nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Concept and Attention-Based CNN for Question Retrieval in Multi-View Learning

Question retrieval, which aims to find similar versions of a given question, is playing a pivotal role in various question answering (QA) systems. This task is quite challenging, mainly in regard to five aspects: synonymy, polysemy, word order, question length, and data sparsity. In this article, we propose a unified framework to simultaneously handle these five problems. We use the word combined with corresponding concept information to handle the synonymy problem and the polysemous problem. Concept embedding and word embedding are learned at the same time from both the context-dependent and context-independent views. To handle the word-order problem, we propose a high-level feature-embedded convolutional semantic model to learn question embedding by inputting concept embedding and word embedding. Due to the fact that the lengths of some questions are long, we propose a value-based convolutional attentional method to enhance the proposed high-level feature-embedded convolutional semantic model in learning the key parts of the question and the answer. The proposed high-level feature-embedded convolutional semantic model nicely represents the hierarchical structures of word information and concept information in sentences with their layer-by-layer convolution and pooling. Finally, to resolve data sparsity, we propose using the multi-view learning method to train the attention-based convolutional semantic model on question–answer pairs. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose simultaneously handling the above five problems in question retrieval using one framework. Experiments on three real question-answering datasets show that the proposed framework significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions.
Unsupervised Learning in Reservoir Computing for EEG-based Emotion Recognition

In real-world applications such as emotion recognition from recorded brain activity, data are captured from electrodes over time. These signals constitute a multidimensional time series. In this paper, Echo State Network (ESN), a recurrent neural network with a great success in time series prediction and classification, is optimized with different neural plasticity rules for classification of emotions based on electroencephalogram (EEG) time series. Actually, the neural plasticity rules are a kind of unsupervised learning adapted for the reservoir, i.e. the hidden layer of ESN. More specifically, an investigation of Oja’s rule, BCM rule and gaussian intrinsic plasticity rule was carried out in the context of EEG-based emotion recognition. The study, also, includes a comparison of the offline and online training of the ESN. When testing on the well-known affective benchmark ”DEAP dataset” which contains EEG signals from 32 subjects, we find that pretraining ESN with gaussian intrinsic plasticity enhanced the classification accuracy and outperformed the results achieved with an ESN pretrained with synaptic plasticity. Four classification problems were conducted in which the system complexity is increased and the discrimination is more challenging, i.e. inter-subject emotion discrimination. Our proposed method achieves higher performance over the state of the art methods.
Abstracts of the 25th Annual Conference of APASL, February 20-24, 2016, Tokyo, Japan.

Abstracts of the 25th Annual Conference of APASL, February 20–24, 2016, Tokyo, Japans of the 25th Annual Conference of APASL, February 20–24, 2016, Tokyo, Japan Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver 2016
How Progressive Visualizations Affect Exploratory Analysis

The stated goal for visual data exploration is to operate at a rate that matches the pace of human data analysts, but the ever increasing amount of data has led to a fundamental problem: datasets are often too large to process within interactive time frames. Progressive analytics and visualizations have been proposed as potential solutions to this issue. By processing data incrementally in small chunks, progressive systems provide approximate query answers at interactive speeds that are then refined over time with increasing precision. We study how progressive visualizations affect users in exploratory settings in an experiment where we capture user behavior and knowledge discovery through interaction logs and think-aloud protocols. Our experiment includes three visualization conditions and different simulated dataset sizes. The visualization conditions are: (1) blocking, where results are displayed only after the entire dataset has been processed; (2) instantaneous, a hypothetical condition where results are shown almost immediately; and (3) progressive, where approximate results are displayed quickly and then refined over time. We analyze the data collected in our experiment and observe that users perform equally well with either instantaneous or progressive visualizations in key metrics, such as insight discovery rates and dataset coverage, while blocking visualizations have detrimental effects.
Relationships between Rodent White Adipose Fat Pads and Human White Adipose Fat Depots

The objective of this review was to compare and contrast the physiological and metabolic profiles of rodent white adipose fat pads with white adipose fat depots in humans. Human fat distribution and its metabolic consequences have received extensive attention, but much of what has been tested in translational research has relied heavily on rodents. Unfortunately, the validity of using rodent fat pads as a model of human adiposity has received less attention. There is a surprisingly lack of studies demonstrating an analogous relationship between rodent and human adiposity on obesity-related comorbidities. Therefore, we aimed to compare known similarities and disparities in terms of white adipose tissue (WAT) development and distribution, sexual dimorphism, weight loss, adipokine secretion, and aging. While the literature supports the notion that many similarities exist between rodents and humans, notable differences emerge related to fat deposition and function of WAT. Thus, further research is warranted to more carefully define the strengths and limitations of rodent WAT as a model for humans, with a particular emphasis on comparable fat depots, such as mesenteric fat.
Restraint Reduction, Restraint Elimination, and Best Practice: Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Patient Safety.

