nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Image representation via sub-dictionary based sparse coding

In this paper, a sub-dictionary based sparse coding method is proposed for image representation. The novel sparse coding method substitutes a new regularization item for L1-norm in the sparse representation model. The proposed sparse coding method involves a series of sub-dictionaries. Each sub-dictionary contains all the training samples except for those from one particular category. For the test sample to be represented, all the sub-dictionaries should linearly represent it apart from the one that does not contain samples from that label, and this sub-dictionary is called irrelevant sub-dictionary. This new regularization item restricts the sparsity of each sub-dictionary's residual, and this restriction is helpful for classification. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is superior to the previous related sparse representation based classification.
The Electoral Consequences of Skin Color : The ‘ ‘ Hidden ’ ’ Side of Race in Politics

Despite the significant role that skin color plays in material well-being and social perceptions, scholars know little if anything about whether skin color and afrocentric features influence political cognition and behavior and specifically, if intraracial variation in addition to categorical difference affects the choices of voters. Do more phenotypically black minorities suffer an electoral penalty as they do in most aspects of life? This study investigates the impact of color and phenotypically black facial features on candidate evaluation, using a nationally representative survey experiment of over 2000 whites. Subjects were randomly assigned to campaign literature of two opposing candidates, in which the race, skin color and features, and issue stance of candidates was varied. I find that afrocentric phenotype is an important, albeit hidden, form of bias in racial attitudes and that the importance of race on candidate evaluation depends largely on skin color and afrocentric features. However, like other racial cues, color and black phenotype don’t influence voters’ evaluations uniformly but vary in magnitude and direction across the gender and partisan makeup of the electorate in theoretically explicable ways. Ultimately, I argue, scholars of race politics, implicit racial bias, and minority candidates are missing an important aspect of racial bias.
Overview of homocysteine and folate metabolism. With special references to cardiovascular disease and neural tube defects

This overview addresses homocysteine and folate metabolism. Its functions and complexity are described, leading to explanations why disturbed homocysteine and folate metabolism is implicated in many different diseases, including congenital birth defects like congenital heart disease, cleft lip and palate, late pregnancy complications, different kinds of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, osteoporosis and cancer. In addition, the inborn errors leading to hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria are described. These extreme human hyperhomocysteinemia models provide knowledge about which part of the homocysteine and folate pathways are linked to which disease. For example, the very high risk for arterial and venous occlusive disease in patients with severe hyperhomocysteinemia irrespective of the location of the defect in remethylation or transsulphuration indicates that homocysteine itself or one of its “direct” derivatives is considered toxic for the cardiovascular system. Finally, common diseases associated with elevated homocysteine are discussed with the focus on cardiovascular disease and neural tube defects.
Interrogative suggestibility, compliance and false confessions among prisoners and their relationship with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms.

Interrogative suggestibility and compliance are important psychological vulnerabilities during interrogation. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship of suggestibility and compliance with childhood and current symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Compliance has not been studied previously in relation to ADHD. A further aim was to investigate the relationship between ADHD and the reporting of having made a false confession to the police.



The participants were 90 male prisoners, all of whom had completed the Gudjonsson Suggestibility and Compliance Scales (GSS and GCS) within 10 days of admission to the prison. Childhood ADHD symptoms were screened by the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and current adult symptoms by the DSM-IV Checklist criteria for ADHD.



Half of the prisoners (50%) were found on screening to meet criteria for ADHD in childhood and, of those, over half (60%) were either fully symptomatic or in partial remission of their symptoms. ADHD symptoms were found to be significantly associated with compliance, but not with suggestibility. The relationship with compliance was stronger (effect size) in relation to current than childhood symptoms. The ADHD symptomatic groups were significantly more likely to claim that they had made a false confession to the police in the past.



The findings raise important questions about the potential vulnerability of adults with ADHD symptoms in terms of their ability to cope with interrogation.
The arules R-Package Ecosystem: Analyzing Interesting Patterns from Large Transaction Data Sets

This paper describes the ecosystem of R add-on packages deve lop d around the infrastructure provided by the packagearules. The packages provide comprehensive functionality for ana lyzing interesting patterns including frequent itemsets, associ ati n rules, frequent sequences and for building applications like associative classification. After di scussing the ecosystem’s design we illustrate the ease of mining and visualizing rules with a short example .
Delay in ACL reconstruction is associated with more severe and painful meniscal and chondral injuries

