sinusoid or square coding functions, resulting in a limited depth resolution. In this article, we present a mathematical framework for exploring and characterizing the space of C-ToF coding functions in a geometrically intuitive space. Using this framework, we design families of novel coding functions that are based on Hamiltonian cycles on hypercube graphs. Given a fixed total source power and acquisition time, the new Hamiltonian coding scheme can achieve up to an order of magnitude higher resolution as compared to the current state-of-the-art methods, especially in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) settings. We also develop a comprehensive physically-motivated simulator for C-ToF cameras that can be used to evaluate various coding schemes prior to a real hardware implementation. Since most off-the-shelf C-ToF sensors use sinusoid or square functions, we develop a hardware prototype that can implement a wide range of coding functions. Using this prototype and our software simulator, we demonstrate the performance advantages of the proposed Hamiltonian coding functions in a wide range of imaging settings.
Non-audit fees , disclosure and audit quality

This paper investigates the effect of non-audit services on audit quality. Following the announcement of the requirement to disclose non-audit fees, approximately one-third of UK quoted companies disclosed before the requirement became effective. Whilst distressed companies were more likely to disclose early, auditor size, directors’ shareholdings and non-audit fees were not signi cantly correlated with early disclosure. These results cast doubt on the view that voluntary disclosure of non-audit fees was used to signal audit quality. The evidence also indicates a positive weakly signi cant relationship between disclosed non-audit fees and audit quali cations. This suggests that when non-audit fees are disclosed, the provision of non-audit services does not reduce audit quality.
Enhancing Light Fields through Ray-Space Stitching

Light fields (LFs) have been shown to enable photorealistic visualization of complex scenes. In practice, however, an LF tends to have a relatively small angular range or spatial resolution, which limits the scope of virtual navigation. In this paper, we show how seamless virtual navigation can be enhanced by stitching multiple LFs. Our technique consists of two key components: LF registration and LF stitching. To register LFs, we use what we call the ray-space motion matrix (RSMM) to establish pairwise ray-ray correspondences. Using Plücker coordinates, we show that the RSMM is a 5 x 6 matrix, which reduces to a 5 x 5 matrix under pure translation and/or in-plane rotation. The final LF stitching is done using multi-resolution, high-dimensional graph-cut in order to account for possible scene motion, imperfect RSMM estimation, and/or undersampling. We show how our technique allows us to create LFs with various enhanced features: extended horizontal and/or vertical field-of-view, larger synthetic aperture and defocus blur, and larger parallax.
The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis.

A self-rated measure of health anxiety should be sensitive across the full range of intensity (from mild concern to frank hypochondriasis) and should differentiate people suffering from health anxiety from those who have actual physical illness but who are not excessively concerned about their health. It should also encompass the full range of clinical symptoms characteristic of clinical hypochondriasis. The development and validation of such a scale is described.



Three studies were conducted. First, the questionnaire was validated by comparing the responses of patients suffering from hypochondriasis with those suffering from hypochondriasis and panic disorder, panic disorder, social phobia and non-patient controls. Secondly, a state version of the questionnaire was administered to patients undergoing cognitive-behavioural treatment or wait-list in order to examine the measure's sensitivity to change. In the third study, a shortened version was developed and validated in similar types of sample, and in a range of samples of people seeking medical help for physical illness.



The scale was found to be reliable and to have a high internal consistency. Hypochondriacal patients scored significantly higher than anxiety disorder patients, including both social phobic patients and panic disorder patients as well as normal controls. In the second study, a 'state' version of the scale was found to be sensitive to treatment effects, and to correlate very highly with a clinician rating based on an interview of present clinical state. A development and refinement of the scale (intended to reflect more fully the range of symptoms of and reactions to hypochondriasis) was found to be reliable and valid. A very short (14 item) version of the scale was found to have comparable properties to the full length scale.



The HAI is a reliable and valid measure of health anxiety. It is likely to be useful as a brief screening instrument, as there is a short form which correlates highly with the longer version.
[Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey: Portugal-Brazil cross-cultural adaptation].

To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Portuguese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for students (MBI-SS), and investigate its reliability, validity and cross-cultural invariance.



The face validity involved the participation of a multidisciplinary team. Content validity was performed. The Portuguese version was completed in 2009, on the internet, by 958 Brazilian and 556 Portuguese university students from the urban area. Confirmatory factor analysis was carried out using as fit indices: the χ²/df, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). To verify the stability of the factor solution according to the original English version, cross-validation was performed in 2/3 of the total sample and replicated in the remaining 1/3. Convergent validity was estimated by the average variance extracted and composite reliability. The discriminant validity was assessed, and the internal consistency was estimated by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Concurrent validity was estimated by the correlational analysis of the mean scores of the Portuguese version and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, and the divergent validity was compared to the Beck Depression Inventory. The invariance of the model between the Brazilian and the Portuguese samples was assessed.