Baseline restraint prevalence for surgical step-down unit was 5.08%, and for surgical intensive care unit, it was 25.93%, greater than the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) mean. Project goal was sustained restraint reduction below the NDNQI mean and maintaining patient safety.



Soft wrist restraints are utilized for falls reduction and preventing device removal but are not universally effective and may put patients at risk of injury. Decreasing use of restrictive devices enhances patient safety and decreases risk of injury.



Phase 1 consisted of advanced practice nurse-facilitated restraint rounds on each restrained patient including multidisciplinary assessment and critical thinking with bedside clinicians including reevaluation for treatable causes of agitation and restraint indications. Phase 2 evaluated less restrictive mitts, padded belts, and elbow splint devices. Following a 4-month trial, phase 3 expanded the restraint initiative including critical care requiring education and collaboration among advanced practice nurses, physician team members, and nurse champions.



Phase 1 decreased surgical step-down unit restraint prevalence from 5.08% to 3.57%. Phase 2 decreased restraint prevalence from 3.57% to 1.67%, less than the NDNQI mean. Phase 3 expansion in surgical intensive care units resulted in wrist restraint prevalence from 18.19% to 7.12% within the first year, maintained less than the NDNQI benchmarks while preserving patient safety.



The initiative produced sustained reduction in acute/critical care well below the NDNQI mean without corresponding increase in patient medical device removal.



By managing causes of agitation, need for restraints is decreased, protecting patients from injury and increasing patient satisfaction. Follow-up research may explore patient experiences with and without restrictive device use.
Death, unconsciousness and the brain

The concept of death has evolved as technology has progressed. This has forced medicine and society to redefine its ancient cardiorespiratory centred diagnosis to a neurocentric diagnosis of death. The apparent consensus about the definition of death has not yet appeased all controversy. Ethical, moral and religious concerns continue to surface and include a prevailing malaise about possible expansions of the definition of death to encompass the vegetative state or about the feared bias of formulating criteria so as to facilitate organ transplantation.
Generating Referring Expressions in a Multimodal Context An empirically oriented approach

In this paper an algorithm for the generation of referring expressions in a multimodal setting is presented. The algorithm is based on empirical studies of how humans refer to objects in a shared workspace. The main ingredients of the algorithm are the following. First, the addition of deictic pointing gestures, where the decision to point is determined by two factors: the effort of pointing (measured in terms of the distance to and size of the target object) as well as the effort required for a full linguistic description (measured in terms of number of required properties and relations). Second, the algorithm explicitly keeps track of the current focus of attention, in such a way that objects which are closely related to the object which was most recently referred to are more prominent than objects which are farther away. To decide which object are ‘closely related’ we make use of the concept of perceptual grouping. Finally, each object in the domain is assigned a three-dimensional salience weight indicating whether it is linguistically and/or inherently salient and whether it is part of the current focus of attention. The resulting algorithm is capable of generating a variety of referring expressions, where the kind of NP is co-determined by the accessibility of the target object (in terms of salience), the presence or absence of a relatum as well as the possible inclusion of
Petrous apex lesions in the pediatric population

A variety of abnormal imaging findings of the petrous apex are encountered in children. Many petrous apex lesions are identified incidentally while images of the brain or head and neck are being obtained for indications unrelated to the temporal bone. Differential considerations of petrous apex lesions in children include “leave me alone” lesions, infectious or inflammatory lesions, fibro-osseous lesions, neoplasms and neoplasm-like lesions, as well as a few rare miscellaneous conditions. Some lesions are similar to those encountered in adults, and some are unique to children. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and primary and metastatic pediatric malignancies such as neuroblastoma, rhabomyosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma are more likely to be encountered in children. Lesions such as petrous apex cholesterol granuloma, cholesteatoma and chondrosarcoma are more common in adults and are rarely a diagnostic consideration in children. We present a comprehensive pictorial review of CT and MRI appearances of pediatric petrous apex lesions.
Semi-Data-Driven Network Coarsening

Li Gao, Jia Wu, Hong Yang, Zhi Qiao, Chuan Zhou, Yue Hu Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Quantum Computation & Intelligent Systems Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Australia MathWorks, Beijing, China Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China {gaoli, huyue}@iie.ac.cn, zhiqiao.ict@gmail.com, hong.yang@mathworks.cn, jia.wu@uts.edu.au
PRCP: Packet replication control based prophet routing strategy for delay tolerant network

