nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Colchicine semisynthetics: chemotherapeutics for cancer?

Nitrogen-containing bioactive alkaloids of plant origin play a significant role in human health and medicine. Several semisynthetic antimitotic alkaloids are successful in anticancer drug development. Gloriosa superba biosynthesizes substantial quantities of colchicine, a bioactive molecule for gout treatment. Colchicine also has antimitotic activity, preventing growth of cancer cells by interacting with microtubules, which could lead to the design of better cancer therapeutics. Further, several colchicine semisynthetics are less toxic than colchicine. Research is being conducted on effective, less toxic colchicine semisynthetic formulations with potential drug delivery strategies directly targeting multiple solid cancers. This article reviews the dynamic state of anticancer drug development from colchicine semisynthetics and natural colchicine production and briefly discusses colchicine biosynthesis.
Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: recording standards and publication criteria.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded from the human scalp can provide important information about how the human brain normally processes information and about how this processing may go awry in neurological or psychiatric disorders. Scientists using or studying ERPs must strive to overcome the many technical problems that can occur in the recording and analysis of these potentials. The methods and the results of these ERP studies must be published in a way that allows other scientists to understand exactly what was done so that they can, if necessary, replicate the experiments. The data must then be analyzed and presented in a way that allows different studies to be compared readily. This paper presents guidelines for recording ERPs and criteria for publishing the results.
Dual-Band Dual-Mode Patch Antenna for On-/Off-Body WBAN Communications

A novel coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed dual-band dual-mode patch antenna for on-/off-body communications is proposed. The proposed antenna, which comprises a T-shaped patch with parasitic patches, a circular patch, and a CPW feedline, has dimensions of 30×45×3.2 mm3 The proposed antenna operates in the 2.4-GHz ISM band (2.4-2.485 GHz) for off-body communication, and in the 5.8-GHz ISM band (5.725-5.875 GHz) for on-body communication. The antenna has a patch-like radiation pattern in the 2.4-GHz ISM band and a monopole-like radiation pattern in the 5.8-GHz ISM band.
Screening of Panamanian Plants for Cosmetic Properties, and HPLC-Based Identification of Constituents with Antioxidant and UV-B Protecting Activities

A library of 600 taxonomically diverse Panamanian plant extracts was screened for DPPH scavenging and UV-B protective activities, and the methanolic extracts of Mosquitoxylum jamaicense, Combretum cacoucia, and Casearia commersionia were submitted to HPLC-based activity profiling. The compounds located in the active time windows were isolated and identified as gallic acid derivatives and flavonoids. Gallic acid methyl ester (3) and digallic acid derivatives (2, 6) showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (<10 μg/mL), while protocatechuic acid (7) and isoquercitrin (10) exhibited the highest UV-B protective properties.
Incomplete Algorithms

An incomplete method for solving the propositional satisfiability problem (or a general constraint satisfaction problem) is one that does not provide the guarantee that it will eventually either report a satisfying assignment or declare that the given formula is unsatisfiable. In practice, most such methods are biased towards the satisfiable side: they are typically run with a pre-set resource limit, after which they either produce a valid solution or report failure; they never declare the formula to be unsatisfiable. These are the kind of algorithms we will discuss in this chapter. In complexity theory terms, such algorithms are referred to as having one-sided error. In principle, an incomplete algorithm could instead be biased towards the unsatisfiable side, always providing proofs of unsatisfiability but failing to find solutions to some satisfiable instances, or be incomplete with respect to both satisfiable and unsatisfiable instances (and thus have two-sided error). Unlike systematic solvers often based on an exhaustive branching and backtracking search, incomplete methods are generally based on stochastic local search, sometimes referred to as SLS. On problems from a variety of domains, such incomplete methods for SAT can significantly outperform DPLL-based methods. Since the early 1990’s, there has been a tremendous amount of research on designing, understanding, and improving local search methods for SAT. There have also been attempts at hybrid approaches that explore combining ideas from DPLL methods and local search techniques [e.g. 39, 68, 84, 88]. We cannot do justice to all recent research in local search solvers for SAT, and will instead try to provide a brief overview and touch upon some interesting details. The interested reader is encouraged to further explore the area through some of the nearly a hundred publications we cite along the way. We begin the chapter by discussing two methods that played a key role in the success of local search for satisfiability, namely GSAT [98] and Walksat [95]. We will then discuss some extensions of these ideas, in particular clause weighting
Adult separation anxiety in treatment nonresponders with anxiety disorders: delineation of the syndrome and exploration of attachment-based psychotherapy and biomarkers.

