nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional anatomy of the female pelvic floor.

The anatomic structures in the female that prevent incontinence and genital organ prolapse on increases in abdominal pressure during daily activities include sphincteric and supportive systems. In the urethra, the action of the vesical neck and urethral sphincteric mechanisms maintains urethral closure pressure above bladder pressure. Decreases in the number of striated muscle fibers of the sphincter occur with age and parity. A supportive hammock under the urethra and vesical neck provides a firm backstop against which the urethra is compressed during increases in abdominal pressure to maintain urethral closure pressures above the rapidly increasing bladder pressure. This supporting layer consists of the anterior vaginal wall and the connective tissue that attaches it to the pelvic bones through the pubovaginal portion of the levator ani muscle, and the uterosacral and cardinal ligaments comprising the tendinous arch of the pelvic fascia. At rest the levator ani maintains closure of the urogenital hiatus. They are additionally recruited to maintain hiatal closure in the face of inertial loads related to visceral accelerations as well as abdominal pressurization in daily activities involving recruitment of the abdominal wall musculature and diaphragm. Vaginal birth is associated with an increased risk of levator ani defects, as well as genital organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Computer models indicate that vaginal birth places the levator ani under tissue stretch ratios of up to 3.3 and the pudendal nerve under strains of up to 33%, respectively. Research is needed to better identify the pathomechanics of these conditions.
Image Super-Resolution Based on Structure-Modulated Sparse Representation

Sparse representation has recently attracted enormous interests in the field of image restoration. The conventional sparsity-based methods enforce sparse coding on small image patches with certain constraints. However, they neglected the characteristics of image structures both within the same scale and across the different scales for the image sparse representation. This drawback limits the modeling capability of sparsity-based super-resolution methods, especially for the recovery of the observed low-resolution images. In this paper, we propose a joint super-resolution framework of structure-modulated sparse representations to improve the performance of sparsity-based image super-resolution. The proposed algorithm formulates the constrained optimization problem for high-resolution image recovery. The multistep magnification scheme with the ridge regression is first used to exploit the multiscale redundancy for the initial estimation of the high-resolution image. Then, the gradient histogram preservation is incorporated as a regularization term in sparse modeling of the image super-resolution problem. Finally, the numerical solution is provided to solve the super-resolution problem of model parameter estimation and sparse representation. Extensive experiments on image super-resolution are carried out to validate the generality, effectiveness, and robustness of the proposed algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm, which can recover more fine structures and details from an input low-resolution image, outperforms the state-of-the-art methods both subjectively and objectively in most cases.
What Feminism Can Do for Bioethics

Feminist criticism of health care and ofbioethics has become increasingly rich andsophisticated in the last years of thetwentieth century. Nonetheless, this body ofwork remains quite marginalized. I believe thatthere are (at least) two reasons for this.First, many people are still confused aboutfeminism. Second, many people are unconvincedthat significant sexism still exists and aretherefore unreceptive to arguments that itshould be remedied if there is no largerbenefit. In this essay I argue for a thin,``core'' conception of feminism that is easy tounderstand and difficult to reject. Corefeminism would render debate within feminismmore fruitful, clear the way for appropriaterecognition of differences among women andtheir circumstances, provide intellectuallycompelling reasons for current non-feminists toadopt a feminist outlook, and facilitatemutually beneficial cooperation betweenfeminism and other progressive socialmovements. This conception of feminism alsomakes it clear that feminism is part of alarger egalitarian moral and political agenda,and adopting it would help bioethics focus onthe most urgent moral priorities. In addition,integrating core feminism into bioethics wouldopen a gateway to the more speculative parts offeminist work where a wealth of creativethinking is occurring. Engaging with thisfeminist work would challenge and strengthenmainstream approaches; it should also motivatemainstream bioethicists to explore othercurrently marginalized parts of bioethics.
Guidelines for electromagnetic compatibility provision in power plants and substations

The most important factor for the provision of the electromagnetic compatibility in power plants and substations is the density of the earthing network and equipotential bonding system which must be constructed with subsystems and connected to the earthing system. Besides that proper measures must be made (screening and compensation) to reduce the disturbances and their transfer to secondary systems. The originality and research relevance of the paper is in presenting good engineering practice in the construction of earthing network and equipotential bonding system in order to provide for electromagnetic compatibility in power plants and substations which is relevant for advancing EMC education.
Surgically Relevant Bony and Soft Tissue Anatomy of the Proximal Femur

Hip endoscopy facilitates the treatment of extra-articular disorders of the proximal femur. Unfortunately, current knowledge of proximal femur anatomy is limited to qualitative descriptions and lacks surgically relevant landmarks.



To provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of proximal femur anatomy in reference to surgically relevant bony landmarks.



Descriptive laboratory study.



Fourteen cadaveric hemipelvises were dissected. A coordinate measuring device measured dimensions and interrelationships of the gluteal muscles, hip external rotators, pectineus, iliopsoas, and joint capsule in reference to osseous landmarks.



The vastus tubercle, superomedial border of the greater trochanter, and femoral head-neck junction were distinct and reliable osseous landmarks. The anteroinferior tip of the vastus tubercle was 17.1 mm (95% CI: 14.5, 19.8 mm) anteroinferior to the center of the gluteus medius lateral insertional footprint and was 22.9 mm (95% CI: 20.1, 25.7 mm) inferolateral to the center of the gluteus minimus insertional footprint. The insertions of the piriformis, conjoint tendon of the hip (superior gemellus, obturator internus, and inferior gemellus), and obturator externus were identified relative to the superomedial border of the greater trochanter. The relationship of the aforementioned footprints were 49% (95% CI: 43%, 54%), 42% (95% CI: 33%, 50%), and 64% (95% CI: 59%, 69%) from the anterior (0%) to posterior (100%) margins of the superomedial border of the greater trochanter, respectively. The hip joint capsule attached distally on the proximal femur 18.2 mm (95% CI: 14.2, 22.2 mm) from the head-neck junction medially on average.



The vastus tubercle, superomedial border of the greater trochanter, and the femoral head-neck junction were reliable osseous landmarks for the identification of the tendinous and hip capsular insertions on the proximal femur. Knowledge of the interrelationships between these structures is essential for endoscopic navigation and anatomic surgical repair and reconstruction.



The qualitative and quantitative clinically relevant anatomic data presented here will aid in the diagnosis of proximal femur pathology and will provide a template for anatomic repair or reconstruction.
1906 CHAPTER 142 Electrical and Lightning Injuries

The first recorded death caused by electrical current from an artificial source was reported in 1879 when a carpenter in Lyons, France, inadvertently contacted a 250-V alternating-current generator. The first U.S. fatality occurred in 1881 when an inebriated man passed out on a similar generator in front of a crowd in Buffalo, New York. In the United States, electrical burns account for 4 to 6.5% of all admissions to burn units and approximately 1000 fatalities per year. Occupational electrical incidents are uncommon but account for nearly 6% of all occupational fatalities annually. Children have a predisposition to injuries from low-voltage sources, such as electric cords, because of their limited mobility within a relatively confined environment. During adolescence, a more active exploration of the environment leads to more severe highvoltage injuries or death. At the time of presentation, documentation of injuries is important not only for the immediate resuscitation of the victim but also for medicolegal reasons. Many electrical injuries eventually involve litigation for negligence, product liability, or worker’s compensation.
Long-acting beta-agonists with and without inhaled corticosteroids and catastrophic asthma events.

It is unclear whether long-acting beta-agonists with concomitant inhaled corticosteroids increase asthma-related intubations and deaths. We pooled data on long-acting beta-agonists with variable and concomitant inhaled corticosteroids to evaluate the risk for catastrophic asthma events.



We conducted searches of electronic databases, the US Food and Drug Administration website, clinical-trials registries, and selected references through December 2008. We analyzed randomized controlled trials in patients with asthma, which lasted at least 3 months, evaluated long-acting beta-agonists compared with placebo or long-acting beta-agonists with inhaled corticosteroids compared with corticosteroids alone, and included at least 1 catastrophic event, defined as asthma-related intubation or death.



In pooled trial data that included 36,588 participants, long-acting beta-agonists increased catastrophic events 2-fold (Peto odds ratio [OR] 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-3.22). Statistically significant increases were seen for long-acting beta-agonists with variable corticosteroids compared with placebo (OR 1.83; 95% CI, 1.14-2.95) and for concomitant treatment with corticosteroids compared with corticosteroids alone (OR 3.65; 95% CI, 1.39-9.55). Similar increases in risk were seen for variable and concomitant corticosteroid use, salmeterol and formoterol, and children and adults. When the analysis was restricted to trials with controlled corticosteroid use, given as part of the study intervention, concomitant treatment still increased catastrophic events compared with corticosteroids alone (OR 8.19; 95% CI, 1.10-61.18).



