nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Smartphone Application to Measure Physical Activity Using Sensor-Assisted Self-Report

Despite the known advantages of objective physical activity monitors (e.g., accelerometers), these devices have high rates of non-wear, which leads to missing data. Objective activity monitors are also unable to capture valuable contextual information about behavior. Adolescents recruited into physical activity surveillance and intervention studies will increasingly have smartphones, which are miniature computers with built-in motion sensors.



This paper describes the design and development of a smartphone application ("app") called Mobile Teen that combines objective and self-report assessment strategies through (1) sensor-informed context-sensitive ecological momentary assessment (CS-EMA) and (2) sensor-assisted end-of-day recall.



The Mobile Teen app uses the mobile phone's built-in motion sensor to automatically detect likely bouts of phone non-wear, sedentary behavior, and physical activity. The app then uses transitions between these inferred states to trigger CS-EMA self-report surveys measuring the type, purpose, and context of activity in real-time. The end of the day recall component of the Mobile Teen app allows users to interactively review and label their own physical activity data each evening using visual cues from automatically detected major activity transitions from the phone's built-in motion sensors. Major activity transitions are identified by the app, which cues the user to label that "chunk," or period, of time using activity categories.



Sensor-driven CS-EMA and end-of-day recall smartphone apps can be used to augment physical activity data collected by objective activity monitors, filling in gaps during non-wear bouts and providing additional real-time data on environmental, social, and emotional correlates of behavior. Smartphone apps such as these have potential for affordable deployment in large-scale epidemiological and intervention studies.
Executive “Brake Failure” following Deactivation of Human Frontal Lobe

In the course of daily living, humans frequently encounter situations in which a motor activity, once initiated, becomes unnecessary or inappropriate. Under such circumstances, the ability to inhibit motor responses can be of vital importance. Although the nature of response inhibition has been studied in psychology for several decades, its neural basis remains unclear. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we found that temporary deactivation of the pars opercularis in the right inferior frontal gyrus selectively impairs the ability to stop an initiated action. Critically, deactivation of the same region did not affect the ability to execute responses, nor did it influence physiological arousal. These findings confirm and extend recent reports that the inferior frontal gyrus is vital for mediating response inhibition.
Kinematics analysis and simulation of a robotic arm using MATLAB

In order to enhance the study of the kinematics of any robot arm, parameter design is directed according to certain necessities for the robot, and its forward and inverse kinematics are discussed. The DH convention Method is used to form the kinematical equation of the resultant structure. In addition, the Robotics equations are modeled in MATLAB to create a 3D visual simulation of the robot arm to show the result of the trajectory planning algorithms. The simulation has detected the movement of each joint of the robot arm, and tested the parameters, thus accomplishing the predetermined goal which is drawing a sine wave on a writing board.
Big and tall soldiers are more likely to survive battle: a possible explanation for the 'returning soldier effect' on the secondary sex ratio.

It is widely known that more boys are born during and immediately after wars, but there has not been any ultimate (evolutionary) explanation for this 'returning soldier effect'. Here, I suggest that the higher sex ratios during and immediately after wars might be a byproduct of the fact that taller soldiers are more likely to survive battle and that taller parents are more likely to have sons.



I analyze a large sample of British Army service records during World War I.



Surviving soldiers were on average more than one inch (3.33 cm) taller than fallen soldiers.



Conservative estimates suggest that the one-inch height advantage alone is more than twice as sufficient to account for all the excess boys born in the UK during and after World War I. While it remains unclear why taller soldiers are more likely to survive battle, I predict that the returning soldier effect will not happen in more recent and future wars.
Automatic page-turning mechanism with near-field electroadhesive force for linearly correctable imaging

Recently in tandem with the spread of portable devices for reading electronic books, devices for digitizing paper books, called book scanners, are developed to meet the increased demand for digitizing privately owned books. However, conventional book scanners still have complex components to mechanically turn pages and to rectify the acquired images that are inevitably distorted by the curvy book surface. Here, we present the multi-scale mechanism that turns pages electronically using electroadhesive force generated by a micro-scale structure. Its another advantage is that perspective correction of image processing is applicable to readily reconstruct the distorted images of pages. Specifically, to turn one page at a time not two pages, we employ a micro-scale structure to generate near-field electroadhesive force that decays rapidly and accordingly attracts objects within tens of micrometers. We analyze geometrical parameters of the micro-scale structure to improve the decay characteristics. We find that the decay characteristics of electroadhesive force definitely depends upon the geometrical period of the micro-scale structure, while its magnitude depends on a variety of parameters. Based on this observation, we propose a novel electrode configuration with improved decay characteristics. Dynamical stability and kinematic requirements are also examined to successfully introduce near-field electroadhesive force into our digitizing process.
Working Paper Number 129 Tax evasion , tax avoidance and development finance

