nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Brain MRI Findings of Nitrogen Gas Inhalation for Suicide Attempt: a Case Report

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report in 2015, South Korea had the highest suicide rate among all countries that belong to the OECD. In contrast to the pattern in most OECD countries, death rates from suicide in Korea have risen significantly in the last decade (1). Recently, several organizations and internet communities in favor of assisted suicide have promoted the use of nitrogen (N2) gas to that end (2). Nitrogen gas has caused accidental deaths in industrial or laboratory explosion, and during scuba diving and anesthesia (2). Although it is reported that industrial nitrogen asphyxiation hazards resulted in 80 deaths during the period 1992 through 2002, there is a paucity of documentation regarding nitrogen gas as a means of committing suicide (2, 3). Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, nontoxic, and generally inert gas that is a normal component (78.09%) of the atmosphere, at standard temperature and pressure (4). However, nitrogen can be hazardous when it displaces oxygen resulting in hypoxic damage (2, 3). Nitrogen intoxication manifests with various symptoms such as progressive fatigue, loss of coordination, purposeful movement and balance, nausea, a complete inability to move and unconsciousness (2, 4). Here, we describe a case of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings associated with nitrogen gas inhalation, which have been rarely reported previously.  October 12, 2017
Thalamic relays and cortical functioning.

Studies on the visual thalamic relays, the lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar, provide three key properties that have dramatically changed the view that the thalamus serves as a simple relay to get information from subcortical sites to cortex. First, the retinal input, although a small minority (7%) in terms of numbers of synapses onto geniculate relay cells, dominates receptive field properties of these relay cells and strongly drives them; 93% of input thus is nonretinal and modulates the relay in dynamic and important ways related to behavioral state, including attention. We call the retinal input the driver input and the nonretinal, modulator input, and their unique morphological and functional differences allow us to recognize driver and modulator input to many other thalamic relays. Second, much of the modulation is related to control of a voltage-gated, low threshold Ca(2+) conductance that determines response properties of relay cells -burst or tonic - and this, among other things, affects the salience of information relayed. Third, the lateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar (a massive but generally mysterious and ignored thalamic relay), are examples of two different types of relay: the LGN is a first order relay, transmitting information from a subcortical driver source (retina), while the pulvinar is mostly a higher order relay, transmitting information from a driver source emanating from layer 5 of one cortical area to another area. Higher order relays seem especially important to general corticocortical communication, and this view challenges the conventional dogma that such communication is based on direct corticocortical connections. In this sense, any new information reaching a cortical area, whether from a subcortical source or another cortical area, benefits from a thalamic relay. Other examples of first and higher order relays also exist, and generally higher order relays represent the majority of thalamus. A final property of interest emphasized in chapter 17 by Guillery (2005) is that most or all driver inputs to thalamus, whether from a subcortical source or from layer 5 of cortex, are axons that branch, with the extrathalamic branch innervating a motor or premotor region in the brainstem, or in some cases, spinal cord. This suggests that actual information relayed by thalamus to cortex is actually a copy of motor instructions (Guillery, 2005). Overall, these features of thalamic relays indicate that the thalamus not only provides a behaviorally relevant, dynamic control over the nature of information relayed, it also plays a key role in basic corticocortical communication.
Investigation of safety in human-robot-interaction for a series elastic, tendon-driven robot arm

This paper presents the design of the lightweight BioRob manipulator with spring-loaded tendon-driven actuation developed for safe physical human-robot interaction. The safety of the manipulator is analyzed by an analytical worst-case estimation of impact and clamping forces in the absence of collision detection. As intrinsic joint compliance can pose a threat by storing energy, a safety evaluation method is proposed taking the potential energy stored in the elastic actuation into account. The evaluation shows that the robot arm design constrains the worst case clamping forces to only 25 N, while being able to handle loads up to 2 kg, and inherits extremely low impact properties, such as an effective mass of less than 0.4 kg in non near-singular configurations, enabling safe operation even in case of high velocities. The results are validated in simulation and experiments.
A Multidimensional Bisection Method for Unconstrained Minimization Problem

An extension of a new multidimensional bisection method for minimizing function over simplex is proposed for solving nonlinear unconstrained minimization problem. The method does not require a differentiability of function, and is guaranteed to converge to the minimizer for the class of strictly unimodal functions. The computational results demonstrating an effectiveness of algorithm for minimizing nonsmooth functions are presented.
Triple-Wideband Open-Slot Antenna for the LTE Metal-Framed Tablet device