Clinically significant separation anxiety [SA] has been identified as being common among patients who do not respond to psychiatric interventions, regardless of intervention type (pharmacological or psychotherapeutic), across anxiety and mood disorders. An attachment formation and maintenance domain has been proposed as contributing to anxiety disorders. We therefore directly determined prevalence of SA in a population of adult treatment non-responders suffering from primary anxiety. In these separation anxious nonresponders, we pilot-tested an SA-focused, attachment-based psychotherapy for anxiety, Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy-eXtended Range [PFPP-XR], and assessed whether hypothesized biomarkers of attachment were engaged. We studied separation anxiety [SA] in 46 adults (ages 23-70 [mean 43.9 (14.9)]) with clinically significant anxiety symptoms (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [HARS]≥15), and reporting a history of past non-response to psychotherapy and/or medication treatments. Thirty-seven (80%) had clinically significant symptoms of separation anxiety (Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety Symptoms [SCI-SAS] score≥8). Five of these subjects completed an open clinical trial of Panic Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy eXtended Range [PFPP-XR], a 21-24 session, 12-week manualized attachment-focused anxiolytic psychodynamic psychotherapy for anxiety. Patients improved on "adult threshold" SCI-SAS (current separation anxiety) (p=.016), HARS (p=0.002), and global severity, assessed by the Clinical Global Impression Scale (p=.0006), at treatment termination. Salivary oxytocin levels decreased 67% after treatment (p=.12). There was no significant change in high or low frequency HRV after treatment, but change in high frequency HRV inversely correlated with treatment change in oxytocin (p<.02), and change in low frequency HRV was positively associated with change in oxytocin (p<.02). SA is surprisingly prevalent among non-responders to standard anti-anxiety treatments, and it may represent a novel transdiagnostic target for treatment intervention in this population. Anxiety and global function improved in a small trial of a brief, manualized, attachment-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy, potentially supporting the clinical relevance of attachment dysfunction in this sample. The large decrease in oxytocin levels with treatment, although not statistically significant in this very small sample, suggests the need for further study of oxytocin as a putative biomarker or mediator of SA response. These pilot data generate testable hypotheses supporting an attachment domain underlying treatment-resistant anxiety, and new treatment strategies.
A Comprehensive Survey and Classification of Approaches for Community Question Answering

Community question-answering (CQA) systems, such as Yahoo! Answers or Stack Overflow, belong to a prominent group of successful and popular Web 2.0 applications, which are used every day by millions of users to find an answer on complex, subjective, or context-dependent questions. In order to obtain answers effectively, CQA systems should optimally harness collective intelligence of the whole online community, which will be impossible without appropriate collaboration support provided by information technologies. Therefore, CQA became an interesting and promising subject of research in computer science and now we can gather the results of 10 years of research. Nevertheless, in spite of the increasing number of publications emerging each year, so far the research on CQA systems has missed a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey. We attempt to fill this gap by a review of 265 articles published between 2005 and 2014, which were selected from major conferences and journals. According to this evaluation, at first we propose a framework that defines descriptive attributes of CQA approaches. Second, we introduce a classification of all approaches with respect to problems they are aimed to solve. The classification is consequently employed in a review of a significant number of representative approaches, which are described by means of attributes from the descriptive framework. As a part of the survey, we also depict the current trends as well as highlight the areas that require further attention from the research community.
MELD score: utility and comparison with King's College criteria in non-acetaminophen acute liver failure.