The three-factor model of Exhaustion, Disengagement and Efficacy showed good fit (c 2/df = 8.498, CFI = 0.916, GFI = 0.902, RMSEA = 0.086). The factor structure was stable (λ:χ²dif = 11.383, p = 0.50; Cov: χ²dif = 6.479, p = 0.372; Residues: χ²dif = 21.514, p = 0.121). Adequate convergent validity (VEM = 0.45;0.64, CC = 0.82;0.88), discriminant (ρ² = 0.06;0.33) and internal consistency (α = 0.83;0.88) were observed. The concurrent validity of the Portuguese version with the Copenhagen Inventory was adequate (r = 0.21, 0.74). The assessment of the divergent validity was impaired by the approach of the theoretical concept of the dimensions Exhaustion and Disengagement of the Portuguese version with the Beck Depression Inventory. Invariance of the instrument between the Brazilian and Portuguese samples was not observed (λ:χ²dif = 84.768, p<0.001; Cov: χ²dif = 129.206, p < 0.001; Residues: χ²dif = 518.760, p < 0.001).



The Portuguese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for students showed adequate reliability and validity, but its factor structure was not invariant between the countries, indicating the absence of cross-cultural stability.
Self-heating and its implications on hot carrier reliability evaluations

Device level Self-Heating (SH) is becoming a limiting factor during traditional DC Hot Carrier stresses in bulk and SOI technologies. Consideration is given to device layout and design for Self-Heating minimization during HCI stress in SOI technologies, the effect of SH on activation energy (Ea) and the SH induced enhancement to degradation. Applying a methodology for SH temperature correction of extracted device lifetime, correlation is established between DC device level stress and AC device stress using a specially designed ring oscillator.
A novel feature selection algorithm for text categorization

With the development of the web, large numbers of documents are available on the Internet. Digital libraries, news sources and inner data of companies surge more and more. Automatic text categorization becomes more and more important for dealing with massive data. However the major problem of text categorization is the high dimensionality of the feature space. At present there are many methods to deal with text feature selection. To improve the performance of text categorization, we present another method of dealing with text feature selection. Our study is based on Gini index theory and we design a novel Gini index algorithm to reduce the high dimensionality of the feature space. A new measure function of Gini index is constructed and made to fit text categorization. The results of experiments show that our improvements of Gini index behave better than other methods of feature selection.
Virtual People: Capturing Human Models to Populate Virtual Worlds

In this paper a new technique is introduced for automatically building recognisable moving 3D models of individual people. Realistic modelling of people is essential for advanced multimedia, augmented reality and immersive virtual reality. Current systems for whole-body model capture are based on active 3D sensing to measure the shape of the body surface. Such systems are prohibitively expensive and do not enable capture of high-quality photo-realistic colour. This results in geometrically accurate but unrealistic human models. The goal of this research is to achieve automatic low-cost modelling of people suitable for personalised avatars to populate virtual worlds. A model-based approach is presented for automatic reconstruction of recognisable avatars from a set of lowcost colour images of a person taken from four orthogonal views. A generic 3D human model represents both the human shape and kinematic joint structure. The shape of a specific person is captured by mapping 2D silhouette information from the orthogonal view colour images onto the generic 3D model. Colour texture mapping is achieved by projecting the set of images onto the deformed 3D model. This results in the capture of a recognisable 3D facsimile of an individual person suitable for articulated movement in a virtual world. The system is low-cost, requires single-shot capture, is reliable for large variations in shape and size and can cope with clothing of moderate complexity.
FT-IR study of the effect of lead and the influence of chelating agents, DMSA and D-Penicillamine, on the biochemical contents of brain tissues of Catla catla fingerlings

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of lead and the influence of chelating agents,meso 2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and D-Penicillamine, on the biochemical contents of the brain tissues of Catla catla fingerlings by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra revealed significant differences in absorbance intensities between control and lead-intoxicated brain tissues, reflecting a change in protein and lipid contents in the brain tissues due to lead toxicity. In addition, the administration of chelating agents, DMSA and D-Penicillamine, improved the protein and lipid contents in the brain tissues compared to lead-intoxicated tissues. Further, DMSA was more effective in reducing the body burden of lead. The protein secondary structure analysis revealed that lead intoxication causes an alteration in protein profile with a decrease in α-helix and an increase in β-sheet structure of Catla catla brain. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that FT-IR spectroscopy could differentiate the normal and lead-intoxicated brain tissues due to intrinsic differences in intensity.
Greedy algorithms for packing unequal circles into a rectangular container