The goal of our study was to investigate the associations between surgical delay, pain and meniscus, and articular cartilage lesions seen at the time of ACL reconstruction. One hundred and sixty-two consecutive patients who had received ACL reconstruction were recruited. The preoperative International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaires, and cartilage and meniscal lesions seen at the time of surgery were analysed. Patients with surgery within 12 months were less likely to have meniscus injury (59.8/77.4 %, p = 0.032), and the meniscus injury was more likely to be salvageable. (56.3/36.0 %, p = 0.042). Patients with meniscal tear larger than 10 mm had higher pain intensity than tear <10 mm (mean 6.8/8.2, p = 0.007). Patients older than 35 years of age were more likely to suffer from cartilage injury (76.4/39.1 %, p = 0.004). Patients with cartilage lesions had longer surgical delay (mean 18.9/12.1 months, p = 0.033). The presence of meniscal tear increased the risk of cartilage lesions (p = 0.038, OR = 2.14). Patients with cartilage lesions had a greater pain frequency (mean 6.9/7.7, p = 0.048). Moderate correlation was found between the size of cartilage lesion and the frequency of pain (p = 0.013). Increased surgical delay was associated with an increased incidence of meniscus and articular cartilage injuries in patients suffering from ACL tear; also, the meniscus was less likely to be salvageable. The presence of cartilage lesions was associated with an increased frequency of pain. Size of meniscal and cartilage lesions was significantly associated with pain. Retrospective comparative study,
A Context-Theoretic Framework for Compositionality in Distributional Semantics

Formalizing “meaning as context” mathematically leads to a new, algebraic theory of meaning, in which composition is bilinear and associative. These properties are shared by other methods that have been proposed in the literature, including the tensor product, vector addition, point-wise multiplication, and matrix multiplication.Entailment can be represented by a vector lattice ordering, inspired by a strengthened form of the distributional hypothesis, and a degree of entailment is defined in the form of a conditional probability. Approaches to the task of recognizing textual entailment, including the use of subsequence matching, lexical entailment probability, and latent Dirichlet allocation, can be described within our framework.
An effective biphase system accelerates hesperidinase-catalyzed conversion of rutin to isoquercitrin

Isoquercitrin is a rare, natural ingredient with several biological activities that is a key precursor for the synthesis of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ). The enzymatic production of isoquercitrin from rutin catalyzed by hesperidinase is feasible; however, the bioprocess is hindered by low substrate concentration and a long reaction time. Thus, a novel biphase system consisting of [Bmim][BF4]:glycine-sodium hydroxide (pH 9) (10:90, v/v) and glyceryl triacetate (1:1, v/v) was initially established for isoquercitrin production. The biotransformation product was identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the bonding mechanism of the enzyme and substrate was inferred using circular dichroism spectra and kinetic parameters. The highest rutin conversion of 99.5% and isoquercitrin yield of 93.9% were obtained after 3 h. The reaction route is environmentally benign and mild, and the biphase system could be reused. The substrate concentration was increased 2.6-fold, the reaction time was reduced to three tenths the original time. The three-dimensional structure of hesperidinase was changed in the biphase system, which α-helix and random content were reduced and β-sheet content was increased. Thus, the developed biphase system can effectively strengthen the hesperidinase-catalyzed synthesis of isoquercitrin with high yield.
Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1): From the Genetics to Molecular Mechanisms

For a long time, the human genome was considered an intrinsically stable entity; however, it is currently known that our human genome contains many unstable elements consisting of tandem repeat elements, mainly Short tandem repeats (STR), also known as microsatellites or Simple sequence repeats (SSR) (Ellegren, 2000). These sequences involve a repetitive unit of 1-6 bp, forming series with lengths from two to several thousand nucleotides. STR are widely found in proand eukaryotes, including humans. They appear scattered more or less evenly throughout the human genome, accounting for ca. 3% of the entire genome (Sharma et al., 2007). STR are polymorphic but stable in general population; however, repeats can become unstable during DNA replication, resulting in mitotic or meiotic contractions or expansions. STR instability is an important and unique form of mutation that is linked to >40 neurological, neurodegenerative, and neuromuscular disorders (Pearson et al., 2005). In particular, abnormal expansion of trinucleotide repeats (CTG)n, (CGG)n, (CCG)n, (GAA)n, and (CAG)n have been associated with different diseases such as fragile X syndrome, Huntington disease (HD), Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), Friedreich ataxia (FA), diverse Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA), and Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1).
Internet of Things Applications: Animal Monitoring with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