Domestic revenue mobilisation is key to sustainable development finance – only self-sufficiency will allow the development of fully-functioning states with flourishing systems of political representation and economies reflecting societies’ expressed preferences in regard to, for example, inequality. Tax evasion and tax avoidance are important insofar as they affect both the volume and nature of government finances. This paper estimates the total cost to developing countries of these leakages as US$385 billion annually, dwarfing any potential increase in aid. An additional result suggests that doubling aid to low income countries may have little positive revenue effect but damage the strength of political representation, if full trade liberalisation is simultaneously required.
Gromov-Wasserstein Alignment of Word Embedding Spaces

Cross-lingual or cross-domain correspondences play key roles in tasks ranging from machine translation to transfer learning. Recently, purely unsupervised methods operating on monolingual embeddings have become effective alignment tools. Current state-of-theart methods, however, involve multiple steps, including heuristic post-hoc refinement strategies. In this paper, we cast the correspondence problem directly as an optimal transport (OT) problem, building on the idea that word embeddings arise from metric recovery algorithms. Indeed, we exploit the GromovWasserstein distance that measures how similarities between pairs of words relate across languages. We show that our OT objective can be estimated efficiently, requires little or no tuning, and results in performance comparable with the state-of-the-art in various unsupervised word translation tasks.
Shared leadership in enterprise resource planning and human resource management system implementation

Human resource management systems (HRMS) integrate human resource processes and an organization's information systems. An HRMS frequently represents one of the modules of an enterprise resource planning system (ERP). ERPs are information systems that manage the business and consist of integrated software applications such customer relations and supply chain management, manufacturing, finance and human resources. ERP implementation projects frequently have high failure rates; although research has investigated a number of factors for success and failure rates, limited attention has been directed toward the implementation teams, and how to make these more effective. In this paper we argue that shared leadership represents an appropriate approach to improving the functioning of ERP implementation teams. Shared leadership represents a form of team leadership where the team members, rather than only a single team leader, engage in leadership behaviors. While shared leadership has received increased research attention during the past decade, it has not been applied to ERP implementation teams and therefore that is the purpose of this article. Toward this end, we describe issues related to ERP and HRMS implementation, teams, and the concept of shared leadership, review theoretical and empirical literature, present an integrative framework, and describe the application of shared leadership to ERP and HRMS implementation.
IsoMatch: Creating Informative Grid Layouts

Collections of objects such as images are often presented visually in a grid because it is a compact representation that lends itself well for search and exploration. Most grid layouts are sorted using very basic criteria, such as date or filename. In this work we present a method to arrange collections of objects respecting an arbitrary distance measure. Pairwise distances are preserved as much as possible, while still producing the specific target arrangement which may be a 2D grid, the surface of a sphere, a hierarchy, or any other shape. We show that our method can be used for infographics, collection exploration, summarization, data visualization, and even for solving problems such as where to seat family members at a wedding. We present a fast algorithm that can work on large collections and quantitatively evaluate how well distances are preserved.
A CDMA Modulation Technique for Automotive Time-of-Flight LiDAR Systems

We present the application of optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) modulation based on optical orthogonal codes for automotive time-of-flight light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system sensors using avalanche photodiode (APD) detectors. The modulation opens the possibility to discriminate single laser transmissions. This allows the realization of additional features like enhancing the systems’ interference robustness or accelerating their scanning rate. The requirements on automotive LiDAR OCDMA modulation differs from telecommunication’s demands in several ways: The sensor must guarantee absolute laser safety; front facing devices must be able to provide reliable long range results up to a distance of 150m and beyond; and the signal is transmitted through free space. After outlining the basic functionality of the sort of sensors in consideration, the properties of the optical orthogonal codes (OOC) modulation are compared with the state of the art theoretically. The influence of OOC parameters with respect to scanning LiDAR systems is examined. The modulation technique is then demonstrated experimentally with two examples: The detection and separation of coded and traditional signals is shown using a matched filter detection algorithm. In the same way, differently coded signals can be separated from each other. Impediments of the interference suppression quality are discussed. Finally, an overview of possible applications of the proposed technique in automotive LiDAR systems is given, which are enabled by the OCDMA modulation in the first place.
SparkGalaxy : Workflow-based Big Data Processing

