nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Shadow Mapping Oh , divide by W , you so crazy

Shadow maps are the current technique for generating high quality real-time dynamic shadows. This article gives a ‘practical’ introduction to shadow mapping (or projection mapping) with numerous simple examples and source listings. We emphasis some of the typical limitations and common pitfalls when implementing shadow mapping for the first time and how the reader can overcome these problems using uncomplicated debugging techniques. A scene without shadowing is life-less and flat objects seem decoupled. While different graphical techniques add a unique effect to the scene, shadows are crucial and when not present create a strange and mood-less aura.
Danger Theory Concepts Improving Malware Detection of Intrusion Detection Systems That Uses Exact Graphs

This paper describes the development of an intrusion detection system (IDS) that incorporates ideas of danger theory which enhances the IDS's performance when compared to not using danger theory. Both systems use Exact Graphs to store the series of system calls in the database. Both the original and enhanced IDSs were first trained using a series of normal system calls. In the enhanced IDS, the system also responds to hardware signals changes which correspond to danger signals. Results of the comparison show that the danger theory enhanced system outperforms the original system.
Design of an IoT smart home system

This paper basically deals with design of an IoT Smart Home System (IoTSHS) which can provide the remote control to smart home through mobile, infrared(IR) remote control as well as with PC/Laptop. The controller used to design the IoTSHS is WiFi based microcontroller. Temperature sensor is provided to indicate the room temperature and tell the user if it's needed to turn the AC ON or OFF. The designed IoTSHS need to be interfaced through switches or relays with the items under control through the power distribution box. When a signal is sent from IoTSHS, then the switches will connect or disconnect the item under control. The designed IoT smart home system can also provide remote controlling for the people who cannot use smart phone to control their appliances Thus, the designed IoTSHS can benefits the whole parts in the society by providing advanced remote controlling for the smart home. The designed IoTSHS is controlled through remote control which uses IR and WiFi. The IoTSHS is capable to connect to WiFi and have a web browser regardless to what kind of operating system it uses, to control the appliances. No application program is needed to purchase, download, or install. In WiFi controlling, the IoTSHS will give a secured Access Point (AP) with a particular service set identifier (SSID). The user will connect the device (e.g. mobile-phone or Laptop/PC) to this SSID with providing the password and then will open the browser and go to particular fixed link. This link will open an HTML web page which will allow the user to interface between the Mobile-Phone/Laptop/PC and the appliances. In addition, the IoTSHS may connect to the home router so that the user can control the appliances with keeping connection with home router. The proposed IoTSHS was designed, programmed, fabricated and tested with excellent results.
Remarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

For personal protection against mosquito bites, user-friendly natural repellents, particularly from plant origin, are considered as a potential alternative to applications currently based on synthetics such as DEET, the standard chemical repellent. This study was carried out in Thailand to evaluate the repellency of Ligusticum sinense hexane extract (LHE) against laboratory Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti, the primary vectors of malaria and dengue fever, respectively. Repellent testing of 25% LHE against the two target mosquitoes; An. minimus and Ae. aegypti, was performed and compared to the standard repellent, DEET, with the assistance of six human volunteers of either sex under laboratory conditions. The physical and biological stability of LHE also was determined after keeping it in conditions that varied in temperature and storage time. Finally, LHE was analysed chemically using the qualitative GC/MS technique in order to demonstrate a profile of chemical constituents. Ethanol preparations of LHE, with and without 5% vanillin, demonstrated a remarkably effective performance when compared to DEET in repelling both An. minimus and Ae. aegypti. While 25% LHE alone provided median complete-protection times against An. minimus and Ae. aegypti of 11.5 (9.0–14.0) hours and 6.5 (5.5–9.5) hours, respectively, the addition of 5% vanillin increased those times to 12.5 (9.0–16.0) hours and 11.0 (7.0–13.5) hours, respectively. Correspondingly, vanillin added to 25% DEET also extended the protection times from 11.5 (10.5–15.0) hours to 14.25 (11.0–18.0) hours and 8.0 (5.0–9.5) hours to 8.75 (7.5–11.0) hours against An. minimus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. No local skin reaction such as rash, swelling or irritation was observed during the study period. Although LHE samples kept at ambient temperature (21–35°C), and 45°C for 1, 2 and 3 months, demonstrated similar physical characteristics, such as similar viscosity and a pleasant odour, to those that were fresh and stored at 4°C, their colour changed from light- to dark-brown. Interestingly, repellency against Ae. aegypti of stored LHE was presented for a period of at least 3 months, with insignificantly varied efficacy. Chemical analysis revealed that the main components of LHE were 3-N-butylphthalide (31.46%), 2, 5-dimethylpyridine (21.94%) and linoleic acid (16.41%), constituting 69.81% of all the extract composition. LHE with proven repellent efficacy, no side effects on the skin, and a rather stable state when kept in varied conditions is considered to be a potential candidate for developing a new natural alternative to DEET, or an additional weapon for integrated vector control when used together with other chemicals/measures.
Interactive directional subsurface scattering and transport of emergent light

