nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lazy graph processing in Haskell

This paper presents a Haskell library for graph processing: DeltaGraph. One unique feature of this system is that intentions to perform graph updates can be memoized in-graph in a decentralized fashion, and the propagation of these intentions within the graph can be decoupled from the realization of the updates. As a result, DeltaGraph can respond to updates in constant time and work elegantly with parallelism support. We build a Twitter-like application on top of DeltaGraph to demonstrate its effectiveness and explore parallelism and opportunistic computing optimizations.
Depth from a Single Image Through User Interaction

In this paper we present a method to obtain a depth map from a single image of a scene by exploiting both image content and user interaction. Assuming that regions with low gradients will have similar depth values, we formulate the problem as an optimization process across a graph, where pixels are considered as nodes and edges between neighbouring pixels are assigned weights based on the image gradient. Starting from a number of userdefined constraints, depth values are propagated between highly connected nodes i.e. with small gradients. Such constraints include, for example, depth equalities and inequalities between pairs of pixels, and may include some information about perspective. This framework provides a depth map of the scene, which is useful for a number of applications.
[Skin pigmentation induced by meropenem and levofloxacin].

Various cutaneous side-effects, including, exanthema, pruritus, urticaria and Lyell or Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been reported with meropenem (carbapenem), a rarely-prescribed antibiotic. Levofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), a more frequently prescribed antibiotic, has similar cutaneous side-effects, as well as photosensitivity. We report a case of cutaneous hyperpigmentation induced by meropenem and levofloxacin.



A 67-year-old male was treated with meropenem (1g×4 daily), levofloxacin (500mg twice daily) and amikacin (500mg daily) for 2 weeks, followed by meropenem, levofloxacin and rifampicin (600mg twice daily) for 4 weeks for osteitis of the fifth metatarsal. Three weeks after initiation of antibiotic therapy, dark hyperpigmentation appeared on the lower limbs, predominantly on the anterior aspects of the legs. Histology revealed dark, perivascular and interstitial deposits throughout the dermis, which stained with both Fontana-Masson and Perls stains. Infrared microspectroscopy revealed meropenem in the dermis of involved skin. After withdrawal of the antibiotics, the pigmentation subsided slowly.



Similar cases of cutaneous hyperpigmentation have been reported after use of minocycline. In these cases, histological examination also showed iron and/or melanin deposits within the dermis, but the nature of the causative pigment remains unclear. In our case, infrared spectroscopy enabled us to identify meropenem in the dermis. Two cases of cutaneous hyperpigmentation have been reported following use of levofloxacin, and the results of histological examination were similar. This is the first case of cutaneous hyperpigmentation induced by meropenem.
Design of a spoke type IPM synchronous motor with segmented rotor for low DC voltage applications

This paper presents design, analysis and experimental verification of a 12-pole spoke type interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor with 1 slot-per-pole-per-phase for low voltage applications. Stepped rotor is used to improve the torque quality and to obtain sinusoidal back-EMF waveform. Single rotor lamination (SRL) is used in the design of the rotor in order to provide some benefits on both motor performance and mass production process. A prototype motor has been built to test the performance and validate the FEA results.
How to interpret LC3 immunoblotting.

Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) is now widely used to monitor autophagy. One approach is to detect LC3 conversion (LC3-I to LC3-II) by immunoblot analysis because the amount of LC3-II is clearly correlated with the number of autophagosomes. However, LC3-II itself is degraded by autophagy, making interpretation of the results of LC3 immunoblotting problematic. Furthermore, the amount of LC3 at a certain time point does not indicate autophagic flux, and therefore, it is important to measure the amount of LC3-II delivered to lysosomes by comparing LC3-II levels in the presence and absence of lysosomal protease inhibitors. Another problem with this method is that LC3-II tends to be much more sensitive to be detected by immunoblotting than LC3-I. Accordingly, simple comparison of LC3-I and LC3-II, or summation of LC3-I and LC3-II for ratio determinations, may not be appropriate, and rather, the amount of LC3-II can be compared between samples.
Preserving Author Editing History Using Blockchain Technology

Authorship contribution is often taken for granted. Internally, the contribution rate is usually known among all the authors of a given paper. However, this rate is hard to be verified by external parties, as the measurement of the authors' contribution is still not common and the way to measure it is unclear. In this paper, we propose a new blockchain based framework to assess the contribution of all authors of any scientific paper. Our framework can be implemented by anyone who is directly or indirectly involved in the publication of the paper, such as a principal researcher, grant funder, research assistant or anyone from relevant external bodies.
The use of the buccal fat pad flap for oral reconstruction

