nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Theoretical Assessment of Thin Glass Substrate for Low Warpage

This paper compares the warpage after lead-free solder assembly of ultrathin glass and organic substrates for microelectronic packages. Smart mobile devices demand packages to be thinner, which exacerbates warpage, which in turn affects interconnect pitch scaling and reliability. Although low-coefficient-of-thermal-expansion (CTE) organic laminates have been developed to reduce the warpage during assembly, glass substrates offer added benefits of much higher modulus and thermo-mechanical stability, with the potential to reduce warpage beyond low-CTE organic materials. The focus of this paper is on modeling and measurements to quantify the warpage of glass and organic laminates at 100-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> core thickness after thermo-compression bonding at 260 °C peak temperature. In the experiments, four-metal-layer glass substrates were fabricated at the panel level, diced into <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$18.4 \times 18.4$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-mm<sup>2</sup> coupons, 10-mm<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 10-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text {mm}\,\,\times 630-\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> silicon dies were thermo-compression bonded, and the warpage of the assembled packages was measured using shadow moiré interferometry. In parallel to the experiments, numerical models that account for the viscoplastic behavior of the solder as well as the sequential build-up materials and processes have been developed. The predicted warpage from the models was compared to the experimental measurements. It was seen that the low-CTE glass had lower warpage than the organic core of equivalent CTE, while increasing the CTE of the glass increased the warpage. Also, the underfill fillet size was found to influence the warpage for thin substrate packages, and an optimal fillet size has been identified for minimizing warpage. B-staged and capillary underfill materials were compared and found to have similar warpage values.
Challenges in automotive software engineering

The amount of software in cars grows exponentially. Driving forces of this development are cheaper and more powerful hardware and the demand for innovations by new functions. The rapid increase of software and software based functionality brings various challenges (see [21], [23], , [26]) for the automotive industries, for their organization, key competencies, processes, methods, tools, models, product structures, division of work, logistics, maintenance, and long term strategies. From a software engineering perspective, the automotive industry is an ideal and fascinating application domain for advanced techniques. Although the automotive industry may adopt general results and solutions from the software engineering body of knowledge gained in other domains, the specific constraints and domain specific requirements in the automotive industry ask for individual solutions and bring various challenges for automotive software engineering. In cars we find literally all interesting problems and challenging issues of software and systems engineering.
Assessment of High-Heat-Flux Thermal Management Schemes

This paper explores the recent research developments in high-heat-flux thermal management. Cooling schemes such as pool boiling, detachable heat sinks, channel flow boiling, microchannel and mini-channel heat sinks, jet-impingement, and sprays, are discussed and compared relative to heat dissipation potential, reliability, and packaging concerns. It is demonstrated that, while different cooling options can be tailored to the specific needs of individual applications, system considerations always play a paramount role in determining the most suitable cooling scheme. It is also shown that extensive fundamental electronic cooling knowledge has been amassed over the past two decades. Yet there is now a growing need for hardware innovations rather than perturbations to those fundamental studies. An example of these innovations is the cooling of military avionics, where research findings from the electronic cooling literature have made possible the development of a new generation of cooling hardware which promise order of magnitude increases in heat dissipation compared to today’s cutting edge avionics cooling schemes.
Security Analysis of an Open Car Immobilizer Protocol Stack

An increasing number of embedded security applications— which traditionally have been heavily reliant on secret and/or proprietary solutions—apply the principle of open evaluation. A recent example is the specification of an open security protocol stack for car immobilizer applications by Atmel, which has been presented at ESCAR 2010. This stack is primarily intended to be used in conjunction with automotive transponder chips of this manufacturer, but could in principle be deployed on any suitable type of transponder chip. In this paper we re-evaluate the security of this protocol stack. We were able to uncover a number of security vulnerabilities. We show that an attacker with a cheap standard reader close to such a car key can track it, lock sections of its EEPROM, and even render its immobilizer functionality completely useless. After eavesdropping on a genuine run of the authentication protocol between the car key and the car, an attacker is enabled to read and write the memory of the car key. Furthermore, we point out the threats of relay attacks and session hijacking, which require slightly more elaborate attack setups. For each of the indicated attacks we propose possible fixes and discuss their overhead.
Robot-aided neurorehabilitation of the upper extremities

