nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of avoidance of host immunity by Neisseria meningitidis and its effect on vaccine development.

Neisseria meningitidis remains an important cause of severe sepsis and meningitis worldwide. The bacterium is only found in human hosts, and so must continually coexist with the immune system. Consequently, N meningitidis uses multiple mechanisms to avoid being killed by antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and, crucially, the complement system. Much remains to be learnt about the strategies N meningitidis employs to evade aspects of immune killing, including mimicry of host molecules by bacterial structures such as capsule and lipopolysaccharide, which poses substantial problems for vaccine design. To date, available vaccines only protect individuals against subsets of meningococcal strains. However, two promising vaccines are currently being assessed in clinical trials and appear to offer good prospects for an effective means of protecting individuals against endemic serogroup B disease, which has proven to be a major challenge in vaccine research.
The Dark Side of Micro-Task Marketplaces: Characterizing Fiverr and Automatically Detecting Crowdturfing

As human computation on crowdsourcing systems has become popular and powerful for performing tasks, malicious users have started misusing these systems by posting malicious tasks, propagating manipulated contents, and targeting popular web services such as online social networks and search engines. Recently, these malicious users moved to Fiverr, a fast-growing micro-task marketplace, where workers can post crowdturfing tasks (i.e., astroturfing campaigns run by crowd workers) and malicious customers can purchase those tasks for only $5. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of Fiverr. First, we identify the most popular types of crowdturfing tasks found in this marketplace and conduct case studies for these crowdturfing tasks. Then, we build crowdturfing task detection classifiers to filter these tasks and prevent them from becoming active in the marketplace. Our experimental results show that the proposed classification approach effectively detects crowdturfing tasks, achieving 97.35% accuracy. Finally, we analyze the real world impact of crowdturfing tasks by purchasing active Fiverr tasks and quantifying their impact on a target site. As part of this analysis, we show that current security systems inadequately detect crowdsourced manipulation, which confirms the necessity of our proposed crowdturfing task detection approach.
Development of an Active Flexible Cable by Ciliary Vibration Drive for Scope Camera

Proposed new actuation mechanism realizes active or semi-active mobility for flexible long cables such as fiberscopes and scope cameras. A ciliary vibration mechanism was developed using flexible ciliary tapes that can be attached easily to existing cables. Driving characteristics of the active cables were confirmed through experiments and numerical analyses. Finally, the actuation mechanism was applied for an advanced scope camera that can reduce friction with obstacles and avoid stuck or tangled cables
Familism : A cultural value with implications for romantic relationship quality in U . S . Latinos

Familism is a cultural value that emphasizes interdependent family relationships that are warm, close, and supportive. We theorized that familism values can be beneficial for romantic relationships and tested whether (a) familism would be positively associated with romantic relationship quality and (b) this association would be mediated by less attachment avoidance. Evidence indicates that familism is particularly relevant for U.S. Latinos but is also relevant for non-Latinos. Thus, we expected to observe the hypothesized pattern in Latinos and explored whether the pattern extended to non-Latinos of European and East Asian cultural background. A sample of U.S. participants of Latino (n 1⁄4 140), European (n 1⁄4 176), and East Asian (n 1⁄4 199) cultural background currently in a romantic relationship completed measures of familism, attachment, and two indices of romantic relationship quality, namely, partner support and partner closeness. As predicted, higher familism was associated with higher partner support and partner closeness, and these associations were mediated by lower attachment avoidance in the Latino sample. This pattern was not observed in the European or East Asian background samples. The implications of familism for relationships and psychological processes relevant to relationships in Latinos and non-Latinos are discussed. 1 University of California, Irvine, USA 2 University of California, Los Angeles, USA Corresponding author: Belinda Campos, Department of Chicano/Latino Studies, University of California, Irvine, 3151 Social Sciences Plaza A, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.  sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0265407514562564 spr.sagepub.com J S P R at UNIV CALIFORNIA IRVINE on January 5, 2015 spr.sagepub.com Downloaded from
Factors influencing healthcare service quality.

The main purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence healthcare quality in the Iranian context.



Exploratory in-depth individual and focus group interviews were conducted with 222 healthcare stakeholders including healthcare providers, managers, policy-makers, and payers to identify factors affecting the quality of healthcare services provided in Iranian healthcare organisations.



Quality in healthcare is a production of cooperation between the patient and the healthcare provider in a supportive environment. Personal factors of the provider and the patient, and factors pertaining to the healthcare organisation, healthcare system, and the broader environment affect healthcare service quality. Healthcare quality can be improved by supportive visionary leadership, proper planning, education and training, availability of resources, effective management of resources, employees and processes, and collaboration and cooperation among providers.



