nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
PROGRESS ARTICLE

Graphene is the name given to a fl at monolayer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice, and is a basic building block for graphitic materials of all other dimensionalities . It can be wrapped up into 0D fullerenes, rolled into 1D nanotubes or stacked into 3D graphite. Th eoretically, graphene (or ‘2D graphite’) has been studied for sixty years1–3, and is widely used for describing properties of various carbon-based materials. Forty years later, it was realized that graphene also provides an excellent condensed-matter analogue of (2+1)-dimensional quantum electrodynamics4–6, which propelled graphene into a thriving theoretical toy model. On the other hand, although known as an integral part of 3D materials, graphene was presumed not to exist in the free state, being described as an ‘academic’ material5 and was believed to be unstable with respect to the formation of curved structures such as soot, fullerenes and nanotubes. Suddenly, the vintage model turned into reality, when free-standing graphene was unexpectedly found three years ago7,8 — and especially when the follow-up experiments9,10 confi rmed that its charge carriers were indeed massless Dirac fermions. So, the graphene ‘gold rush’ has begun.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) and Phosphorylation: Impact on Stability, Localization, and Transactivity

The hypoxia-inducible factor α-subunits (HIFα) are key transcription factors in the mammalian response to oxygen deficiency. The HIFα regulation in response to hypoxia occurs primarily on the level of protein stability due to posttranslational hydroxylation and proteasomal degradation. However, HIF α-subunits also respond to various growth factors, hormones, or cytokines under normoxia indicating involvement of different kinase pathways in their regulation. Because these proteins participate in angiogenesis, glycolysis, programmed cell death, cancer, and ischemia, HIFα regulating kinases are attractive therapeutic targets. Although numerous kinases were reported to regulate HIFα indirectly, direct phosphorylation of HIFα affects HIFα stability, nuclear localization, and transactivity. Herein, we review the role of phosphorylation-dependent HIFα regulation with emphasis on protein stability, subcellular localization, and transactivation.
Orienteering Algorithms for Generating Travel Itineraries

We study the problem of automatically and efficiently generating itineraries for users who are on vacation. We focus on the common case, wherein the trip duration is more than a single day. Previous efficient algorithms based on greedy heuristics suffer from two problems. First, the itineraries are often unbalanced, with excellent days visiting top attractions followed by days of exclusively lower-quality alternatives. Second, the trips often re-visit neighborhoods repeatedly in order to cover increasingly low-tier points of interest. Our primary technical contribution is an algorithm that addresses both these problems by maximizing the quality of the worst day. We give theoretical results showing that this algorithm»s competitive factor is within a factor two of the guarantee of the best available algorithm for a single day, across many variations of the problem. We also give detailed empirical evaluations using two distinct datasets:(a) anonymized Google historical visit data and(b) Foursquare public check-in data. We show first that the overall utility of our itineraries is almost identical to that of algorithms specifically designed to maximize total utility, while the utility of the worst day of our itineraries is roughly twice that obtained from other approaches. We then turn to evaluation based on human raters who score our itineraries only slightly below the itineraries created by human travel experts with deep knowledge of the area.
Animated narrative visualization for video clickstream data

Video clickstream data are important for understanding user behaviors and improving online video services. Various visual analytics techniques have been proposed to explore patterns in these data. However, those techniques are mainly developed for analysis and do not sufficiently support presentations. It is still difficult for data analysts to convey their findings to an audience without prior knowledge. In this paper, we propose to use animated narrative visualization to present video clickstream data. Compared with traditional methods which directly turn click events into animations, our animated narrative visualization focuses on conveying the patterns in the data to a general audience and adopts two novel designs, non-linear time mapping and foreshadowing, to make the presentation more engaging and interesting. Our non-linear time mapping method keeps the interesting parts as the focus of the animation while compressing the uninteresting parts as the context. The foreshadowing techniques can engage the audience and alert them to the events in the animation. Our user study indicates the effectiveness of our system and provides guidelines for the design of similar systems.
Acetabular distraction: an alternative for severe defects with chronic pelvic discontinuity?

Stabilization of a pelvic discontinuity with a posterior column plate with or without an associated acetabular cage sometimes results in persistent micromotion across the discontinuity with late fatigue failure and component loosening. Acetabular distraction offers an alternative technique for reconstruction in cases of severe bone loss with an associated pelvic discontinuity.



We describe the acetabular distraction technique with porous tantalum components and evaluate its survival, function, and complication rate in patients undergoing revision for chronic pelvic discontinuity.



