nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
DDoS-Shield: DDoS-Resilient Scheduling to Counter Application Layer Attacks

Countering distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks is becoming ever more challenging with the vast resources and techniques increasingly available to attackers. In this paper, we consider sophisticated attacks that are protocol-compliant, non-intrusive, and utilize legitimate application-layer requests to overwhelm system resources. We characterize application-layer resource attacks as either request flooding, asymmetric, or repeated one-shot, on the basis of the application workload parameters that they exploit. To protect servers from these attacks, we propose a counter-mechanism namely DDoS Shield that consists of a suspicion assignment mechanism and a DDoS-resilient scheduler. In contrast to prior work, our suspicion mechanism assigns a continuous value as opposed to a binary measure to each client session, and the scheduler utilizes these values to determine if and when to schedule a session's requests. Using testbed experiments on a web application, we demonstrate the potency of these resource attacks and evaluate the efficacy of our counter-mechanism. For instance, we mount an asymmetric attack which overwhelms the server resources, increasing the response time of legitimate clients from 0.3 seconds to 40 seconds. Under the same attack scenario, DDoS Shield improves the victims' performance to 1.5 seconds.
Activating lattice oxygen redox reactions in metal oxides to catalyse oxygen evolution.

Understanding how materials that catalyse the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) function is essential for the development of efficient energy-storage technologies. The traditional understanding of the OER mechanism on metal oxides involves four concerted proton-electron transfer steps on metal-ion centres at their surface and product oxygen molecules derived from water. Here, using in situ 18O isotope labelling mass spectrometry, we provide direct experimental evidence that the O2 generated during the OER on some highly active oxides can come from lattice oxygen. The oxides capable of lattice-oxygen oxidation also exhibit pH-dependent OER activity on the reversible hydrogen electrode scale, indicating non-concerted proton-electron transfers in the OER mechanism. Based on our experimental data and density functional theory calculations, we discuss mechanisms that are fundamentally different from the conventional scheme and show that increasing the covalency of metal-oxygen bonds is critical to trigger lattice-oxygen oxidation and enable non-concerted proton-electron transfers during OER.
A battery-free object localization and motion sensing platform

Indoor object localization can enable many ubicomp applications, such as asset tracking and object-related activity recognition. Most location and tracking systems rely on either battery-powered devices which create cost and maintenance issues or cameras which have accuracy and privacy issues. This paper introduces a system that is able to detect the 3D position and motion of a battery-free RFID tag embedded with an ultrasound detector and an accelerometer. Combining tags' acceleration with location improves the system's power management and supports activity recognition. We characterize the system's localization performance in open space as well as implement it in a smart wet lab application. The system is used to track real-time location and motion of the tags in the wet lab as well as recognize pouring actions performed on the objects to which the tag is attached. The median localization accuracy is 7.6cm -- (3.1, 5, 1.9)cm for each (x, y, z) axis -- with max update rates of 15 Sample/s using single RFID reader antenna.
Animal model and neurobiology of suicide

Animal models are formidable tools to investigate the etiology, the course and the potential treatment of an illness. No convincing animal model of suicide has been produced to date, and despite the intensive study of thousands of animal species naturalists have not identified suicide in nonhuman species in field situations. When modeling suicidal behavior in the animal, the greatest challenge is reproducing the role of will and intention in suicide mechanics. To overcome this limitation, current investigations on animals focus on every single step leading to suicide in humans. The most promising endophenotypes worth investigating in animals are the cortisol social-stress response and the aggression/impulsivity trait, involving the serotonergic system. Astroglia, neurotrophic factors and neurotrophins are implied in suicide, too. The prevention of suicide rests on the identification and treatment of every element increasing the risk.
Vein Detection Using Infrared for Venepuncture

Vein detection for venepuncture and biometrics is one of the most researched biomedical techniques. Problems faced in accessing veins by physicians and nurses to administer intravenous drugs make non-invasive vein detection the need of the hour. This project works on the principle of absorbance of infrared (IR) light by veins and its diffusion to surrounding tissues which makes the vein appear darker when viewed through an IR sensitive camera. One of the challenges faced while implementing this system is to make an efficient system for image acquisition and image processing at low cost. Thus, a customized sensitive camera is used to cut down the cost. This paper presents a vein detection device that uses IR light for illuminating the localized area, a modified camera for capturing images, and an image processing software. Image processing to enhance the visibility of veins is done using MATLAB. MATLAB, Near Infrared sensors, Venepuncture, Vein detection.
Acquisition of the constraints on wanna contraction by advanced second language learners : Universal Grammar and imperfect knowledge