We introduce SparkGalaxy, a big data processing toolkit that is able to encode complex data science experiments as a set of high-level workflows. SparkGalaxy combines the Spark big data processing platform and the Galaxy workflow management system to o↵er a set of tools for graph processing and machine learning using a novel interaction model for creating and using complex workflows. SparkGalaxy contributes an easy-to-use interface and scalable algorithms for data science. We demonstrate SparkGalaxy use in large social network analysis and other case stud-
Multi-sensor system for driver's hand-gesture recognition

We propose a novel multi-sensor system for accurate and power-efficient dynamic car-driver hand-gesture recognition, using a short-range radar, a color camera, and a depth camera, which together make the system robust against variable lighting conditions. We present a procedure to jointly calibrate the radar and depth sensors. We employ convolutional deep neural networks to fuse data from multiple sensors and to classify the gestures. Our algorithm accurately recognizes 10 different gestures acquired indoors and outdoors in a car during the day and at night. It consumes significantly less power than purely vision-based systems.
Dopamine and glutamate control area-restricted search behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Area-restricted search (ARS) is a foraging strategy used by many animals to locate resources. The behavior is characterized by a time-dependent reduction in turning frequency after the last resource encounter. This maximizes the time spent in areas in which resources are abundant and extends the search to a larger area when resources become scarce. We demonstrate that dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling contribute to the neural circuit controlling ARS in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Ablation of dopaminergic neurons eliminated ARS behavior, as did application of the dopamine receptor antagonist raclopride. Furthermore, ARS was affected by mutations in the glutamate receptor subunits GLR-1 and GLR-2 and the EAT-4 glutamate vesicular transporter. Interestingly, preincubation on dopamine restored the behavior in worms with defective dopaminergic signaling, but not in glr-1, glr-2, or eat-4 mutants. This suggests that dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling function in the same pathway to regulate turn frequency. Both GLR-1 and GLR-2 are expressed in the locomotory control circuit that modulates the direction of locomotion in response to sensory stimuli and the duration of forward movement during foraging. We propose a mechanism for ARS in C. elegans in which dopamine, released in response to food, modulates glutamatergic signaling in the locomotory control circuit, thus resulting in an increased turn frequency.
Variants of Hirschsprung disease.

Variants of Hirschsprung disease are conditions that clinically resemble Hirschsprung disease, despite the presence of ganglion cells in rectal suction biopsies. The characterization and differentiation of various entities are mainly based on histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopy findings of biopsies from patients with functional intestinal obstruction. Intestinal neuronal dysplasia is histologically characterized by hyperganglionosis, giant ganglia, and ectopic ganglion cells. In most intestinal neuronal dysplasia cases, conservative treatments such as laxatives and enema are sufficient. Some patients may require internal sphincter myectomy. Patients with the diagnosis of isolated hypoganglionosis show decreased numbers of nerve cells, decreased plexus area, as well as increased distance between ganglia in rectal biopsies, and resection of the affected segment has been the treatment of choice. The diagnosis of internal anal sphincter achalasia is based on abnormal rectal manometry findings, whereas rectal suction biopsies display presence of ganglion cells as well as normal acetylcholinesterase activity. Internal anal sphincter achalasia is either treated by internal sphincter myectomy or botulinum toxin injection. Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis is a rare condition, and the most severe form of functional intestinal obstruction in the newborn. Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis is characterized by massive abdominal distension caused by a largely dilated nonobstructed bladder, microcolon, and decreased or absent intestinal peristalsis. Although the outcome has improved in recent years, survivors have to be either maintained by total parenteral nutrition or have undergone multivisceral transplant. This review article summarizes the current knowledge of the aforementioned entities of variant HD.
Robots in organizations: The role of workflow, social, and environmental factors in human-robot interaction

