nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A case study of open source software development: the Apache server

According to its proponents, open source style software development has the capacity to compete successfully, and perhaps in many cases displace, traditional commercial development methods. In order to begin investigating such claims, we examine the development process of a major open source application, the Apache web server. By using email archives of source code change history and problem reports we quantify aspects of developer participation, core team size, code ownership, productivity, defect density, and problem resolution interval for this OSS project. This analysis reveals a unique process, which performs well on important measures. We conclude that hybrid forms of development that borrow the most effective techniques from both the OSS and commercial worlds may lead to high performance software processes.
Spam filtering for short messages in adversarial environment

The unsolicited bulk messages are widespread in the applications of short messages. Although the existing spam filters have satisfying performance, they are facing the challenge of an adversary who misleads the spam filters by manipulating samples. Until now, the vulnerability of spam filtering technique for short messages has not been investigated. Different from the other spam applications, a short message only has a few words and its length usually has an upper limit. The current adversarial learning algorithms may not work efficiently in short message spam filtering. In this paper, we investigate the existing good word attack and its counterattack method, i.e. the feature reweighting, in short message spam filtering in an effort to understand whether, and to what extent, they can work efficiently when the length of a message is limited. This paper proposes a good word attack strategy which maximizes the influence to a classifier with the least number of inserted characters based on the weight values and also the length of words. On the other hand, we also proposes the feature reweighting method with a new rescaling function which minimizes the importance of the feature representing a short word in order to require more inserted characters for a successful evasion. The methods are evaluated experimentally by using the SMS and the comment spam dataset. The results confirm that the length of words is a critical factor of the robustness of short message spam filtering to good word attack. & 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Word Sense Induction by Community Detection

Word Sense Induction (WSI) is an unsupervised approach for learning the multiple senses of a word. Graph-based approaches to WSI frequently represent word co-occurrence as a graph and use the statistical properties of the graph to identify the senses. We reinterpret graph-based WSI as community detection, a well studied problem in network science. The relations in the co-occurrence graph give rise to word communities, which distinguish senses. Our results show competitive performance on the SemEval-2010 WSI Task.
Performance Evaluations of Hard-Switching Interleaved DC / DC Boost Converter with New Generation Silicon Carbide MOSFETs

The emergence of PV inverter and Electric Vehicles (EVs) has created an increased demand for high power densities and high efficiency in power converters. Silicon carbide (SiC) is the candidate of choice to meet this demand, and it has, therefore, been the object of a growing interest over the past decade. The Boost converter is an essential part in most PV inverters and EVs. This paper presents a new generation of 1200V 20A SiC true MOSFET used in a 10KW hard-switching interleaved Boost converter with high switching frequency up to 100KHZ. It compares thermal and efficiency with Silicon high speed H3 IGBT. In both cases, results show a clear advantage for this new generation SiC MOSFET. Silicon Cardbide; MOSFET; Interleaved; Hard Switching; Boost converter; IGBT
Ekiden: A Platform for Confidentiality-Preserving, Trustworthy, and Performant Smart Contract Execution

Smart contracts are applications that execute on blockchains. Today they manage billions of dollars in value and motivate visionary plans for pervasive blockchain deployment. While smart contracts inherit the availability and other security assurances of blockchains, however, they are impeded by blockchains’ lack of confidentiality and poor performance. We present Ekiden, a system that addresses these critical gaps by combining blockchains with Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs). Capable of operating on any desired blockchain, Ekiden permits concurrent, off-chain execution of smart contracts within TEE-backed compute nodes, yielding high performance, low cost, and confidentiality for sensitive data. Ekiden enforces a strong set of security and availability properties. By maintaining on-chain state, it achieves consistency, meaning a single authoritative sequence of state transitions, and availability, meaning contracts can survive the failure of compute nodes. Ekiden is anchored in a formal security model expressed as an ideal functionality. We prove the security of the corresponding implemented protocol in the UC framework. Our implementation of Ekiden supports contract development in Rust and the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). We present experiments for applications including machine learning models, poker, and cryptocurrency tokens. Ekiden is designed to support multiple underlying blockchains. We have built one end-to-end instantiation of our system, Ekiden-BT, with a blockchain extending from Tendermint. Ekiden-BT achieves example performance of 600x more throughput and 400x less latency at 1000x less cost than on the Ethereum mainnet. When used with Ethereum as the backing blockchain, Ekiden still costs less than on-chain execution and supports contract confidentiality.
Fast learning for sentiment analysis on bullying