An open-slot antenna with a low profile of 7 mm to provide a triple-wideband LTE operation in the metal-framed tablet device is presented. With the low profile, the antenna can fit in the narrow region between the metal frame and the display panel of the metal-framed tablet device. The triple-wideband operation covers 698-960 MHz (low band), 1710-2690 MHz (middle band), and 3400-3800 MHz (high band). The antenna mainly has a rectangular open slot and an L-shaped metal strip embedded therein to provide two open slots of different resonant paths. Using a microstrip feedline having a step-shaped section across the two open slots, good excitation of multiple slot resonant modes is obtained. Details of the proposed antenna are presented.
Is Smart Beta Really Smart ?

BURTON G. MALKIEL is the Chemical Bank Chairman’s Professor Emeritus of Economics at Princeton University in Princeton, NJ. bmalkiel@princeton.edu There is a popular new investment strategy in portfolio management called smart beta. With a catchy title and a promise of improved portfolio performance, the strategy has already attracted hundreds of billions of dollars and is growing by leaps and bounds. Unfortunately, smart beta portfolios do not consistently outperform and when they do produce appealing results, they f lunk the risk test.
Internet use and the logics of personal empowerment in health.

The development of personal involvement and responsibility has become a strategic issue in health policy. The main goal of this study is to confirm the coexistence of three logics of personal empowerment through health information found on the Internet.



A theoretical framework was applied to analyze personal empowerment from the user's perspective. A well-established Canadian Web site that offers information on personal health was used as a case study. A close-ended questionnaire was completed online by 2275 visitors and members of the Web site.



The findings confirm that the development of feelings of competence and control through Internet use is structured around three different logics. This implies three types of aptitudes that are fostered when the Internet is used to seek health information: doing what is prescribed (the professional logic), making choices based on personal judgment (the consumer logic), and mutual assistance (the community logic).



A recurring issue in three logics is the balance of roles and responsibilities required between the individual and the health provider.
A case of Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome. A new clinical finding and brief review.

Macrocephaly, genital pigmentation, and gastrointestinal (GI) polyposis are the crucial clinical findings in BRRS. In this group of patients, hamartomatous skin lesions develop due to the phosphate and tensin (PTEN) gene mutation, which is the tumor suppressor gene. There are many reports regarding cutaneous findings of BRRS, such as angiokeratoma, lymphangioma, hemangioma, lipoma, vascular malformation, genital hyperpigmentation, caf eau-lait spots, and acanthosis nigricans. However, in the literature, reports demonstrating epidermal nevus (EN) as a clinical sign of BRRS are very limited. The follow-up protocol for BRRS is still undetermined. We decided to do a brief review of the literature and find updated data regarding the follow-up protocol for BRRS.
Warpage control of silicon interposer for 2.5D package application

In order to achieve high speed transmission and large volume data processing, large size silicon-interposer has been required. Warpage caused by the CTE mismatch between a large silicon-interposer and an organic substrate is the most significant problem. In this study, we investigated several warpage control techniques for 2.5D package assembly process. First was assembly process sequence. One is called “chip first process” that is, chips are mounted on Si-interposer at first. The other is called “chip last process” that is, silicon-interposer is mounted on organic substrate at first and chips are mounted on at last. The chip first process successfully processed using conventional mass reflow. By using the chip first process, apparent CTE of a large silicon-interposer become close to that of an organic substrate. Second was the warpage control using underfill resin. We focused on the selection of underfill materials for 0 level assembly. And third was the warpage control technique with Sn-57Bi solder using conventional reflow process. We observed warpage change during simulated reflow process using three-dimensional digital image correlation system (3D-DIC). Sn-57Bi solder joining has been noted as a low temperature bonding methods. It is possible to lower peak temperature 45-90 degree C during reflow compared with using Sn3.0wt%Ag0.5wt%Cu (SAC305). By using Sn-57Bi solder, the warpage after reflow was reduced to 75% of that using SAC305. The full assembly was successfully processed using conventional assembly equipment and processes. The full assembly packages were evaluated by some reliability tests. All samples passed each reliability test.
Review of Dercum’s disease and proposal of diagnostic criteria, diagnostic methods, classification and management

DEFINITION AND CLINICAL PICTURE: We propose the minimal definition of Dercum's disease to be generalised overweight or obesity in combination with painful adipose tissue. The associated symptoms in Dercum's disease include fatty deposits, easy bruisability, sleep disturbances, impaired memory, depression, difficulty concentrating, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, diabetes, bloating, constipation, fatigue, weakness and joint aches.