Task-oriented repetitive movements can improve muscle strength and movement co-ordination in patients with impairments due to neurological lesions. The application of robotics and automation technology can serve to assist, enhance, evaluate and document the rehabilitation of movements. The paper provides an overview of existing devices that can support movement therapy of the upper extremities in subjects with neurological pathologies. The devices are critically compared with respect to technical function, clinical applicability, and, if they exist, clinical outcomes.
I learn from you, you learn from me: How to make iList learn from students

We developed a new model for iList, our system that helps students learn linked list. The model is automatically extracted from past student data, and allows iList to track students’ problem-solving behavior in order to provide targeted feedback. We evaluated the new model both intrinsically and extrinsically. We show that the model can match most student actions after a relatively small sequence of observations, and that iList can effectively use the new student tracker to provide feedback and help students learn.
Research on Cross-border E-commerce platform selection in China small & medium-sized enterprises

This paper establishes the evaluation criterion system of Cross-border E-commerce platform selection based on DeLone & McLean's e-commerce success model and MA-OWA operator, using triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to determine the weight of each level of criteria. Further, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is established. Finally the case study proves scientificness and feasibility of the evaluation criterion systems and the validity of the evaluation method.
Retransmission steganography and its detection

The paper presents a new steganographic method called RSTEG (retransmission steganography), which is intended for a broad class of protocols that utilises retransmission mechanisms. The main innovation of RSTEG is to not acknowledge a successfully received packet in order to intentionally invoke retransmission. The retransmitted packet carries a steganogram instead of user data in the payload field. RSTEG is presented in the broad context of network steganography, and the utilisation of RSTEG for TCP (transmission control protocol) retransmission mechanisms is described in detail. Simulation results are also presented with the main aim of measuring and comparing the steganographic bandwidth of the proposed method for different TCP retransmission mechanisms, as well as to determine the influence of RSTEG on the network retransmission level.
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support: a confirmation study.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS; Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988) with a diverse group of 154 students at an urban college. The following areas were investigated: internal reliability, factorial validity, social desirability bias, and the moderating effect of social support between stressful life events and depression (i.e., the buffering hypothesis). The MSPSS had good internal reliability, and the factor analysis confirmed the subscale structure of the measure: family, friends, and significant other. There was no indication that social desirability bias influenced subjects' responses. Finally, social support was related to depression only for those subjects who were experiencing high levels of life stress, which lends support for the buffering hypothesis.
Unit Dependency Graph and its Application to Arithmetic Word Problem Solving

Math word problems provide a natural abstraction to a range of natural language understanding problems that involve reasoning about quantities, such as interpreting election results, news about casualties, and the financial section of a newspaper. Units associated with the quantities often provide information that is essential to support this reasoning. This paper proposes a principled way to capture and reason about units and shows how it can benefit an arithmetic word problem solver. This paper presents the concept of Unit Dependency Graphs (UDGs), which provides a compact representation of the dependencies between units of numbers mentioned in a given problem. Inducing the UDG alleviates the brittleness of the unit extraction system and allows for a natural way to leverage domain knowledge about unit compatibility, for word problem solving. We introduce a decomposed model for inducing UDGs with minimal additional annotations, and use it to augment the expressions used in the arithmetic word problem solver of (Roy and Roth 2015) via a constrained inference framework. We show that introduction of UDGs reduces the error of the solver by over 10%, surpassing all existing systems for solving arithmetic word problems. In addition, it also makes the system more robust to adaptation to new vocabulary and equation forms .
Linking Transformational Leadership and Knowledge Sharing: The Mediating Roles of Perceived Team Goal Commitment and Perceived Team Identification

It is widely assumed that transformational leadership can effectively facilitate the sharing of knowledge among followers, but most investigations of the underlying mechanisms were based on the social exchange perspective. Based on a sensegiving theory perspective, this article attempts to uncover the mechanisms by which transformational leadership has its impact on employee knowledge sharing behavior by proposing two team-directed mediating mechanisms: perceived team goal commitment and perceived team identification. Results of multi-source and time-lagged data from 186 leader-follower pairs supported the proposed mediating effects. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use

