nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI for endogenous contrast at 7 Tesla.

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indirectly images exchangeable solute protons resonating at frequencies different than bulk water. These solute protons are selectively saturated using low bandwidth RF irradiation and saturation is transferred to bulk water protons via chemical exchange, resulting in an attenuation of the measured water proton signal. CEST MRI is an advanced MRI technique with wide application potential due to the ability to examine complex molecular contributions. CEST MRI at high field (7 Tesla [7 T]) will improve the overall results due to increase in signal, T1 relaxation time, and chemical shift dispersion. Increased field strength translates to enhanced quantification of the metabolite of interest, allowing more fundamental studies on underlying pathophysiology. CEST contrast is affected by several tissue properties, such as the concentrations of exchange partners and their rate of proton exchange, whose effects have been examined and explored in this review. We have highlighted the background of CEST MRI, typical implementation strategy, and complications at 7 T.
CG Representation of Wood Aging with Distortion, Cracking and Erosion

Materials exposed to the elements change in appearance because of aging. Because wood is an organic substance, cracks and the surface erosion occur easily. To produce realistic computer graphic images, we need simulate the aging phenomenon also. Here, we propose a visual simulation of the distortion, cracking, and erosion of wood. In this method, wood is represented by a tetrahedral mesh. By setting semi-physical variables at each vertex in this mesh, a visual simulation of wood aging can be accomplished. The surface of the wood is defined by values assigned to the superficial tetrahedral mesh vertices. Changes in the surface are achieved by value changes. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated by applications on a plank and shapes such as a bunny and an armadillo statue.
Light Field Scale-Depth Space Transform for Dense Depth Estimation

Recent development of hand-held plenoptic cameras has brought light field acquisition into many practical and low-cost imaging applications. We address a crucial challenge in light field data processing: dense depth estimation of 3D scenes captured by camera arrays or plenoptic cameras. We first propose a method for construction of light field scale-depth spaces, by convolving a given light field with a special kernel adapted to the light field structure. We detect local extrema in such scale-depth spaces, which indicate the regions of constant depth, and convert them to dense depth maps after solving occlusion conflicts in a consistent way across all views. Due to the multi-scale characterization of objects in proposed representations, our method provides depth estimates for both uniform and textured regions, where uniform regions with large spatial extent are captured at coarser scales and textured regions are found at finer scales. Experimental results on the HCI (Heidelberg Collaboratory for Image Processing) light field benchmark show that our method gives state of the art depth accuracy. We also show results on plenoptic images from the RAYTRIX camera and our plenoptic camera prototype.
Reported maternal tendencies predict the reward value of infant facial cuteness, but not cuteness detection.

The factors that contribute to individual differences in the reward value of cute infant facial characteristics are poorly understood. Here we show that the effect of cuteness on a behavioural measure of the reward value of infant faces is greater among women reporting strong maternal tendencies. By contrast, maternal tendencies did not predict women's subjective ratings of the cuteness of these infant faces. These results show, for the first time, that the reward value of infant facial cuteness is greater among women who report being more interested in interacting with infants, implicating maternal tendencies in individual differences in the reward value of infant cuteness. Moreover, our results indicate that the relationship between maternal tendencies and the reward value of infant facial cuteness is not due to individual differences in women's ability to detect infant cuteness. This latter result suggests that individual differences in the reward value of infant cuteness are not simply a by-product of low-cost, functionless biases in the visual system.
Reasoning at the Right Time Granularity

Most real-world dynamic systems are composed of different components that often evolve at very different rates. In traditional temporal graphical models, such as dynamic Bayesian networks, time is modeled at a fixed granularity, generally selected based on the rate at which the fastest component evolves. Inference must then be performed at this fastest granularity, potentially at significant computational cost. Continuous Time Bayesian Networks (CTBNs) avoid time-slicing in the representation by modeling the system as evolving continuously over time. The expectation-propagation (EP) inference algorithm of Nodelman et al. (2005) can then vary the inference granularity over time, but the granularity is uniform across all parts of the system, and must be selected in advance. In this paper, we provide a new EP algorithm that utilizes a general cluster graph architecture where clusters contain distributions that can overlap in both space (set of variables) and time. This architecture allows different parts of the system to be modeled at very different time granularities, according to their current rate of evolution. We also provide an information-theoretic criterion for dynamically re-partitioning the clusters during inference to tune the level of approximation to the current rate of evolution. This avoids the need to hand-select the appropriate granularity, and allows the granularity to adapt as information is transmitted across the network. We present experiments demonstrating that this approach can result in significant computational savings.
CorePhrase: Keyphrase Extraction for Document Clustering