Contraction of want to to wanna is subject to constraints which have been related to the operation of Universal Grammar. Contraction appears to be blocked when the trace of an extracted wh-word intervenes. Evidence for knowledge of these constraints by young English-speaking children in as been taken to show the operation of Universal Grammar in early child language acquisition. The present study investigates the knowledge these constraints in adults, both English native speakers and advanced Korean learners of English. The results of three experiments, using elicited production, oral repair, and grammaticality judgements, confirmed native speaker knowledge of the constraints. A second process of phonological elision may also operate to produce wanna. Learners also showed some differentiation of contexts, but much less clearly than native speakers. We speculate that non-natives may be using rules of complement selection, rather than the constraints of UG, to control contraction.  wanna contraction and language learnability In English, want to can be contracted to wanna, but not invariably. As first observed by Lakoff (1970) in examples such as (1), in which the object of the infinitival complement of want has been extracted by wh-movement, contraction is possible, but not in (2), in which the subject of the infinitival complement is extracted from the position between want and to. We shall call examples like (1) "subject extraction questions" (SEQ) and examples like (2) "object extraction questions" (OEQ).
Response analysis of the lumbar spine during regular daily activities--a finite element analysis.

A non-linear poroelastic finite element model of the lumbar spine was developed to investigate spinal response during daily dynamic physiological activities. Swelling was simulated by imposing a boundary pore pressure of 0.25 MPa at all external surfaces. Partial saturation of the disc was introduced to circumvent the negative pressures otherwise computed upon unloading. The loading conditions represented a pre-conditioning full day followed by another day of loading: 8h rest under a constant compressive load of 350 N, followed by 16 h loading phase under constant or cyclic compressive load varying in between 1000 and 1600 N. In addition, the effect of one or two short resting periods in the latter loading phase was studied. The model yielded fairly good agreement with in-vivo and in-vitro measurements. Taking the partial saturation of the disc into account, no negative pore pressures were generated during unloading and recovery phase. Recovery phase was faster than the loading period with equilibrium reached in only approximately 3h. With time and during the day, the axial displacement, fluid loss, axial stress and disc radial strain increased whereas the pore pressure and disc collagen fiber strains decreased. The fluid pressurization and collagen fiber stiffening were noticeable early in the morning, which gave way to greater compression stresses and radial strains in the annulus bulk as time went by. The rest periods dampened foregoing differences between the early morning and late in the afternoon periods. The forgoing diurnal variations have profound effects on lumbar spine biomechanics and risk of injury.
Determination of eugenol, anethole, and coumarin in the mainstream cigarette smoke of Indonesian clove cigarettes.

Indonesian clove cigarettes (kreteks), typically have the appearance of a conventional domestic cigarette. The unique aspects of kreteks are that in addition to tobacco they contain dried clove buds (15-40%, by wt.), and are flavored with a proprietary "sauce". Whereas the clove buds contribute to generating high levels of eugenol in the smoke, the "sauce" may also contribute other potentially harmful constituents in addition to those associated with tobacco use. We measured levels of eugenol, trans-anethole (anethole), and coumarin in smoke from 33 brands of clove-flavored cigarettes (filtered and unfiltered) from five kretek manufacturers. In order to provide information for evaluating the delivery of these compounds under standard smoking conditions, a quantification method was developed for their measurement in mainstream cigarette smoke. The method allowed collection of mainstream cigarette smoke particulate matter on a Cambridge filter pad, extraction with methanol, sampling by automated headspace solid-phase microextraction, and subsequent analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The presence of these compounds was confirmed in the smoke of kreteks using mass spectral library matching, high-resolution mass spectrometry (+/-0.0002 amu), and agreement with a relative retention time index, and native standards. We found that when kreteks were smoked according to standardized machine smoke parameters as specified by the International Standards Organization, all 33 clove brands contained levels of eugenol ranging from 2,490 to 37,900 microg/cigarette (microg/cig). Anethole was detected in smoke from 13 brands at levels of 22.8-1,030 microg/cig, and coumarin was detected in 19 brands at levels ranging from 9.2 to 215 microg/cig. These detected levels are significantly higher than the levels found in commercial cigarette brands available in the United States.
Temple syndrome: A patient with maternal hetero-UPD14, mixed iso- and hetero-disomy detected by SNP microarray typing of patient-father duos

Temple syndrome (TS, MIM 616222) is an imprinting disorder involving genes within the imprinted region of chromosome 14q32. TS is a genetically complex disorder, which is associated with maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 (UPD14), paternal deletions on chromosome 14, or loss of methylation at the intergenic differentially methylated region (IG-DMR). Here, we describe the case of a patient with maternal hetero-UPD14, mixed iso-/hetero-disomy mechanism identified by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis of patient-father duos study. The phenotype of our case is similarities to Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) during infancy and to Russell-Silver syndrome (RSS) during childhood. This SNP array appears to be an effective initial screening tool for patients with nonspecific clinical features suggestive of chromosomal disorders.
Genital trauma in prepubertal girls and adolescents.

