nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Attack Tree Generation by Policy Invalidation

Attacks on systems and organisations increasingly exploit human actors, for example through social engineering, complicating their formal treatment and automatic identification. Formalisation of human behaviour is difficult at best, and attacks on socio-technical systems are still mostly identified through brainstorming of experts. In this work we formalize attack tree generation including human factors; based on recent advances in system models we develop a technique to identify possible attacks analytically, including technical and human factors. Our systematic attack generation is based on invalidating policies in the system model by identifying possible sequences of actions that lead to an attack. The generated attacks are precise enough to illustrate the threat, and they are general enough to hide the details of individual steps.
Efficient Inter-node MPI Communication Using GPUDirect RDMA for InfiniBand Clusters with NVIDIA GPUs

GPUs and accelerators have become ubiquitous in modern supercomputing systems. Scientific applications from a wide range of fields are being modified to take advantage of their compute power. However, data movement continues to be a critical bottleneck in harnessing the full potential of a GPU. Data in the GPU memory has to be moved into the host memory before it can be sent over the network. MPI libraries like MVAPICH2 have provided solutions to alleviate this bottleneck using techniques like pipelining. GPUDirect RDMA is a feature introduced in CUDA 5.0, that allows third party devices like network adapters to directly access data in GPU device memory, over the PCIe bus. NVIDIA has partnered with Mellanox to make this solution available for InfiniBand clusters. In this paper, we evaluate the first version of GPUDirect RDMA for InfiniBand and propose designs in MVAPICH2 MPI library to efficiently take advantage of this feature. We highlight the limitations posed by current generation architectures in effectively using GPUDirect RDMA and address these issues through novel designs in MVAPICH2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to demonstrate a solution for internode GPU-to-GPU MPI communication using GPUDirect RDMA. Results show that the proposed designs improve the latency of internode GPU-to-GPU communication using MPI Send/MPI Recv by 69% and 32% for 4Byte and 128KByte messages, respectively. The designs boost the uni-directional bandwidth achieved using 4KByte and 64KByte messages by 2x and 35%, respectively. We demonstrate the impact of the proposed designs using two end-applications: LBMGPU and AWP-ODC. They improve the communication times in these applications by up to 35% and 40%, respectively.
Speciation, ecological opportunity, and latitude

Evolutionary hypotheses to explain the greater numbers of species in the tropics than the temperate zone include greater age 2004; Grant and Grant 2008; Price 2008; Schluter 2009; Marie Curie Speciation Network 2012; Nosil 2012), the and area, higher temperature and metabolic rates, and greater ecological opportunity. These ideas make contrasting predictions about the relationship between speciation processes and latitude, which I elaborate and evaluate. Available data suggest that per capita speciation rates are currently highest in the temperate zone and that diversification rates (speciation minus extinction) are similar between latitudes. In contrast, clades whose oldest analyzed dates precede the Eocene thermal maximum, when the extent of the tropics was much greater than today, tend to show highest speciation and diversification rates in the tropics. These findings are consistent with age and area, which is alone among hypotheses in predicting a time trend. Higher recent speciation rates in the temperate zone than the tropics suggest an additional response to high ecological opportunity associated with low species diversity. These broad patterns are compelling but provide limited insights into underlying mechanisms, arguing that studies of speciation processes along the latitudinal gradient will be vital. Using threespine stickleback in depauperate northern lakes as an example, I show how high ecological opportunity can lead to rapid speciation. The results support a role for ecological opportunity in speciation, but its importance in the evolution of the latitudinal gradient remains uncertain. I conclude that per capita evolutionary rates are no longer higher in the tropics than the temperate zone. Nevertheless, the vast numbers of species that have already accumulated in the tropics ensure that total rate of species production remains highest there. Thus, tropical evolutionary momentum helps to perpetuate the steep latitudinal biodiversity gradient.
DORIS: Discovering Ontological Relations In Services

We propose to demonstrate DORIS, a system that maps the schema of a Web Service automatically to the schema of a knowledge base. Given only the input type and the URL of the Web Service, DORIS executes a few probing calls, and deduces an intensional description of the Web service. In addition, she computes an XSLT transformation function that can transform a Web Service call result in XML to RDF facts in the target schema. Users will be able to play with DORIS, and to see how real-world Web Services can be mapped to large knowledge bases of the Semantic Web.
Hyaluronic acid click hydrogels emulate the extracellular matrix.