The ability to discover the topic of a large set of text documents using relevant keyphrases is usually regarded as a very tedious task if done by hand. Automatic keyphrase extraction from multi-document data sets or text clusters provides a very compact summary of the contents of the clusters, which often helps in locating information easily. We introduce an algorithm for topic discovery using keyphrase extraction from multi-document sets and clusters based on frequent and significant shared phrases between documents. The keyphrases extracted by the algorithm are highly accurate and fit the cluster topic. The algorithm is independent of the domain of the documents. Subjective as well as quantitative evaluation show that the algorithm outperforms keyword-based cluster-labeling algorithms, and is capable of accurately discovering the topic, and often ranking it in the top one or two extracted keyphrases.
How to Protect ADS-B: Confidentiality Framework and Efficient Realization Based on Staged Identity-Based Encryption

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is one of the key technologies for future “e-Enabled” aircrafts. ADS-B uses avionics in the e-Enabled aircrafts to broadcast essential flight data such as call sign, altitude, heading, and other extra positioning information. On the one hand, ADS-B brings significant benefits to the aviation industry, but, on the other hand, it could pose security concerns as channels between ground controllers and aircrafts for the ADS-B communication are not secured, and ADS-B messages could be captured by random individuals who own ADS-B receivers. In certain situations, ADS-B messages contain sensitive information, particularly when communications occur among mission-critical civil airplanes. These messages need to be protected from any interruption and eavesdropping. The challenge here is to construct an encryption scheme that is fast enough for very frequent encryption and that is flexible enough for effective key management. In this paper, we propose a Staged Identity-Based Encryption (SIBE) scheme, which modifies Boneh and Franklin's original IBE scheme to address those challenges, that is, to construct an efficient and functional encryption scheme for ADS-B system. Based on the proposed SIBE scheme, we provide a confidentiality framework for future e-Enabled aircraft with ADS-B capability.
MRL — Memristor Ratioed Logic

Memristive devices are novel structures, developed primarily as memory. Another interesting application for memristive devices is logic circuits. In this paper, MRL (Memristor Ratioed Logic) - a hybrid CMOS-memristive logic family - is described. In this logic family, OR and AND logic gates are based on memristive devices, and CMOS inverters are added to provide a complete logic structure and signal restoration. Unlike previously published memristive-based logic families, the MRL family is compatible with standard CMOS logic. A case study of an eight-bit full adder is presented and related design considerations are discussed.
Generation of electrical energy from sound energy

This paper explores a relatively less popular source of clean energy. Noise (sound) energy can be converted into viable source of electric power by using a suitable transducer. This can be done by using a transducer by converting vibrations caused by noise into electrical energy. An application is proposed for the same, in which a speaker and a transformer are used to convert noise produced by car horn into electrical energy. The vibrations created by noise can be converted into electrical energy through the principle of electromagnetic induction. The received signal was stepped up using a transformer. A similar setup was placed at distance of 1 meter from the exhaust pipe of a 350 cubic centimeter engine of a motorbike. The demonstrated ideas probe into a clean and readily available source of energy.
DarT: The embryo test with the Zebrafish Danio rerio--a general model in ecotoxicology and toxicology.

The acute fish test is an animal test whose ecotoxicological relevance is worthy of discussion. The primary aim of protection in ecotoxicology is the population and not the individual. Furthermore the concentration of pollutants in the environment is normally not in the lethal range. Therefore the acute fish test covers solely the situation after chemical spills. Nevertheless, acute fish toxicity data still belong to the base set used for the assessment of chemicals. The embryo test with the zebrafish Danio rerio (DarT) is recommended as a substitute for the acute fish test. For validation an international laboratory comparison test was carried out. A summary of the results is presented in this paper. Based on the promising results of testing chemicals and waste water the test design was validated by the DIN-working group "7.6 Fischei-Test". A normed test guideline for testing waste water with fish is available. The test duration is short (48 h) and within the test different toxicological endpoints can be examined. Endpoints from the embryo test are suitable for QSAR-studies. Besides the use in ecotoxicology the introduction as a toxicological model was investigated. Disturbance of pigmentation and effects on the frequency of heart-beat were examined. A further important application is testing of teratogenic chemicals. Based on the results DarT could be a screening test within preclinical studies.
Rhinoplasty: The Asymmetric Crooked Nose-An Overview.

