nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic models of the lightning return stroke

Lightning return-stroke models are needed for specifying the source in studying the production of transient optical emission (elves) in the lower ionosphere, the energetic radiation from lightning, and characterization of the Earth’s electromagnetic environment, as well as studying lightning interaction with various objects and systems. Reviewed here are models based on Maxwell’s equations and referred to as electromagnetic models. These models are relatively new and most rigorous of all models suitable for computing lightning electromagnetic fields. Maxwell’s equations are numerically solved to yield the distribution of current along the lightning channel. Different numerical techniques, including the method of moments (MoM) and the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, are employed. In order to achieve a desirable current-wave propagation speed (lower than the speed of light in air), the channel-representing wire is embedded in a dielectric (other than air) or loaded by additional distributed series inductance. Capacitive loading has been also suggested. The artificial dielectric medium is used only for finding the distribution of current along the lightning channel, after which the channel is allowed to radiate in air. Resistive loading is used to control current attenuation with height. In contrast with distributed circuit and so-called engineering models, electromagnetic return-stroke models allow a self-consistent full-wave solution for both lightning-current distribution and resultant electromagnetic fields. In this review, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of four return-stroke channel representations: a perfectly conducting/resistive wire in air, a wire embedded in a dielectric (other than air), a wire in air loaded by additional distributed series inductance, and a wire in air having additional distributed shunt capacitance. Further, we describe and compare different methods of excitation used in electromagnetic return-stroke models: closing a charged vertical wire at its bottom with a specified grounded circuit, a delta-gap electric field source, and a lumped current source. Finally, we review and compare representative numerical techniques used in electromagnetic modeling of the lightning return stroke: MoMs in the time and frequency domains and the FDTD method. We additionally consider the so-called hybrid model of the lightning return stroke that employs a combination of electromagnetic and circuit theories and compare this model to electromagnetic models.
A recurrent neural network approach in predicting daily stock prices an application to the Sri Lankan stock market

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) is a sub type of neural networks that use feedback connections. Several types of RNN models are used in predicting financial time series. This study was conducted to develop models to predict daily stock prices of selected listed companies of Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Approach and to measure the accuracy of the models developed and identify the shortcomings of the models if present. Feedforward, Simple Recurrent Neural Network (SRNN), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) architectures were employed in building models. Closing, High and Low prices of past two days were selected as input variables for each company. Feedforward networks produce the highest and lowest forecasting errors. The forecasting accuracy of the best feedforward networks is approximately 99%. SRNN and LSTM networks generally produce lower errors compared with feedforward networks but in some occasions, the error is higher than feed forward networks. Compared to other two networks, GRU networks are having comparatively higher forecasting errors.
Eight-Way Substrate Integrated Waveguide Power Divider With Low Insertion Loss

We describe a compact radial cavity power divider based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology in this paper. The equivalent-circuit model is used to analyze the multiport structure, and a design procedure is also established for the structure. An eight-way C-band SIW power divider with low insertion loss is designed, fabricated, and measured. Good agreement between simulated and measured results is found for the pro posed power divider. The measured minimum insertion loss of the eight-way power divider is approximately 0.2 dB and return loss is approximately 30 dB at 5.25 GHz. The measured 15-dB return-loss bandwidth is found to be approximately 500 MHz, and its 1-dB insertion-loss bandwidth is approximately 1.2 GHz. Furthermore, the isolations between the output ports of the eight-way power divider are also discussed.
A Reduction of Grid-Bag Layout to Auckland Layout

Many major programming platforms support layout managers in Grid-bag style, where GUI elements can be placed on a rectangular grid. In Grid-bag layout mangers, cells of the underlying grid can be merged in order to create more complex layouts. In this work we classify software engineering issues with Grid-bag layout managers - chiefly bad coupling and a low level of abstraction - into several levels of severity of these issues. In the past we have presented the Auckland Layout Model, which is based on tabstops instead of gridlines. The Auckland Layout Model provides several layers of abstraction and avoids the bad coupling phenomena encountered in Grid-bag Layout. In this work we report on a platform-independent reduction of Grid-bag Layout to Auckland Layout, thus establishing that Grid-bag Layout can be implemented on top of Auckland Layout Model. The reduction of Grid-bag Layout to Auckland Layout presented here is based on an abstract datatype called a Grid-bag analyzer.
CTLA-4 and PD-1 Pathways : Similarities , Differences , and Implications of Their Inhibition

