nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Monogenic polyarteritis: the lesson of ADA2 deficiency

The deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase 2 (DADA2) is a new autoinflammatory disease characterised by an early onset vasculopathy with livedoid skin rash associated with systemic manifestations, CNS involvement and mild immunodeficiency.This condition is secondary to autosomal recessive mutations of CECR1 (Cat Eye Syndrome Chromosome Region 1) gene, mapped to chromosome 22q11.1, that encodes for the enzymatic protein adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2). By now 19 different mutations in CECR1 gene have been detected.The pathogenetic mechanism of DADA2 is still unclear. ADA2 in a secreted protein mainly expressed by cells of the myeloid lineage; its enzymatic activity is higher in conditions of hypoxia, inflammation and oncogenesis. Moreover ADA2 is able to induce macrophages proliferation and differentiation; it's deficiency is in fact associated with a reduction of anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). The deficiency of ADA2 is also associated with an up-regulation of neutrophils-expressed genes and an increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mild immunodeficiency detected in many DADA2 patients suggests a role of this protein in the adaptive immune response; an increased mortality of B cells and a reduction in the number of memory B cells, terminally differentiated B cells and plasmacells has been described in many patients. The lack of the protein is associated with endothelium damage; however the function of this protein in the endothelial homeostasis is still unknown.From the clinical point of view, this disease is characterized by a wide spectrum of severity. Chronic or recurrent systemic inflammation with fever, elevation of acute phase reactants and skin manifestations (mainly represented by livedo reticularis) is the typical clinical picture. While in some patients the disease is mild and skin-limited, others present a severe, even lethal, disease with multi-organ involvement; the CNS involvement is rather common with ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. In many patients not only the clinical picture but also the histopathologic features are undistinguishable from those of systemic polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Of note, patients with an unusual phenotype, mainly dominated by clinical manifestations suggestive for an immune-disrective condition, have been described.Due to its rarity, the response to treatment of DADA2 is still anecdotal. While steroids can control the disease's manifestations at high dosage, none of the common immunosuppressive drugs turned out to be effective. Biologic drugs have been used only in few patients, without a clear effectiveness; anti-TNF drugs are those associated to a better clinical response. Hematopoietic stem cells transplantation was effective in patients with a severe phenotype.
Treacher Collins syndrome: clinical implications for the paediatrician—a new mutation in a severely affected newborn and comparison with three further patients with the same mutation, and review of the literature

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is the most common and well-known mandibulofacial dysostosis caused by mutations in at least three genes involved in pre-rRNA transcription, the TCOF1, POLR1D and POLR1C genes. We present a severely affected male individual with TCS with a heterozygous de novo frameshift mutation within the TCOF1 gene (c.790_791delAG,p.Ser264GlnfsX7) and compare the clinical findings with three previously unpublished, milder affected individuals from two families with the same mutation. We elucidate typical clinical features of TCS and its clinical implications for the paediatrician and mandibulofacial surgeon, especially in severely affected individuals and give a short review of the literature. The clinical data of these three families illustrate that the phenotype associated with this specific mutation has a wide intra- and interfamilial variability, which confirms that variable expressivity in carriers of TCOF1 mutations is not a simple consequence of the mutation but might be modified by the combination of genetic, environmental and stochastic factors. Being such a highly complex disease treatment of individuals with TCS should be tailored to the specific needs of each individual, preferably by a multidisciplinary team consisting of paediatricians, craniofacial surgeons and geneticists.
Photo Aesthetics Ranking Network with Attributes and Content Adaptation

A Aesthetics & Attribute Database (AADB) Fusing Attributes and Content for Aesthetics Ranking Demo, code and model can be download through project webpage   He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J., ECCV, 2014  Lu, X., Lin, Z., Jin, H., Yang, J., Wang,  2015  Lu, X., Lin, Z., Jin, H., Yang, J., Wang, J.Z., ACMMM, 2014  Lu, X., Lin, Z., Shen, X., Mech, R., Wang, J.Z., ICCV, 2015  Murray, N., Marchesotti, L., Perronnin, F., CVPR, 2012  This work was supported by Adobe gift fund, NSF grants DBI-1262547 and IIS1253538. Experimental  We use Spearman's rho rank correlation ( ) to measure ranking performance . By thresholding the rating scores, we achieve state-of-the-art classification accuracy on AVA despite never training with a classification loss. We first train a simple model with Euclidean loss for numerical rating of photo aesthetics (a) fine-tuning with rank loss Based on the regression net, we apply rank loss to fine-tune the network
HPI Question Answering System in BioASQ 2016

