nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reach the Leech: An Unusual Cause of Hematuria.

Leeches are found in fresh water as well as moist marshy tropical areas. Orifical Hirudiniasis is the presence of leech in natural human orifices. Leech have been reported in nose, oropharynx, vagina, rectum and bladder but leech per urethra is very rare. We report a case of leech in urethra causing hematuria and bleeding disorder in the form of epistaxis and impaired clotting profile after use of stream water for ablution. The case was diagnosed after a prolonged diagnostic dilemma. Asingle alive leech was recovered from the urethra after ten days with the help of forceps. The hematuria and epistaxis gradually improved over next 48 hours and the patient became asymptomatic. Natives of leech infested areas should be advised to avoid swimming in fresh water and desist from drinking and using stream water without inspection for leeches.
Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors.

This biannual review covers the time period from January 2002 to January 2004 and is written in continuation of previous reviews (A1, A2). An electronic search in SciFinder and MedLine resulted in 532 hits. Since the number of citations in this review is limited, a stringent selection had to be made. Priority was given to fiberoptic sensors (FOS) for defined chemical, environmental, and biochemical significance and to new schemes and materials. The review does not include (a) FOS that obviously have been rediscovered; (b) FOS for nonchemical species such as temperature, current and voltage, stress, strain, and displacement, for structural integrity (e.g., of constructions), liquid level, and radiation; and (c) FOS for monitoring purely technical processes such as injection molding, extrusion, or oil drilling, even though these are important applications of optical fiber technology. Fiber optics serve analytical sciences in several ways. First, they enable optical spectroscopy to be performed on sites inaccessible to conventional spectroscopy, over large distances, or even on several spots along the fiber. Second, fiber optics, in being waveguides, enable less common methods of interrogation, in particular evanescent wave spectroscopy. Fibers are available now with transmissions over a wide spectral range. Major fields of applications are in medical and chemical analysis, molecular biotechnology, marine and environmental analysis, industrial production monitoring and bioprocess control, and the automotive industry.  In this article, sensing refers to a continuous process, while probing refers to single-shot testing. FOS are based on either direct or indirect (indicator-based) sensing schemes. In the first, the intrinsic optical properties of the analyte are measured, for example its refractive index, absorption, or emission. In the second, the color or fluorescence of an immobilized indicator, label, or any other optically detectable bioprobe is monitored. Active current areas of research include advanced methods of interrogation such as time-resolved or spatially resolved spectroscopy, evanescent wave and laser-assisted spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and multidimensional data acquisition. In recent years, fiber bundles also have been employed for purposes of imaging, for biosensor arrays (along with encoding), or as arrays of nonspecific sensors whose individual signals may be processed via artificial neural networks. This review is divided into sections on books and reviews (A), specific sensors for gases and vapors (B), ions and salinity (C), miscellaneous inorganic and organic chemical species (D), and biosensors (E), followed by sections on application-oriented sensor types (F), new sensing schemes (G), and new sensor materials (H), respectively.
A multi-task learning formulation for predicting disease progression

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is a severe neurodegenerative disorder. Identifying markers that can track the progress of the disease has recently received increasing attentions in AD research. A definitive diagnosis of AD requires autopsy confirmation, thus many clinical/cognitive measures including Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) have been designed to evaluate the cognitive status of the patients and used as important criteria for clinical diagnosis of probable AD. In this paper, we propose a multi-task learning formulation for predicting the disease progression measured by the cognitive scores and selecting markers predictive of the progression. Specifically, we formulate the prediction problem as a multi-task regression problem by considering the prediction at each time point as a task. We capture the intrinsic relatedness among different tasks by a temporal group Lasso regularizer. The regularizer consists of two components including an L2,1-norm penalty on the regression weight vectors, which ensures that a small subset of features will be selected for the regression models at all time points, and a temporal smoothness term which ensures a small deviation between two regression models at successive time points. We have performed extensive evaluations using various types of data at the baseline from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database for predicting the future MMSE and ADAS-Cog scores. Our experimental studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for capturing the progression trend and the cross-sectional group differences of AD severity. Results also show that most markers selected by the proposed algorithm are consistent with findings from existing cross-sectional studies.
Piezoelectric RF resonant voltage amplifiers for IoT applications

This paper reports the design and development of aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric RF resonant voltage amplifiers for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. These devices can provide passive and highly frequency selective voltage gain to RF backends with a capacitive input to drastically enhance sensitivity and to reduce power consumption of the transceiver. Both analytical and finite element models (FEM) have been utilized to identify the optimal designs. Consequently, an AlN voltage amplifier with an open circuit gain of 7.27 and a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 0.11 % has been demonstrated. This work provides a material-agnostic framework for analytically optimizing piezoelectric voltage amplifiers.
A culturally and linguistically responsive vocabulary approach for young Latino dual language learners.