Continuous network connectivity has always been a significant issue in the area of networks. Delay Tolerant Networks(DTNs) provides an architecture that casts upon the problems of discontinuity in the network and tries to solve it. Such dropping of connectivity is found in tremendous terrestrial atmosphere and planetary systems. Instead of traditional communication system of delivering data from source to destination through continuous connectivity, DTNs uses the intermediate nodes to relay messages from source to destination. Sometimes these nodes act selfishly and can deny to relay packets for saving their resources like energy, buffer etc and that is why they may not agree to forward data packets which leads to lack of cooperation and hence hampers transferability in the network. To combat this selfish behavior various incentives or rewards have been proposed to these nodes such they assist with each other and make the network communication smoother. Packet replication control based prophet routing strategy for DTNs (PRCP) uses replication control based incentive mechanism in prophet routing algorithm which has shown better values of parameters compared to existing ones.
Hypertrophic lichen planus versus prurigo nodularis: a dermoscopic perspective.

Hypertrophic lichen planus (HLP) classically involves shin and ankles and is characterized by hyperkeratotic plaques and nodules. Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic neurodermatitis that presents with intensely pruritic nodules. Histopathology of HLP and PN demonstrate epidermal hyperplasia, hypergranulosis, and compact hyperkeratosis. The dermis shows vertically arranged collagen fibers and an increased number of fibroblasts and capillaries in both conditions. Moreover, basal cell degeneration is confined to the tips of rete ridges, and band-like infiltration is conspicuously absent in HLP. Therefore, both conditions mimic each other clinically, which makes diagnosis difficult. Hence, there is a need for a diagnostic technique to differentiate both conditions.



To evaluate dermoscopic patterns in HLP and PN and to study these patterns histopathologically.



The study was conducted at S. Nijalingappa Medical College in Bagalkot. It was an observational case series study. Ethical clearance and informed consent was obtained. A Dermlite 3 dermoscope (3Gen, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA) attached to a Sony Cyber Shot camera DSC-W800 (Sony Electronics Inc., San Diego, California, USA) was employed. Histopathology was done to confirm the diagnosis.



There were 10 patients each with HLP and PN. HLP was seen in 8 males and 2 females. PN was observed in 7 females and 3 males. Dermoscopy of HLP demonstrated pearly white areas and peripheral striations (100%), gray-blue globules (60%), comedo-like openings (30%), red dots (40%), red globules (10%), brownish-black globules (30%), and yellowish structures (90%). In PN, red dots (70%), red globules (60%), and pearly white areas with peripheral striations (100%) were observed under dermoscopy.



Both HLP and PN demonstrated specific dermoscopic patterns which can be demonstrated on histopathologic findings. The authors propose that these patterns are hallmarks of each condition. Thus, dermoscopy is a good diagnostic tool in the differentiation of HLP and PN.
Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer’s disease

The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is a key protein in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. We previously reported in vitro evidence suggesting that Aβ is an antimicrobial peptide. We present in vivo data showing that Aβ expression protects against fungal and bacterial infections in mouse, nematode, and cell culture models of AD. We show that Aβ oligomerization, a behavior traditionally viewed as intrinsically pathological, may be necessary for the antimicrobial activities of the peptide. Collectively, our data are consistent with a model in which soluble Aβ oligomers first bind to microbial cell wall carbohydrates via a heparin-binding domain. Developing protofibrils inhibited pathogen adhesion to host cells. Propagating β-amyloid fibrils mediate agglutination and eventual entrapment of unatttached microbes. Consistent with our model, Salmonella Typhimurium bacterial infection of the brains of transgenic 5XFAD mice resulted in rapid seeding and accelerated β-amyloid deposition, which closely colocalized with the invading bacteria. Our findings raise the intriguing possibility that β-amyloid may play a protective role in innate immunity and infectious or sterile inflammatory stimuli may drive amyloidosis. These data suggest a dual protective/damaging role for Aβ, as has been described for other antimicrobial peptides.
Graphene Transistors: Status, Prospects, and Problems

Graphene is a relatively new material with unique properties that holds promise for electronic applications. Since 2004, when the first graphene samples were intentionally fabricated, the worldwide research activities on graphene have literally exploded. Apart from physicists, also device engineers became interested in the new material and soon the prospects of graphene in electronics have been considered. For the most part, the early discussions on the potential of graphene had a prevailing positive mood, mainly based on the high carrier mobilities observed in this material. This has repeatedly led to very optimistic assessments of the potential of graphene transistors and to an underestimation of their problems. In this paper, we discuss the properties of graphene relevant for electronic applications, examine its advantages and problems, and summarize the state of the art of graphene transistors.
Severe malaria.