Hydrogels are used to create 3D microenvironments with properties that direct cell function. The current study demonstrates the versatility of hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels with independent control over hydrogel properties such as mechanics, architecture, and the spatial distribution of biological factors. Hydrogels were prepared by reacting furan-modified HA with bis-maleimide-poly(ethylene glycol) in a Diels-Alder click reaction. Biomolecules were photopatterned into the hydrogel by two-photon laser processing, resulting in spatially defined growth factor gradients. The Young's modulus was controlled by either changing the hydrogel concentration or the furan substitution on the HA backbone, thereby decoupling the hydrogel concentration from mechanical properties. Porosity was controlled by cryogelation, and the pore size distribution, by the thaw temperature. The addition of galactose further influenced the porosity, pore size, and Young's modulus of the cryogels. These HA-based hydrogels offer a tunable platform with a diversity of properties for directing cell function, with applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
WiCatch: A Wi-Fi Based Hand Gesture Recognition System

In recent years, a large number of researchers are endeavoring to develop wireless sensing and related applications as Wi-Fi devices become ubiquitous. As a significant research branch, gesture recognition has become one of the research hotspots. In this paper, we propose WiCatch, a novel device free gesture recognition system which utilizes the channel state information to recognize the motion of hands. First of all, with the aim of catching the weak signals reflected from hands, a novel data fusion-based interference elimination algorithm is proposed to diminish the interference caused by signals reflected from stationary objects and the direct signal from transmitter to receiver. Second, the system catches the signals reflected from moving hands and rebuilds the motion locus of the gesture by constructing the virtual antenna array based on signal samples in time domain. Finally, we adopt support vector machines to complete the classification. The extensive experimental results demonstrate that the WiCatch can achieves a recognition accuracy over 0.96. Furthermore, the WiCatch can be applied to two-hand gesture recognition and reach a recognition accuracy of 0.95.
Myotubes differentiate optimally on substrates with tissue-like stiffness

Contractile myocytes provide a test of the hypothesis that cells sense their mechanical as well as molecular microenvironment, altering expression, organization, and/or morphology accordingly. Here, myoblasts were cultured on collagen strips attached to glass or polymer gels of varied elasticity. Subsequent fusion into myotubes occurs independent of substrate flexibility. However, myosin/actin striations emerge later only on gels with stiffness typical of normal muscle (passive Young's modulus, E approximately 12 kPa). On glass and much softer or stiffer gels, including gels emulating stiff dystrophic muscle, cells do not striate. In addition, myotubes grown on top of a compliant bottom layer of glass-attached myotubes (but not softer fibroblasts) will striate, whereas the bottom cells will only assemble stress fibers and vinculin-rich adhesions. Unlike sarcomere formation, adhesion strength increases monotonically versus substrate stiffness with strongest adhesion on glass. These findings have major implications for in vivo introduction of stem cells into diseased or damaged striated muscle of altered mechanical composition.
Gut microbiome and aging: Physiological and mechanistic insights

The development of human gut microbiota begins as soon as the neonate leaves the protective environment of the uterus (or maybe in-utero) and is exposed to innumerable microorganisms from the mother as well as the surrounding environment. Concurrently, the host responses to these microbes during early life manifest during the development of an otherwise hitherto immature immune system. The human gut microbiome, which comprises an extremely diverse and complex community of microorganisms inhabiting the intestinal tract, keeps on fluctuating during different stages of life. While these deviations are largely natural, inevitable and benign, recent studies show that unsolicited perturbations in gut microbiota configuration could have strong impact on several features of host health and disease. Our microbiota undergoes the most prominent deviations during infancy and old age and, interestingly, our immune health is also in its weakest and most unstable state during these two critical stages of life, indicating that our microbiota and health develop and age hand-in-hand. However, the mechanisms underlying these interactions are only now beginning to be revealed. The present review summarizes the evidences related to the age-associated changes in intestinal microbiota and vice-versa, mechanisms involved in this bi-directional relationship, and the prospective for development of microbiota-based interventions such as probiotics for healthy aging.
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome with medial tibial stress syndrome in twins.