This study examined the role of the language of vocabulary instruction in promoting English vocabulary in preschool Latino dual language learners (DLLs). The authors compared the effectiveness of delivering a single evidence-informed vocabulary approach using English as the language of vocabulary instruction (English culturally responsive [ECR]) versus using a bilingual modality that strategically combined Spanish and English (culturally and linguistically responsive [CLR]).



Forty-two DLL Spanish-speaking preschoolers were randomly assigned to the ECR group (n=22) or CLR group (n=20). Thirty English words were presented during small-group shared readings in their preschools 3 times a week for 5 weeks. Multilevel models were used to examine group differences in postinstruction scores on 2 Spanish and 2 English vocabulary assessments at instruction end and follow-up.



Children receiving instruction in the CLR bilingual modality had significantly higher posttest scores (than those receiving the ECR English-only instruction) on Spanish and English vocabulary assessments at instruction end and on the Spanish vocabulary assessment at follow-up, even after controlling for preinstruction scores.



The results provide additional evidence of the benefits of strategically combining the first and second language to promote English and Spanish vocabulary development in this population. Future directions for research and clinical applications are discussed.
The influence of drug-like concepts on decision-making in medicinal chemistry

The application of guidelines linked to the concept of drug-likeness, such as the 'rule of five', has gained wide acceptance as an approach to reduce attrition in drug discovery and development. However, despite this acceptance, analysis of recent trends reveals that the physical properties of molecules that are currently being synthesized in leading drug discovery companies differ significantly from those of recently discovered oral drugs and compounds in clinical development. The consequences of the marked increase in lipophilicity — the most important drug-like physical property — include a greater likelihood of lack of selectivity and attrition in drug development. Tackling the threat of compound-related toxicological attrition needs to move to the mainstream of medicinal chemistry decision-making.
Detecting demeanor for healthcare with machine learning

This paper describes a new prototype system for detecting the demeanor of patients in emergency situations using the Intel RealSense camera system . It describes how machine learning, a support vector machine (SVM) and the RealSense facial detection system can be used to track patient demeanour for pain monitoring. In a lab setting, the application has been trained to detect four different intensities of pain and provide demeanour information about the patient's eyes, mouth, and agitation state. Its utility as a basis for evaluating the condition of patients in situations using video, machine learning and 5G technology is discussed.
Dose-response relationship between hand-transmitted vibration and hand-arm vibration syndrome in a tropical environment.

The dose-response relationship for hand-transmitted vibration has been investigated extensively in temperate environments. Since the clinical features of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) differ between the temperate and tropical environment, we conducted this study to investigate the dose-response relationship of HAVS in a tropical environment.



A total of 173 male construction, forestry and automobile manufacturing plant workers in Malaysia were recruited into this study between August 2011 and 2012. The participants were interviewed for history of vibration exposure and HAVS symptoms, followed by hand functions evaluation and vibration measurement. Three types of vibration doses-lifetime vibration dose (LVD), total operating time (TOT) and cumulative exposure index (CEI)-were calculated and its log values were regressed against the symptoms of HAVS. The correlation between each vibration exposure dose and the hand function evaluation results was obtained.



The adjusted prevalence ratio for finger tingling and numbness was 3.34 (95% CI 1.27 to 8.98) for subjects with lnLVD≥20 ln m(2) s(-4) against those <16 ln m(2) s(-4). Similar dose-response pattern was found for CEI but not for TOT. No subject reported white finger. The prevalence of finger coldness did not increase with any of the vibration doses. Vibrotactile perception thresholds correlated moderately with lnLVD and lnCEI.