In animal monitoring applications, both animal detection and their movement prediction are major tasks. While a variety of animal monitoring strategies exist, most of them rely on mounting devices. However, in real world, it is difficult to find these animals and install mounting devices. In this paper, we propose an animal monitoring application by utilizing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The objective of the application is to detect locations of endangered species in large-scale wildlife areas and monitor movement of animals without any attached devices. In this application, sensors deployed throughout the observation area are responsible for gathering animal information. The UAV flies above the observation area and collects the information from sensors. To achieve the information efficiently, we propose a path planning approach for the UAV based on a Markov decision process (MDP) model. The UAV receives a certain amount of reward from an area if some animals are detected at that location. We solve the MDP using Q-learning such that the UAV prefers going to those areas that animals are detected before. Meanwhile, the UAV explores other areas as well to cover the entire network and detects changes in the animal positions. We first define the mathematical model underlying the animal monitoring problem in terms of the value of information (VoI) and rewards. We propose a network model including clusters of sensor nodes and a single UAV that acts as a mobile sink and visits the clusters. Then, one MDP-based path planning approach is designed to maximize the VoI while reducing message delays. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated using two real-world movement datasets of zebras and leopard. Simulation results show that our approach outperforms greedy and random heuristics as well as the path planning based on the solution of the traveling salesman problem.
The RWTH / UPB / FORTH System Combination for the 4 th CHiME Challenge Evaluation

This paper describes automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems developed jointly by RWTH, UPB and FORTH for the 1ch, 2ch and 6ch track of the 4th CHiME Challenge. In the 2ch and 6ch tracks the final system output is obtained by a Confusion Network Combination (CNC) of multiple systems. The Acoustic Model (AM) is a deep neural network based on Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) units. The systems differ by front ends and training sets used for the acoustic training. The model for the 1ch track is trained without any preprocessing. For each front end we trained and evaluated individual acoustic models. We compare the ASR performance of different beamforming approaches: a conventional superdirective beamformer  and an MVDR beamformer as in , where the steering vector is estimated based on . Furthermore we evaluated a BLSTM supported Generalized Eigenvalue beamformer using NN-GEV . The back end is implemented using RWTH’s open-source toolkits RASR , RETURNN [6] and rwthlm [7]. We rescore lattices with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based language model. The overall best results are obtained by a system combination that includes the lattices from the system of UPB’s submission . Our final submission scored second in each of the three tracks of the 4th CHiME Challenge.
Understanding the Roots of Radicalisation on Twitter

In an increasingly digital world, identifying signs of online extremism sits at the top of the priority list for counter-extremist agencies. Researchers and governments are investing in the creation of advanced information technologies to identify and counter extremism through intelligent large-scale analysis of online data. However, to the best of our knowledge, these technologies are neither based on, nor do they take advantage of, the existing theories and studies of radicalisation. In this paper we propose a computational approach for detecting and predicting the radicalisation influence a user is exposed to, grounded on the notion of 'roots of radicalisation' from social science models. This approach has been applied to analyse and compare the radicalisation level of 112 pro-ISIS vs.112 "general" Twitter users. Our results show the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms in detecting and predicting radicalisation influence, obtaining up to 0.9 F-1 measure for detection and between 0.7 and 0.8 precision for prediction. While this is an initial attempt towards the effective combination of social and computational perspectives, more work is needed to bridge these disciplines, and to build on their strengths to target the problem of online radicalisation.
Wearable haptic glove using micro hydraulic system for control of construction robot system with VR environment

Over the past few decades, various haptic devices have been developed in order to control various robot systems remotely. The actuating systems for most existing haptic devices including glove type require lots of external auxiliary equipment. Because of this, the motion of the user is restricted by the length of the electric wires or pneumatic tubes attached to this equipment. A compact actuation system, including related equipment, is thus indispensable for a wearable haptic device to be truly effective. To resolve the problem of hampered motion and reach, a micro hydraulic actuating system was developed in this research. It was composed of a slim, flexible artificial muscle, a compact hydraulic module for actuating the muscle, and a micro pressure sensor for measuring without flux loss. The characteristics of the muscle were investigated for their control capacity. Once these analyses were completed, a lightweight and compact actuation system was built incorporating a glove typed wearable haptic device. By virtue of the developed micro hydraulic system, the wearable haptic glove was able to operate independently of any external equipment, and movement was completely free of any restrictions from wires or tubes. The construction robot remotely controlled needs a compact haptic device as a motion controller for it and the haptic glove we developed makes it possible to control the motion of construction robot with easy.
Three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs using 3 DISCO