Question answering (QA) systems are crucial when searching for exact answers for natural language questions in the biomedical domain. Answers to many of such questions can be extracted from the 26 millions biomedical publications currently included in MEDLINE when relying on appropriate natural language processing (NLP) tools. In this work we describe our participation in the task 4b of the BioASQ challenge using two QA systems that we developed for biomedicine. Preliminary results show that our systems achieved first and second positions in the snippet retrieval sub-task and for the generation of ideal answers.
A Typology of Technology-Enhanced Tourism Experiences

Experiences constitute the essence of the tourism industry. While literature has recognised the recent impact of technology on experiences, its empirical exploration remains scarce. This study addresses the gap by empirically exploring five leading industry cases to generate a holistic understanding of technology enhanced tourism experiences. The main contribution of this paper lies in the development of a nine-field experience typology matrix based on the increasing intensity of cocreation and technology implementation. The final contribution of this study is the development of an experience hierarchy and discussing its relevance for experience enhancement in tourism research and practice.  Barbara Neuhofer* bneuhofer@bournemouth.ac.uk Dimitrios Buhalis dbuhalis@bournemouth.ac.uk Adele Ladkin aladkin@bournemouth.ac.uk eTourismLab, School of Tourism Bournemouth University Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB United Kingdom PLEASE CITE  Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D., Ladkin, A., 2013. A Typology of Technology-Enhanced Tourism Experiences. DOI: 10.1002/jtr.1958. A Typology of Technology-enhanced Tourism Experiences
Bleeding Frame and Region Detection in the Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Video

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) enables noninvasive and painless direct visual inspection of a patient's whole digestive tract, but at the price of long time reviewing large amount of images by clinicians. Thus, an automatic computer-aided technique to reduce the burden of physicians is highly demanded. In this paper, we propose a novel color feature extraction method to discriminate the bleeding frames from the normal ones, with further localization of the bleeding regions. Our proposal is based on a twofold system. First, we make full use of the color information of WCE images and utilize K-means clustering method on the pixel represented images to obtain the cluster centers, with which we characterize WCE images as words-based color histograms. Then, we judge the status of a WCE frame by applying the support vector machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbor methods. Comprehensive experimental results reveal that the best classification performance is obtained with YCbCr color space, cluster number 80 and the SVM. The achieved classification performance reaches 95.75% in accuracy, 0.9771 for AUC, validating that the proposed scheme provides an exciting performance for bleeding classification. Second, we propose a two-stage saliency map extraction method to highlight bleeding regions, where the first-stage saliency map is created by means of different color channels mixer and the second-stage saliency map is obtained from the visual contrast. Followed by an appropriate fusion strategy and threshold, we localize the bleeding areas. Quantitative as well as qualitative results show that our methods could differentiate the bleeding areas from neighborhoods correctly.
ElasticSwitch: practical work-conserving bandwidth guarantees for cloud computing

While cloud computing providers offer guaranteed allocations for resources such as CPU and memory, they do not offer any guarantees for network resources. The lack of network guarantees prevents tenants from predicting lower bounds on the performance of their applications. The research community has recognized this limitation but, unfortunately, prior solutions have significant limitations: either they are inefficient, because they are not work-conserving, or they are impractical, because they require expensive switch support or congestion-free network cores.
 In this paper, we propose ElasticSwitch, an efficient and practical approach for providing bandwidth guarantees. ElasticSwitch is efficient because it utilizes the spare bandwidth from unreserved capacity or underutilized reservations. ElasticSwitch is practical because it can be fully implemented in hypervisors, without requiring a specific topology or any support from switches. Because hypervisors operate mostly independently, there is no need for complex coordination between them or with a central controller. Our experiments, with a prototype implementation on a 100-server testbed, demonstrate that ElasticSwitch provides bandwidth guarantees and is work-conserving, even in challenging situations.
On the Semantics of Self-Unpacking Malware Code ∗

The rapid increase in attacks on software systems via malware such as viruses, worms, trojans, etc., has made it imperative to develop effective techniques for detecting and analyzing malware binaries. Such binaries are usually transmitted in packed or encrypted form, with the executable payload decrypted dynamically and then executed. In order to reason formally about their execution behavior, therefore, we need semantic descriptions that can capture this self-modifying aspect of their code. However, current approaches to the semantics of programs usually assume that the program code is immutable, which makes them inapplicable to self-unpacking malware code. This paper takes a step towards addressing this problem by describing a formal semantics for self-modifying code. We use our semantics to show how the execution of self-unpacking code can be divided naturally into a sequence of phases, and uses this to show how the behavior of a program can be characterized statically in terms of a program evolution graph. We discuss several applications of our work, including static unpacking and deobfuscation of encrypted malware and static cross-phase code analysis.
Discovering object categories in image collections