This article contributes to healthcare theory and practice by developing a conceptual framework that provides policy-makers and managers a practical understanding of factors that affect healthcare service quality.
Media Source Media Encoder Packetization Internet Media Renderer Media Decoder

WebRTC has quickly become popular as a video conferencing platform, partly due to the fact that many browsers support it. WebRTC utilizes the Google Congestion Control (GCC) algorithm to provide congestion control for realtime communications over UDP. The performance during a WebRTC call may be influenced by several factors, including the underlying WebRTC implementation, the device and network characteristics, and the network topology. In this paper, we perform a thorough performance evaluation of WebRTC both in emulated synthetic network conditions as well as in real wired and wireless networks. Our evaluation shows that WebRTC streams have a slightly higher priority than TCP flows when competing with cross traffic. In general, while in several of the considered scenarios WebRTC performed as expected, we observed important cases where there is room for improvement. These include the wireless domain and the newly added support for the video codecs VP9 and H.264 that does not perform as expected.
NONPARAMETRIC APPROACHES FOR TRAINING DEEP GENERATIVE NETWORKS

Algorithms that learn to generate data whose distributions match that of the training data, such as generative adversarial networks (GANs), have been a focus of much recent work in deep unsupervised learning. Unfortunately, GAN models have drawbacks, such as instable training due to the minmax optimization formulation and the issue of zero gradients. To address these problems, we explore and develop a new family of nonparametric objective functions and corresponding training algorithms to train a DNN generator that learn the probability distribution of the training data. Preliminary results presented in the paper demonstrate that the proposed approach converges faster and the trained models provide very good quality results even with a small number of iterations. Special cases of our formulation yield new algorithms for the Wasserstein and the MMD metrics. We also develop a new algorithm based on the Prokhorov metric between distributions, which we believe can provide promising results on certain kinds of data. We conjecture that the nonparametric approach for training DNNs can provide a viable alternative to the popular GAN formulations.
Stability analysis of method of fundamental solutions for mixed boundary value problems of Laplace’s equation

Since the stability of the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) is a severe issue, the estimation on the bounds of condition number Cond is important to real application. In this paper, we propose the new approaches for deriving the asymptotes of Cond, and apply them for the Dirichlet problem of Laplace’s equation, to provide the sharp bound of Cond for disk domains. Then the new bound of Cond is derived for bounded simply connected domains with mixed types of boundary conditions. Numerical results are reported for Motz’s problem by adding singular functions. The values of Cond grow exponentially with respect to the number of fundamental solutions used. Note that there seems to exist no stability analysis for the MFS on non-disk (or non-elliptic) domains. Moreover, the expansion coefficients obtained by the MFS are oscillatingly large, to cause the other kind of instability: subtraction cancelation errors in the final harmonic solutions.
Molecular detection of a translocation (Y;11)(q11.2;q24) in a 45,X male with signs of Jacobsen syndrome

A 45,X karyotype was found in a boy with dysmorphic features, hypoglycaemia and pancytopenia. DNA analysis showed the presence of the Y-chromosomal DNA sequences SRY, ZFY, DYZ4, DYZ3 and DYS1. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization, we located DYZ4 and DYZ3 on chromosome llqter and concluded that a de novo translocation (Y;11)(q11.2;q24) with a deletion of 11q24→qter and a deletion of Yq11.2→Yqter were present; Jacobsen syndrome and azoospermia are associated with these deletions. Signs of Jacobsen syndrome were observed in the patient.
Finite-State-Machine Overlay Architectures for Fast FPGA Compilation and Application Portability

Despite significant advantages, wider usage of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has been limited by lengthy compilation and a lack of portability. Virtual-architecture overlays have partially addressed these problems, but previous work focuses mainly on heavily pipelined applications with minimal control requirements. We expand previous work by enabling more flexible control via overlay architectures for finite-state machines. Although not appropriate for control-intensive circuits, the presented architectures reduced compilation times of control changes in a convolution case study from 7 hours to less than 1 second, with no performance overhead and an area overhead of 0.2%.
A 0.1–2-GHz Quadrature Correction Loop for Digital Multiphase Clock Generation Circuits in 130-nm CMOS

A 100-MHz–2-GHz closed-loop analog in-phase/ quadrature correction circuit for digital clocks is presented. The proposed circuit consists of a phase-locked loop- type architecture for quadrature error correction. The circuit corrects the phase error to within a 1.5° up to 1 GHz and to within 3° at 2 GHz. It consumes 5.4 mA from a 1.2 V supply at 2 GHz. The circuit was designed in UMC 0.13-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mixed-mode CMOS with an active area of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$102\,\,\mu {\mathrm{ m}} \times 95\,\,\mu {\mathrm{ m}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The impact of duty cycle distortion has been analyzed. High-frequency quadrature measurement related issues have been discussed. The proposed circuit was used in two different applications for which the functionality has been verified.
The Sharing Economy: Friend or Foe?