Many congenital and acquired defects occur in the maxillofacial area. The buccal fat pad flap (BFP) is a simple and reliable flap for the treatment of many of these defects because of its rich blood supply and location, which is close to the location of various intraoral defects. In this article, we have reviewed BFP and the associated anatomical background, surgical techniques, and clinical applications. The surgical procedure is simple and has shown a high success rate in various clinical applications (approximately 90%), including the closure of oroantral fistula, correction of congenital defect, treatment of jaw bone necrosis, and reconstruction of tumor defects. The control of etiologic factors, size of defect, anatomical location of defect, and general condition of patient could influence the prognosis after grafting. In conclusion, BFP is a reliable flap that can be applied to various clinical situations.
A millimeter-wave connected antenna array for 5G applications

In this work, a beam switched antenna system based on a planar connected antenna array (CAA) is proposed at 28 GHz for 5G applications. The antenna system consists of a 4 × 4 connected slot antenna elements. It is covering frequency band from 27.4 GHz to 28.23 GHz with at least −10dB bandwidth of 830 MHz. It is modeled on a commercially available RO3003 substrate with ∊r equal to 3.3. The dimensions of the board are equal to 61×54×0.13 mm3. The proposed design is compact and low profile. A Butler matrix based feed network is used to steer the beam at different locations.
Cannabis for dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: a randomized double-blind crossover study.

The long-term treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) may be complicated by the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Clinical and animal model data support the view that modulation of cannabinoid function may exert an antidyskinetic effect. The authors conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial to examine the hypothesis that cannabis may have a beneficial effect on dyskinesia in PD.



A 4-week dose escalation study was performed to assess the safety and tolerability of cannabis in six PD patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Then a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study (RCT) was performed, in which 19 PD patients were randomized to receive oral cannabis extract followed by placebo or vice versa. Each treatment phase lasted for 4 weeks with an intervening 2-week washout phase. The primary outcome measure was a change in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) (items 32 to 34) dyskinesia score. Secondary outcome measures included the Rush scale, Bain scale, tablet arm drawing task, and total UPDRS score following a levodopa challenge, as well as patient-completed measures of a dyskinesia activities of daily living (ADL) scale, the PDQ-39, on-off diaries, and a range of category rating scales.



Seventeen patients completed the RCT. Cannabis was well tolerated, and had no pro- or antiparkinsonian action. There was no evidence for a treatment effect on levodopa-induced dyskinesia as assessed by the UPDRS, or any of the secondary outcome measures.



Orally administered cannabis extract resulted in no objective or subjective improvement in dyskinesias or parkinsonism.
Modeling of SiC IGBT Turn-Off Behavior Valid for Over 5-kV Circuit Simulation

This paper presents a compact model of SiC insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) for power electronic circuit simulation. Here, we focus on the modeling of important specific features in the turn-off characteristics of the 4H-SiC IGBT, which are investigated with a 2-D device simulator, at supply voltages higher than 5 kV. These features are found to originate from the punch-through effect of the SiC IGBT. Thus, they are modeled based on the carrier distribution change caused by punch through and implemented into the silicon IGBT model named “HiSIM-IGBT” to obtain a practically useful SiC-IGBT model. The developed compact SiC-IGBT model for circuit simulation is verified with the 2-D device simulation data.
A CPW-fed Triple Band Monopole Antenna for WiMAX/WLAN Applications

A CPW-fed planar monopole antenna for triple band operation is presented. The antenna consists of an elliptical radiating patch with a curved ground plane with embedded slots. When two narrow slots are introduced on a wideband elliptical monopole antenna (2.2-7 GHz), two bands are rejected without affecting the antenna properties at the rest of the operating frequencies. By properly choosing the length and location of the slots, a triple band antenna design is achieved. Impedance and radiation characteristics of the antenna are studied and results indicate that it is suitable for the 2.5-2.69 GHz, 3.4-3.69 GHz, and 5.25-5.85 GHz WiMAX applications and also the 2.4-2.484 GHz, 5.15-5.35 GHz, and 5.725-5.825 GHz WLAN applications. The antenna exhibits omnidirectional radiation coverage with its gain significantly reduced at the notched frequency bands.
Morphological and histological changes during somatic embryo formation from coconut plumule explants

