nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
MEDITATION, RESTORATION, AND THE MANAGEMENT OF MENTAL FATIGUE

An analysis of the underlying similarities between the Eastern meditation tradition and attention restoration theory (ART) provides a basis for an expanded framework for studying directed attention. The focus of the analysis is the active role the individual can play in the preservation and recovery of the directed attention capacity. Two complementary strategies are presented that can help individuals more effectively manage their attentional resource. One strategy involves avoiding unnecessary costs in terms of expenditure of directed attention. The other involves enhancing the effect of restorative opportunities. Both strategies are hypothesized to be more effective if one gains generic knowledge, self-knowledge, and specific skills. The interplay between a more active form of mental involvement and the more passive approach of meditation appears to have far-reaching ramifications for managing directed attention. Research on mental restoration has focused on the role of the environment and especially the natural environment. Such settings have been shown to 480 AUTHOR’S NOTE: This article benefited greatly from the many improvements in organization, expression, and content made by Rachel Kaplan and the many suggestions concerning consistency, clarity, and accuracy made by Terry Hartig. Thanks also to the SESAME group for providing a supportive environment for exploring many of the themes discussed here. The project was funded in part by USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, Urban Forestry Unit Co-operative Agreements.   Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution.  2008 http://eab.sagepub.com Downloaded from reduce both stress and directed attention fatigue (DAF) (Hartig & Evans, 1993). Far less emphasis, however, has been placed on the possibility of active participation by the individual in need of recovery. A major purpose of this article is to explore the potential of this mostly neglected component of the restorative process. The article examines the role of attention in the restoration process both from the perspective of attention restoration theory (ART) and by exploring insights from the meditation tradition. The two perspectives are different in important ways, most notably in the active role that is played by the individual. At the same time, there are interesting common issues. In particular, I explore two ways to bring these frameworks together, namely preserving directed attention by avoiding costs (i.e., things that drain the attentional resource) and recovering attention through enhancement of the restorative process. These lead to a variety of tools and strategies that are available in the quest for restoration and a set of hypotheses concerning their expected effect on an individual’s effectiveness.
A ${\rm TM}_{11}$ Dual-Mode Dielectric Resonator Filter With Planar Coupling Configuration

This paper presents a novel dielectric resonator filter exploiting dual TM11 degenerate modes. The dielectric rod resonators are short circuited on the top and bottom surfaces to the metallic cavity. The dual-mode cavities can be conveniently arranged in many practical coupling configurations. Through-holes in height direction are made in each of the dielectric rods for the frequency tuning and coupling screws. All the coupling elements, including inter-cavity coupling elements, are accessible from the top of the filter cavity. This planar coupling configuration is very attractive for composing a diplexer or a parallel multifilter assembly using the proposed filter structure. To demonstrate the new filter technology, two eight-pole filters with cross-couplings for UMTS band are prototyped and tested. It has been experimentally shown that as compared to a coaxial combline filter with a similar unloaded Q, the proposed dual-mode filter can save filter volume by more than 50%. Moreover, a simple method that can effectively suppress the lower band spurious mode is also presented.
Survey of Computational Approaches to Diachronic Conceptual Change

Our languages are in constant flux driven by external factors such as cultural, societal and technological changes, as well as by only partially understood internal motivations. Words acquire new meanings and lose old senses, new words are coined or borrowed from other languages and obsolete words slide into obscurity. Understanding the characteristics of shifts in the meaning and in the use of words is useful for those who work with the content of historical texts, the interested general public, but also in and of itself. The findings from automatic lexical semantic change detection, and the models of diachronic conceptual change are currently being incorporated in approaches for measuring document across-time similarity, information retrieval from long-term document archives, the design of OCR algorithms, and so on. In recent years we have seen a surge in interest in the academic community in computational methods and tools supporting inquiry into diachronic conceptual change and lexical replacement. This article is an extract of a survey of recent computational techniques to tackle lexical semantic change currently under review. In this article we focus on diachronic conceptual change as an extension of semantic change.
An automated lung segmentation approach using bidirectional chain codes to improve nodule detection accuracy

Computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) has been widely investigated to improve radiologists׳ diagnostic accuracy in detecting and characterizing lung disease, as well as to assist with the processing of increasingly sizable volumes of imaging. Lung segmentation is a requisite preprocessing step for most CAD schemes. This paper proposes a parameter-free lung segmentation algorithm with the aim of improving lung nodule detection accuracy, focusing on juxtapleural nodules. A bidirectional chain coding method combined with a support vector machine (SVM) classifier is used to selectively smooth the lung border while minimizing the over-segmentation of adjacent regions. This automated method was tested on 233 computed tomography (CT) studies from the lung imaging database consortium (LIDC), representing 403 juxtapleural nodules. The approach obtained a 92.6% re-inclusion rate. Segmentation accuracy was further validated on 10 randomly selected CT series, finding a 0.3% average over-segmentation ratio and 2.4% under-segmentation rate when compared to manually segmented reference standards done by an expert.
Mechanical characterization of curly hair: Influence of the use of nonconventional hair straightening treatments.