Given a set of images containing multiple object categories, we seek to discover those categories and their image locations without supervision. We achieve this using generative models from the statistical text literature: probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (pLSA), and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). In text analysis these are used to discover topics in a corpus using the bag-of-words document representation. Here we discover topics as object categories, so that an image containing instances of several categories is modelled as a mixture of topics. The models are applied to images by using a visual analogue of a word, formed by vector quantizing SIFT like region descriptors. We investigate a set of increasingly demanding scenarios, starting with image sets containing only two object categories through to sets containing multiple categories (including airplanes, cars, faces, motorbikes, spotted cats) and background clutter. The object categories sample both intra-class and scale variation, and both the categories and their approximate spatial layout are found without supervision. We also demonstrate classification of unseen images and images containing multiple objects. Performance of the proposed unsupervised method is compared to the semi-supervised approach of [7]. 1 1This work was sponsored in part by the EU Project CogViSys, the University of Oxford, Shell Oil (grant #6896597), and the National GeospatialIntelligence Agency (grant #6896949).
BOSS: Building Operating System Services

Commercial buildings are attractive targets for introducing innovative cyber-physical control systems, because they are already highly instrumented distributed systems which consume large quantities of energy. However, they are not currently programmable in a meaningful sense because each building is constructed with vertically integrated, closed subsystems and without uniform abstractions to write applications against. We develop a set of operating system services called BOSS, which supports multiple portable, fault-tolerant applications on top of the distributed physical resources present in large commercial buildings. We evaluate our system based on lessons learned from deployments of many novel applications in our test building, a four-year-old, 140,000sf building with modern digital controls, as well as partial deployments at other sites.
Creativity, the Turing Test, and the (Better) Lovelace Test

The Turing Test (TT) is claimed by many to be a way to test for the presence, in computers, of such ``deep'' phenomena as thought and consciousness. Unfortunately, attempts to build computational systems able to pass TT (or at least restricted versions of this test) have devolved into shallow symbol manipulation designed to, by hook or by crook, trick. The human creators of such systems know all too well that they have merely tried to fool those people who interact with their systems into believing that these systems really have minds. And the problem is fundamental: the structure of the TT is such as to cultivate tricksters. A better test is one that insists on a certain restrictive epistemic relation between an artificial agent (or system) A, its output o, and the human architect H of A – a relation which, roughly speaking, obtains when H cannot account for how A produced o. We call this test the ``Lovelace Test'' in honor of Lady Lovelace, who believed that only when computers originate things should they be believed to have minds.
Development of next-generation system-on-package (SOP) technology based on silicon carriers with fine-pitch chip interconnection

of next-generation system-on-package (SOP) technology based on silicon carriers with fine-pitch chip interconnection J. U. Knickerbocker P. S. Andry L. P. Buchwalter A. Deutsch R. R. Horton K. A. Jenkins Y. H. Kwark G. McVicker C. S. Patel R. J. Polastre C. Schuster A. Sharma S. M. Sri-Jayantha C. W. Surovic C. K. Tsang B. C. Webb S. L. Wright S. R. McKnight E. J. Sprogis B. Dang System-on-Package (SOP) technology based on silicon carriers has the potential to provide modular design flexibility and highperformance integration of heterogeneous chip technologies and to support robust chip manufacturing with high-yield/low-cost chips for a wide range of twoand three-dimensional product applications. Key technology enablers include silicon through-vias, high-density wiring, high-I/O chip interconnection, and supporting test and assembly technologies. The silicon through-vias are a key feature permitting efficient area array signal, power, and ground interconnection through these thinned silicon packages. Highdensity wiring and high-density chip I/O interconnection can enable tight integration of heterogeneous chip technologies which approximate the performance of an integrated system-on-chip with a ‘‘virtual chip’’ using the silicon package for integration. Silicon carrier fabrication leverages existing manufacturing capability and mid-UV lithography to provide very dense package wiring following CMOS back-end-of-line design rules. Further, the thermal expansion of the silicon carrier package matches the chip, which helps maintain reliability even as the high-density chip microbump interconnections scale to smaller size. In addition to heterogeneous chip integration, SOP products may leverage the integration of passive components, active devices, and electrooptic structures to enhance system-level performance while also maintaining functional test capability and known good chips when needed. This paper describes the technical challenges and recent progress made in the development of silicon carrier technology for potential new applications.
Pleasure and orgasm in women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C).

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) violates human rights. FGM/C women's sexuality is not well known and often it is neglected by gynecologists, urologists, and sexologists. In mutilated/cut women, some fundamental structures for orgasm have not been excised.



The aim of this report is to describe and analyze the results of four investigations on sexual functioning in different groups of cut women.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE



INSTRUMENTS
semistructured interviews and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).