Facebook is quickly becoming one of the most popular tools for social communication. However, Facebook is somewhat different from other Social Networking Sites as it demonstrates an offline-to-online trend; that is, the majority of Facebook Friends are met offline and then added later. The present research investigated how the Five-Factor Model of personality relates to Facebook use. Despite some expected trends regarding Extraversion and Openness to Experience, results indicated that personality factors were not as influential as previous literature would suggest. The results also indicated that a motivation to communicate was influential in terms of Facebook use. It is suggested that different motivations may be influential in the decision to use tools such as Facebook, especially when individual functions of Facebook are being considered.  Personality correlates and competency factors associated
Tendinous insertion of semimembranosus muscle into the lateral meniscus

Forty-two cadaver knees were used for morphologic and MRI observations of the tendinous distal expansions of the semimembranosus m. and the posterior capsular structures of the knee. A tendinous branch of the semimembranosus m. inserting into the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus was found in 43.2% of the knees dissected, besides five already known insertional branches; capsular, direct, anterior and inferior, as well as the oblique popliteal ligament. The tendon had three morphologic types; thin, broad and round. All three types moved the lateral meniscus posteriorly when pulled on. Thus, the semimembranosus m. may also have a protective function for the lateral meniscus as well as the already well established function of protecting the medial meniscus in knee flexion. When a semimembranosus tendon attachment to the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus is present, its normal insertion is difficult to differentiate from a lateral meniscus tear in MRI and this may cause misdiagnosis.
Exoskeleton robots for upper-limb rehabilitation: state of the art and future prospects.

Current health services are struggling to provide optimal rehabilitation therapy to victims of stroke. This has motivated researchers to explore the use of robotic devices to provide rehabilitation therapy for strokepatients. This paper reviews the recent progress of upper limb exoskeleton robots for rehabilitation treatment of patients with neuromuscular disorders. Firstly, a brief introduction to rehabilitation robots will be given along with examples of existing commercial devices. The advancements in upper limb exoskeleton technology and the fundamental challenges in developing these devices are described. Potential areas for future research are discussed.
A CLOSED-FORM ANALYTIC MODEL FOR ILD THICKNESS VARIATION IN CMP PROCESSES

CMP planarization of oxide results in excellent long-range uniformity compared to other planarization techniques but remains hampered by systematic pattern sensiti vities. In the recent literature, se veral semi-empirical or physically-based models have been proposed to explain ILD thickness pattern sensitivities in CMP, but all of these models either fail to predict key empirical results, are not described fully, or do not present tractable closed form models. In this paper , we develop and derive a closed form model for ILD thickness variation and verify this model on datasets obtained o ver different polishing tools, consumable sets, and process conditions, and as a function of polishing time.
Evaluative Language Beyond Bags of Words: Linguistic Insights and Computational Applications

The study of evaluation, affect, and subjectivity is a multidisciplinary enterprise, including sociology, psychology, economics, linguistics, and computer science. A number of excellent computational linguistics and linguistic surveys of the field exist. Most surveys, however, do not bring the two disciplines together to show how methods from linguistics can benefit computational sentiment analysis systems. In this survey, we show how incorporating linguistic insights, discourse information, and other contextual phenomena, in combination with the statistical exploitation of data, can result in an improvement over approaches that take advantage of only one of these perspectives. We first provide a comprehensive introduction to evaluative language from both a linguistic and computational perspective. We then argue that the standard computational definition of the concept of evaluative language neglects the dynamic nature of evaluation, in which the interpretation of a given evaluation depends on linguistic and extra-linguistic contextual factors. We thus propose a dynamic definition that incorporates update functions. The update functions allow for different contextual aspects to be incorporated into the calculation of sentiment for evaluative words or expressions, and can be applied at all levels of discourse. We explore each level and highlight which linguistic aspects contribute to accurate extraction of sentiment. We end the review by outlining what we believe the future directions of sentiment analysis are, and the role that discourse and contextual information need to play.
Finasteride for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa in children and adolescents.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic debilitating cutaneous disease for which there is no universally effective treatment. Patients typically present at puberty with tender subcutaneous nodules that can progress to dermal abscess formation. Antiandrogens have been used in the treatment of HS, and studies have primarily focused on adult patients.



We present a case series of 3 pediatric patients with HS who were successfully treated with oral finasteride, resulting in decreased frequency and severity of disease flares with no significant adverse effects.