Between 2002 and 2006, we treated 28 patients with a chronic pelvic discontinuity with acetabular reconstruction using acetabular distraction. A porous tantalum elliptical acetabular component was used alone or with an associated modular porous tantalum augment in all patients. Three patients died and five were lost to followup before 2 years. The remaining 20 patients were followed semiannually for a minimum of 2 years (average, 4.5 years; range, 2-7 years) with clinical (Merle d'Aubigné-Postel score) and radiographic (loosening, migration, failure) evaluation.



One of the 20 patients required rerevision for aseptic loosening. Fifteen patients remained radiographically stable at last followup. Four patients had early migration of their acetabular component but thereafter remained clinically asymptomatic and radiographically stable. At latest followup, the average improvement in the patients not requiring rerevision using the modified Merle d'Aubigné-Postel score was 6.6 (range, 3.3-9.6). There were no postoperative dislocations; however, one patient had an infection, one a vascular injury, and one a bowel injury.



Acetabular distraction with porous tantalum components provides predictable pain relief and durability at 2- to 7-year followup when reconstructing severe acetabular defects with an associated pelvic discontinuity.
Suicidal asphyxiation by carbon monoxide within a polythene bag.

Suicide by inhalation of carbon monoxide is not uncommon and usually involves car exhausts or burning charcoal or defective boilers. We report a case of a 25-year-old man, who committed suicide by inhaling carbon monoxide gas inside a polythene bag in a bathroom. The open carbon monoxide cylinder found inside the polythene bag was purchased online by the deceased a few days earlier. He had stated that the gas would be used for his experiment on the environment. A suicide note recovered from his trouser pocket revealed his intention for a painless death.
Investigation and analysis of 102 mushroom poisoning cases in Southern China from 1994 to 2012

Mushroom poisoning is the main cause of mortality in food poisoning incidents in China. Although some responsible mushroom species have been identified, some were identified inaccuratly. This study investigated and analyzed 102 mushroom poisoning cases in southern China from 1994 to 2012, which involved 852 patients and 183 deaths, with an overall mortality of 21.48 %. The results showed that 85.3 % of poisoning cases occurred from June to September, and involved 16 species of poisonous mushroom: Amanita species (A. fuliginea, A. exitialis, A. subjunquillea var. alba, A. cf. pseudoporphyria, A. kotohiraensis, A. neoovoidea, A. gymnopus), Galerina sulciceps, Psilocybe samuiensis, Russula subnigricans, R. senecis, R. japonica, Chlorophyllum molybdites, Paxillus involutus, Leucocoprinus cepaestipes and Pulveroboletus ravenelii. Six species (A. subjunquillea var. alba, A. cf. pseudoporphyria, A. gymnopus, R. japonica, Psilocybe samuiensis and Paxillus involutus) are reported for the first time in poisoning reports from China. Psilocybe samuiensis is a newly recorded species in China. The genus Amanita was responsible for 70.49 % of fatalities; the main lethal species were A. fuliginea and A. exitialis. Russula subnigricans caused 24.59 % of fatalities, and five species showed mortality >20 % (A. fuliginea, A. exitialis, A. subjunquillea var. alba, R. subnigricans and Paxillus involutus). Mushroom poisoning symptoms were classified from among the reported clinical symptoms. Seven types of mushroom poisoning symptoms were identified for clinical diagnosis and treatment in China, including gastroenteritis, acute liver failure, acute renal failure, psychoneurological disorder, hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis and photosensitive dermatitis.
Planar Compact Square-Ring Tag Antenna With Circular Polarization for UHF RFID Applications

This paper describes a novel compact design of a planar circularly polarized (CP) tag antenna for use in a ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) system. Introducing the meander strip into the right-arm of the square-ring structure enables the measured half-power bandwidth of the proposed CP tag antenna to exceed 100 MHz (860–960 MHz), which includes the entire operating bandwidth of the global UHF RFID system. A 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidth of approximately 36 MHz (902–938 MHz) can be obtained, which is suitable for American (902–928 MHz), European (918–926 MHz), and Taiwanese UHF RFID (922–928 MHz) applications. Since the overall antenna dimensions are only <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$54\times54$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>2</sup>, the proposed tag antenna can be operated with a size that is 64% smaller than that of the tag antennas attached on the safety glass. With a bidirectional reading pattern, the measured reading distance is about 8.3 m. Favorable tag sensitivity is obtained across the desired frequency band.
Inferring Visual Persuasion via Body Language, Setting, and Deep Features

The computer vision community has reached a point when it can start considering high-level reasoning tasks such as the "communicative intents" of images, or in what light an image portrays its subject. For example, an image might imply that a politician is competent, trustworthy, or energetic. We explore a variety of features for predicting these communicative intents. We study a number of facial expressions and body poses as cues for the implied nuances of the politician's personality. We also examine how the setting of an image (e.g. kitchen or hospital) influences the audience's perception of the portrayed politician. Finally, we improve the performance of an existing approach on this problem, by learning intermediate cues using convolutional neural networks. We show state of the art results on the Visual Persuasion dataset of Joo et al.
Molecules on si: electronics with chemistry.