The dose-response relationship of HAVS in a tropical environment is valid for finger tingling and numbness. The LVD and CEI are more useful than TOT when evaluating the dose-response pattern of a heterogeneous group of vibratory tools workers.
Protection Strategies for Medium-Voltage Direct-Current Microgrid at a Remote Area Mine Site

This paper presents protection strategies for a medium-voltage dc (MVDC) microgrid at a remote area mine site. The microgrid is operated to provide high power quality and reliability to sensitive loads and to improve the energy efficiency of the mining equipment. In the MVDC microgrid, various local distributed energy resources have been used, including photovoltaic arrays, wind turbines, a fuel-cell stack, an energy storage system, and mobile diesel generators. For the protection of transmission lines, a communication-based differential protection scheme with solid-state electronic relays is employed to isolate the faulted part of the MVDC microgrid. This is further reinforced by dc overcurrent protection as a backup. Earlier research work had neglected the backup protection for dc systems. In addition, communication-based dc directional overcurrent protective relays are used for both source protection and load protection to support a bidirectional power flow. MATLAB/Simulink modeling and simulation results are presented and discussed to illustrate the proposed system's dependability and security.
Acne scarring treatment using skin needling.

Acne is a common condition seen in up to 80% of people between 11 and 30 years of age and in up to 5% of older adults. In some patients, it can result in permanent scars that are surprisingly difficult to treat. A relatively new treatment, termed skin needling (needle dermabrasion), seems to be appropriate for the treatment of rolling scars in acne.



To confirm the usefulness of skin needling in acne scarring treatment.



The present study was conducted from September 2007 to March 2008 at the Department of Systemic Pathology, University of Naples Federico II and the UOC Dermatology Unit, University of Rome La Sapienza. In total, 32 patients (20 female, 12 male patients; age range 17-45) with acne rolling scars were enrolled. Each patient was treated with a specific tool in two sessions. Using digital cameras, photos of all patients were taken to evaluate scar depth and, in five patients, silicone rubber was used to make a microrelief impression of the scars. The photographic data were analysed by using the sign test statistic (alpha < 0.05) and the data from the cutaneous casts were analysed by fast Fourier transformation (FFT).



Analysis of the patient photographs, supported by the sign test and of the degree of irregularity of the surface microrelief, supported by FFT, showed that, after only two sessions, the severity grade of rolling scars in all patients was greatly reduced and there was an overall aesthetic improvement. No patient showed any visible signs of the procedure or hyperpigmentation.



The present study confirms that skin needling has an immediate effect in improving acne rolling scars and has advantages over other procedures.
The standard of user-centered design and the standard definition of usability: analyzing ISO 13407 against ISO 9241-11

ISO 9241-11 and ISO 13407 are two important standards related to usability: the former one provides the definition of usability and the latter one guidance for designing usability. We carried out an interpretative analysis of ISO 13407 from the viewpoint of the standard definition of usability from ISO 9241-11. The results show that ISO 13407 provides only partly guidance for designing usability as presumed by the definition. Guidance for describing users and environments are provided but very limited guidance is provided for the descriptions of user goals and usability measures, and generally for the process of producing the various outcomes.
The Qualitas Corpus: A Curated Collection of Java Code for Empirical Studies

In order to increase our ability to use measurement to support software development practise we need to do more analysis of code. However, empirical studies of code are expensive and their results are difficult to compare. We describe the Qualitas Corpus, a large curated collection of open source Java systems. The corpus reduces the cost of performing large empirical studies of code and supports comparison of measurements of the same artifacts. We discuss its design, organisation, and issues associated with its development.
Learning multilingual named entity recognition from Wikipedia

We automatically create enormous, free and multilingual silver-standard training annotations for named entity recognition (ner) by exploiting the text and structure of Wikipedia. Most ner systems rely on statistical models of annotated data to identify and classify names of people, locations and organisations in text. This dependence on expensive annotation is the knowledge bottleneck our work overcomes. We first classify each Wikipedia article into named entity (ne) types, training and evaluating on 7,200 manually-labelled Wikipedia articles across nine languages. Our cross-lingual approach achieves up to 95% accuracy. We transform the links between articles into ne annotations by projecting the target article’s classifications onto the anchor text. This approach yields reasonable annotations, but does not immediately compete with existing gold-standard data. By inferring additional links and heuristically tweaking the Wikipedia corpora, we better align our automatic annotations to gold standards. We annotate millions of words in nine languages, evaluating English, German, Spanish, Dutch and Russian Wikipedia-trained models against conll Shared Task data and other gold-standard corpora. Our approach outperforms other approaches to automatic ne annotation (Richman and Schone, 2008; Mika et al., 2008); competes with gold-standard training when tested on an evaluation corpus from a different source; and performs 10% better than newswire-trained models on manually-annotated Wikipedia text.
Management of upper limb amputations.