Bullying is a serious national health issue among adolescents. Social media offers a new opportunity to study bullying in both physical and cyber worlds. Sentiment analysis has the potential to identify victims who pose high risk to themselves or others, and to enhance the scientific understanding of bullying overall. We identify seven emotions common in bullying. While some of the emotions are well-studied before, others are non-standard in the sentiment analysis literature. We propose a fast training procedure to recognize these emotions without explicitly producing a conventional labeled training dataset. We apply our procedure to social media posts on bullying and discuss our findings.
Differential role of the orbital frontal lobe in emotional versus cognitive perspective-taking

Lesions of the orbital frontal lobe, particularly its medial sectors, are known to cause deficits in empathic ability, whereas the role of this region in theory of mind processing is the subject of some controversy. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with healthy participants, emotional perspective-taking was contrasted with cognitive perspective-taking in order to examine the role of the orbital frontal lobe in subcomponents of theory of mind processing. Subjects responded to a series of scenarios presented visually in three conditions: emotional perspective-taking, cognitive perspective-taking and a control condition that required inferential reasoning, but not perspective-taking. Group results demonstrated that the medial orbitofrontal lobe, defined as Brodmann's areas 11 and 25, was preferentially involved in emotional as compared to cognitive perspective-taking. This finding is both consistent with the lesion literature, and resolves the inconsistency of orbital frontal findings in the theory of mind literature.
A slick control plane for network middleboxes

Recent advances in software-defined networking (SDN), particularly OpenFlow , have made it possible to implement and deploy sophisticated network policies with relatively simple programs. The simplicity arises in large part due to a simple “match/action” interface that OpenFlow provides, by which a programmer can specify actions to take on packets that match particular characteristics (e.g., “forward all port-53 traffic on a faster path”). To date, however, the space of such policies that can be easily implemented in an SDN centers on the control plane—while OpenFlow provides a rich control plane API, it permits very narrow control on the data plane. Expanding the match/action interface could make it possible for network operators to implement more sophisticated policies, e.g., that perform deep packet inspection and operate at the application layer. Yet, expanding OpenFlow’s specification is an arduous process, requiring standardization and hardware support—going down that path would, we believe, ultimately result in vertically integrated hardware, the very fate that OpenFlow was arguably designed to avoid. On the other end of the spectrum we have middleboxes: computing devices that sit on traffic flows’ paths, and that have no inherent restrictions on what they can process or store. Middleboxes have historically been vertically integrated, thus, although middlebox manufacturers can create a wide range of data processing devices, network operators remain faced with several key challenges:
Animation wrinkling: augmenting coarse cloth simulations with realistic-looking wrinkles

Moving garments and other cloth objects exhibit dynamic, complex wrinkles. Generating such wrinkles in a virtual environment currently requires either a time-consuming manual design process, or a computationally expensive simulation, often combined with accurate parameter-tuning requiring specialized animator skills. Our work presents an alternative approach for wrinkle generation which combines coarse cloth animation with a post-processing step for efficient generation of realistic-looking fine dynamic wrinkles. Our method uses the stretch tensor of the coarse animation output as a guide for wrinkle placement. To ensure temporal coherence, the placement mechanism uses a space-time approach allowing not only for smooth wrinkle appearance and disappearance, but also for wrinkle motion, splitting, and merging over time. Our method generates believable wrinkle geometry using specialized curve-based implicit deformers. The method is fully automatic and has a single user control parameter that enables the user to mimic different fabrics.
Genital Findings in Cases of Child Sexual Abuse: Genital vs Vaginal Penetration.

To (1) examine the prevalence of abnormal genital findings in a large cohort of female children presenting with concerns of sexual abuse; and (2) explore how children use language when describing genital contact and genital anatomy.



In this prospective study we documented medical histories and genital findings in all children who met inclusion criteria. Findings were categorized as normal, indeterminate, and diagnostic of trauma. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effects of key covariates on predicting diagnostic findings. Children older than 4 years of age were asked questions related to genital anatomy to assess their use of language.



A regional, university-affiliated sexual abuse clinic.



Female children (N = 1500) aged from birth to 17 years (inclusive) who received an anogenital examination with digital images.



Physical exam findings, medical history, and the child's use of language were recorded.



Physical findings were determined in 99% (n = 1491) of patients. Diagnostic findings were present in 7% (99 of 1491). After adjusting for age, acuity, and type of sexual contact reported by the adult, the estimated odds of diagnostic findings were 12.5 times higher for children reporting genital penetration compared with those who reported only contact (95% confidence interval, 3.46-45.34). Finally, children used the word "inside" to describe contact other than penetration of the vaginal canal (ie, labial penetration).