When an individual has been inoculated with a plasmodium parasite, a variety of clinical effects may follow, within the sequence: Infection?asymptomatic parasitaemia?uncomplicated illness?severe malaria?death. Many factors influence the disease manifestations of the infection and the likelihood of progression to the last two categories. These factors include the species of the infecting parasite, the levels of innate and acquired immunity of the host, and the timing and efficacy of treatment, if any.
Cranial tip suture in nasal tip contouring.

The creation of both a functionally and aesthetically pleasing nasal tip contour is demanding and depends on various different parameters. Typically, procedures are performed with emphasis on narrowing the nasal tip structure. Excisional techniques alone inevitably lead to a reduction in skeletal support and are often prone to unpredictable deformities. But also long-term results of classical suture techniques have shown unfavorable outcomes. Particularly, pinching of the ala and a displacement of the caudal margin of the lateral crus below the cephalic margin belong to this category. A characteristic loss of structural continuity between the domes and the alar lobule and an undesirable shadowing occur. These effects lead to an unnatural appearance of the nasal tip and frequently to impaired nasal breathing. Stability and configuration of the alar cartilages alone do not allow for an adequate evaluation of the nasal tip contour. Rather a three-dimensional approach is required to describe all nasal tip structures. Especially, the rotational angle of the alar surface as well as the longitudinal axis of the lateral crus in relation to cranial septum should be considered in the three-dimensional analysis. Taking the various parameters into account, the authors present new aspects in nasal tip surgery which contribute to the creation of a functionally and aesthetically pleasing as well as durable nasal tip contour.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was described in London by Phillips (1887) who reported four cases of spurious hermaphroditism in one family. Fibiger (1905) noticed that there was enlargement of the adrenal glands in some infants who had died after prolonged vomiting and dehydration. Butler, Ross, and Talbot (1939) reported a case which showed serum electrolyte changes similar to those of Addison's disease. Further developments had to await the synthesis of cortisone. The work ofWilkins, Lewis, Klein, and Rosemberg (1950) showed that cortisone could alleviate the disorder and suppress androgen secretion. Bartter, Albright, Forbes, Leaf, Dempsey, and Carroll (1951) suggested that, in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, there might be a primary impairment of synthesis of cortisol (hydrocortisone, compound F) and a secondary rise of pituitary adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) production. This was confirmed by Jailer, Louchart, and Cahill (1952) who showed that ACTH caused little increase in the output of cortisol in such cases. In the same year, Snydor, Kelley, Raile, Ely, and Sayers (1953) found an increased level ofACTH in the blood of affected patients. Studies of enzyme systems were carried out. Jailer, Gold, Vande Wiele, and Lieberman (1955) and Frantz, Holub, and Jailer (1960) produced evidence that the most common site for the biosynthetic block was in the C-21 hydroxylating system. Eberlein and Bongiovanni (1955) showed that there was a C-l 1 hydroxylation defect in patients with the hypertensive form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and Bongiovanni (1961) and Bongiovanni and Kellenbenz (1962), showed that in some patients there was a further type of enzyme defect, a 3-(-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, an enzyme which is required early in the metabolic pathway. Prader and Siebenmann (1957) described a female infant who had adrenal insufficiency and congenital lipoid hyperplasia of the
Adaptive matching for expert systems with uncertain task types

Online two-sided matching markets such as Q&A forums (e.g. StackOverflow, Quora) and online labour platforms (e.g. Upwork) critically rely on the ability to propose adequate matches based on imperfect knowledge of the two parties to be matched. This prompts the following question: Which matching recommendation algorithms can, in the presence of such uncertainty, lead to efficient platform operation? To answer this question, we develop a model of a task / server matching system. For this model, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for an incoming stream of tasks to be manageable by the system. We further identify a so-called back-pressure policy under which the throughput that the system can handle is optimized. We show that this policy achieves strictly larger throughput than a natural greedy policy. Finally, we validate our model and confirm our theoretical findings with experiments based on logs of Math. StackExchange, a StackOverflow forum dedicated to mathematics.
A Bistatic SAR Raw Data Simulator Based on Inverse $ \omega{-}k$ Algorithm

A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw data simulator is an important tool for testing the system parameters and the imaging algorithms. In this paper, a scene raw data simulator based on an inverse ω-k algorithm for bistatic SAR of a translational invariant case is proposed. The differences between simulations of monostatic and bistatic SAR are also described. The algorithm proposed has high precision and can be used in long-baseline configuration and for single-pass interferometry. Implementation details are described, and plenty of simulation results are provided to validate the algorithm.