Basic scientific interest in using a semiconducting electrode in molecule-based electronics arises from the rich electrostatic landscape presented by semiconductor interfaces. Technological interest rests on the promise that combining existing semiconductor (primarily Si) electronics with (mostly organic) molecules will result in a whole that is larger than the sum of its parts. Such a hybrid approach appears presently particularly relevant for sensors and photovoltaics. Semiconductors, especially Si, present an important experimental test-bed for assessing electronic transport behavior of molecules, because they allow varying the critical interface energetics without, to a first approximation, altering the interfacial chemistry. To investigate semiconductor-molecule electronics we need reproducible, high-yield preparations of samples that allow reliable and reproducible data collection. Only in that way can we explore how the molecule/electrode interfaces affect or even dictate charge transport, which may then provide a basis for models with predictive power.To consider these issues and questions we will, in this Progress Report, review junctions based on direct bonding of molecules to oxide-free Si.describe the possible charge transport mechanisms across such interfaces and evaluate in how far they can be quantified.investigate to what extent imperfections in the monolayer are important for transport across the monolayer.revisit the concept of energy levels in such hybrid systems.
Automatic Detection of Microcalcification in Mammograms- A Review

In this review paper, it is intended to summarize and compare the methods of automatic detection of microcalcifications in digitized mammograms used in various stages of the Computer Aided Detection systems (CAD). In particular, the pre processing and enhancement, bilateral subtraction techniques, segmentation algorithms, feature extraction, selection and classification, classifiers, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC); Free-response Receiver Operating Characteristic (FROC) analysis and their performances are studied and compared.
Validation of the Kirundi versions of brief self-rating scales for common mental disorders among children in Burundi

In Sub Saharan Africa, there has been limited research on instruments to identify specific mental disorders in children in conflict-affected settings. This study evaluates the psychometric properties of three self-report scales for child mental disorder in order to inform an emerging child mental health programme in post-conflict Burundi.



Trained lay interviewers administered local language versions of three self-report scales, the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS), the Child PSTD Symptom Scale (CPSS) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED-41), to a sample of 65 primary school children in Burundi. The test scores were compared with an external 'gold standard' criterion: the outcomes of a comprehensive semistructured clinical psychiatric interview for children according the DSM-IV criteria (the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - K-SADS-PL).



The DSRS has an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85 with a confidence interval (c.i.) of 0.73-0.97. With a cut-off point of 19, the sensitivity was 0.64, and the specificity was 0.88. For the CPSS, with a cut-off point of 26, the AUC was 0.78 (c.i.: 0.62-0.95) with a sensitivity of 0.71 and a specificity of 0.83. The AUC for the SCARED-41, with a cut-off point of 44, was 0.69 (c.i.: 0.54-0.84) with a sensitivity of 0.55 and a specificity of 0.90.



The DSRS and CPSS showed good utility in detecting depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in Burundian children, but cut-off points had to be put considerably higher than in western norm populations. The psychometric properties of the SCARED-41 to identify anxiety disorders were less strong. The DSRS and CPSS have acceptable properties, and they could be used in clinical practice as part of a two-stage screening procedure in public mental health programmes in Burundi and in similar cultural and linguistic settings in the African Great Lakes region.
Recent development of mass spectrometry and proteomics applications in identification and typing of bacteria

Identification and typing of bacteria occupy a large fraction of time and work in clinical microbiology laboratories. With the certification of some MS platforms in recent years, more applications and tests of MS-based diagnosis methods for bacteria identification and typing have been created, not only on well-accepted MALDI-TOF-MS-based fingerprint matches, but also on solving the insufficiencies of MALDI-TOF-MS-based platforms and advancing the technology to areas such as targeted MS identification and typing of bacteria, bacterial toxin identification, antibiotics susceptibility/resistance tests, and MS-based diagnostic method development on unique bacteria such as Clostridium and Mycobacteria. This review summarizes the recent development in MS platforms and applications in bacteria identification and typing of common pathogenic bacteria.
Differentially Private Distributed Learning for Language Modeling Tasks

One of the big challenges in machine learning applications is that training data can be different from the real-world data faced by the algorithm. In language modeling, users’ language (e.g. in private messaging) could change in a year and be completely different from what we observe in publicly available data. At the same time, public data can be used for obtaining general knowledge (i.e. general model of English). We study approaches to distributed fine-tuning of a general model on user private data with the additional requirements of maintaining the quality on the general data and minimization of communication costs. We propose a novel technique that significantly improves prediction quality on users’ language compared to a general model and outperforms gradient compression methods in terms of communication efficiency. The proposed procedure is fast and leads to an almost 70% perplexity reduction and 8.7 percentage point improvement in keystroke saving rate on informal English texts. Finally, we propose an experimental framework for evaluating differential privacy of distributed training of language models and show that our approach has good privacy guarantees.
The active fraction of psyllium seed husk.