In this paper, we study the problem of packing unequal circle s into a2D rectangular container. We solve this problem by proposing two greedy algorithms. Th e first algorithm, denoted by B1.0, selects the next circle to place according to the maximum hole degree rule , which is inspired from human activity in packing. The second algorithm, denoted by B1.5, improves B1.0 with aself look-ahead search strategy . The comparisons with the published methods on several inst ances taken from the literature show the good performance of our ap p oach.
Stable Neo-Hookean Flesh Simulation

Nonlinear hyperelastic energies play a key role in capturing the fleshy appearance of virtual characters. Real-world, volume-preserving biological tissues have Poisson’s ratios near 1/2, but numerical simulation within this regime is notoriously challenging. In order to robustly capture these visual characteristics, we present a novel version of Neo-Hookean elasticity. Our model maintains the fleshy appearance of the Neo-Hookean model, exhibits superior volume preservation, and is robust to extreme kinematic rotations and inversions. We obtain closed-form expressions for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of all of the system’s components, which allows us to directly project the Hessian to semipositive definiteness, and also leads to insights into the numerical behavior of the material. These findings also inform the design of more sophisticated hyperelastic models, which we explore by applying our analysis to Fung and Arruda-Boyce elasticity. We provide extensive comparisons against existing material models.
A 0.22-to-2.4V-input fine-grained fully integrated rational buck-boost SC DC-DC converter using algorithmic voltage-feed-in (AVFI) topology achieving 84.1% peak efficiency at 13.2mW/mm2

Most existing switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converters only offer a few voltage conversion ratios (VCRs), leading to significant efficiency fluctuations under wide input/output dynamics (e.g. up to 30% in ). Consequently, systematic SC DC-DC converters with fine-grained VCRs (FVCRs) become attractive to achieve high efficiency over a wide operating range. Both the Recursive SC (RSC)  and Negator-based SC (NSC)  topologies offer systematic FVCR generations with high conductance, but their binary-switching nature fundamentally results in considerable parasitic loss. In bulk CMOS, the restriction of using low-parasitic MIM capacitors for high efficiency ultimately limits their achievable power density to <1mW/mm2. This work reports a fully integrated fine-grained buck-boost SC DC-DC converter with 24 VCRs. It features an algorithmic voltage-feed-in (AVFI) topology to systematically generate any arbitrary buck-boost rational ratio with optimal conduction loss while achieving the lowest parasitic loss compared with [2,4]. With 10 main SC cells (MCs) and 10 auxiliary SC cells (ACs) controlled by the proposed reference-selective bootstrapping driver (RSBD) for wide-range efficient buck-boost operations, the AVFI converter in 65nm bulk CMOS achieves a peak efficiency of 84.1% at a power density of 13.2mW/mm2 over a wide range of input (0.22 to 2.4V) and output (0.85 to 1.2V).
Utilizing Performance Unit Tests To Increase Performance Awareness

Many decisions taken during software development impact the resulting application performance. The key decisions whose potential impact is large are usually carefully weighed. In contrast, the same care is not used for many decisions whose individual impact is likely to be small -- simply because the costs would outweigh the benefits. Developer opinion is the common deciding factor for these cases, and our goal is to provide the developer with information that would help form such opinion, thus preventing performance loss due to the accumulated effect of many poor decisions.
 Our method turns performance unit tests into recipes for generating performance documentation. When the developer selects an interface and workload of interest, relevant performance documentation is generated interactively. This increases performance awareness -- with performance information available alongside standard interface documentation, developers should find it easier to take informed decisions even in situations where expensive performance evaluation is not practical. We demonstrate the method on multiple examples, which show how equipping code with performance unit tests works.
Möbius voting for surface correspondence

