nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Smart Cities

Spyros Kotoulas IBM Research Ireland Urbanization has dramatically in ­ creased over the past few years, and forecasts show that people’s migration to urban areas isn’t going to decrease.1 Mega­cities with tens of millions of inhabitants are no longer exceptional. This concentration of popu­ lation within cities poses numerous chal­ lenges in terms of both city governance and peoples’ lives. As a consequence, “smarter” solutions are necessary to bet­ ter address emerging requirements in urban environments. Smart cities have claimed a central position in the innovation agendas of governments, research organizations, and technology vendors, posing unique and difficult challenges in terms of problem domain, scope, and signifi­ cance. From a research perspective, smart cities are inherently interdisci­ plinary: they require investigation and cooperation across several disciplines, spanning from economics to social sci­ ences, from politics to infrastructure management. Specifically, research­ ers are actively pursuing advances in information and communication technologies (ICT). This interest has a natural focus around Internet tech­ nologies. This special issue illustrates a set of research efforts representing the state of the art in the field, including managing and interpreting informa­ tion from social media, energy infra­ structures, buildings, and other sensor systems.
Future Perspectives on the Role of Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular Tissue Regeneration

Vascular tissue engineering is an area of regenerative medicine that attempts to create functional replacement tissue for defective segments of the vascular network. One approach to vascular tissue engineering utilizes seeding of biodegradable tubular scaffolds with stem (and/or progenitor) cells wherein the seeded cells initiate scaffold remodeling and prevent thrombosis through paracrine signaling to endogenous cells. Stem cells have received an abundance of attention in recent literature regarding the mechanism of their paracrine therapeutic effect. However, very little of this mechanistic research has been performed under the aegis of vascular tissue engineering. Therefore, the scope of this review includes the current state of TEVGs generated using the incorporation of stem cells in biodegradable scaffolds and potential cell-free directions for TEVGs based on stem cell secreted products. The current generation of stem cell-seeded vascular scaffolds are based on the premise that cells should be obtained from an autologous source. However, the reduced regenerative capacity of stem cells from certain patient groups limits the therapeutic potential of an autologous approach. This limitation prompts the need to investigate allogeneic stem cells or stem cell secreted products as therapeutic bases for TEVGs. The role of stem cell derived products, particularly extracellular vesicles (EVs), in vascular tissue engineering is exciting due to their potential use as a cell-free therapeutic base. EVs offer many benefits as a therapeutic base for functionalizing vascular scaffolds such as cell specific targeting, physiological delivery of cargo to target cells, reduced immunogenicity, and stability under physiological conditions. However, a number of points must be addressed prior to the effective translation of TEVG technologies that incorporate stem cell derived EVs such as standardizing stem cell culture conditions, EV isolation, scaffold functionalization with EVs, and establishing the therapeutic benefit of this combination treatment.
Cloud computing and its impact on economic and environmental performance: A transaction cost economics perspective

Received in revised form 15 February 2016  Drawing on transaction cost economics, this study examines how novel information technology like cloud computing can help firms not only maintain adequate supply chain collaboration, but also balance both economic and environmental performance. We analyze survey data from 247 IT and supply chain professionals using structural equation modeling and partial least squares to verify the robustness of our results. Our analyses yield several interesting findings. First, contrary to other studies we find that collaboration does not necessarily affect environmental performance and only partiallymediates the relationship between cloud computing and economic performance. Secondly, the results of our survey provide evidence of the direct effect of cloud computing on both economic and environmental performance.
Mass Shootings: The Role of the Media in Promoting Generalized Imitation.

Mass shootings are a particular problem in the United States, with one mass shooting occurring approximately every 12.5 days. Recently a "contagion" effect has been suggested wherein the occurrence of one mass shooting increases the likelihood of another mass shooting occurring in the near future. Although contagion is a convenient metaphor used to describe the temporal spread of a behavior, it does not explain how the behavior spreads. Generalized imitation is proposed as a better model to explain how one person's behavior can influence another person to engage in similar behavior. Here we provide an overview of generalized imitation and discuss how the way in which the media report a mass shooting can increase the likelihood of another shooting event. Also, we propose media reporting guidelines to minimize imitation and further decrease the likelihood of a mass shooting.
Fingerprint Verification System Using Minutiae Extraction Technique

minutiae matching and have been well studied. However, this technology still suffers from problems associated with the handling of poor quality impressions. One problem besetting fingerprint matching is distortion. Distortion changes both geometric position and orientation, and leads to difficulties in establishing a match among multiple impressions acquired from the same finger tip. Marking all the minutiae accurately as well as rejecting false minutiae is another issue still under research. Our work has combined many methods to build a minutia extractor and a minutia matcher. The combination of multiple methods comes from a wide investigation into research papers. Also some novel changes like segmentation using Morphological operations, improved thinning, false minutiae removal methods, minutia marking with special considering the triple branch counting, minutia unification by decomposing a branch into three terminations, and matching in the unified x-y coordinate system after a two-step transformation are used in the work.
A Formalization of Complex Event Stream Processing