To compare Model for End-stage Liver Disease Score (MELD Score, MS) and King's College Hospital (KCH) criteria for finding correlation of mortality in non-acetaminophen induced acute liver failure (NAI-ALF).



An analytical cross-sectional study.


PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY
The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from 2005 to 2007.



The study included patients with NAI-ALF. KCH criteria were labelled as good and bad prognosis groups. MELD score were calculated by using the MELD calculator. ROC was plotted and sensitivity analysis was done. ETA was used to see correlation between MELD and KCH.



Ninety-one patients with mean age of 32.5 + 16.3 years were studied; 49 were males (54%). Out of these, 57 patients died (63%); two leading causes of non-acetaminophen induced acute liver failure (NAI-ALF) were hepatitis hepatitis B virus (HBV) (n = 30, 33%) followed by hepatitis E virus in (n = 23, 25.3%). According to King's College Hospital (KCH) criteria, 50 patients (88%) who died had bad prognosis and 24 patients (70.6%) who survived had good prognosis. The ROC determined MELD score of 32 was the best predictor of mortality with sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 71%, respectively and positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of 82% and 67% respectively. There was significant association between mortality and bad prognosis according to KCH criteria (p < 0.001). Overall mean MELD score (MMS) was 35.35 + 8.64. MMS on admission was 38 + 7.32 in patients who died and 30.7 + 8.77 in those who survived (p = < 0.001). MMS correlated equally with KCH criteria (ETA = 0.52).



The admission MELD score has an excellent utility and correlates equally with KCH criteria for mortality in NAI- ALF.
Comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple daily injection regimens using insulin lispro in type 1 diabetic patients on intensified treatment: a randomized study. The Study Group for the Development of Pump Therapy in Diabetes.

To compare the efficacy of 2 intensified insulin regimens, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple daily injections (MDI), by using the short-acting insulin analog lispro in type 1 diabetic patients.



A total of 41 C-peptide-negative type 1 diabetic patients (age 43.5+/-10.3 years; 21 men and 20 women, BMI 24.0+/-2.4 kg/m2, diabetes duration 20.0+/-11.3 years) on intensified insulin therapy (MDI with regular insulin or lispro, n = 9, CSII with regular insulin, n = 32) were included in an open-label randomized crossover study comparing two 4-month periods of intensified insulin therapy with lispro: one period by MDI and the other by CSII. Blood glucose (BG) was monitored before and after each of the 3 meals each day.



The basal insulin regimen had to be optimized in 75% of the patients during the MDI period (mean number of NPH injections per day = 2.65). HbA1c values were lower when lispro was used in CSII than in MDI (7.89+/-0.77 vs. 8.24+/-0.77%, P<0.001). BG levels were lower with CSII (165+/-27 vs. 175+/-33 mg/dl, P<0.05). The SD of all the BG values (73+/-15 vs. 82+/-18 mg/dl, P<0.01) was lower with CSII. The frequency of hypoglycemic events, defined as BG levels <60 mg/dl, did not differ significantly between the 2 modalities (CSII 3.9+/-4.2 per 14 days vs. MDI 4.3+/-3.9 per 14 days). Mean insulin doses were significantly lower with CSII than with MDI (38.5+/-9.8 vs. 47.3+/-14.9 U/day. respectively, P< 0.0001).



When used with external pumps versus MDI, lispro provides better glycemic control and stability with much lower doses of insulin and does not increase the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes.
Temperature-dependent appearance of forensically useful flies on carcasses

