A Learning Scheme for Microgrid Islanding and Reconnection

This paper introduces a robust learning scheme that can dynamically predict the stability of the reconnection of subnetworks to a main grid. As the future electrical power systems tend towards smarter and greener technology, the deploymen t of self sufficient networks, or microgrids, becomes more likel y. Microgrids may operate on their own or synchronized with the main grid, thus control methods need to take into account islandi ng and reconnecting said networks. The ability to optimally and safely reconnect a portion of the grid is not well understood and, as of now, limited to raw synchronization between interconnection points. A support vector machine (SVM) leveraging real-time data from phasor measurement units (PMUs) is proposed to predict in real time whether the reconnection of a sub-network to the main grid would lead to stability or instability. A dynam ics simulator fed with pre-acquired system parameters is used t o create training data for the SVM in various operating states. The classifier was tested on a variety of cases and operating poin ts to ensure diversity. Accuracies of approximately 90% were obs erved throughout most conditions when making dynamic predictions of a given network. Synchrophasor, machine learning, microgrid, islanding, reconnection I. I NTRODUCTION As we make strides towards a smarter power system, it is important to explore new techniques and innovations to fully capture the potential of such a dynamic entity. Many large blackout events, such as the blackout of 2003, could have been prevented with smarter controls and better monito ring . Phasor measurement units, or PMUs, are one such breakthrough that will allow progress to be made in both monitoring and implementing control to the system . PMUs allow for direct measurement of bus voltages and angles at high sample rates which makes dynamic state estimation more feasible [3], . With the use of PMUs, it is possible to improve upon current state estimation [5] and potentially o pen up new ways to control the grid. The addition of control techniques and dynamic monitoring will be important as we begin to integrate newer solutions, such as microgrids, int o the power network. With these advanced monitoring devices, microgrids become more feasible due to the potential for rea ltime monitoring schemes. The integration of microgrids bri ng many benefits such as the ability to operate while islanded as well as interconnected with the main grid; they provide a smooth integration for renewable energy sources that matc h C. Lassetter, E. Cotilla-Sanchez, and J. Kim are with the Sch ool of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Oregon State University, C orvallis, OR, 97331 USA e-mail:{lassettc,ecs,kimjinsu }@oregonstate.edu local demand. Unfortunately the implementation of microgr ids is still challenging due to lacking experience with the beha vior of control schemes during off-nominal operation. Currently, microgrids are being phased in slowly due in part to the difficulty of operating subnetworks independent ly as well as determining when they can be reconnected to the main grid. Works in the literature have focused on the potential of reconnecting microgrids to the main grid, in particular aiming at synchronizing the buses at points of interconnect with respects to their voltages, frequencies , and angles . Effort has been directed at creating control sch emes to minimize power flow at the point of common coupling (PCC) using direct machine control, load shedding, as well a s energy storage, to aid in smooth reconnection [7], . Upon reconnection of an islanded sub-network to the main grid, instability can cause damage on both ends. It is important to track instabilities on both the microgrid and main grid upon reconnection to accurately depict the outcome of reconnect ion. Most works focus on the synchronization of two networks before reconnection [9], . In some cases we may need to look at larger microgrids or subnetworks in which multipl e PCCs exist. In such scenarios, it becomes much more difficult to implement a control scheme that satisfies goodreconnection tolerances in regards to minimizing bus frequency, angle, a nd voltage differences at each PCC. In addition to the possibil ity of multiple PCCs, it is possible that direct manipulation of the system becomes limited, compromised, or unsupported with respect to synchronization. In order to address these short comings, we implement an algorithm that dynamically tracks and makes predictions based on the system states, providing real-time stability information of potential reconnectio ns. An algorithm that tracks potential reconnection and island ing times needs to be robust to prevent incorrect operation during these scenarios. PMUs make use of GPS synchronization [11] which can create an attack platform for adversarie s by changing or shifting the time synchronization. Incorrec t or compromised usage could lead to incorrect predictions that would degrade system stability due to hidden failures that remain dormant until triggered by contingencies . We propose an algorithm that can make accurate predictions in face of potentially compromised measurements. Due to the complexity of the power grid, it is difficult to come up with a verbatim standard depicting the potential sta bility after reconnection of a subnetwork. With advances in the artificial intelligence community, we can make use of machin e learning algorithms in order to explore vast combinations o f sensor inputs, states, and control actions. This can be done in a