Information systems in general, and business processes in particular, generate a wealth of information in the form of event traces or logs. The analysis of these logs, either offline or in real-time, can be put to numerous uses: computation of various statistics, detection of anomalous patterns or compliance violations of some form of contract. However, current solutions for Complex Event Processing (CEP) generally offer only a restricted set of predefined queries on traces, and otherwise require a user to write procedural code to compute custom queries. In this paper, we present a formal and declarative language for the manipulation of event traces.
Wireless Sensor Networks in Support of E-Health Applications

Declaration Declaration I hereby declare that except where specific reference is made to the work of others, the contents of this thesis are original and have not been submitted in whole or in part for consideration for any other degree or qualification in this, or any other university. This thesis is my own work and contains nothing, which is the outcome of work done in collaboration with others, except as specified in the text and Acknowledgements.  Nowadays, with the smart device developing and life quality improving, people's requirement of real-time, fast, accurate and smart health service has been increased. As the technology advances, E-Health Care concept has been emerging in the last decades and received extensive attention. With the help of Internet and computing technologies, a lot of E-Health Systems have been proposed that change traditional medical treatment mode to remote or online medical treatment. Furthermore, due to the rapidly development of Internet and wireless network in recent years, many enhanced E-Health Systems based on Wireless Sensor Network have been proposed that open a new research field. Sensor Network by taking the advantage of the latest technologies. The proposed E-Health System is a wireless and portable system, which consists of the Wireless E-Health Gateway and Wireless E-Health Sensor Nodes. The system has been further enhanced by Smart Technology that combined the advantages of the smart phone. The proposed system has change the mechanisms of traditional medical care and provide real-time, portable, accurate and flexible medical care services to users. With the E-Health System wieldy deployed, it requires powerful computing center to deal with the mass health record data. Cloud technology as an emerging technology has applied in the proposed system. This research has used Amazon Web Services (AWS) – Cloud Computing Services to develop a powerful, scalable and fast connection web service for proposed E-Health Management System.  II The security issue is a common problem in the wireless network, and it is more important for E-Health System as the personal health data is private and should be safely transferred and storage. Hence, this research work also focused on the cryptographic algorithm to reinforce the security of E-Health System. Due to the limitations of embedded system resources, such as: lower computing, smaller battery, and less memory, which cannot support modem advance encryption standard. In this research, Rivest Cipher Version 5 (RC5) as the simple, security and software …
Resolution-based outlier factor: detecting the top-n most outlying data points in engineering data

One of the common endeavours in engineering applications is outlier detection, which aims to identify inconsistent records from large amounts of data. Although outlier detection schemes in data mining discipline are acknowledged as a more viable solution to efficient identification of anomalies from these data repository, current outlier mining algorithms require the input of domain parameters. These parameters are often unknown, difficult to determine and vary across different datasets containing different cluster features. This paper presents a novel resolution-based outlier notion and a nonparametric outlier-mining algorithm, which can efficiently identify and rank top listed outliers from a wide variety of datasets. The algorithm generates reasonable outlier results by taking both local and global features of a dataset into account. Experiments are conducted using both synthetic datasets and a real life construction equipment dataset from a large road building contractor. Comparison with the current outlier mining algorithms indicates that the proposed algorithm is more effective and can be integrated into a decision support system to serve as a universal detector of potentially inconsistent records.
Wine flavor: chemistry in a glass.