Robots are becoming increasingly integrated into the workplace, impacting organizational structures and processes, and affecting products and services created by these organizations. While robots promise significant benefits to organizations, their introduction poses a variety of design challenges. In this paper, we use ethnographic data collected at a hospital using an autonomous delivery robot to examine how organizational factors affect the way its members respond to robots and the changes engendered by their use. Our analysis uncovered dramatic differences between the medical and post-partum units in how people integrated the robot into their workflow and their perceptions of and interactions with it. Different patient profiles in these units led to differences in workflow, goals, social dynamics, and the use of the physical environment. In medical units, low tolerance for interruptions, a discrepancy between the perceived cost and benefits of using the robot, and breakdowns due to high traffic and clutter in the robot's path caused the robot to have a negative impact on the workflow and staff resistance. On the contrary, post-partum units integrated the robot into their workflow and social context. Based on our findings, we provide design guidelines for the development of robots for organizations.
Learning a Bias Correction for Lidar-Only Motion Estimation

This paper presents a novel technique to correct for bias in a classical estimator using a learning approach. We apply a learned bias correction to a lidar-only motion estimation pipeline. Our technique trains a Gaussian process (GP) regression model using data with ground truth. The inputs to the model are high-level features derived from the geometry of the point-clouds, and the outputs are the predicted biases between poses computed by the estimator and the ground truth. The predicted biases are applied as a correction to the poses computed by the estimator. Our technique is evaluated on over 50km of lidar data, which includes the KITTI odometry benchmark and lidar datasets collected around the University of Toronto campus. After applying the learned bias correction, we obtained significant improvements to lidar odometry in all datasets tested. We achieved around 10% reduction in errors on all datasets from an already accurate lidar odometry algorithm, at the expense of only less than 1% increase in computational cost at run-time.
So-Called Non-Subsective Adjectives

The interpretation of adjective-noun pairs plays a crucial role in tasks such as recognizing textual entailment. Formal semantics often places adjectives into a taxonomy which should dictate adjectives’ entailment behavior when placed in adjective-noun compounds. However, we show experimentally that the behavior of subsective adjectives (e.g. red) versus non-subsective adjectives (e.g. fake) is not as cut and dry as often assumed. For example, inferences are not always symmetric: while ID is generally considered to be mutually exclusive with fake ID, fake ID is considered to entail ID. We discuss the implications of these findings for automated natural language understanding.
Prognostic Value of EMT-inducing Transcription Factors (EMT-TFs) in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a vital control point in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). TWIST1, SNAIL1, SLUG, and ZEB1, as key EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs), are involved in MBC through different signaling cascades. This updated meta-analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between the expression of EMT-TFs and prognostic value in MBC patients. A total of 3,218 MBC patients from fourteen eligible studies were evaluated. The pooled hazard ratios (HR) for EMT-TFs suggested that high EMT-TF expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis in MBC patients (HRs = 1.72; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.53-1.93; P = 0.001). In addition, the overexpression of SLUG was the most impactful on the risk of MBC compared with TWIST1 and SNAIL1, which sponsored fixed models. Strikingly, the increased risk of MBC was less associated with ZEB1 expression. However, the EMT-TF expression levels significantly increased the risk of MBC in the Asian population (HR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.70-2.62) without any publication bias (t = 1.70, P = 0.11). These findings suggest that the overexpression of potentially TWIST1, SNAIL1 and especially SLUG play a key role in the aggregation of MBC treatment as well as in the improvement of follow-up plans in Asian MBC patients.
Application of 3 D GIS to 3 D Cadastre in Urban Environment

Rapid development has promoted the 3D land use in the urban environment with the increasing requirements of the complex interweaving, such as dwellings, commercial areas, public transportation and urban utilities and infrastructure.3D cadastral object are features which concern unban planning, land resource and real estate of municipalities, whether they are on, obove or below the earth’s surface. In essence, the 3D cadastral objects are content and partition of urban geographic space, and they aim at registering legal status and property rights associated with land and other real estates or properties (Guo, Ying, 2010). It has become a huge challenge for governments to manage 3D land space breaking through the traditional 2D information system, which needs the support of 3D techniques.