There are three reasons why the asymmetric crooked nose is one of the greatest challenges in rhinoplasty surgery. First, the complexity of the problem is not appreciated by the patient nor understood by the surgeon. Patients often see the obvious deviation of the nose, but not the distinct differences between the right and left sides. Surgeons fail to understand and to emphasize to the patient that each component of the nose is asymmetric. Second, these deformities can be improved, but rarely made flawless. For this reason, patients are told that the result will be all "-er words," better, straighter, cuter, but no "t-words," there is no perfect nor straight. Most surgeons fail to realize that these cases represent asymmetric noses on asymmetric faces with the variable of ipsilateral and contralateral deviations. Third, these cases demand a wide range of sophisticated surgical techniques, some of which have a minimal margin of error. This article offers an in-depth look at analysis, preoperative planning, and surgical techniques available for dealing with the asymmetric crooked nose.
Automatic playtesting for game parameter tuning via active learning

Game designers use human playtesting to gather feedback about game design elements when iteratively improving a game. Playtesting, however, is expensive: human testers must be recruited, playtest results must be aggregated and interpreted, and changes to game designs must be extrapolated from these results. Can automated methods reduce this expense? We show how active learning techniques can formalize and automate a subset of playtesting goals. Specifically, we focus on the low-level parameter tuning required to balance a game once the mechanics have been chosen. Through a case study on a shoot-‘em-up game we demonstrate the efficacy of active learning to reduce the amount of playtesting needed to choose the optimal set of game parameters for two classes of (formal) design objectives. This work opens the potential for additional methods to reduce the human burden of performing playtesting for a variety of relevant design concerns.
Puberty-related influences on brain development

Puberty is a time of striking changes in cognition and behavior. To indirectly assess the effects of puberty-related influences on the underlying neuroanatomy of these behavioral changes we will review and synthesize neuroimaging data from typically developing children and adolescents and from those with anomalous hormone or sex chromosome profiles. The trajectories (size by age) of brain morphometry differ between boys and girls, with girls generally reaching peak gray matter thickness 1-2 years earlier than boys. Both boys and girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (characterized by high levels of intrauterine testosterone), have smaller amygdala volume but the brain morphometry of girls with CAH did not otherwise significantly differ from controls. Subjects with XXY have gray matter reductions in the insula, temporal gyri, amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate-areas consistent with the language-based learning difficulties common in this group.
A hierarchy of ATP-consuming processes in mammalian cells.

The rates of different ATP-consuming reactions were measured in concanavalin A-stimulated thymocytes, a model system in which more than 80% of the ATP consumption can be accounted for. There was a clear hierarchy of the responses of different energy-consuming reactions to changes in energy supply: pathways of macromolecule biosynthesis (protein synthesis and RNA/DNA synthesis) were most sensitive to energy supply, followed by sodium cycling and then calcium cycling across the plasma membrane. Mitochondrial proton leak was the least sensitive to energy supply. Control analysis was used to quantify the relative control over ATP production exerted by the individual groups of ATP-consuming reactions. Control was widely shared; no block of reactions had more than one-third of the control. A fuller control analysis showed that there appeared to be a hierarchy of control over the flux through ATP: protein synthesis > RNA/DNA synthesis and substrate oxidation > Na+ cycling and Ca2+ cycling > other ATP consumers and mitochondrial proton leak. Control analysis also indicated that there was significant control over the rates of individual ATP consumers by energy supply. Each ATP consumer had strong control over its own rate but very little control over the rates of the other ATP consumers.
Stasis papillomatosis with cardiac complications and vein insufficiency.

We report the case of a 73-year-old man with massive swelling of the lower extremities, with a chronic and rather uncommon form of stasis dermatitis - stasis papillomatosis. The patient was also diagnosed with severe heart failure, including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypothyroidism that required a substantial dose of exogenous tyrosine, microcytic and megaloblastic anemia, iron deficiency, and type 2 diabetes. The cause of stasis dermatitis lesions is not completely understood. It may be caused by the allergic reaction to some epidermal protein antigen formation or chronic damage to the dermal-epidermal barrier that makes the skin more sensitive to irritants or trauma. It has, however, been suggested that the term stasis dermatitis should be used to refer only to cases caused by chronic venous insufficiency, which belongs to a group of lifestyle diseases and affects both women and men more and more frequently.
Phenotypic Identification of Spinal Cord-Infiltrating CD4+ T Lymphocytes in a Murine Model of Neuropathic Pain

Neuropathic pain is one of the most devastating kinds of chronic pain. Neuroinflammation has been shown to contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. We have previously demonstrated that lumbar spinal cord-infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes contribute to the maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity in spinal nerve L5 transection (L5Tx), a murine model of neuropathic pain. Here, we further examined the phenotype of the CD4+ T lymphocytes involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain-like behavior via intracellular flow cytometric analysis and explored potential interactions between infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes and spinal cord glial cells.