We suggest that Dercum's disease is classified into: I. Generalised diffuse form A form with diffusely widespread painful adipose tissue without clear lipomas, II. Generalised nodular form - a form with general pain in adipose tissue and intense pain in and around multiple lipomas, and III. Localised nodular form - a form with pain in and around multiple lipomas IV. Juxtaarticular form - a form with solitary deposits of excess fat for example at the medial aspect of the knee.



Dercum's disease most commonly appears between the ages of 35 and 50 years and is five to thirty times more common in women than in men. The prevalence of Dercum's disease has not yet been exactly established.


AETIOLOGY
Proposed, but unconfirmed aetiologies include: nervous system dysfunction, mechanical pressure on nerves, adipose tissue dysfunction and trauma.  Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and should be made by systematic physical examination and thorough exclusion of differential diagnoses. Advisably, the diagnosis should be made by a physician with a broad experience of patients with painful conditions and knowledge of family medicine, internal medicine or pain management. The diagnosis should only be made when the differential diagnoses have been excluded.


DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Differential diagnoses include: fibromyalgia, lipoedema, panniculitis, endocrine disorders, primary psychiatric disorders, multiple symmetric lipomatosis, familial multiple lipomatosis, and adipose tissue tumours.  The majority of the cases of Dercum's disease occur sporadically. A to G mutation at position A8344 of mitochondrial DNA cannot be detected in patients with Dercum's disease. HLA (human leukocyte antigen) typing has not revealed any correlation between typical antigens and the presence of the condition.  The following treatments have lead to some pain reduction in patients with Dercum's disease: Liposuction, analgesics, lidocaine, methotrexate and infliximab, interferon α-2b, corticosteroids, calcium-channel modulators and rapid cycling hypobaric pressure. As none of the treatments have led to long lasting complete pain reduction and revolutionary results, we propose that Dercum's disease should be treated in multidisciplinary teams specialised in chronic pain.


PROGNOSIS
The pain in Dercum's disease seems to be relatively constant over time.
The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory.

Studies examining individual differences in working memory capacity have suggested that individuals with low working memory capacities demonstrate impaired performance on a variety of attention and memory tasks compared with individuals with high working memory capacities. This working memory limitation can be conceived of as arising from 2 components: a dynamic attention component (primary memory) and a probabilistic cue-dependent search component (secondary memory). This framework is used to examine previous individual differences studies of working memory capacity, and new evidence is examined on the basis of predictions of the framework to performance on immediate free recall. It is suggested that individual differences in working memory capacity are partially due to the ability to maintain information accessible in primary memory and the ability to search for information from secondary memory.
A design of an ICN architecture within the framework of SDN

The core design principle of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is in the name based routing that enables users to ask for a data object by its name and makes the network deliver it to users from a nearby cache if available. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) lowers the cost and complexity of network management by decoupling architecture from infrastructure, which promises the continuous evolution of the network architecture in a flexible manner. The synergy between ICN supporting efficient data dissemination as the norm and SDN providing flexible management framework enables the combination to be a fully controllable framework for efficient data dissemination. In this paper, we propose a design of an ICN architecture within the framework of SDN.
Object-object interaction affordance learning

This paper presents a novel object–object affordance learning approach that enables intelligent robots to learn the interactive functionalities of objects from human demonstrations in everyday environments. Instead of considering a single object, we model the interactive motions between paired objects in a human–object–objectway. The innate interaction-affordance knowledge of the paired objects are learned from a labeled training dataset that contains a set of relativemotions of the paired objects, human actions, and object labels. The learned knowledge is represented with a Bayesian Network, and the network can be used to improve the recognition reliability of both objects and human actions and to generate proper manipulation motion for a robot if a pair of objects is recognized. This paper also presents an imagebased visual servoing approach that uses the learned motion features of the affordance in interaction as the control goals to control a robot to perform manipulation tasks.
Enabling the IoT Paradigm in E-health Solutions through the VIRTUS Middleware