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoints are negative regulators of T-cell immune function. Inhibition of these targets, resulting in increased activation of the immune system, has led to new immunotherapies for melanoma, non–small cell lung cancer, and other cancers. Ipilimumab, an inhibitor of CTLA-4, is approved for the treatment of advanced or unresectable melanoma. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab, both PD-1 inhibitors, are approved to treat patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma and patients with metastatic, refractory non-small cell lung cancer. In addition the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab has been approved in patients with BRAF WT metastatic or unresectable melanoma. The roles of CTLA-4 and PD-1 in inhibiting immune responses, including antitumor responses, are largely distinct. CTLA-4 is thought to regulate T-cell proliferation early in an immune response, primarily in lymph nodes, whereas PD-1 suppresses T cells later in an immune response, primarily in peripheral tissues. The clinical profiles of immuno-oncology agents inhibiting these 2 checkpoints may vary based on their mechanistic differences. This article provides an overview of the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways and implications of their inhibition in cancer therapy.
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase modulates cardiac ryanodine receptor phosphorylation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in heart failure.

Abnormal release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) may contribute to contractile dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis in heart failure (HF). We previously demonstrated decreased Ca transient amplitude and SR Ca load associated with increased Na/Ca exchanger expression and enhanced diastolic SR Ca leak in an arrhythmogenic rabbit model of nonischemic HF. Here we assessed expression and phosphorylation status of key Ca handling proteins and measured SR Ca leak in control and HF rabbit myocytes. With HF, expression of RyR2 and FK-506 binding protein 12.6 (FKBP12.6) were reduced, whereas inositol trisphosphate receptor (type 2) and Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) expression were increased 50% to 100%. The RyR2 complex included more CaMKII (which was more activated) but less calmodulin, FKBP12.6, and phosphatases 1 and 2A. The RyR2 was more highly phosphorylated by both protein kinase A (PKA) and CaMKII. Total phospholamban phosphorylation was unaltered, although it was reduced at the PKA site and increased at the CaMKII site. SR Ca leak in intact HF myocytes (which is higher than in control) was reduced by inhibition of CaMKII but was unaltered by PKA inhibition. CaMKII inhibition also increased SR Ca content in HF myocytes. Our results suggest that CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of RyR2 is involved in enhanced SR diastolic Ca leak and reduced SR Ca load in HF, and may thus contribute to arrhythmias and contractile dysfunction in HF.
Validation of photoplethysmography as a method to detect heart rate during rest and exercise.

Despite their enhanced marketplace visibility, validity of wearable photoplethysmographic heart rate monitoring is scarce. Forty-seven healthy participants performed seven, 6-min exercise bouts and completed a valid skin type scale. Participants wore an Omron HR500U (OHR) and a Mio Alpha (MA), two commercial wearable photoplethysmographic heart rate monitors. Data were compared to a Polar RS800CX (PRS). Means and error were calculated between devices using minutes 2-5. Compared to PRS, MA data was significantly different in walking, biking (2.41 ± 3.99 bpm and 3.26 ± 11.38 bpm, p < 0.05) and weight lifting (23.30 ± 31.94 bpm, p < 0.01). OHR differed from PRS in walking (4.95 ± 7.53 bpm, p < 0.05) and weight lifting (4.67 ± 8.95 bpm, p < 0.05). MA during elliptical, stair climbing and biking conditions demonstrated a strong correlation between jogging speed and error (r = 0.55, p < 0.0001), and showed differences in participants with less photosensitive skin.
A compact 0.3–10 GHz broadband stacked amplifier in 65nm standard CMOS

This work presents the design and implementation of a fully integrated broadband medium power stacked amplifier in 65 nm bulk CMOS. The amplifier topology utilizes three NMOS stack and three PMOS stack to increase the output voltage swing along with the output impedance. The load impedance is further optimized with a resistive feedback which not only results in broadband operation but also avoids a lossy broadband output matching network which reduces area significantly. Further, small interstage peaking inductors are employed to peak the parasitics capacitances that limit the broadband operation. The proposed amplifier shows a measured peak saturated output power from 13 dBm to 8.5 dBm and a P1dB of 7 dBm to 4 dBm from 0.3 GHz to 10 GHz. The measured gain is 9 dB with a gain ripple of ±1.5 dB in the entire frequency range, yielding a fractional bandwidth of 188%. The measured load-pull -1 dB, -2 dB output power contours verify the optimum impedance around 50 Ω. The active chip area is only 0.44mm2.
The small world of shakespeare's plays.