Flies are frequently used for postmortem interval (PMI) estimations. These estimates are usually based on the age of larval or pupal specimens. However, the age defines only the minimum PMI. In order to move forensic entomology further, a method useful for the estimation of an interval preceding insect appearance on a corpse called the pre-appearance interval (PAI) is needed. Recently, it was demonstrated that the PAI of several carrion beetles is closely related to the temperature prevailing throughout this interval. Hence, it was postulated to estimate PAI from temperature. In order to check premises for using this approach with flies, a test of the relationship between adult or oviposition PAI and temperature was made for nine species of European flies. Data on PAI originated from pig carcasses decomposing under various temperatures. Adult PAI of Hydrotaea dentipes, Hydrotaea ignava, Hydrotaea similis, Phormia regina, and Stearibia nigriceps and oviposition PAI of S. nigriceps were exponentially related to temperature. Only S. nigriceps revealed a close relationship, demonstrating solid premises for PAI estimation from temperature alone. Adult and oviposition PAI of Calliphora vomitoria and adult PAI of Hydrotaea pilipes were not related to temperature. Adult and oviposition PAI of Lucilia sericata and Lucilia caesar responded similarly, with an abrupt and large increase in a narrow range of low temperatures and no response in a broad range of high temperatures. Probably, different mechanisms form the basis for the response of PAI to temperature in flies colonizing carcasses shortly after death and flies colonizing carcasses later in the decomposition process.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) associated with HIV Clade C—is not uncommon

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, subacute, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by JC virus. Studies of PML from HIV Clade C prevalent countries are scarce. We sought to study the clinical, neuroimaging, and pathological features of PML in HIV Clade C patients from India. This is a prospective cum retrospective study, conducted in a tertiary care Neurological referral center in India from Jan 2001 to May 2012. Diagnosis was considered “definite” (confirmed by histopathology or JCV PCR in CSF) or “probable” (confirmed by MRI brain). Fifty-five patients of PML were diagnosed between January 2001 and May 2012. Complete data was available in 38 patients [mean age 39 ± 8.9 years; duration of illness—82.1 ± 74.7 days). PML was prevalent in 2.8 % of the HIV cohort seen in our Institute. Hemiparesis was the commonest symptom (44.7 %), followed by ataxia (36.8 %). Definitive diagnosis was possible in 20 cases. Eighteen remained “probable” wherein MRI revealed multifocal, symmetric lesions, hypointense on T1, and hyperintense on T2/FLAIR. Stereotactic biopsy (n = 11) revealed demyelination, enlarged oligodendrocytes with intranuclear inclusions and astrocytosis. Immunohistochemistry revelaed the presence of JC viral antigen within oligodendroglial nuclei and astrocytic cytoplasm. No differences in clinical, radiological, or pathological features were evident from PML associated with HIV Clade B. Clinical suspicion of PML was entertained in only half of the patients. Hence, a high index of suspicion is essential for diagnosis. There are no significant differences between clinical, radiological, and pathological picture of PML between Indian and Western countries.
Creativity and innovation for corporate happiness management

In the system in which we are currently inserted, happiness and work seem to be completely exclusive words and without any possibility of association. The following study intends to show that it is possible to find a balance between happiness and work (Csikszentmihalyi in Gestão qualificada: a conexão entre felicidade e negócio, Bookman, Porto Alegre, 2004), by diagnosing the level of happiness shown by people in their working environment’s, proposing solutions to enhance happiness and productive in certain enterprise’s staff (Tidd and Bessant in Innovation and entrepreneurship, Wiley, London, 2007; Gestão da Inovação, Bookman, Porto Alegre, 2008). It is necessary, hence, an analysis beyond the happy-unhappy dichotomy when observing the different happiness levels presented in the routine and in the working hours, based on the interactions between creativity and innovation (Amabile in KEYS to creativity and innovation: user’s guide, Center For Creative Leadership, Greensboro, 2010; Sawyer in Explaining creativity: the science of human innovation, 2nd edn,  2012; West and Richter in Handbook of organizational creativity, 1st edn, Taylor and Francis, New York, 2008). Furthermore, this article shows that it is essential to combine the present’s happiness to a long-term project, an optimistic vision for the future (James and Drown in Handbook of organizational creativity, 1st edn, Elsevier, San Diego, 2012). To evaluate the work and a person’s life, this article develops a Multi Criteria Model of Work Organization and Evaluation and a Map of the Corporate Happiness Levels as a conscious path through workplace, collaboration in the enterprise, the marketplace and society, up to the personal and social life of a subject (Kamel in Artesão da minha própria felicidade, 1st edn. E-papers Serviços Editoriais Ltda, Rio de Janeiro, 2007). It offers ten practical recommendations to raise corporation rates of happiness. Accordingly, this paper proves its relevance by offering reference material to professionals and enterprises who search changes in its current personal management policy, willing to move towards a society with increasingly fulfilled professionals, happy and productive in their own employment.
Substance abuse as a mediating factor in outcome from traumatic brain injury.