To look critically at recent research articles that pertain to children and adolescents who present with genital injuries.



Emerging evidence supports links to long-term psychological sequelae of child sexual abuse. Parents should be educated to instruct their children regarding types of child abuse and prevention. 'Medicalization' of female genital mutilation (FGM) by health providers, including 'cutting or pricking', is condemned by international organizations.



Genital injuries whether accidental or intentional need to be reported with standardized terminology to allow for comparisons between reported outcomes. Motor vehicle accidents associated with pelvic fractures may result in bladder or urethral trauma. Adverse long-term psychosocial behaviors may be sequelae of child sexual abuse. FGM is willful damage to healthy organs for nontherapeutic reasons, and a form of violence against girls and women. Healthcare providers should counsel women suffering from the consequences of FGM, advise them to seek care, counsel them to resist reinfibulation, and prevent this procedure from being performed on their daughters.
Running head : FAKING GOOD & FAKING BAD Faking good and faking bad among military conscripts

A question that continues to worry practitioners and researchers is how much recruiters can trust self-reported measures of personality. Several models of faking assume that applicants differ in their motivation to fake, but field evidence regarding these differences is still rare. For the current field study, we exploited a unique setting: The examination for compulsory military service in Switzerland. We were able to show that differences in the military service motivation of Swiss conscripts (N = 918) were associated with faking good or faking bad, respectively. In particular, military service motivation was related to self-admitted faking, mean personality scores, and increased correlations between personality dimensions, which supports faking models that stress the importance of motivational differences.
The Business Intelligence as a Service in the Cloud

Limitations imposed by the traditional practice in financial institutions of running risk analysis on the desktop mean many rely on models which assume a “normal” Gaussian distribution of events which can seriously underestimate the real risk. In this paper, we propose an alternative service which uses the elastic capacities of Cloud Computing to escape the limitations of the desktop and produce accurate results more rapidly. The Business Intelligence as a Service (BIaaS) in the Cloud has a dual-service approach to compute risk and pricing for financial analysis. In the first type of BIaaS service uses three APIs to simulate the Heston Model to compute the risks and asset prices, and computes the volatility (unsystematic risks) and the implied volatility (systematic risks) which can be tracked down at any time. The second type of BIaaS service uses two APIs to provide business analytics for stock market analysis, and compute results in the visualised format, so that stake holders without prior knowledge can understand. A full case study with two sets of experiments is presented to support the validity and originality of BIaaS. Additional three examples are used to support accuracy of the predicted stock index movement as a result of the use of Heston Model and its associated APIs. We describe the architecture of deployment, together with examples and results which show how our approach improves risk and investment analysis and maintaining accuracy and efficiency whilst improving performance over desktops.
Biomedical Natural Language Processing

The book begins with a declaration that “the intended audience of the book is natural language processing specialists who want to move into the biomedical domain.” It is indeed a great introductory textbook to the field of biomedical natural language processing (NLP), particularly for NLP specialists. Browsing the contents, many NLP specialists will find the titles of chapters familiar: “Named Entity Recognition,” “Relation Extraction,” and so on. Those familiar topics are reformulated in the context of biomedical informatics, with rich biomedical examples and a good amount of explanation.
Minute gastric sclerosing stromal tumors (GIST tumorlets) are common in adults and frequently show c-KIT mutations.