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome and medial tibial stress syndrome are uncommon conditions that affect long-distance runners or players involved in team sports that require extensive running. We report 2 cases of bilateral chronic exertional compartment syndrome, with medial tibial stress syndrome in identical twins diagnosed with the use of a Kodiag monitor (B. Braun Medical, Sheffield, United Kingdom) fulfilling the modified diagnostic criteria for chronic exertional compartment syndrome as described by Pedowitz et al, which includes: (1) pre-exercise compartment pressure level >15 mm Hg; (2) 1 minute post-exercise pressure >30 mm Hg; and (3) 5 minutes post-exercise pressure >20 mm Hg in the presence of clinical features. Both patients were treated with bilateral anterior fasciotomies through minimal incision and deep posterior fasciotomies with tibial periosteal stripping performed through longer anteromedial incisions under direct vision followed by intensive physiotherapy resulting in complete symptomatic recovery. The etiology of chronic exertional compartment syndrome is not fully understood, but it is postulated abnormal increases in intramuscular pressure during exercise impair local perfusion, causing ischemic muscle pain. No familial predisposition has been reported to date. However, some authors have found that no significant difference exists in the relative perfusion, in patients, diagnosed with chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Magnetic resonance images of affected compartments have indicated that the pain is not due to ischemia, but rather from a disproportionate oxygen supply versus demand. We believe this is the first report of chronic exertional compartment syndrome with medial tibial stress syndrome in twins, raising the question of whether there is a genetic predisposition to the causation of these conditions.
Polysemous codes

This paper considers the problem of approximate nearest neighbor search in the compressed domain. We introduce polysemous codes, which offer both the distance estimation quality of product quantization and the efficient comparison of binary codes with Hamming distance. Their design is inspired by algorithms introduced in the 90’s to construct channel-optimized vector quantizers. At search time, this dual interpretation accelerates the search. Most of the indexed vectors are filtered out with Hamming distance, letting only a fraction of the vectors to be ranked with an asymmetric distance estimator. The method is complementary with a coarse partitioning of the feature space such as the inverted multi-index. This is shown by our experiments performed on several public benchmarks such as the BIGANN dataset comprising one billion vectors, for which we report state-of-the-art results for query times below 0.3 millisecond per core. Last but not least, our approach allows the approximate computation of the k-NN graph associated with the Yahoo Flickr Creative Commons 100M, described by CNN image descriptors, in less than 8 hours on a single machine.
Fuzzy Krill Herd (FKH): An improved optimization algorithm

Krill Herd (KH) optimization algorithm was recently proposed based on herding behavior of krill individuals in the nature for solving optimization problems. In this paper, we develop Standard Krill Herd (SKH) algorithm and propose Fuzzy Krill Herd (FKH) optimization algorithm which is able to dynamically adjust the participation amount of exploration and exploitation by looking the progress of solving the problem in each step. In order to evaluate the proposed FKH algorithm, we utilize some standard benchmark functions and also Inventory Control Problem. Experimental results indicate the superiority of our proposed FKH optimization algorithm in comparison with the standard KH optimization algorithm.
Are Multiple Reference Translations Necessary ? Investigating the Value of Paraphrased Reference Translations in Parameter Optimization

Most state-of-the-art statistical machine translation systems use log-linear models, which are defined in terms of hypothesis features and weights for those features. It is standard to tune the feature weights in order to maximize a translation quality metric, using heldout test sentences and their corresponding reference translations. However, obtaining reference translations is expensive. In our earlier work (Madnani et al., 2007), we introduced a new full-sentence paraphrase technique, based on English-to-English decoding with an MT system, and demonstrated that the resulting paraphrases can be used to cut the number of human reference translations needed in half. In this paper, we take the idea a step further, asking how far it is possible to get with just a single good reference translation for each item in the development set. Our analysis suggests that it is necessary to invest in four or more human translations in order to significantly improve on a single translation augmented by monolingual paraphrases.
Design and Characterization of a Robotized Gearbox System Based on Voice Coil Actuators for a Formula SAE Race Car

This paper discusses the use of voice coil actuators to enhance the performance of shift-by-wire systems. This innovative purely electric actuation approach was implemented and applied to a Formula SAE race car. The result was more compact and faster than conventional solutions, which usually employ pneumatic actuators. The designed shift-by-wire system incorporates a control unit based on a digital signal processor, which runs the control algorithms developed for both gear shifting and launching the car. The system was successfully validated through laboratory and on-track tests. In addition, a comparative test with an equivalent pneumatic counterpart was carried out. This showed that an effective use of voice coil actuators enabled the upshift time to be almost halved, thus proving that these actuators are a viable solution to improving shift-by-wire system performance.
Linear Disentangled Representation Learning for Facial Actions

Limited annotated data available for the recognition of facial expression and particularly action units makes it hard to train a deep network which can learn disentangled invariant features. However, a supervised linear model is undemanding in terms of training data. In this paper, we propose an elegant linear model to untangle facial actions from expressive face videos which contain a mixture of linearly-representable attributes. Previous attempts require an explicit decoupling of identity and expression which is practically inexact. Instead, we exploit the low-rank property across frames to implicitly subtract the intrinsic neutral face, which are modeled jointly with sparse representation only on the residual expression components. On CK+, our one-shot C-HiSLR on raw-face pixel-intensities performs far more competitive than conventional shape+SVM models with landmark detection and two-stepped SRC of the same type yet applied on manually prepared expression components. It is also comparable with the piecewise linear model DCS and temporal models, such as CRF and Bayes nets. We apply it to action unit (AU) recognition on MPI-VDB achieving a decent performance. As expression is a mixture of AUs, the result gives hopes of approximating an expression using a piecewise linear model.
Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error.