Existing techniques for interactive rendering of deformable translucent objects can accurately compute diffuse but not directional subsurface scattering effects. It is currently a common practice to gain efficiency by storing maps of transmitted irradiance. This is, however, not efficient if we need to store elements of irradiance from specific directions. To include changes in subsurface scattering due to changes in the direction of the incident light, we instead sample incident radiance and store scattered radiosity. This enables us to accommodate not only the common distance-based analytical models for subsurface scattering but also directional models. In addition, our method enables easy extraction of virtual point lights for transporting emergent light to the rest of the scene. Our method requires neither preprocessing nor texture parameterization of the translucent objects. To build our maps of scattered radiosity, we progressively render the model from different directions using an importance sampling pattern based on the optical properties of the material. We obtain interactive frame rates, our subsurface scattering results are close to ground truth, and our technique is the first to include interactive transport of emergent light from deformable translucent objects.
IoT based smart crop-field monitoring and automation irrigation system

Agriculture plays vital role in the development of agricultural country like India. Issues concerning agriculture have been always hindering the development of the country. The only solution to this problem is smart agriculture by modernizing the current traditional methods of agriculture. Hence the proposed method aims at making agriculture smart using automation and IoT technologies. Internet of Things (IoT) enables various applications crop growth monitoring and selection, irrigation decision support, etc. A Raspberry Pi based automatic irrigation IOT system is proposed to modernization and improves productivity of the crop. main aim of this work to crop development at low quantity water consumption, In order to focus on water available to the plants at the required time, for that purpose most of the farmers waste lot time in the fields. An efficient management of water should be developed and the system circuit complexity to be reduced. The proposed system developed on the information sent from the sensors and estimate the quantity of water needed. A two sensors are used to get the data to the base station the humidity and the temperature of the soil, the humidity, the temperature, and the duration of sunshine per day. The proposed systems based on these values and calculate the water quantity for irrigation is required. The major advantage the system is implementing of Precision Agriculture (PA) with cloud computing, that will optimize the usage of water fertilizers while maximizing the yield of the crops and also will help in analyzing the weather conditions of the field.
A Novel PCR-Based Approach for Accurate Identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

A PCR-based assay was developed for more accurate identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus through targeting the bla CARB-17 like element, an intrinsic β-lactamase gene that may also be regarded as a novel species-specific genetic marker of this organism. Homologous analysis showed that bla CARB-17 like genes were more conservative than the tlh, toxR and atpA genes, the genetic markers commonly used as detection targets in identification of V. parahaemolyticus. Our data showed that this bla CARB-17-specific PCR-based detection approach consistently achieved 100% specificity, whereas PCR targeting the tlh and atpA genes occasionally produced false positive results. Furthermore, a positive result of this test is consistently associated with an intrinsic ampicillin resistance phenotype of the test organism, presumably conferred by the products of bla CARB-17 like genes. We envision that combined analysis of the unique genetic and phenotypic characteristics conferred by bla CARB-17 shall further enhance the detection specificity of this novel yet easy-to-use detection approach to a level superior to the conventional methods used in V. parahaemolyticus detection and identification.
Methods of integrating data to uncover genotype–phenotype interactions

Recent technological advances have expanded the breadth of available omic data, from whole-genome sequencing data, to extensive transcriptomic, methylomic and metabolomic data. A key goal of analyses of these data is the identification of effective models that predict phenotypic traits and outcomes, elucidating important biomarkers and generating important insights into the genetic underpinnings of the heritability of complex traits. There is still a need for powerful and advanced analysis strategies to fully harness the utility of these comprehensive high-throughput data, identifying true associations and reducing the number of false associations. In this Review, we explore the emerging approaches for data integration — including meta-dimensional and multi-staged analyses — which aim to deepen our understanding of the role of genetics and genomics in complex outcomes. With the use and further development of these approaches, an improved understanding of the relationship between genomic variation and human phenotypes may be revealed.
Why Evaluating Uncertainty Visualization is Error Prone