Drama, at least according to the Aristotelian view, is effective inasmuch as it successfully mirrors real aspects of human behavior. This leads to the hypothesis that successful dramas will portray fictional social networks that have the same properties as those typical of human beings across ages and cultures. We outline a methodology for investigating this hypothesis and use it to examine ten of Shakespeare's plays. The cliques and groups portrayed in the plays correspond closely to those which have been observed in spontaneous human interaction, including in hunter-gatherer societies, and the networks of the plays exhibit "small world" properties of the type which have been observed in many human-made and natural systems.
Development of NTU wearable exoskeleton system for assistive technologies

This paper presents a wearable lower extremity exoskeleton (LEE) developed as a platform for research works on enhancement and assistive the ability of human's walking and load carrying. The whole process of the first prototype design is introduced together with the sub-systems, inner/outer exoskeleton, the attached flexible waist and footpad with sensors. Simulation model and feedback control with the ZMP method were established using Adams and Matlab. The ultimate goal of the current research work is to design and control a power assisted system, which integrates human's intellect as the control system for manipulating the wearable power-aided device. The feasibility and initial performance of the designed system are also discussed.
A Doherty power amplifier based on a tapered line impedance inverter

This paper presents a wideband GaN Doherty power amplifier (DPA) in the 2.6 GHz band with a 3 stages Wilkinson splitter where the impedance inverter is based on a tapered line instead of a quarter wave transformer. From the comparison with the same amplifier using a typical quarter-wave transformer as impedance inverter, and keeping both designs the same bandwidth (1.6 to 3.3 GHz, 65% of the fractional bandwidth), the Power Added Efficiency (PAE) is enhanced up to 50% (from 40.46% to 61.17% at 35 dBm input power) in the DPA with a tapered line. Besides, the transducer gain remains practically unaltered.
Linear discriminant analysis: A detailed tutorial

Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is a very common technique for dimensionality reduction problems as a preprocessing step for machine learning and pattern classification applications. At the same time, it is usually used as a black box, but (sometimes) not well understood. The aim of this paper is to build a solid intuition for what is LDA, and how LDA works, thus enabling readers of all levels be able to get a better understanding of the LDA and to know how to apply this technique in different applications. The paper first gave the basic definitions and steps of how LDA technique works supported with visual explanations of these steps. Moreover, the two methods of computing the LDA space, i.e. class-dependent and class-independent methods, were explained in details. Then, in a step-by-step approach, two numerical examples are demonstrated to show how the LDA space can be calculated in case of the class-dependent and class-independent methods. Furthermore, two of the most common LDA problems (i.e. Small Sample Size (SSS) and non-linearity problems) were highlighted and illustrated, and stateof-the-art solutions to these problems were investigated and explained. Finally, a number of experiments was conducted with different datasets to (1) investigate the effect of the eigenvectors that used in the LDA space on the robustness of the extracted feature for the classification accuracy, and (2) to show when the SSS problem occurs and how it can be addressed.
Erect leaves caused by brassinosteroid deficiency increase biomass production and grain yield in rice

New cultivars with very erect leaves, which increase light capture for photosynthesis and nitrogen storage for grain filling, may have increased grain yields. Here we show that the erect leaf phenotype of a rice brassinosteroid–deficient mutant, osdwarf4-1, is associated with enhanced grain yields under conditions of dense planting, even without extra fertilizer. Molecular and biochemical studies reveal that two different cytochrome P450s, CYP90B2/OsDWARF4 and CYP724B1/D11, function redundantly in C-22 hydroxylation, the rate-limiting step of brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Therefore, despite the central role of brassinosteroids in plant growth and development, mutation of OsDWARF4 alone causes only limited defects in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and plant morphology. These results suggest that regulated genetic modulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis can improve crops without the negative environmental effects of fertilizers.
Addressing perception uncertainty induced failure modes in robotic bin-picking

We present a comprehensive approach to handle perception uncertainty to reduce failure rates in robotic bin-picking. Our focus is on mixed-bins. We identify the main failure modes at various stages of the binpicking task and present methods to recover from them. If uncertainty in part detection leads to perception failure, then human intervention is invoked. Our approach estimates the confidence in the part match provided by an automated perception system, which is used to detect perception failures. Human intervention is also invoked if uncertainty in estimated part location and orientation leads to a singulation planning failure. We have developed a user interface that enables remote human interventions when necessary. Finally, if uncertainty in part posture in the gripper leads to failure in placing the part with the desired accuracy, sensor-less fine-positioning moves are used to correct the final placement errors. We have developed a fine-positioning planner with a suite of fine-motion strategies that offer different tradeoffs between completion time and postural accuracy at the destination. We report our observations from system characterization experiments with a dual-armed Baxter robot, equipped with a Ensenso three-dimensional camera, to perform bin-picking on mixed-bins. & 2016
Essentials of skin laceration repair.