The sharing economy is spreading rapidly worldwide in a number of industries and markets. The disruptive nature of this phenomenon has drawn mixed responses ranging from active conflict to adoption and assimilation. Yet, in spite of the growing attention to the sharing economy, we still do not know much about it. With the abundant enthusiasm about the benefits that the sharing economy can unleash and the weekly reminders about its dark side, further examination is required to determine the potential of the sharing economy while mitigating its undesirable side effects. The panel will join the ongoing debate about the sharing economy and contribute to the discourse with insights about how digital technologies are critical in shaping this turbulent ecosystem. Furthermore, we will define an agenda for future research on the sharing economy as it becomes part of the mainstream society as well as part of the IS research
Monte Carlo Localization for Teach-and-Repeat Feature-Based Navigation

This work presents a combination of a teach-and-replay visual navigation and Monte Carlo localization methods. It improves a reliable teach-and-replay navigation method by replacing its dependency on precise dead-reckoning by introducing Monte Carlo localization to determine robot position along the learned path. In consequence, the navigation method becomes robust to dead-reckoning errors, can be started from at any point in the map and can deal with the ‘kidnapped robot’ problem. Furthermore, the robot is localized with MCL only along the taught path, i.e. in one dimension, which does not require a high number of particles and significantly reduces the computational cost. Thus, the combination of MCL and teach-and-replay navigation mitigates the disadvantages of both methods. The method was tested using a P3-AT ground robot and a Parrot AR.Drone aerial robot over a long indoor corridor. Experiments show the validity of the approach and establish a solid base for continuing this work.
A bonding technique for fixed maxillary retainers.

Maintaining incisor alignment is an important goal of orthodontic retention and can only be guaranteed by placement of an intact, passive and permanent fixed retainer. Here we describe a reliable technique for bonding maxillary retainers and demonstrate all the steps necessary for both technician and clinician. The importance of increasing the surface roughness of the wire and teeth to be bonded, maintaining passivity of the retainer, especially during bonding, the use of a stiff wire and correct placement of the retainer are all discussed. Examples of adverse tooth movement from retainers with twisted and multistrand wires are shown.
Data Flow Program Graphs

The advantages of each are discussed here. fi Data Flow Program Graphs Data flow languages form a subclass of the languages which are based primarily upon function application (i.e., applicative languages). By data flow language we mean any applicative language based entirely upon the notion of data flowing from one function entity to another or any language that directly supports such flowing. This flow concept gives data flow languages the advantage of allowing program definitions to be represented exclusively by graphs. Graphical representations and their applications are the subject of this article. Applicative languages provide the benefits of extreme modularity, in that the function of each of several sub-programs that execute concurrently can be understood in vacuo. Therefore, the programmer need not assimilate a great deal of information about the environment of the subprogram in order to understand it. In these languages, there is no way to express constructs that produce global side-effects. This decoupling of the meaning of individual subprograms also makes possible a similar decoupling of their execution. Thus, when represented graphically, sub-programs that look independent can be executed independently and, therefore, concurrently. By contrast, concurrent programs written in more conventional assignment-based languages cannot always be understood in vacuo, since it is often necessary to understand complex sequences of interactions between a sub-program and its environment in order to understand the meaning of the subprogram itself. This is not to say that data flow subprograms cannot interact with their environments in specialized ways, but that it is possible to define a subprogram's meaning without appealing to those interactions. There are many reasons for describing data flow languages in graphical representations, including the following: (1) Data flow languages sequence program actions by a simple data availability firing rule: When a node's arguments are available, it is said to be firable. The function associated with a firable node can be fired, i.e., applied to is arguments, which are thereby absorbed. After firing, the node's results are sent to other functions, which need these results as their arguments. A mental image of this behavior is suggested by representing the program as a directed graph in which each node represents a function and each (directed) arc a conceptual medium over which data items flow. Phantom nodes, drawn with dashed lines, indicate points at which the program communicates with its environment by either receiving data from it or sending data to it. (2) …
Recurrent Symptoms After Heller Myotomy for Achalasia: Evaluation and Treatment

A laparoscopic Heller myotomy with partial fundoplication is considered today in most centers in the United States and abroad the treatment of choice for patients with esophageal achalasia. Even though the operation has initially a very high success rate, dysphagia eventually recurs in some patients. In these cases, it is important to perform a careful work-up to identify the cause of the failure and to design a tailored treatment plan by either endoscopic means or revisional surgery. The best results are obtained by a team approach, in Centers where radiologists, gastroenterologists, and surgeons have experience in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Evaluation of commercial and academic CFD codes for a two-phase flow benchmark test case