Evaluating a visualization that depicts uncertainty is fraught with challenges due to the complex psychology of uncertainty. However, relatively little attention is paid to selecting and motivating a chosen interpretation or elicitation method for subjective probabilities in the uncertainty visualization literature. I survey existing evaluation work in uncertainty visualization, and examine how research in judgment and decision-making that focuses on subjective uncertainty elicitation sheds light on common approaches in visualization. I propose suggestions for practice aimed at reducing errors and noise related to how ground truth is defined for subjective probability estimates, the choice of an elicitation method, and the strategies used by subjects making judgments with an uncertainty visualization.
ICDAR2017 Competition on Document Image Binarization (DIBCO 2017)

DIBCO 2017 is the international Competition on Document Image Binarization organized in conjunction with the ICDAR 2017 conference. The general objective of the contest is to identify current advances in document image binarization of machine-printed and handwritten document images using performance evaluation measures that are motivated by document image analysis and recognition requirements. This paper describes the competition details including the evaluation measures used as well as the performance of the 26 submitted methods along with a brief description of each method.
An overview of the MOP runtime verification framework

This article gives an overview of the, monitoring oriented programming framework (MOP). In MOP, runtime monitoring is supported and encouraged as a fundamental principle for building reliable systems. Monitors are automatically synthesized from specified properties and are used in conjunction with the original system to check its dynamic behaviors. When a specification is violated or validated at runtime, user-defined actions will be triggered, which can be any code, such as information logging or runtime recovery. Two instances of MOP are presented: JavaMOP (for Java programs) and BusMOP (for monitoring PCI bus traffic). The architecture of MOP is discussed, and an explanation of parametric trace monitoring and its implementation is given. A comprehensive evaluation of JavaMOP attests to its efficiency, especially in comparison with similar systems. The implementation of BusMOP is discussed in detail. In general, BusMOP imposes no runtime overhead on the system it is monitoring.
Relationships matter: linking teacher support to student engagement and achievement.

An emerging consensus exists in the school reform literature about what conditions contribute to student success.'** Conditions include high standards for academic learning and conduct, meaningful and engaging pedagogy and curriculum, professional learning communities among staff, and personalized learning environments. Schools providing such supports are more likely to have students who are engaged in and connected to school. Professionals and parents readily understand the need for high standards and quality curriculum and pedagogy in school. Similarly, the concept of teachers working together as professionals to ensure student success is not an issue. But the urgency to provide a personalized learning environment for students especially with schools struggling to provide textbooks to all students, hot meals, security, and janitorial services is not as great in many quarters. While parents would prefer their children experience a caring school environment, does such an environment influence student academic performance? Research suggests it does. For students to take advantage of high expectations and more advanced curricula, they need support from the people with whom they interact in school.^''
The Immune System Bridges the Gut Microbiota with Systemic Energy Homeostasis: Focus on TLRs, Mucosal Barrier, and SCFAs

The gut microbiota is essential for the development and regulation of the immune system and the metabolism of the host. Germ-free animals have altered immunity with increased susceptibility to immunologic diseases and show metabolic alterations. Here, we focus on two of the major immune-mediated microbiota-influenced components that signal far beyond their local environment. First, the activation or suppression of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) by microbial signals can dictate the tone of the immune response, and they are implicated in regulation of the energy homeostasis. Second, we discuss the intestinal mucosal surface is an immunologic component that protects the host from pathogenic invasion, is tightly regulated with regard to its permeability and can influence the systemic energy balance. The short chain fatty acids are a group of molecules that can both modulate the intestinal barrier and escape the gut to influence systemic health. As modulators of the immune response, the microbiota-derived signals influence functions of distant organs and can change susceptibility to metabolic diseases.
Improv: An Input Framework for Improvising Cross-Device Interaction by Demonstration

As computing devices become increasingly ubiquitous, it is now possible to combine the unique capabilities of different devices or Internet of Things to accomplish a task. However, there is currently a high technical barrier for creating cross-device interaction. This is especially challenging for end users who have limited technical expertise—end users would greatly benefit from custom cross-device interaction that best suits their needs. In this article, we present Improv, a cross-device input framework that allows a user to easily leverage the capability of additional devices to create new input methods for an existing, unmodified application, e.g., creating custom gestures on a smartphone to control a desktop presentation application. Instead of requiring developers to anticipate and program these cross-device behaviors in advance, Improv enables end users to improvise them on the fly by simple demonstration, for their particular needs and devices at hand. We showcase a range of scenarios where Improv is used to create a diverse set of useful cross-device input. Our study with 14 participants indicated that on average it took a participant 10 seconds to create a cross-device input technique. In addition, Improv achieved 93.7% accuracy in interpreting user demonstration of a target UI behavior by looking at the raw input events from a single example.
Design of charge pump circuit with consideration of gate-oxide reliability in low-voltage CMOS processes