Skin laceration repair is an important skill in family medicine. Sutures, tissue adhesives, staples, and skin-closure tapes are options in the outpatient setting. Physicians should be familiar with various suturing techniques, including simple, running, and half-buried mattress (corner) sutures. Although suturing is the preferred method for laceration repair, tissue adhesives are similar in patient satisfaction, infection rates, and scarring risk in low skin-tension areas and may be more cost-effective. The tissue adhesive hair apposition technique also is effective in repairing scalp lacerations. The sting of local anesthesia injections can be lessened by using smaller gauge needles, administering the injection slowly, and warming or buffering the solution. Studies have shown that tap water is safe to use for irrigation, that white petrolatum ointment is as effective as antibiotic ointment in postprocedure care, and that wetting the wound as early as 12 hours after repair does not increase the risk of infection. Patient education and appropriate procedural coding are important after the repair.
Automata simulator

Software simulation tools supporting a teaching process are highly accepted by both teachers and students. We discuss the possibility of using automata simulators in theoretical computer science courses. The main purpose of this article is to propose key features and requirements of well designed automata simulator and to present our tool SimStudio -- integrated simulator of finite automaton, pushdown automaton, Turing machine, RAM with extension and abacus machine. The aim of this paper is to report our experiences with using of our automata simulators in teaching of the course "Fundamentals of Theoretical Computer Science" in bachelor educational program in software engineering held at Faculty of Informatics and Information Technologies, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava.
Towards Automated Game Design

Game generation systems perform automated, intelligent design of games (i.e. videogames, boardgames), reasoning about both the abstract rule system of the game and the visual realization of these rules. Although, as an instance of the problem of creative design, game generation shares some common research themes with other creative AI systems such as story and art generators, game generation extends such work by having to reason about dynamic, playable artifacts. Like AI work on creativity in other domains, work on game generation sheds light on the human game design process, offering opportunities to make explicit the tacit knowledge involved in game design and test game design theories. Finally, game generation enables new game genres which are radically customized to specific players or situations; notable examples are cell phone games customized for particular users and newsgames providing commentary on current events. We describe an approach to formalizing game mechanics and generating games using those mechanics, using WordNet and ConceptNet to assist in performing common-sense reasoning about game verbs and nouns. Finally, we demonstrate and describe in detail a prototype that designs micro-games in the style of Nintendo’s
Is cognitive-behavioural therapy more effective than relaxation therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders? A meta-analysis.

It is not clear whether relaxation therapies are more or less effective than cognitive and behavioural therapies in the treatment of anxiety. The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of relaxation techniques compared to cognitive and behavioural therapies in reducing anxiety symptoms, and whether they have comparable efficacy across disorders.



We conducted a meta-analysis of 50 studies (2801 patients) comparing relaxation training with cognitive and behavioural treatments of anxiety.



The overall effect size (ES) across all anxiety outcomes, with only one combined ES in each study, was g = -0.27 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.41 to -0.13], favouring cognitive and behavioural therapies (number needed to treat = 6.61). However, no significant difference between relaxation and cognitive and behavioural therapies was found for generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and specific phobias (considering social anxiety and specific phobias separately). Heterogeneity was moderate (I2 = 52; 95% CI = 33-65). The ES was significantly associated with age (p < 0.001), hours of cognitive and/or behavioural therapy (p = 0.015), quality of intervention (p = 0.007), relaxation treatment format (p < 0.001) and type of disorder (p = 0.008), explaining an 82% of variance.



Relaxation seems to be less effective than cognitive and behavioural therapies in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder and it might also be less effective at 1-year follow-up for panic, but there is no evidence that it is less effective for other anxiety disorders.
Dynamic Analysis of a Novel Moving Magnet Linear Actuator

A novel moving magnet linear actuator is proposed for linear oscillations in the linear resonant compressors for household refrigerators. This paper provides stator and armature design including CAD model and geometric parameters. Furthermore, the working principle of the proposed actuator is explained. The stator assembly is composed of two reversely wound coils, which are electrically excited with single phase ac power and oscillates the radially magnetized armature. With the help of the electromechanical analytical model, the dynamic parameters such as stroke, velocity, and acceleration of the armature are derived. Additionally, the time-dependent current model of the stator winding is proposed. An experimental setup is used to validate these responses at the resonance excitation frequency with the help of sensors. The system kinetics are discussed to estimate the spring, damping, inertial, and magnetic forces. A simulation is executed to estimate the time-domain responses of these dynamic parameters and the effects of excitation frequency are discussed. The force models are experimentally validated at the resonance frequency excitation. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed actuator, a comparison of the performance parameters, such as efficiency, stroke, current, and mass flow rate is demonstrated with the conventional rotary as well as the linear motors for linear compressor application.