The performance of two commercial simulation codes, Ansys Fluent and Comsol Multiphysics, is thoroughly examined for a recently established two-phase flow benchmark test case. In addition, the commercial codes are directly compared with the newly developed academic code, FeatFlow TP2D. The results from this study show that the commercial codes fail to converge and produce accurate results, and leave much to be desired with respect to direct numerical simulation of flows with free interfaces. The academic code on the other hand was shown to be computationally efficient, produced very accurate results, and outperformed the commercial codes by a magnitude or more.
Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms

The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing globally. Epidemiological studies have associated obesity with a range of cancer types, although the mechanisms by which obesity induces or promotes tumorigenesis vary by cancer site. These include insulin resistance and resultant chronic hyperinsulinaemia, increased bioavailability of steroid hormones and localized inflammation. Gaining a better understanding of the relationship between obesity and cancer can provide new insight into mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis.
Silencing of the Host Factor eIF(iso)4E Gene Confers Plum Pox Virus Resistance in Plum

Plum pox virus (PPV) causes the most economically-devastating viral disease in Prunus species. Unfortunately, few natural resistance genes are available for the control of PPV. Recessive resistance to some potyviruses is associated with mutations of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) or its isoform eIF(iso)4E. In this study, we used an RNA silencing approach to manipulate the expression of eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E towards the development of PPV resistance in Prunus species. The eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E genes were cloned from plum (Prunus domestica L.). The sequence identity between plum eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E coding sequences is 60.4% at the nucleotide level and 52.1% at the amino acid level. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that these two genes have a similar expression pattern in different tissues. Transgenes allowing the production of hairpin RNAs of plum eIF4E or eIF(iso)4E were introduced into plum via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Gene expression analysis confirmed specific reduced expression of eIF4E or eIF(iso)4E in the transgenic lines and this was associated with the accumulation of siRNAs. Transgenic plants were challenged with PPV-D strain and resistance was evaluated by measuring the concentration of viral RNA. Eighty-two percent of the eIF(iso)4E silenced transgenic plants were resistant to PPV, while eIF4E silenced transgenic plants did not show PPV resistance. Physical interaction between PPV-VPg and plum eIF(iso)4E was confirmed. In contrast, no PPV-VPg/eIF4E interaction was observed. These results indicate that eIF(iso)4E is involved in PPV infection in plum, and that silencing of eIF(iso)4E expression can lead to PPV resistance in Prunus species.
Dinomyces arenysensis gen. et sp. nov. (Rhizophydiales, Dinomycetaceae fam. nov.), a chytrid infecting marine dinoflagellates.

Environmental 18S rRNA gene surveys of microbial eukaryotes have recently revealed the diversity of major parasitic agents in pelagic freshwater systems, consisting primarily of chytrid fungi. To date, only a few studies have reported the presence of chydrids in the marine environment and a limited number of marine chytrids have been properly identified and characterized. Here, we report the isolation and cultivation of a marine chytrid from samples taken during a bloom of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum in the Arenys de Mar harbour (Mediterranean Sea, Spain). Cross-infections using cultures and natural phytoplankton communities revealed that this chytrid is only able to infect certain species of dinoflagellates, with a rather wide host range but with a relative preference for Alexandrium species. Phylogenetic analyses showed that it belongs to the order Rhizophydiales, but cannot be included in any of the existing families within this order. Several ultrastructural characters confirmed the placement of this taxon within the Rhizophydiales as well its novelty notably in terms of zoospore structure. This marine chytridial parasitoid is described as a new genus and species, Dinomyces arenysensis, within the Dinomycetaceae fam. nov.
Model-based Diagnosis of an Automotive Electric Power Generation and Storage System

This paper presents mathematical models, design and experimental validation, and calibration of a model-based diagnostic algorithm for an electric-power generation and storage automotive system, including a battery and an alternator with a rectifier and a voltage regulator. Mathematical models of these subsystems are derived, based on the physics of processes involved as characterized by time-varying nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The diagnostic problem focuses on detection and isolation of a specific set of alternator faults, including belt slipping, rectifier fault, and voltage regulator fault. The proposed diagnostic approach is based on the generation of residuals obtained using system models and comparing predicted and measured value of selected variables, including alternator output current, field voltage, and battery voltage. An equivalent input-output alternator model, which is used in the diagnostic scheme, is also formulated and parameterized. The test bench used for calibration of thresholds of the diagnostic algorithm and overall validation process are discussed. The effectiveness of the fault diagnosis algorithm and threshold selection is experimentally demonstrated.