Studies on the development of protocols for the clonal propagation, through somatic embryogenesis, of coconut have been reported for the past three decades, mostly using inflorescence explants, but with low reproducibility and efficiency. Recent improvements in these respects have been achieved using plumular explants. Here, we report a developmental study of embryogenesis in plumule explants using histological techniques in order to extend our understanding of this process. Coconut plumule explants consisted of the shoot meristem including leaf primordia. At day 15 of culture, the explants did not show any apparent growth; however, a transverse section showed noticeable growth of the plumular leaves forming a ring around the inner leaves and the shoot meristem, which did not show any apparent growth. At day 30, the shoot meristem started to grow and the plumular leaves continued growing., At day 45, the explants were still compact and white in color, but showed partial dedifferentiation and meristematic cell proliferation leading to the development of callus structures with a translucent appearance. After 60 d, these meristematic cells evolved into nodular structures. At day 75, the nodular structures became pearly globular structures on the surface of translucent structures, from which somatic embryos eventually formed and presented well-developed root and caulinar meristems. These results allow better insights and an integrated view into the somatic embryogenesis process in coconut plumule explants, which could be helpful for future studies that eventually could lead us to improved control of the process and greater efficiency of somatic embryo and plantlet formation.
Modeling gate-pitch scaling impact on stress-induced mobility and external resistance for 20nm-node MOSFETs

The impact of gate-pitch scaling on device internal and external resistance is examined by advanced process and device modeling including distributed contact resistance model, mechanical stress and Monte Carlo (MC)-based stress-dependent mobility model. The contact resistance components and their major parameters in sub-50nm contact regime are analyzed by TCAD and transmission line modeling (TLM). The calibration method for the stress-induced channel mobility and the external resistance is proposed using Ron-Lgate measurements of 32nm-node devices with different gate-pitches. The significant performance degradation due to simple gate-pitch scaling is predicted for 20nm-node technology with sub-100nm gate-pitch.
Credit card fraud detection using Hidden Markov Model

Since past few years there is tremendous advancement in electronic commerce technology, and the use of credit cards has dramatically increased. As credit card becomes the most popular mode of payment for both online as well as regular purchase, cases of fraud associated with it are also rising. In this paper we present the necessary theory to detect fraud in credit card transaction processing using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). An HMM is initially trained with the normal behavior of a cardholder. If an incoming credit card transaction is not accepted by the trained HMM with sufficiently high probability, it is considered to be fraudulent. At the same time, we try to ensure that genuine transactions are not rejected by using an enhancement to it(Hybrid model).In further sections we compare different methods for fraud detection and prove that why HMM is more preferred method than other methods.
Space-Vector PWM With Common-Mode Voltage Elimination for Multiphase Drives

Switching common-mode voltage (CMV) generated by the pulse width modulation (PWM) of the inverter causes common-mode currents, which lead to motor bearing failures and electromagnetic interference problems in multiphase drives. Such switching CMV can be reduced by taking advantage of the switching states of multilevel multiphase inverters that produce zero CMV. Specific space-vector PWM (SVPWM) techniques with CMV elimination, which only use zero CMV states, have been proposed for three-level five-phase drives, and for open-end winding five-, six-, and seven-phase drives, but such methods cannot be extended to a higher number of levels or phases. This paper presents a general (for any number of levels and phases) SVPMW with CMV elimination. The proposed technique can be applied to most multilevel topologies, has low computational complexity and is suitable for low-cost hardware implementations. The new algorithm is implemented in a low-cost field-programmable gate array and it is successfully tested in the laboratory using a five-level five-phase motor drive.
Comparison of vaginal shapes in Afro-American, caucasian and hispanic women as seen with vinyl polysiloxane casting.

Full vinyl polysiloxane casts of the vagina were obtained from 23 Afro-American, 39 Caucasian and 15 Hispanic women in lying, sitting and standing positions. A new shape, the pumpkin seed, was found in 40% of Afro-American women, but not in Caucasians or Hispanics. Analyses of cast and introital measurements revealed: (1) posterior cast length is significantly longer, anterior cast length is significantly shorter and cast width is significantly larger in Hispanics than in the other two groups and (2) the Caucasian introitus is significantly greater than that of the Afro-American subject.
Dynamic particle image velocimetry flow analysis of the flow field immediately downstream of bileaflet mechanical mitral prostheses