A new charge pump circuit with consideration of gate-oxide reliability is designed with two pumping branches in this paper. The charge transfer switches in the new proposed circuit can be completely turned on and turned off, so its pumping efficiency is higher than that of the traditional designs. Moreover, the maximum gate-source and gate-drain voltages of all devices in the proposed charge pump circuit do not exceed the normal operating power supply voltage (VDD). Two test chips have been implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m 3.3-V CMOS process to verify the new proposed charge pump circuit. The measured output voltage of the new proposed four-stage charge pump circuit with each pumping capacitor of 2 pF to drive the capacitive output load is around 8.8 V under 3.3-V power supply (VDD = 3.3 V), which is limited by the junction breakdown voltage of the parasitic pn-junction in the given process. The new proposed circuit is suitable for applications in low-voltage CMOS processes because of its high pumping efficiency and no overstress across the gate oxide of devices.
Automated Floating-Point Precision Analysis

As scientific computation continues to scale, it is crucial to use floating-point arithmetic processors as efficiently as possible. Lower precision allows streaming architectures to perform more operations per second and can reduce memory bandwidth pressure on all architectures. However, using a precision that is too low for a given algorithm and data set will result in inaccurate results. Thus, developers must balance speed and accuracy when choosing the floating-point precision of their subroutines and data structures. I am investigating techniques to help developers learn about the runtime floating-point behavior of their programs, and to help them make decisions concerning the choice of precision in implementation. I propose to develop methods that will generate floating-point precision configurations, automatically testing and validating them using binary instrumentation. The goal is ultimately to make a recommendation to the developer regarding which parts of the program can be reduced to single-precision. The central thesis is that automated analysis techniques can make recommendations regarding the precision levels that each part of a computer program must use to maintain overall accuracy, with the goal of improving performance on scientific codes.
Heteropagus conjoined twins due to fusion of two embryos: report and review.

We report on a case of conjoined twinning (CT) consistent with fusion of two embryos followed by resorption of the cranial half of one of them, resulting in a normal male baby with the lower half of a male parasitic twin fused to his chest. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies suggested that the parasitic twin was male, and DNA typing studies demonstrated dizygosity. Although incomplete fission is the usual explanation for conjoined twins, the unusual perpendicular orientation of the parasite to the autosite supports a mechanism observed in mares in which early fusion of two embryos is followed by resorption due to compromised embryonic polarity.
Indirect interactions in the microbial world: specificities and similarities to plant–insect systems

Trophic interactions between bacteria, viruses, and protozoan predators play crucial roles in structuring aquatic microbial communities and regulating microbe-mediated ecosystem functions (biogeochemical processes). In this microbial food web, protozoan predators and viruses share bacteria as a common resource, and protozoan predators can kill viruses [intraguild predation (IGP)] and vice versa, even though these latter processes are probably of less importance. However, protozoan predators (IG predator) and viruses (IG prey) generally occur together in various environments, and this cannot be fully explained by the classic IGP models. In addition, controlled experiments have often demonstrated that protozoan predators have apparently positive effects on viral activity. These surprising patterns can be explained by indirect interactions between them via induced trait changes in bacterial assemblages, which can be compared with trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) in terrestrial plant–insect systems. Here, we review some trait changes in bacterial assemblages that may positively affect the activities and abundance of viruses. It has been suggested that in bacterial assemblages, protozoan predation may enhance growth conditions for individual bacteria and induce both phenotypic trait changes at the individual (e.g., filament-forming bacteria) and group level as a result of changes in bacterial community composition (e.g., species dominance). We discuss the specificities of aquatic microbial systems and attempt find functional similarities between aquatic microbial systems and terrestrial plant–insect systems with regard to TMII function.
On Efficiency and Scalability of Software-Defined Infrastructure for Adaptive Applications

This paper proposes and evaluates a novel analytical performance model to study the efficiency and scalability of software-defined infrastructure (SDI) to host adaptive applications. The SDI allows applications to communicate their adaptation requirements at run-time. Adaptation scenarios require computing and networking resources to be provided to applications in a timely manner to facilitate seamless service delivery. Our analytical model yields the response time of realizing adaptations on the SDI and reveals the scalability limitations. We conduct extensive testbed experiments on a cloud environment to verify the accuracy and fidelity of the model. Cloud service providers can leverage the proposed model to perform capacity planning and bottleneck analysis when they accommodate adaptive applications.