In Europe, in a context of growing population and decreasing resources, ageing related diseases represent one of the most relevant challenges in terms of healthcare organization complexity, plus care levels and system financing balancing. Nowadays there are several researches that are studying the application of the IoT (Internet of Things) paradigm in the e-health field. This paper explains how a solution, built on the top of the VIRTUS IoT middleware, provides a valid alternative to current IoT solutions, which are mainly based on SOA (Service Oriented Architecture). VIRTUS leverage an Instant Messaging protocol (XMPP) to guarantee a (near) real-time, secure and reliable communication channel among heterogeneous devices. The presented development has been exploited in a healthcare case study: an implementation of a cost-savvy remote body movement monitoring system, aimed at classify daily patients' activities, designed as a modular architecture and deployed in a large scale scenario. The paper analyzes the features offered by the VIRTUS middleware, if used within a e-health solution, providing a comparison with other well-known systems.
Query-focused Multi-Document Summarization: Combining a Topic Model with Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning

Graph-based learning algorithms have been shown to be an effective approach for query-focused multi-document summarization (MDS). In this paper, we extend the standard graph ranking algorithm by proposing a two-layer (i.e. sentence layer and topic layer) graph-based semi-supervised learning approach based on topic modeling techniques. Experimental results on TAC datasets show that by considering topic information, we can effectively improve the summary performance.
Confronting the Challenge of Quality Diversity

In contrast to the conventional role of evolution in evolutionary computation (EC) as an optimization algorithm, a new class of evolutionary algorithms has emerged in recent years that instead aim to accumulate as diverse a collection of discoveries as possible, yet where each variant in the collection is as fit as it can be. Often applied in both neuroevolution and morphological evolution, these new quality diversity (QD) algorithms are particularly well-suited to evolution's inherent strengths, thereby offering a promising niche for EC within the broader field of machine learning. However, because QD algorithms are so new, until now no comprehensive study has yet attempted to systematically elucidate their relative strengths and weaknesses under different conditions. Taking a first step in this direction, this paper introduces a new benchmark domain designed specifically to compare and contrast QD algorithms. It then shows how the degree of alignment between the measure of quality and the behavior characterization (which is an essential component of all QD algorithms to date) impacts the ultimate performance of different such algorithms. The hope is that this initial study will help to stimulate interest in QD and begin to unify the disparate ideas in the area.
DJIA stock selection assisted by neural network

This paper presents methodologies to select equities based on soft-computing models which focus on applying fundamental analysis for equities screening. This paper compares the performance of three soft-computing models, namely multi-layer perceptrons (MLP), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) and general growing and pruning radial basis function (GGAP-RBF). It studies their computational time complexity; applies several benchmark matrices to compare their performance, such as generalize rate, recall rate, confusion matrices, and correlation to appreciation. This paper also suggests how equities can be picked systematically by using relative operating characteristics (ROC) curve.
Occlusion Culling in OpenSG PLUS

Very large polygonal models are frequently used in scientific computing, mechanical engineering, or virtual medicine. An effective technique to handle these large models is occlusion culling. Like most large model techniques, occlusion culling trades overhead costs with the rendering costs of the possibly occluded geometry. In this paper, we present occlusion culling techniques for OpenSG. These techniques utilize OpenGL or OpenGL extensions to determine occlusion information. Techniques utilizing image space and temporal coherence are used to optimize occlusion query efficiency. Only the standard OpenSG data structures are used and no precomputation is necessary for the presented techniques.
Content-Aware Partial Compression for Big Textual Data Analysis Acceleration

Analysing text-based data has become increasingly important due to the importance of text from sources such as social media, web contents, web searches. The growing volume of such data creates challenges for data analysis including efficient and scalable algorithm, effective computing platforms and energy efficiency. Compression is a standard method for reducing data size but current standard compression algorithms are destructive to the organisation of data contents. This work introduces Content-aware, Partial Compression (CaPC) for text using a dictionary-based approach. We simply use shorter codes to replace strings while maintaining the original data format and structure, so that the compressed contents can be directly consumed by analytic platforms. We evaluate our approach with a set of real-world datasets and several classical MapReduce jobs on Hadoop. We also provide a supplementary utility library for Hadoop, hence, existing MapReduce programs can be used directly on the compressed datasets with little or no modification. In evaluation, we demonstrate that CaPC works well with a wide variety of data analysis scenarios, experimental results show ~30% average data size reduction, and up to ~32% performance increase on some I/O intensive jobs on an in-house Hadoop cluster. While the gains may seem modest, the point is that these gains are 'for free' and act as supplementary to all other optimizations.