New dynamic particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology was applied to the study of the flow field associated with prosthetic heart valves. Four bileaflet prostheses, the St. Jude Medical (SJM) valve, the On-X valve with straight leaflets, the Jyros (JR) valve, and the Edwards MIRA (MIRA) valve with curved leaflets, were tested in the mitral position under pulsatile flow conditions to find the effect of the leaflet shape and overall valve design on the flow field, particularly in terms of the turbulent stress distribution, which may influence hemolysis, platelet activation, and thrombus formation. Comparison of the time-resolved flow fields associated with the opening, accelerating, peak, and closing phases of the diastolic flow revealed the effects of the leaflet shape and overall valve design on the flow field. Anatomically and antianatomically oriented bileaflet valves were also compared in the mitral position to study the effects of the orientation on the downstream flow field. The experimental program used a dynamic PIV system utilizing a high-speed, high-resolution video camera to map the true time-resolved velocity field inside the simulated ventricle. Based on the experimental data, the following general conclusions can be made. High-resolution dynamic PIV can capture true chronological changes in the velocity and turbulence fields. In the vertical measuring plane that passes the centers of both the aortic and mitral valves (A-A section), bileaflet valves show clear and simple circulatory flow patterns when the valve is installed in the antianatomical orientation. The SJM, the On-X, and the MIRA valves maintain a relatively high velocity through the central orifice. The curved leaflets of the JR valve generate higher velocities with a divergent flow during the accelerating and peak flow phases when the valve is installed in the anatomical orientation. In the velocity field directly below the mitral valve and normal to the previous measuring plane (B-B section), where characteristic differences in valve design on the three-dimensional flow should be visible, the symmetrical divergent nature of the flow generated by the two inclined half-disks installed in the antianatomical orientation was evident. The SJM valve, with a central downward flow near the valve, is contrasted with the JR valve, which has a peripherally strong downward circulation with higher turbulent stresses. The On-X valve has a strong central downward flow attributable to its large opening angle and flared inlet shape. The MIRA valve also has a relatively strong downward central flow. The MIRA valve, however, diverts the flow three-dimensionally due to its peripherally curved leaflets.
EEG-based drowsiness estimation for safety driving using independent component analysis

Preventing accidents caused by drowsiness has become a major focus of active safety driving in recent years. It requires an optimal technique to continuously detect drivers' cognitive state related to abilities in perception, recognition, and vehicle control in (near-) real-time. The major challenges in developing such a system include: 1) the lack of significant index for detecting drowsiness and 2) complicated and pervasive noise interferences in a realistic and dynamic driving environment. In this paper, we develop a drowsiness-estimation system based on electroencephalogram (EEG) by combining independent component analysis (ICA), power-spectrum analysis, correlation evaluations, and linear regression model to estimate a driver's cognitive state when he/she drives a car in a virtual reality (VR)-based dynamic simulator. The driving error is defined as deviations between the center of the vehicle and the center of the cruising lane in the lane-keeping driving task. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of quantitatively estimating drowsiness level using ICA-based multistream EEG spectra. The proposed ICA-based method applied to power spectrum of ICA components can successfully (1) remove most of EEG artifacts, (2) suggest an optimal montage to place EEG electrodes, and estimate the driver's drowsiness fluctuation indexed by the driving performance measure. Finally, we present a benchmark study in which the accuracy of ICA-component-based alertness estimates compares favorably to scalp-EEG based.
An SDN-enhanced load-balancing technique in the cloud system

The vast majority of Web services and sites are hosted in various kinds of cloud services, and ordering some level of quality of service (QoS) in such systems requires effective load-balancing policies that choose among multiple clouds. Recently, software-defined networking (SDN) is one of the most promising solutions for load balancing in cloud data center. SDN is characterized by its two distinguished features, including decoupling the control plane from the data plane and providing programmability for network application development. By using these technologies, SDN and cloud computing can improve cloud reliability, manageability, scalability and controllability. SDN-based cloud is a new type cloud in which SDN technology is used to acquire control on network infrastructure and to provide networking-as-a-service (NaaS) in cloud computing environments. In this paper, we introduce an SDN-enhanced Inter cloud Manager (S-ICM) that allocates network flows in the cloud environment. S-ICM consists of two main parts, monitoring and decision making. For monitoring, S-ICM uses SDN control message that observes and collects data, and decision-making is based on the measured network delay of packets. Measurements are used to compare S-ICM with a round robin (RR) allocation of jobs between clouds which spreads the workload equitably, and with a honeybee foraging algorithm (HFA). We see that S-ICM is better at avoiding system saturation than HFA and RR under heavy load formula using RR job scheduler. Measurements are also used to evaluate whether a simple queueing formula can be used to predict system performance for several clouds being operated under an RR scheduling policy, and show the validity of the theoretical approximation.
NEURON: An Interactive Natural Language Interface for Understanding Query Execution Plans in RDBMS

Natural language interfaces for relational databases have been explored for several decades. Majority of the work have focused on translating natural language sentences to SQL queries or narrating SQL queries in natural language. Scant attention has been paid for natural language understanding of query execution plans (QEP) of SQL queries. In this demonstration, we present a novel generic system called NEURON that facilitates natural language interaction with QEPs. NEURON accepts a SQL query (which may include joins, aggregation, nesting, among other things) as input, executes it, and generates a natural language-based description (both in text and voice form) of the execution strategy deployed by the underlying RDBMS. Furthermore, it facilitates understanding of various features related to the QEP through a natural language-based question answering framework. NEURON can be potentially useful to database application developers in comprehending query execution strategies and to database instructors and students for pedagogical support.