Finasteride is a therapeutic option that provides benefit for pediatric patients with HS. Further prospective data and randomized controlled studies will provide helpful information in the management of this disease.
Converging on the Divergent: The History (and Future) of the International Joint Workshops in Computational Creativity

When heckled, professional comedians frequently lament that “everyone’s a comedian!” It’s easy to see why: professional comedians don’t possess different kinds of brains from others or engage in radically different kinds of behaviors from others, and moreover, the success of their acts is predicated on others’ shared ability to understand and reason about comic situations they describe. The difference between comedians and their audience is a matter not of kind, but of degree, a difference that is reflected in the vocational emphasis they place on humor. Researchers in the field of computational creativity find themselves in a similar situation. As a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence, computational creativity explores theories and practices that give rise to a phenomenon, creativity, that all intelligent systems, human or machine, can legitimately lay claim to. Who is to say that a given AI system is not creative, insofar as it solves nontrivial problems or generates useful outputs that are not hard wired into its programming? As with comedians’ being funny, the difference between studying computational creativity and studying artificial intelligence is one of emphasis rather than one of kind: the field of computational creativity, as typified by a long-running series of workshops at AI-related conferences, places a vocational emphasis on creativity and attempts to draw together the commonalities of what Articles
An Overview of the Theory and Applications of Metasurfaces: The Two-Dimensional Equivalents of Metamaterials

Metamaterials are typically engineered by arranging a set of small scatterers or apertures in a regular array throughout a region of space, thus obtaining some desirable bulk electromagnetic behavior. The desired property is often one that is not normally found naturally (negative refractive index, near-zero index, etc.). Over the past ten years, metamaterials have moved from being simply a theoretical concept to a field with developed and marketed applications. Three-dimensional metamaterials can be extended by arranging electrically small scatterers or holes into a two-dimensional pattern at a surface or interface. This surface version of a metamaterial has been given the name metasurface (the term metafilm has also been employed for certain structures). For many applications, metasurfaces can be used in place of metamaterials. Metasurfaces have the advantage of taking up less physical space than do full three-dimensional metamaterial structures; consequently, metasurfaces offer the possibility of less-lossy structures. In this overview paper, we discuss the theoretical basis by which metasurfaces should be characterized, and discuss their various applications. We will see how metasurfaces are distinguished from conventional frequency-selective surfaces. Metasurfaces have a wide range of potential applications in electromagnetics (ranging from low microwave to optical frequencies), including: (1) controllable “smart” surfaces, (2) miniaturized cavity resonators, (3) novel wave-guiding structures, (4) angular-independent surfaces, (5) absorbers, (6) biomedical devices, (7) terahertz switches, and (8) fluid-tunable frequency-agile materials, to name only a few. In this review, we will see that the development in recent years of such materials and/or surfaces is bringing us closer to realizing the exciting speculations made over one hundred years ago by the work of Lamb, Schuster, and Pocklington, and later by Mandel'shtam and Veselago.
Real-time Simulation of Large Bodies of Water with Small Scale Details

We present a hybrid water simulation method that combines grid based and particles based approaches. Our specialized shallow water solver can handle arbitrary underlying terrain slopes, arbitrary water depth and supports wet-dry regions tracking. To treat open water scenes we introduce a method for handling non-reflecting boundary conditions. Regions of liquid that cannot be represented by the height field including breaking waves, water falls and splashing due to rigid and soft bodies interaction are automatically turned into spray, splash and foam particles. The particles are treated as simple non-interacting point masses and they exchange mass and momentum with the height field fluid. We also present a method for procedurally adding small scale waves that are advected with the water flow. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in various test scene including a large flowing river along a valley with beaches, big rocks, steep cliffs and waterfalls. Both the grid and the particles simulations are implemented in CUDA. We achieve real-time performance on modern GPUs in all the examples.
Handwriting Analysis based on Segmentation Method for Prediction of Human Personality using Support Vector Machine

Handwriting analysis is a method to predict personality of an author and to better understand the writer. Allograph and allograph combination analysis is a scientific method of writer identification and evaluating the behavior. To make this computerized we considered six main different types of features: (i) size of letters, (ii) slant of letters and words, (iii) baseline, (iv) pen pressure, (v) spacing between letters and (vi) spacing between words in a document to identify the personality of the writer. Segmentation is used to calculate the features from digital handwriting and is trained to SVM which outputs the behavior of the writer. For this experiment 100 different writers were used for different handwriting data samples. The proposed method gives about 94% of accuracy rate with RBF kernel. In this paper an automatic method has been proposed to predict the psychological personality of the writer. The system performance is measured under two different conditions with the same sample.