Although hundreds of chemical compounds have been identified in grapes and wines, only a few compounds actually contribute to sensory perception of wine flavor. This critical review focuses on volatile compounds that contribute to wine aroma and provides an overview of recent developments in analytical techniques for volatiles analysis, including methods used to identify the compounds that make the greatest contributions to the overall aroma. Knowledge of volatile composition alone is not enough to completely understand the overall wine aroma, however, due to complex interactions of odorants with each other and with other nonvolatile matrix components. These interactions and their impact on aroma volatility are the focus of much current research and are also reviewed here. Finally, the sequencing of the grapevine and yeast genomes in the past approximately 10 years provides the opportunity for exciting multidisciplinary studies aimed at understanding the influences of multiple genetic and environmental factors on grape and wine flavor biochemistry and metabolism (147 references).
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This paper examines the characteristics and value of designed instruction grounded in the constructivist theory. It also attempts to connect the theory to the prevailing technology paradigms to establish an alignment between pedagogical and technological considerations in support of the assumptions arising from constructivism. Distance learning provides a unique context in which to infuse constructivist principles where learners are expected to function as self-motivated, self-directed, interactive, collaborative participants in their learning experiences by virtue of their physical location. Hence, the aim of this paper is to provide a clear link between the theoretical principles of constructivism, the construction of technologysupported learning environments, and the practice of distance education. The questions driving the argument in this paper include: What do constructivist perspectives offer instructional design and practice? What do computing technologies offer? And what do the two afford in combination? In particular, how do the two combine to transform distance learning from a highly industrialized mass production model to one that emphasizes subjective construction of knowledge and meaning derived from individual experiences.
Experimental demonstration of a 10BASE-T Ethernet visible light communications system using white phosphor light-emitting diodes

In this study, a compact design of a highly efficient, and a high luminosity light-emitting diode (LED)-based visible light communications system is presented, which is capable of providing standard room illumination levels and also widecoverage Ethernet 10BASE-T optical wireless downlink communications over a distance of 2.3 m using commercial white light phosphor LEDs. The measured signal-to-noise ratio of the designed Ethernet system is >45 dB, thus allowing error-free communications with both on–off keying non-return zero and differential Manchester-coded modulation schemes at 10 Mbps. The uplink has been provided via a wireless infra-red link. A comparative study of a point-to-point wired local area network (LAN) and the optical wireless link confirms no discernible differences between them. The design of the transmitter is also shown to be scalable, with the frequency response for driving 25 LEDs being almost the same as driving a single LED. LED driving units are designed to match with the Ethernet sockets (RJ45) that conform to the existing LAN infrastructures (building and portable devices).
A history of robots: from science fiction to surgical robotics

Surgical robotics is an evolving field with great advances having been made over the last decade. The origin of robotics was in the science-fiction literature and from there industrial applications, and more recently commercially available, surgical robotic devices have been realized. In this review, we examine the field of robotics from its roots in literature to its development for clinical surgical use. Surgical mills and telerobotic devices are discussed, as are potential future developments.
Quantifying 3-D vascular structures in MRA images using hybrid PDE and geometric deformable models

The aim of this paper is to present a hybrid approach to accurate quantification of vascular structures from magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images using level set methods and deformable geometric models constructed with 3-D Delaunay triangulation. Multiple scale filtering based on the analysis of local intensity structure using the Hessian matrix is used to effectively enhance vessel structures with various diameters. The level set method is then applied to automatically segment vessels enhanced by the filtering with a speed function derived from enhanced MRA images. Since the goal of this paper is to obtain highly accurate vessel borders, suitable for use in fluid flow simulations, in a subsequent step, the vessel surface determined by the level set method is triangulated using 3-D Delaunay triangulation and the resulting surface is used as a parametric deformable model. Energy minimization is then performed within a variational setting with a first-order internal energy; the external energy is derived from 3-D image gradients. Using the proposed method, vessels are accurately segmented from MRA data.
Analyzing Computer Programming Job Trend Using Web Data Mining

Today’s rapid changing and competitive environment requires educators to stay abreast of the job market in order to prepare their students for the jobs being demanded. This is more relevant about Information Technology (IT) jobs than others. However, to stay abreast of the market job demands require retrieving, sifting and analyzing large volume of data in order to understand the trends of the job market. Traditional methods of data collection and analysis are not sufficient for this kind of analysis due to the large volume of job data that is generated through the web and elsewhere. Luckily, the field of data mining has emerged to collect and sift through such large data volumes. However, even with data mining, appropriate data collection techniques and analysis need to be followed in order to correctly understand the trend. This paper illustrates our experience with employing mining techniques to understand the trend in IT Technology jobs. Data was collect using data mining techniques over a number of years from an online job agency. The data was then analyzed to reach a conclusion about the trends in the job market. Our experience in this regard along with literature review of the relevant topics is illustrated in this paper.
Distributed File Systems: Concepts and Examples