A history of penetration by the child was the primary predictor of diagnostic findings. Interpretation of children's use of "inside" might explain the low prevalence of diagnostic findings and warrants further study.
A High Performance Pneumatic Force Actuator System Part 1-Nonlinear Mathematical Model ∗

In this paper, we developed a detailed mathematical model of dual action pneumatic actuators controlled with proportional spool valves. Effects of nonlinear flow through the valve, air compressibility in cylinder chambers, leakage between chambers, end of stroke inactive volume, and time delay and attenuation in the pneumatic lines were carefully considered. System identification, numerical simulation and model validation experiments were conducted for two types of air cylinders and different connecting tubes length, showing very good agreement. This mathematical model will be used in the development of high performance nonlinear force controllers, with applications in teleoperation, haptic interfaces, and robotics.
Research on Improvement of Dynamic Load Balancing in MongoDB

As a representative of NO-SQL database, MongoDB is widely preferred for its automatic load-balancing to some extent, which including distributing read load to secondary node to reduce the load of primary one and auto-sharding to reduce the load onspecific node through automatically split data and migrate some ofthem to other nodes. However, on one hand, this process is storage-load -- Cbased, which can't meet the demand due to the facts that some particular data are accessed much more frequently than others and the 'heat' is not constant as time going on, thus the load on a node keeps changing even if with unchanged data. On the other hand, data migration will bring out too much cost to affect performance of system. In this paper, we will focus on the mechanism of automatic load balancing of MongoDB and proposean heat-based dynamic load balancing mechanism with much less cost.
Understanding Fit and Appropriation Effects in Group Support Systems via Meta-Analysis

Many previous papers have lamented the fact that the findings of past GSS research have been inconsistent. This paper develops a new model for interpreting GSS effects on performance (a Fit-Appropriation Model), which argues that GSS performance is affected by two factors. The first is the fit between the task and the GSS structures selected for use (i.e., communication support and information processing support). The second is the appropriation support the group receives in the form of training, facilitation, and software restrictiveness to help them effectively incorporate the selected GSS structures into their meeting process. A meta-analysis using this model to organize and classify past research found that when used appropriately (i.e., there is a fit between the GSS structures and the task and the group receives appropriation support), GSS use increased the number of ideas generated, took less time, and led to more satisfied participants than if the group worked without the GSS. Fitting the GSS to the task had the most impact on outcome effectiveness (decision quality and ideas), while appropriation support had the most impact on the process (time required and process satisfaction). We conclude that when using this theoretical lens, the results of GSS research do not appear inconsistent.
2D and 3D face recognition: A survey

Government agencies are investing a considerable amount of resources into improving security systems as result of recent terrorist events that dangerously exposed flaws and weaknesses in today’s safety mechanisms. Badge or password-based authentication procedures are too easy to hack. Biometrics represents a valid alternative but they suffer of drawbacks as well. Iris scanning, for example, is very reliable but too intrusive; fingerprints are socially accepted, but not applicable to non-consentient people. On the other hand, face recognition represents a good compromise between what’s socially acceptable and what’s reliable, even when operating under controlled conditions. In last decade, many algorithms based on linear/nonlinear methods, neural networks, wavelets, etc. have been proposed. Nevertheless, Face Recognition Vendor Test 2002 shown that most of these approaches encountered problems in outdoor conditions. This lowered their reliability compared to state of the art biometrics. This paper provides an ‘‘ex cursus’’ of recent face recognition research trends in 2D imagery and 3D model based algorithms. To simplify comparisons across different approaches, tables containing different collection of parameters (such as input size, recognition rate, number of addressed problems) are provided. This paper concludes by proposing possible future directions.
Software Process Models and Analysis on Failure of Software Development Projects

Rupinder Kaur, Dr. Jyotsna Sengupta   Abstract— The software process model consists of a set of activities undertaken to design, develop and maintain software systems. A variety of software process models have been designed to structure, describe and prescribe the software development process. The software process models play a very important role in software development, so it forms the core of the software product. Software project failure is often devastating to an organization. Schedule slips, buggy releases and missing features can mean the end of the project or even financial ruin for a company. Oddly, there is disagreement over what it means for a project to fail. In this paper, discussion is done on current process models and analysis on failure of software development, which shows the need of new research.
Survey on real-time communication via ethernet in industrial automation environments