nature protocols | VOL.7 NO.11 | 2012 | 1983 IntroDuctIon In a typical histology study, it is necessary to make thin sections of blocks of frozen or fixed tissue for microscopy. This process has major limitations for obtaining a 3D picture of structural components and the distribution of cells within tissues. For example, in axon regeneration studies, after labeling the injured axons, it is common that the tissue of interest (e.g., spinal cord, optic nerve) is sectioned. Subsequently, when tissue sections are analyzed under the microscope, only short fragments of axons are observed within each section; hence, the 3D information of axonal structures is lost. Because of this confusion, these fragmented axonal profiles might be interpreted as regenerated axons even though they could be spared axons1. In addition, the growth trajectories and target regions of the regenerating axons cannot be identified by visualization of axonal fragments. Similar problems could occur in cancer and immunology studies when only small fractions of target cells are observed within large organs. To avoid these limitations and problems, tissues ideally should be imaged at high spatial resolution without sectioning. However, optical imaging of thick tissues is limited mostly because of scattering of imaging light through the thick tissues, which contain various cellular and extracellular structures with different refractive indices. The imaging light traveling through different structures scatters and loses its excitation and emission efficiency, resulting in a lower resolution and imaging depth2,3. Optical clearing of tissues by organic solvents, which make the biological tissue transparent by matching the refractory indexes of different tissue layers to the solvent, has become a prominent method for imaging thick tissues2,4. In cleared tissues, the imaging light does not scatter and travels unobstructed throughout the different tissue layers. For this purpose, the first tissue clearing method was developed about a century ago by Spalteholz, who used a mixture of benzyl alcohol and methyl salicylate to clear large organs such as the heart5,6. In general, the first step of tissue clearing is tissue dehydration, owing to the low refractive index of water compared with cellular structures containing proteins and lipids4. Subsequently, dehydrated tissue is impregnated with an optical clearing agent, such as glucose7, glycerol8, benzyl alcohol–benzyl benzoate (BABB, also known as Murray’s clear)4,9–13 or dibenzyl ether (DBE)13,14, which have approximately the same refractive index as the impregnated tissue. At the end of the clearing procedure, the cleared tissue hardens and turns transparent, and thus resembles glass.
Assessing assumptions in kinematic hand models: A review

The incredible complexity of the human hand makes accurate modeling difficult. When implementing a kinematic hand model, many simplifications are made, either to provide simpler analytical solutions, to ease implementation, or to speed up computation for real time applications. However, it is important to understand the trade-offs that certain simplifications entail - the kinematic structure chosen can have important implications for the final model accuracy. This paper provides a brief overview of the biomechanics of the human hand, followed by an in-depth review of kinematic models presented in the literature. This review discusses some simplifications that may often be inappropriate, such as assuming no metacarpal bone motion or assuming orthogonal, intersecting thumb axes. This discussion should help researchers select appropriate kinematic models for applications including anthropomorphic hand design, humancomputer interaction, surgery, rehabilitation, and ergonomics. Some modeling issues remain unclear in the current literature. Future work could compare thumb MCP models and better investigate unactuated compliant degrees of freedom in the hand.
Neural stem cells constitutively secrete neurotrophic factors and promote extensive host axonal growth after spinal cord injury

Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer the potential to replace lost tissue after nervous system injury. This study investigated whether grafts of NSCs (mouse clone C17.2) could also specifically support host axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury and sought to identify mechanisms underlying such growth. In vitro, prior to grafting, C17.2 NSCs were found for the first time to naturally constitutively secrete significant quantities of several neurotrophic factors by specific ELISA, including nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. When grafted to cystic dorsal column lesions in the cervical spinal cord of adult rats, C17.2 NSCs supported extensive growth of host axons of known sensitivity to these growth factors when examined 2 weeks later. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR confirmed that grafted stem cells expressed neurotrophic factor genes in vivo. In addition, NSCs were genetically modified to produce neurotrophin-3, which significantly expanded NSC effects on host axons. Notably, overexpression of one growth factor had a reciprocal effect on expression of another factor. Thus, stem cells can promote host neural repair in part by secreting growth factors, and their regeneration-promoting activities can be modified by gene delivery.
A electromagnetic actuator which can produce three-dimensional forces for miniature magnetically levitated axial flow pump

In miniature magnetically levitated rotating machines, permanent magnet bearings are generally used for rotor levitation in the radial directions and electro-magnetic actuators are used for rotor stabilization in the axial direction. In this configuration rotor radial oscillations are unavoidable because no controllable force is applicable in these directions. Consequently, rotor damping relies entirely on the media in the air-gap. This paper presents a novel electro-magnetic actuator for miniature magnetically levitated rotating machine. The actuator stator core consists of four poles for flux passage. The currents on these poles are independently controlled so that axial and radial forces are produced. The axial force is used for rotor levitation control, while the radial force is used to assist in radial oscillation suppression. Theoretical analysis and experimental verifications for the radial force production are provided.