Acquired upper extremity amputations beyond the finger can have substantial physical, psychological, social, and economic consequences for the patient. The hand surgeon is one of a team of specialists in the care of these patients, but the surgeon plays a critical role in the surgical management of these wounds. The execution of a successful amputation at each level of the limb allows maximum use of the residual extremity, with or without a prosthesis, and minimizes the known complications of these injuries. This article reviews current surgical options in performing and managing upper extremity amputations proximal to the finger.
An Interoceptive Predictive Coding Model of Conscious Presence

We describe a theoretical model of the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying conscious presence and its disturbances. The model is based on interoceptive prediction error and is informed by predictive models of agency, general models of hierarchical predictive coding and dopaminergic signaling in cortex, the role of the anterior insular cortex (AIC) in interoception and emotion, and cognitive neuroscience evidence from studies of virtual reality and of psychiatric disorders of presence, specifically depersonalization/derealization disorder. The model associates presence with successful suppression by top-down predictions of informative interoceptive signals evoked by autonomic control signals and, indirectly, by visceral responses to afferent sensory signals. The model connects presence to agency by allowing that predicted interoceptive signals will depend on whether afferent sensory signals are determined, by a parallel predictive-coding mechanism, to be self-generated or externally caused. Anatomically, we identify the AIC as the likely locus of key neural comparator mechanisms. Our model integrates a broad range of previously disparate evidence, makes predictions for conjoint manipulations of agency and presence, offers a new view of emotion as interoceptive inference, and represents a step toward a mechanistic account of a fundamental phenomenological property of consciousness.
WINNER II Channel Models Part I Channel Models

This deliverable describes WINNER II channel models for link and system level simulations. Both generic and clustered delay line models are defined for selected propagation scenarios.  The channel models described in this deliverable are based on a literature survey and measurements performed during this project. The authors are not responsible for any loss, damage or expenses caused by potential errors or inaccuracies in the models or in the deliverable.  This deliverable presents WINNER II channel models for link level and system level simulations of local area, metropolitan area, and wide area wireless communication systems. The models have been evolved from the WINNER I channel models described in WINNER I deliverable D5.4 and WINNER II interim channel models described in deliverable D1.1.1. The covered propagation scenarios are indoor office, large indoor hall, indoor-to-outdoor, urban micro-cell, bad urban micro-cell, outdoor-to-indoor, stationary feeder, suburban macro-cell, urban macro-cell, rural macro-cell, and rural moving networks. The generic WINNER II channel model follows a geometry-based stochastic channel modelling approach, which allows creating of an arbitrary double directional radio channel model. The channel models are antenna independent, i.e., different antenna configurations and different element patterns can be inserted. The channel parameters are determined stochastically, based on statistical distributions extracted from channel measurement. The distributions are defined for, e.g., delay spread, delay values, angle spread, shadow fading, and cross-polarisation ratio. For each channel snapshot the channel parameters are calculated from the distributions. Channel realisations are generated by summing contributions of rays with specific channel parameters like delay, power, angle-of-arrival and angle-of-departure. Different scenarios are modelled by using the same approach, but different parameters. The parameter tables for each scenario are included in this deliverable. Clustered delay line (CDL) models with fixed large-scale and small-scale parameters have also been created for calibration and comparison of different simulations. The parameters of the CDL models are based on expectation values of the generic models. Several measurement campaigns provide the background for the parameterisation of the propagation scenarios for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) conditions. These measurements were conducted by seven partners with different devices. The developed models are based on both literature and extensive measurement campaigns that have been carried out within the WINNER I and WINNER II projects. The novel features of the WINNER models are its parameterisation, using of the same modelling approach for both indoor and outdoor environments, new scenarios like outdoor-to-indoor and indoor-to-outdoor, …
A comparison of dynamic bandwidth allocation for EPON, GPON, and next-generation TDM PON

Dynamic bandwidth allocation in passive optical networks presents a key issue for providing efficient and fair utilization of the PON upstream bandwidth while supporting the QoS requirements of different traffic classes. In this article we compare the typical characteristics of DBA, such as bandwidth utilization, delay, and jitter at different traffic loads, within the two major standards for PONs, Ethernet PON and gigabit PON. A particular PON standard sets the framework for the operation of DBA and the limitations it faces. We illustrate these differences between EPON and GPON by means of simulations for the two standards. Moreover, we consider the evolution of both standards to their next-generation counterparts with the bit rate of 10 Gb/s and the implications to the DBA. A new simple GPON DBA algorithm is used to illustrate GPON performance. It is shown that the length of the polling cycle plays a crucial but different role for the operation of the DBA within the two standards. Moreover, only minor differences regarding DBA for current and next-generation PONs were found.