For companies in the automation industry, the development of real-time Ethernet to connect devices is of high economic interest to replace conventional fieldbus systems. Therefore, many approaches for adapting Ethernet to real-time requirements come from industrial applications. This is a challenging task as the original Ethernet standard IEEE 802.3 was not designed for real-time data transmission. Likewise, protocols basing on Ethernet like TCP, UDP, and IP do typically not consider real-time requirements. Hence, adaptations on several OSI layers become necessary to make the industrial system meet hard real-time requirements. For this purpose, a multitude of realtime capable Industrial Ethernet systems has been developed, which solve the problems of standard Ethernet- and TCP/IP- or UDP/IP-based communication in a variety of ways. This paper gives a summary of different Industrial Ethernet protocols for the real-time data transmission via Ethernet in automation environments. Advantages and disadvantages of these protocols are analyzed with regard to their sustainability in terms of their realtime capability, reliability, scalability, self-configuration of the network, and hardware requirements. Against the background of connected devices tremendously growing in number and computational power in the prospective “Industrial Internet”, consequences for future developments are drawn.
A Literature Review of Gamification Design Frameworks

This paper presents a review of the literature on gamification design frameworks. Gamification, understood as the use of game design elements in other contexts for the purpose of engagement, has become a hot topic in the recent years. However, there's also a cautionary tale to be extracted from Gartner's reports on the topic: many gamification-based solutions fail because, mostly, they have been created on a whim, or mixing bits and pieces from game components, without a clear and formal design process. The application of a definite design framework aims to be a path to success. Therefore, before starting the gamification of a process, it is very important to know which frameworks or methods exist and their main characteristics. The present review synthesizes the process of gamification design for a successful engagement experience. This review categorizes existing approaches and provides an assessment of their main features, which may prove invaluable to developers of gamified solutions at different levels and scopes.
Using the Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir Attack to Break WEP

We implemented an attack against WEP, the link-layer security protocol for 802.11 networks. The attack was described in a recent paper by Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir. With our implementation, and permission of the network administrator, we were able to recover the 128 bit secret key used in a production network, with a passive attack. The WEP standard uses RC4 IVs improperly, and the attack exploits this design failure. This paper describes the attack, how we implemented it, and some optimizations to make the attack more efficient. We conclude that 802.11 WEP is totally insecure, and we provide some recommendations.
An Analysis of the Supplier Selection Process

Customers select suppliers based on the relative importance of different attributes such as quality, price, flexibility, and delivery performance. This study examines the difference between managers' rating of the perceived importance of different supplier attributes and their actual choice of suppliers in an experimental setting. We use two methods: a Likert scale set of questions, to determine the importance of supplier attributes; and a discrete choice analysis (DCA) experiment, to examine the choice of suppliers. The results indicate that although managers say that quality is the most important attribute for a supplier, they actually choose suppliers based largely on cost and delivery performance.
Physical Layer Network Coding

A main distinguishing feature of a wireless network compared with a wired network is its broadcast nature, in which the signal transmitted by a node may reach several other nodes, and a node may receive signals from several other nodes simultaneously. Rather than a blessing, this feature is treated more as an interference-inducing nuisance in most wireless networks today (e.g., IEEE 802.11). The goal of this paper is to show how the concept of network coding can be applied at the physical layer to turn the broadcast property into a capacityboosting advantage in wireless ad hoc networks. Specifically, we propose a physical-layer network coding (PNC) scheme to coordinate transmissions among nodes. In contrast to “straightforward” network coding which performs coding arithmetic on digital bit streams after they have been received, PNC makes use of the additive nature of simultaneously arriving electromagnetic (EM) waves for equivalent coding operation. PNC can yield higher capacity than straightforward network coding when applied to wireless networks. We believe this is a first paper that ventures into EM-wave-based network coding at the physical layer and demonstrates its potential for boosting network capacity. PNC opens up a whole new research area because of its implications and new design requirements for the physical, MAC, and network layers of ad hoc wireless stations. The resolution of the many outstanding but interesting issues in PNC may lead to a revolutionary new paradigm for wireless ad hoc networking.
Contextual Bitext-Derived Paraphrases in Automatic MT Evaluation

In this paper we present a novel method for deriving paraphrases during automatic MT evaluation using only the source and reference texts, which are necessary for the evaluation, and word and phrase alignment software. Using target language paraphrases produced through word and phrase alignment a number of alternative reference sentences are constructed automatically for each candidate translation. The method produces lexical and lowlevel syntactic paraphrases that are relevant to the domain in hand, does not use external knowledge resources, and can be combined with a variety of automatic MT evaluation system.