Long-acting beta-agonists increase the risk for asthma-related intubations and deaths, even when used in a controlled fashion with concomitant inhaled corticosteroids.
Dothiorella and Spencermartinsia, new species and records from grapevines in Australia

Dothiorella and Spencermartinsia are two Botryosphaeriaceous genera found on various woody hosts that bear two-celled conidia that become brown and 1-septate prior to dehiscence from conidiogenous cells. Based on morphological characters and phylogeny of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and part of the translation elongation factor (TEF) 1–α gene, three new species, namely Spencermartinsia westrale W.M. Pitt, J.R. Úrbez-Torres & Trouillas, Dothiorella neclivorem W.M. Pitt & J.R. Úrbez-Torres and Dothiorella vinea-gemmae W.M. Pitt & J.R. Úrbez-Torres are described from grapevines in Australia. Additionally, Spencermartinsia plurivora Abdollahz., Javadi & A.J.L. Phillips, and a Dothiorella species, currently unnamed but previously isolated from walnut (Juglans regia L.) in France and Iran and hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.) in Italy, are reported for the first time in Australia, the latter also for the first time from grapevines.
Fuzzy model and optimization for airport gate assignment problem

Gate assignment is an important decision making problem which involves multiple and conflict objectives in airport. In this paper, fuzzy model is proposed to handle two main objectives, minimizing the total walking distance for passengers and maximizing the robustness of assignment. The idle times of flight-to-gate are regarded as fuzzy variables, and whose membership degrees are used to express influence on robustness of assignment. Adjustment function on membership degree is introduced to transfer two objectives into one. Modified genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize the NP-hard problem. Finally, illustrative example is given to evaluate the performance of fuzzy model. Three distribution functions are tested?? and comparison with the method of fixed buffer time is given. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed fuzzy method.
Millimeter Wave Printed Circuit Spurline Filters

This paper provides a new equivalent circuit model for a spurline filter section in an inhomogeneous coupled-line medium whose even and odd mode phase velocities are unequal. This equivalent circuit permits the exact filter synthesis to be performed easily. Millimeter-wave filters at 26 to 40 GHz and 75 to 110 GHz have been fabricated using the model, and experimental results are included which validate the equivalent circuit model.
Adding wildcards to the Java programming language

This paper describes wildcards, a new language construct designed to increase the flexibility of object-oriented type systems with parameterized classes. Based on the notion of use-site variance, wildcards provide a type safe abstraction over different instantiations of parameterized classes, by using '?' to denote unspecified type arguments. Thus they essentially unify the distinct families of classes often introduced by parametric polymorphism. Wildcards are implemented as part of the upcoming addition of generics to the Java™ programming language, and will thus be deployed world-wide as part of the reference implementation of the Java compiler javac available from Sun Microsystems, Inc. By providing a richer type system, wildcards allow for an improved type inference scheme for polymorphic method calls. Moreover, by means of a novel notion of wildcard capture, polymorphic methods can be used to give symbolic names to unspecified types, in a manner similar to the "open" construct known from existential types. Wildcards show up in numerous places in the Java Platform APIs of the upcoming release, and some of the examples in this paper are taken from these APIs.
ATOM: Efficient Tracking, Monitoring, and Orchestration of Cloud Resources

The emergence of Infrastructure as a Service framework brings new opportunities, which also accompanies with new challenges in auto scaling, resource allocation, and security. A fundamental challenge underpinning these problems is the continuous tracking and monitoring of resource usage in the system. In this paper, we present ATOM, an efficient and effective framework to automatically track, monitor, and orchestrate resource usage in an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) system that is widely used in cloud infrastructure. We use novel tracking method to  continuously track important system usage metrics with low overhead, and develop a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based approach to continuously monitor and automatically find anomalies based on the approximated tracking results. We show how to dynamically set the tracking threshold based on the detection results, and further, how to adjust tracking algorithm to ensure its optimality under dynamic workloads. Lastly, when potential anomalies are identified, we use introspection tools to perform memory forensics on VMs guided by analyzed results from tracking and monitoring to identify malicious behavior inside a VM. We demonstrate the extensibility of ATOM through virtual machine (VM) clustering. The performance of our framework is evaluated in an open source IaaS system.
CMCP: a novel page replacement policy for system level hierarchical memory management on many-cores

The increasing prevalence of co-processors such as the Intel Xeon Phi, has been reshaping the high performance computing (HPC) landscape. The Xeon Phi comes with a large number of power efficient CPU cores, but at the same time, it's a highly memory constraint environment leaving the task of memory management entirely up to application developers. To reduce programming complexity, we are focusing on application transparent, operating system (OS) level hierarchical memory management.
 In particular, we first show that state of the art page replacement policies, such as approximations of the least recently used (LRU) policy, are not good candidates for massive many-cores due to their inherent cost of remote translation lookaside buffer (TLB) invalidations, which are inevitable for collecting page usage statistics. The price of concurrent remote TLB invalidations grows rapidly with the number of CPU cores in many-core systems and outpace the benefits of the page replacement algorithm itself. Building upon our previous proposal, per-core Partially Separated Page Tables (PSPT), in this paper we propose Core-Map Count based Priority (CMCP) page replacement policy, which exploits the auxiliary knowledge of the number of mapping CPU cores of each page and prioritizes them accordingly. In turn, it can avoid TLB invalidations for page usage statistic purposes altogether. Additionally, we describe and provide an implementation of the experimental 64kB page support of the Intel Xeon Phi and reveal some intriguing insights regarding its performance. We evaluate our proposal on various applications and find that CMCP can outperform state of the art page replacement policies by up to 38%. We also show that the choice of appropriate page size depends primarily on the degree of memory constraint in the system.
Bulk-filling of high C-factor posterior cavities: effect on adhesion to cavity-bottom dentin.