A review of recent research addressed two questions: how common are problems of substance abuse in traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to what extent does alcohol and other drug use mediate outcome? Studies showed alcohol intoxication present in one third to one half of hospitalizations; data for other drug intoxication were not available. Nearly two thirds of rehabilitation patients may have a history of substance abuse that preceded their injuries. Intoxication was related to acute complications, longer hospital stays, and poorer discharge status; however, these relationships may have been caused by colinearity with history. History of substance abuse showed the same morbidity, and was further associated with higher mortality rates, poorer neuropsychological outcome, and greater likelihood of repeat injuries and late deterioration. The effect of history may be caused by subgroups with more severe substance abuse problems. Implications for rehabilitation are discussed, including the potential negative impact of untreated substance abuse on the ability to document efficacy of rehabilitation efforts.
An Architecture for Intelligent Data Processing on IoT Edge Devices

As the Internet of Things edges closer to mainstream adoption, with it comes an exponential rise in data transmission across the current Internet architecture. Capturing and analyzing this data will lead to a wealth of opportunities. However, this ungoverned, unstructured data has the potential to exhaust the resources of an already strained infrastructure. Analyzing data as close to the sources as possible would greatly enhance the success of the IoT. This paper proposes a distributed data processing architecture for edge devices in an IoT environment. Our approach focuses on a vehicular trucking use case. The goal is to recreate the traditionally centralized Storm processes on the edge devices using a combination of Apache MiNiFi and the user’s custombuilt programs. Our approach is shown to preserve computational accuracy while reducing by upwards of 90 percent the volume of data transferred from edge devices for centralized processing.
Maximum Entropy Confidence Estimation for Speech Recognition

For many automatic speech recognition (ASR) applications, it is useful to predict the likelihood that the recognized string contains an error. This paper explores two modifications of a classic design. First, it replaces the standard maximum likelihood classifier with a maximum entropy classifier. The maximum entropy framework carries the dual advantages discriminative training and reasonable generalization. Second, it includes a number of alternative features. Our ASR system is heavily pruned, and often produces recognition lattices with only a single path. These alternate features are meant to serve as a surrogate for the typical features that can be computed from a rich lattice. We show that the maximum entropy classifier easily outperforms the standard baseline system, and the alternative features provide consistent gains for all of our test sets.
Graphene in biomedicine: opportunities and challenges.

Graphene, whose discovery won the 2010 Nobel Prize in physics, has been a shining star in the material science in the past few years. Owing to its interesting electrical, optical, mechanical and chemical properties, graphene has found potential applications in a wide range of areas, including biomedicine. In this article, we will summarize the latest progress of using graphene for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, cancer therapies and biosensing, and discuss the opportunities and challenges in this emerging field.
The Role of Situation Awareness in Assuring Safety of Autonomous Vehicles

Assuring safety of autonomous vehicles operating in an open environment requires reliable situation awareness, action planning and prediction of actions of other vehicles and objects. Factors that also have to be considered are certainty and completeness of available information and trust in information sources and other entities. The paper discusses the problem of autonomous vehicle safety assurance and proposes dynamic situation assessment to cope with the problem of environment dynamics and incomplete and uncertain situation knowledge. The approach is presented for a simple example of a simulated autonomous vehicle. The situation awareness model and autonomous vehicle control system architecture is presented. The problems of justifying system safety are discussed.