A series of experiments and evaluations of fractions isolated from psyllium seed husk (PSH) were used to test the overall hypothesis that a gel-forming component of PSH is not fermented and that it is this component that is responsible for the laxative and cholesterol-lowering properties of PSH. A gel is isolated from human stools collected during a controlled diet study when PSH is consumed but not when the control diet only is consumed. Evaluations of three fractions isolated from PSH suggest that gel-forming fraction B, which is about 55% of PSH, is poorly fermented and is the component that increases stool moisture and faecal bile acid excretion, the latter leading to lower blood cholesterol levels. Fraction C, representing < 15% of PSH, is viscous, but is rapidly fermented.  A is alkali-insoluble material that is not fermented. In concentrations comparable with their presence in PSH, fractions A and C do not alter moisture and bile acid output. The active fraction of PSH is a highly-branched arabinoxylan consisting of a xylose backbone and arabinose- and xylose-containing side chains. In contrast to arabinoxylans in cereal grains that are extensively fermented, PSH possesses a structural feature, as yet unidentified, that hinders its fermentation by typical colonic microflora.
Interactive design space exploration and optimization for CAD models

Aided Design (CAD) is a multi-billion dollar industry used by almost every mechanical engineer in the world to create practically every existing manufactured shape. CAD models are not only widely available but also extremely useful in the growing field of fabrication-oriented design because they are parametric by construction and capture the engineer's design intent, including manufacturability. Harnessing this data, however, is challenging, because generating the geometry for a given parameter value requires time-consuming computations. Furthermore, the resulting meshes have different combinatorics, making the mesh data inherently discontinuous with respect to parameter adjustments. In our work, we address these challenges and develop tools that allow interactive exploration and optimization of parametric CAD data. To achieve interactive rates, we use precomputation on an adaptively sampled grid and propose a novel scheme for interpolating in this domain where each sample is a mesh with different combinatorics. Specifically, we extract partial correspondences from CAD representations for local mesh morphing and propose a novel interpolation method for adaptive grids that is both continuous/smooth and local (i.e., the influence of each sample is constrained to the local regions where mesh morphing can be computed). We show examples of how our method can be used to interactively visualize and optimize objects with a variety of physical properties.
A cooperative Internet of Things (IoT) for rural healthcare monitoring and control

Internet of Things (IoT) concept enables the possibility of information discovery about a tagged object or a tagged person by browsing an internet addresses or database entry that corresponds to a particular active RFID with sensing capability. It is a media for information retrieval from physical world to a digital world. With cooperative wireless communication, the wireless node entities can increase their effective quality of service (QoS) via cooperation. In developing countries the death rates due to lack of timely available medical treatments are quite high as compared to other developed countries. The majority of these deaths are preventable through quality care. This paper proposes a cooperative IoT approach for the better health monitoring and control of rural and poor human being's health parameters like blood pressure (BP), hemoglobin (HB), blood sugar, abnormal cellular growth in any part of the body, etc.
Carpooling Service for Large-Scale Taxicab Networks

Carpooling has long held the promise of reducing gas consumption by decreasing mileage to deliver coriders. Although ad hoc carpools already exist in the real world through private arrangements, little research on the topic has been done. In this article, we present the first systematic work to design, implement, and evaluate a carpool service, called coRide, in a large-scale taxicab network intended to reduce total mileage for less gas consumption. Our coRide system consists of three components, a dispatching cloud server, passenger clients, and an onboard customized device, called TaxiBox. In the coRide design, in response to the delivery requests of passengers, dispatching cloud servers calculate cost-efficient carpool routes for taxicab drivers and thus lower fares for the individual passengers.
 To improve coRide’s efficiency in mileage reduction, we formulate an NP-hard route calculation problem under different practical constraints. We then provide (1) an optimal algorithm using Linear Programming, (2) a 2-approximation algorithm with a polynomial complexity, and (3) its corresponding online version with a linear complexity. To encourage coRide’s adoption, we present a win-win fare model as the incentive mechanism for passengers and drivers to participate. We test the performance of coRide by a comprehensive evaluation with a real-world trial implementation and a data-driven simulation with 14,000 taxi data from the Chinese city Shenzhen. The results show that compared with the ground truth, our service can reduce 33% of total mileage; with our win-win fare model, we can lower passenger fares by 49% and simultaneously increase driver profit by 76%.