137 adult women affected by different types of FGM/C; 58 young FGM/C ladies living in the West; 57 infibulated women; 15 infibulated women after the operation of defibulation.



The group of 137 women, affected by different types of FGM/C, reported orgasm in almost 86%, always 69.23%; 58 mutilated young women reported orgasm in 91.43%, always 8.57%; after defibulation 14 out of 15 infibulated women reported orgasm; the group of 57 infibulated women investigated with the FSFI questionnaire showed significant differences between group of study and an equivalent group of control in desire, arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction with mean scores higher in the group of mutilated women. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in lubrication and pain.



Embryology, anatomy, and physiology of female erectile organs are neglected in specialist textbooks. In infibulated women, some erectile structures fundamental for orgasm have not been excised. Cultural influence can change the perception of pleasure, as well as social acceptance. Every woman has the right to have sexual health and to feel sexual pleasure for full psychophysical well-being of the person. In accordance with other research, the present study reports that FGM/C women can also have the possibility of reaching an orgasm. Therefore, FGM/C women with sexual dysfunctions can and must be cured; they have the right to have an appropriate sexual therapy.
VTBPEKE: Verifier-based Two-Basis Password Exponential Key Exchange

PAKE protocols, for Password-Authenticated Key Exchange, enable two parties to establish a shared cryptographically strong key over an insecure network using a short common secret as authentication means. After the seminal work by Bellovin and Merritt, with the famous EKE, for Encrypted Key Exchange, various settings and security notions have been defined, and many protocols have been proposed.
 In this paper, we revisit the promising SPEKE, for Simple Password Exponential Key Exchange, proposed by Jablon. The only known security analysis works in the random oracle model under the CDH assumption, but in the multiplicative groups of finite fields only (subgroups of Zp*), which means the use of large elements and so huge communications and computations. Our new instantiation (TBPEKE, for Two-Basis Password Exponential Key Exchange) applies to any group, and our security analysis requires a DLIN-like assumption to hold. In particular, one can use elliptic curves, which leads to a better efficiency, at both the communication and computation levels. We additionally consider server corruptions, which immediately leak all the passwords to the adversary with symmetric PAKE. We thus study an asymmetric variant, also known as VPAKE, for Verifier-based Password Authenticated Key Exchange. We then propose a verifier-based variant of TBPEKE, the so-called VTBPEKE, which is also quite efficient, and resistant to server-compromise.
Neural Content-Collaborative Filtering for News Recommendation

Popular methods like collaborative filtering and content-based filtering have their own disadvantages. The former method requires a considerable amount of user data before making predictions, while the latter, suffers from over-specialization. In this work, we address both of these issues by coming up with a hybrid approach based on neural networks for news recommendation. The hybrid approach incorporates for both (1) user-item interaction and (2) content-information of the articles read by the user in the past. We first come up with an article-embedding based profile for the user. We then use this user profile with adequate positive and negative samples in order to train the neural network based model. The resulting model is then applied on a real-world dataset. We compare it with a set of established baselines and the experimental results show that our model outperforms the stateof-the-art.
Pattern codification strategies in structured light systems

Coded structured light is considered one of the most reliable techniques for recovering the surface of objects. This technique is based on projecting a light pattern and viewing the illuminated scene from one or more points of view. Since the pattern is coded, correspondences between image points and points of the projected pattern can be easily found. The decoded points can be triangulated and 3D information is obtained. We present an overview of the existing techniques, as well as a new and de nitive classi cation of patterns for structured light sensors. We have implemented a set of representative techniques in this eld and present some comparative results. The advantages and constraints of the di5erent patterns are also discussed. ? 2003 Pattern Recognition Society.
Learning Multi-scale Block Local Binary Patterns for Face Recognition

In this paper, we propose a novel representation, called Multiscale Block Local Binary Pattern (MB-LBP), and apply it to face recognition. The Local Binary Pattern (LBP) has been proved to be effective for image representation, but it is too local to be robust. In MB-LBP, the computation is done based on average values of block subregions, instead of individual pixels. In this way, MB-LBP code presents several advantages: (1) It is more robust than LBP; (2) it encodes not only microstructures but also macrostructures of image patterns, and hence provides a more complete image representation than the basic LBP operator; and (3) MB-LBP can be computed very efficiently using integral images. Furthermore, in order to reflect the uniform appearance of MB-LBP, we redefine the uniform patterns via statistical analysis. Finally, AdaBoost learning is applied to select most effective uniform MB-LBP features and construct face classifiers. Experiments on Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) ver2.0 database show that the proposed MB-LBP method significantly outperforms other LBP based face recognition algorithms.