Multifocal hyperplasia of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC hyperplasia) is a precursor of hereditary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in patients with germline mutations of c-KIT or PDGFRA, but precursor lesions of sporadic GISTs have not been defined yet. Small hyalinizing stromal tumors of the proximal stomach (referred to in this study as GIST tumorlets) were collected prospectively from 98 consecutive autopsies and additional cases were retrieved from surgical pathology files (total n=57). GIST tumorlets were grossly detectable in 22.5% consecutive autopsies performed in individuals older than 50 years. All lesions were located in the cardia, fundus, or proximal body, and ranged in size from 1 to 10 mm (4 mm). Similar lesions were not detected in the antrum, duodenum, and the remainder of the bowel. Histologically, the spindle cell subtype comprised all cases, with hyalinization and calcification in 57% of cases. The spindle cells were immunohistochemically positive for vimentin, CD117, and CD34. Twenty-four cases yielded sufficient DNA for subsequent molecular analysis, which showed c-KIT mutations in 11 cases (46%) and PDGFRA mutations in 1 case (4%). Sporadic GIST tumorlets of the proximal stomach are common in the general population over the age of 50 years and frequently show somatic c-KIT mutations. GIST tumorlets probably represent the grossly recognizable counterpart of sporadic ICC hyperplasia caused by somatic c-KIT or PDGFRA mutations. Early hyalinization and calcification seems to confer limited growth potential, and complete regression of such lesions is common. GIST tumorlets likely represent preclinical (preneoplastic) lesions that need additional stimuli to evolve into clinical GISTs, raising the possibility of a hyperplasia-neoplasia sequence in the development of sporadic GISTs.
Acidovorax kalamii sp. nov., isolated from a water sample of the river Ganges.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, straw yellow, motile strain, designated KNDSW-TSA6T, belonging to the genus Acidovorax, was isolated from a water sample of the river Ganges, downstream of the city of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Cells were aerobic, non-endospore-forming and motile with single polar flagella. It differed from its phylogenetically related strains by phenotypic characteristics such as hydrolysis of urea, gelatin, casein and DNA, and the catalase reaction. The major fatty acids were C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c, C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes (gyrb, recA and rpoB gene sequences), confirmed its placement within the genus Acidovorax as a novel species. Strain KNDSW-TSA6T showed highest 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Acidovorax soli BL21T (98.9 %), Acidovorax delafieldii ATCC 17505T (98.8 %), Acidovorax temperans CCUG 11779T (98.2 %), Acidovorax caeni R-24608T (97.9 %) and Acidovorax radicis N35T (97.6 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values calculated from whole genome sequences between strain KNDSW-TSA6T and the two most closely related strains A. soli BL21T and A. delafieldii ATCC 17505T were below the threshold values of 70 and 95 % respectively. Thus, the data from the polyphasic taxonomic analysis clearly indicates that strain KNDSW-TSA6T represents a novel species, for which the name Acidovorax kalamii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Acidovorax kalamii (=MTCC 12652T=KCTC 52819T=VTCC-B-910010T).
Does reflective functioning mediate the relationship between attachment and personality?

Mentalization, operationalized as reflective functioning (RF), can play a crucial role in the psychological mechanisms underlying personality functioning. This study aimed to: (a) study the association between RF, personality disorders (cluster level) and functioning; (b) investigate whether RF and personality functioning are influenced by (secure vs. insecure) attachment; and (c) explore the potential mediating effect of RF on the relationship between attachment and personality functioning. The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200) was used to assess personality disorders and levels of psychological functioning in a clinical sample (N = 88). Attachment and RF were evaluated with the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and Reflective Functioning Scale (RFS). Findings showed that RF had significant negative associations with cluster A and B personality disorders, and a significant positive association with psychological functioning. Moreover, levels of RF and personality functioning were influenced by attachment patterns. Finally, RF completely mediated the relationship between (secure/insecure) attachment and adaptive psychological features, and thus accounted for differences in overall personality functioning. Lack of mentalization seemed strongly associated with vulnerabilities in personality functioning, especially in patients with cluster A and B personality disorders. These findings provide support for the development of therapeutic interventions to improve patients' RF.
Identification and characterization of artists' red dyes and their mixtures by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Silver film over nanospheres (AgFONs) were successfully employed as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates to characterize several artists' red dyes including: alizarin, purpurin, carminic acid, cochineal, and lac dye. Spectra were collected on sample volumes (1 x 10(-6) M or 15 ng/microL) similar to those that would be found in a museum setting and were found to be higher in resolution and consistency than those collected on silver island films (AgIFs). In fact, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this work presents the highest resolution spectrum of the artists' material cochineal to date. In order to determine an optimized SERS system for dye identification, experiments were conducted in which laser excitation wavelengths were matched with correlating AgFON localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) maxima. Enhancements of approximately two orders of magnitude were seen when resonance SERS conditions were met in comparison to non-resonance SERS conditions. Finally, because most samples collected in a museum contain multiple dyestuffs, AgFONs were employed to simultaneously identify individual dyes within several dye mixtures. These results indicate that AgFONs have great potential to be used to identify not only real artwork samples containing a single dye but also samples containing dyes mixtures.
Toward a Distributed Data Flow Platform for the Web of Things (Distributed Node-RED)

Several web-based platforms have emerged to ease the development of interactive or near real-time IoT applications by providing a way to connect things and services together and process the data they emit using a data flow paradigm. While these platforms have been found to be useful on their own, many IoT scenarios require the coordination of computing resources across the network: on servers, gateways and devices themselves. To address this, we explore how to extend existing IoT data flow platforms to create a system suitable for execution on a range of run time environments, toward supporting distributed IoT programs that can be partitioned between servers, gateways and devices. Eventually we aim to automate the distribution of data flows using appropriate distribution mechanism, and optimization heuristics based on participating resource capabilities and constraints imposed by the developer.