We consistently observed significantly higher numbers of T-Bet+, IFN-γ+, TNF-α+, and GM-CSF+, but not GATA3+ or IL-4+, lumbar spinal cord-infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes in the L5Tx group compared to the sham group at day 7 post-L5Tx. This suggests that the infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes expressed a pro-inflammatory type 1 phenotype (Th1). Despite the observation of CD4+ CD40 ligand (CD154)+ T lymphocytes in the lumbar spinal cord post-L5Tx, CD154 knockout (KO) mice did not display significant changes in L5Tx-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, indicating that T lymphocyte-microglial interaction through the CD154-CD40 pathway is not necessary for L5Tx-induced hypersensitivity. In addition, spinal cord astrocytic activation, represented by glial fibillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, was significantly lower in CD4 KO mice compared to wild type (WT) mice at day 14 post-L5Tx, suggesting the involvement of astrocytes in the pronociceptive effects mediated by infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes.



In all, these data indicate that the maintenance of L5Tx-induced neuropathic pain is mostly mediated by Th1 cells in a CD154-independent manner via a mechanism that could involve multiple Th1 cytokines and astrocytic activation.
Mechanical design and basic analysis of a modular robot with special climbing and manipulation functions

For applications in new fields such as agriculture, forestry and high-altitude work, a modular robot is developed for climbing posts, trees and trusses and manipulating objects. Inspired by the climbing motion of sloths, chimpanzees and inchworms, this new robot is designed to be anthropomorphic. It consists of six one-DOF joint modules in series and two special grippers at ends. The grippers are specially designed for various objects with different shapes and sizes. With the structure similar to a manipulator, the robot has both special climbing function and manipulation function. It is expected to perform a variety of tasks on posts, in trees and in trusses. Mechanical design and some basic analysis including the kinematics of the robot and force analysis of the grippers are presented in this paper.
Cyber-physical attacks in power networks: Models, fundamental limitations and monitor design

Future power networks will be characterized by safe and reliable functionality against physical and cyber attacks. This paper proposes a unified framework and advanced monitoring procedures to detect and identify network components malfunction or measurements corruption caused by an omniscient adversary. We model a power system under cyber-physical attack as a linear time-invariant descriptor system with unknown inputs. Our attack model generalizes the prototypical stealth, (dynamic) false-data injection and replay attacks. We characterize the fundamental limitations of both static and dynamic procedures for attack detection and identification. Additionally, we design provably-correct (dynamic) detection and identification procedures based on tools from geometric control theory. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of our method through a comparison with existing (static) detection algorithms, and through a numerical study.
An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor network

It is widely known that in wireless sensor networks (WSN), energy efficiency is of utmost importance. WSN need to be energy efficient but also need to provide better performance, particularly latency. A common protocol design guideline has been to trade off some performance metrics such as throughput and delay for energy. This paper presents a novel MAC (Express Energy Efficient Media Access Control) protocol that not only preserves the energy efficiency of current alternatives but also coordinates the transfer of packets from source to destination in such a way that latency and jitter are improved considerably. Our simulations show how EX-MAC (Express Energy Efficient MAC) outperforms the well-known S-MAC protocols in several performance metrics.
A robust, low power, high speed voltage level shifter with built-in short circuit current reduction

A novel topology for a high speed voltage level shifter (VLS) is presented. It features a built-in short circuit current reduction which increases the speed and reduces the power consumption. Unlike the conventional VLSs, the proposed VLS does not need complex digital timing signals. The simplicity of its operation results into robustness of operation, high speed and low power. The VLS was designed in CMOS 0.18um process. Simulation results, at the layout extraction level, are presented to validate the design concept. The speed and energy consumption of the VLS are compared with the state of the art VLSs. The proposed VLS proves to be better in both the speed and power aspects than the state of the art VLSs.
Contextual Information Improves OOV Detection in Speech

Out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words represent an important source of error in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) systems. These words cause recognition failures, which propagate through pipeline systems impacting the performance of downstream applications. The detection of OOV regions in the output of a LVCSR system is typically addressed as a binary classification task, where each region is independently classified using local information. In this paper, we show that jointly predicting OOV regions, and including contextual information from each region, leads to substantial improvement in OOV detection. Compared to the state-of-the-art, we reduce the missed OOV rate from 42.6% to 28.4% at 10% false alarm rate.