To evaluate the effect of bulk-filling high C-factor posterior cavities on adhesion to cavity-bottom dentin.



A universal flowable composite (G-ænial Universal Flo, GC), a bulk-fill flowable base composite (SDR Posterior Bulk Fill Flowable Base, Dentsply) and a conventional paste-like composite (Z100, 3M ESPE) were bonded (G-ænial Bond, GC) into standardized cavities with different cavity configurations (C-factors), namely C=3.86 (Class-I cavity of 2.5mm deep, bulk-filled), C=5.57 (Class-I cavity of 4mm deep, bulk-filled), C=1.95 (Class-I cavity of 2.5mm deep, filled in three equal layers) and C=0.26 (flat surface). After one-week water storage, the restorations were sectioned in 4 rectangular micro-specimens and subjected to a micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) test.



Highly significant differences were found between pairs of means of the experimental groups (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.0001). Using the bulk-fill flowable base composite SDR (Dentsply), no significant differences in μTBS were measured among all cavity configurations (p>0.05). Using the universal flowable composite G-ænial Universal Flo (GC) and the conventional paste-like composite Z100 (3M ESPE), the μTBS to cavity-bottom dentin was not significantly different from that of SDR (Dentsply) when the cavities were layer-filled or the flat surface was build up in layers; it was however significantly lower when the Class-I cavities were filled in bulk, irrespective of cavity depth.



The filling technique and composite type may have a great impact on the adhesion of the composite, in particular in high C-factor cavities. While the bulk-fill flowable base composite provided satisfactory bond strengths regardless of filling technique and cavity depth, adhesion failed when conventional composites were used in bulk.
Breakpoint graphs and ancestral genome reconstructions.

Recently completed whole-genome sequencing projects marked the transition from gene-based phylogenetic studies to phylogenomics analysis of entire genomes. We developed an algorithm MGRA for reconstructing ancestral genomes and used it to study the rearrangement history of seven mammalian genomes: human, chimpanzee, macaque, mouse, rat, dog, and opossum. MGRA relies on the notion of the multiple breakpoint graphs to overcome some limitations of the existing approaches to ancestral genome reconstructions. MGRA also generates the rearrangement-based characters guiding the phylogenetic tree reconstruction when the phylogeny is unknown.
Smart Tracking System for School Buses Using Passive RFID Technology to Enhance Child Safety

Millions of children need to be moved from home to school and vice versa every day. For parents, obtaining a safe transport for their children is a critical issue. Many children find themselves locked in a school bus in the bus parking lot after falling asleep on their way to school, miss the bus, step into the wrong bus, or leave at the wrong station with no method to track them. This research tested the applicability of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in tracking and monitoring children during their trip to and from school on school busses. The child safety system developed in this research utilized the passive RFID tracking technology due to its efficient tracking capabilities, low cost, and easy maintenance. To explore the technical feasibility of the proposed system, a set of tests were performed in the lab and with the public. These experiments showed that the RFID tags were effective and stable enough to be used for successfully tracking and monitoring children using the bus. When asked to give their feedback of the solution through a questionnaire, more than 95% of the parents see that such a solution will take their anxiety and worry away and will provide them a tool to track their kids during commuting to and from their schools. 
When things matter: A survey on data-centric internet of things

With the recent advances in radio-frequency identification (RFID), low-cost wireless sensor devices, and Web technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) approach has gained momentum in connecting everyday objects to the Internet and facilitating machineto-human and machine-to-machine communication with the physical world. IoT offers the capability to connect and integrate both digital and physical entities, enabling a whole new class of applications and services, but several significant challenges need to be addressed before these applications and services can be fully realized. A fundamental challenge centers around managing IoT data, typically produced in dynamic and volatile environments, which is not only extremely large in scale and volume, but also noisy, and continuous. This article reviews the main techniques and state-of-the-art research efforts in IoT from data-centric perspectives, including data stream processing, data storage models, complex event processing, and searching in IoT. Open research issues for IoT data management are also discussed.