The goal of our work is to develop an efficient, automatic algorithm for discovering point correspondences between surfaces that are approximately and/or partially isometric.
 Our approach is based on three observations. First, isometries are a subset of the Möbius group, which has low-dimensionality -- six degrees of freedom for topological spheres, and three for topological discs. Second, computing the Möbius transformation that interpolates any three points can be computed in closed-form after a mid-edge flattening to the complex plane. Third, deviations from isometry can be modeled by a transportation-type distance between corresponding points in that plane.
 Motivated by these observations, we have developed a Möbius Voting algorithm that iteratively: 1) samples a triplet of three random points from each of two point sets, 2) uses the Möbius transformations defined by those triplets to map both point sets into a canonical coordinate frame on the complex plane, and 3) produces "votes" for predicted correspondences between the mutually closest points with magnitude representing their estimated deviation from isometry. The result of this process is a fuzzy correspondence matrix, which is converted to a permutation matrix with simple matrix operations and output as a discrete set of point correspondences with confidence values.
 The main advantage of this algorithm is that it can find intrinsic point correspondences in cases of extreme deformation. During experiments with a variety of data sets, we find that it is able to find dozens of point correspondences between different object types in different poses fully automatically.
Quantity is Nothing without Quality : Automated QA / QC for Streaming Environmental Sensor Data

human health and safety, serving as an early-warning system for hazardous environmental conditions, such as poor air and water quality (e.g., Glasgow et al. 2004, Normander et al. 2008), and natural disasters, such as fires (e.g., Hefeeda and Bagheri 2009), floods (e.g., Young 2002), and earthquakes (e.g., Hart and Martinez 2006). Collectively, these changes in the technological landscape are altering the way that environmental conditions are monitored, creating a platform for new scientific discoveries (Porter et al. 2009). Although sensor networks can provide many benefits, they are susceptible to malfunctions that can result in lost or poor-quality data. Some level of sensor failure is inevitable; however, steps can be taken to minimize the risk of loss and to improve the overall quality of the data. In the ecological community, it has become common practice to post streaming sensor data online with limited or no quality control. That is, these data are often delivered to end users in a raw form, without any checks or evaluations having been performed. In such cases, the data are typically released provisionally with the understanding that they could change in the future. However, when provisional data are made publically available before they have been comprehensively checked, there is the potential for erroneous or misleading results. Streaming sensor networks have advanced ecological research by providing enormous quantities of data at fine temporal and spatial resolutions in near real time (Szewczyk et al. 2004, Porter et al. 2005, Collins et al. 2006). The advent of wireless technologies has enabled connections with sensors in remote locations, making it possible to transmit data instantaneously using communication devices such as cellular phones, radios, and local area networks. Advancements in cyberinfrastructure have improved data storage capacity, processing speed, and communication bandwidth, making it possible to deliver to end users the most current observations from sensors (e.g., within minutes after their collection). Recent technological developments have resulted in a new generation of in situ sensors that provide continuous data streams on the physical, chemical, optical, acoustical, and biological properties of ecosystems. These new types of sensors provide a window into natural patterns not obtainable with discrete measurements (Benson et al. 2010). Techniques for rapidly processing and interpreting digital data, such as webcam images in investigations of tree phenology (Richardson et al. 2009) and acoustic data in wildlife research (Szewczyk et al. 2004), have also enhanced our understanding of ecological processes. Access to near-real-time data has become important for
Face Retrieval Framework Relying on User's Visual Memory

This paper presents an interactive face retrieval framework for clarifying an image representation envisioned by a user. Our system is designed for a situation in which the user wishes to find a person but has only visual memory of the person. We address a critical challenge of image retrieval across the user's inputs. Instead of target-specific information, the user can select several images (or a single image) that are similar to an impression of the target person the user wishes to search for. Based on the user's selection, our proposed system automatically updates a deep convolutional neural network. By interactively repeating these process (human-in-the-loop optimization), the system can reduce the gap between human-based similarities and computer-based similarities and estimate the target image representation. We ran user studies with 10 subjects on a public database and confirmed that the proposed framework is effective for clarifying the image representation envisioned by the user easily and quickly.
Hair follicle stem cells are specified and function in early skin morphogenesis.

In adult skin, epithelial hair follicle stem cells (SCs) reside in a quiescent niche and are essential for cyclic bouts of hair growth. Niche architecture becomes pronounced postnatally at the start of the first hair cycle. Whether SCs exist or function earlier is unknown. Here we show that slow-cycling cells appear early in skin development, express SC markers, and later give rise to the adult SC population. To test whether these early slow-cycling cells function as SCs, we use Sox9-Cre for genetic marking and K14-Cre to embryonically ablate Sox9, an essential adult SC gene. We find that the progeny of Sox9-expressing cells contribute to all skin epithelial lineages and Sox9 is required for SC specification. In the absence of early SCs, hair follicle and sebaceous gland morphogenesis is blocked, and epidermal wound repair is compromised. These findings establish the existence of early hair follicle SCs and reveal their physiological importance in tissue morphogenesis.