The description of sphero-cylinder lenses is approached from the viewpoint of Fourier analysis of the power profile. It is shown that the familiar sine-squared law leads naturally to a Fourier series representation with exactly three Fourier coefficients, representing the natural parameters of a thin lens. The constant term corresponds to the mean spherical equivalent (MSE) power, whereas the amplitude and phase of the harmonic correspond to the power and axis of a Jackson cross-cylinder (JCC) lens, respectively. Expressing the Fourier series in rectangular form leads to the representation of an arbitrary sphero-cylinder lens as the sum of a spherical lens and two cross-cylinders, one at axis 0 degree and the other at axis 45 degrees. The power of these three component lenses may be interpreted as (x,y,z) coordinates of a vector representation of the power profile. Advantages of this power vector representation of a sphero-cylinder lens for numerical and graphical analysis of optometric data are described for problems involving lens combinations, comparison of different lenses, and the statistical distribution of refractive errors.
Comparative Study of Optical Unipolar Codes for Incoherent DS-OCDMA system

In incoherent Direct Sequence Optical Code Division Multiple Access system (DSOCDMA), the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) is one of the main limitations. To mitigate the MAI, many types of codes can be used to remove the contributions from users. In this paper, we study two types of unipolar codes used in DS-OCDMA system incoherent which are optical orthogonal codes (OOC) and the prime code (PC). We developed the characteristics of these codes i,e factors correlations, and the theoretical upper bound of the probability of error. The simulation results showed that PC codes have better performance than OOC codes.
The relationship between playfulness and coping in preschool children: a pilot study.

Effective play and coping skills may be important determinants of children's adaptive behavior. Play and coping have undergone extensive individual study; however, these two variables have not been explored in relationship to each other.



The play behaviors of 19 randomly selected preschool children were rated by researchers using The Test of Playfulness. The children's coping skills were rated by their teachers with the Coping Inventory.



A positive, significant correlation was found between children's level of playfulness and their coping skills. Overall, girls were rated as more playful than boys and scored higher in coping skills. Younger children (36-47 months of age) were rated as better players and copers than older children (47-57 months of age).



This pilot study supports occupational therapy intervention in children's play environments and playful interactions as a way of influencing their adaptability in all life skills.
Query-driven soft traceability links for models

Model repositories play a central role in the model driven development of complex software-intensive systems by offering means to persist and manipulate models obtained from heterogeneous languages and tools. Complex models can be assembled by interconnecting model fragments by hard links, i.e., regular references, where the target end points to external resources using storage-specific identifiers. This approach, in certain application scenarios, may prove to be a too rigid and error prone way of interlinking models. As a flexible alternative, we propose to combine derived features with advanced incremental model queries as means for soft interlinking of model elements residing in different model resources. These soft links can be calculated on-demand with graceful handling for temporarily unresolved references. In the background, the links are maintained efficiently and flexibly by using incremental model query evaluation. The approach is applicable to modeling environments or even property graphs for representing query results as first-class relations, which also allows the chaining of soft links that is useful for modular applications. The approach is evaluated using the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) and EMF-IncQuery in two complex industrial case studies. The first case study is motivated by a knowledge management project from the financial domain, involving a complex interlinked structure of concept and business process models. The second case study is set in the avionics domain with strict traceability requirements enforced by certification standards (DO-178b). It consists of multiple domain models describing the allocation scenario of software functions to hardware components.
Global prevalence of sleep deprivation in students and heavy media use

The latest two international educational assessments found global prevalence of sleep deprivation in students, consistent with what has been reported in sleep research. However, despite the fundamental role of adequate sleep in cognitive and social functioning, this important issue has been largely overlooked by educational researchers. Drawing upon evidence from sleep research, literature on the heavy media use by children and adolescents, and data from web analytics on youth-oriented game sites and mobile analytics on youth-oriented game apps, we argue that heavy media use, particularly digital game play, may be an important contributor to sleep deprivation in students. Therefore, educational researchers, policy makers, teachers, and parents should pay greater attention to student sleep and develop programs and interventions to improve both quality and quantity of student sleep.