The purpose of a distributed file system (DFS) is to allow users of physically distributed computers to share data and storage resources by using a common file system. A typical configuration for a DFS is a collection of workstations and mainframes connected by a local area network (LAN). A DFS is implemented as part of the operating system of each of the connected computers. This paper establishes a viewpoint that emphasizes the dispersed structure and decentralization of both data and control in the design of such systems. It defines the concepts of transparency, fault tolerance, and scalability and discusses them in the context of DFSs. The paper claims that the principle of distributed operation is fundamental for a fault tolerant and scalable DFS design. It also presents alternatives for the semantics of sharing and methods for providing access to remote files. A survey of contemporary UNIX-based systems, namely, UNIX United, Locus, Sprite, Sun's Network File System, and ITC's Andrew, illustrates the concepts and demonstrates various implementations and design alternatives. Based on the assessment of these systems, the paper makes the point that a departure from the extending centralized file systems over a communication network is necessary to accomplish sound distributed file system design.
Persistence of Alarm-Call Behaviour in the Absence of Predators: A Comparison Between Wild and Captive-Born Meerkats (Suricata Suricatta)

Performing correct anti-predator behaviour is crucial for prey to survive. But are such abilities lost in species or populations living in predator-free environments? How individuals respond to the loss of predators has been shown to depend on factors such as the degree to which anti-predator behaviour relies on experience, the type of cues evoking the behaviour, the cost of expressing the behaviour and the number of generations under which the relaxed selection has taken place. Here we investigated whether captive-born populations of meerkats (Suricata suricatta) used the same repertoire of alarm calls previously documented in wild populations and whether captive animals, as wild ones, could recognize potential predators through olfactory cues. We found that all alarm calls that have been documented in the wild also occurred in captivity and were given in broadly similar contexts. Furthermore, without prior experience of odours from predators, captive meerkats seemed to dist inguish between faeces of potential predators (carnivores) and non-predators (herbivores). Despite slight structural differences, the alarm calls given in response to the faeces largely resembled those recorded in similar contexts in the wild. These results from captive populations suggest that direct, physical interaction with predators is not necessary for meerkats to perform correct anti-predator behaviour in terms of alarm-call usage and olfactory predator recognition. Such behaviour may have been retained in captivity because relatively little experience seems necessary for correct performance in the wild and/or because of the recency of relaxed selection on these populations.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01409.x Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: Call Behaviour in the Absence of Predators: A Comparison Between Wild and Captive-Born Meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Ethology, 113(11):10381047.
Quartz-based vibrating MEMS fabricated using a wafer-bonding process with sealed cavities

Here we present the results of a wafer-level approach allowing the collective fabrication of gyroscope sensors based on quartz vibrating MEMS. More specifically, we focus on suspended quartz tuning fork microstructures of a desired thickness over controlled depth cavities. This approach is based on the bonding and thinning of 4-inch z-cut quartz wafer on pre-structured silicon wafer. InfraRed (IR) inspection shows a large bonded area (>98%) while structural characterizations of the thinned quartz layer indicate a crystal quality and mechanical properties equivalent to quartz bulk material. The obtained gyroscope exhibits a quality factor (Q) around 12300 at 86.6 kHz very close to quartz theoretical thermoelastic limit. This Quartz-On-Silicon (QOS) technology open the way to a new generation of highly integrated quartz devices.
Weakly supervised semantic segmentation for social images

Image semantic segmentation is the task of partitioning image into several regions based on semantic concepts. In this paper, we learn a weakly supervised semantic segmentation model from social images whose labels are not pixel-level but image-level; furthermore, these labels might be noisy. We present a joint conditional random field model leveraging various contexts to address this issue. More specifically, we extract global and local features in multiple scales by convolutional neural network and topic model. Inter-label correlations are captured by visual contextual cues and label co-occurrence statistics. The label consistency between image-level and pixel-level is finally achieved by iterative refinement. Experimental results on two real-world image datasets PASCAL VOC2007 and SIFT-Flow demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art weakly supervised methods and even achieves accuracy comparable with fully supervised methods.
CALL — past , present and future

This article offers a critical examination and reassessment of the history of CALL, and argues for three new categories—Restricted, Open and Integrated CALL. It offers definitions and description of the three approaches and argues that they allow a more detailed analysis of institutions and classrooms than earlier analyses. It is suggested that we are currently using the second approach, Open CALL, but that our aim should be to attain a state of ‘normalisation’ in which the technology is invisible and truly integrated. This state is defined and discussed. In the final section the article proposes some ways in which this normalisation can be achieved—using ethnographic assessments and action research, for example—thus setting an agenda for CALL practice in the future.