Hair straighteners are very popular around the world, although they can cause great damage to the hair. Thus, the characterization of the mechanical properties of curly hair using advanced techniques is very important to clarify how hair straighteners act on hair fibers and to contribute to the development of effective products. On this basis, we chose two nonconventional hair straighteners (formaldehyde and glyoxylic acid) to investigate how hair straightening treatments affect the mechanical properties of curly hair.



The mechanical properties of curly hair were evaluated using a tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), a torsion modulus, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.



The techniques used effectively helped the understanding of the influence of nonconventional hair straighteners on hair properties. For the break stress and the break extension tests, formaldehyde showed a marked decrease in these parameters, with great hair damage. Glyoxylic acid had a slight effect compared to formaldehyde treatment. Both treatments showed an increase in shear modulus, a decrease in water sorption and damage to the hair surface.



A combination of the techniques used in this study permitted a better understanding of nonconventional hair straightener treatments and also supported the choice of the better treatment, considering a good relationship between efficacy and safety. Thus, it is very important to determine the properties of hair for the development of cosmetics used to improve the beauty of curly hair.
3D printed capacitive sensors

Recent advances in the field of 3D printing have utilized embedded electronic interconnects in order to construct advanced electronic devices. This work builds on these advances in order to construct and characterize arbitrarily formed capacitive sensors using fine-pitch copper mesh and embedded copper wires. Three varieties of sensors were fabricated and tested, including a small area wire sensor (320μm width), a large area mesh sensor (2cm2), and a fully embedded demonstration model. In order to test and characterize these sensors in FDM materials, three distinct tests were explored. Specifically, the sensors were able to distinguish between three metallic materials and distinguish salt water from distilled water. These capacitive sensors have many potential sensing applications, such as biomedical sensing, human interface devices, material sensing, electronics characterization, and environmental sensing. As such, this work specifically examines optimum mesh/wire capacitive parameters as well as potential applications such as 3D printed integrated material sensing.
Aesthetics of the Nasal Dorsum: Proportions, Light, and Shadow.

Due to its central location, the nose plays a prominent role in facial aesthetics. As tastes have shifted and techniques have advanced, the accepted "ideal" appearance and proportions of the nose have evolved over time. By assessing the aesthetics of the nasal dorsum through the use of lines and angles, one can more precisely elucidate a goal for the patient's postoperative nasal shape, which should, in turn, guide the surgeon to execute specific operative maneuvers needed to achieve that contour. In assessing the aesthetics of the nasal dorsum, practitioners calculate and observe aspects such as the paired dorsal aesthetic lines, the nasofrontal angle, and the nasofacial angle. There is also additional consideration given to nasal tip position as this must fit harmoniously with the shape of the dorsum. In contrast to the established aesthetic lines and angles, using nasal geometric polygons for the aesthetic evaluation and development of operative goals in rhinoplasty has recently been described in the literature. Constructed ideals, in the form of proportions, lines, and angles, should be used with caution, as there are many factors to consider in the aesthetic analysis of the nasal dorsum, including ethnic differences, and subjective and changing views of beauty.
A Tutorial on Deep Learning Part 2: Autoencoders, Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks

The flexibility of neural networks is a very powerful property. In many cases, these changes lead to great improvements in accuracy compared to basic models that we discussed in the previous tutorial. In the last part of the tutorial, I will also explain how to parallelize the training of neural networks. This is also an important topic because parallelizing neural networks has played an important role in the current deep learning movement.
A framework for MDE of IoT-based manufacturing cyber-physical systems

IoT is a driving force for the next generation of cyber-physical manufacturing systems. The construction and operation of these systems is a big challenge. In this paper, a framework that exploits model driven engineering to address the increasing complexity in this kind of systems is presented. The framework utilizes the model driven engineering paradigm to define a domain specific development environment that allows the control engineer, a) to transform the mechanical units of the plant to Industrial Automation Things (IAT), i.e., to IoT-compliant manufacturing cyber-physical components, and, b) to specify the cyber components, which implement the plant processes, as physical mashups, i.e., compositions of plant services provided by IATs. The UML4IoT profile is extended to address the requirements of the framework. The approach was successfully applied on a laboratory case study to demonstrate its effectiveness in terms of flexibility and responsiveness.
Considering Different Network Topologies in Optimal Overcurrent Relay Coordination Using a Hybrid GA

The directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) coordination problem is usually studied based on a fixed network topology in an interconnected power system, and is formulated as an optimization problem. In practice, the system may be operated in different topologies due to outage of the transmission lines, transformers, and generating units. There are some situations for which the changes in the network topology of a system could cause the protective system to operate without selectivity. The aim of this paper is to study DOCRs coordination considering the effects of the different network topologies in the optimization problem. Corresponding to each network topology, a large number of coordination constraints should be taken into account in the problem formulation. In this situation, in addition to nonlinearity and nonconvexity, the optimization problem experiences many coordination constraints. The genetic algorithm (GA) is selected as a powerful tool in solving this complex and nonconvex optimization problem. In this paper, in order to improve the convergence of the GA, a new hybrid method is introduced. The results show a robust and optimal solution can be efficiently obtained by implementing the proposed hybrid GA method.
Understanding the somatic consequences of depression: biological mechanisms and the role of depression symptom profile

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder worldwide. The burden of disease for depression goes beyond functioning and quality of life and extends to somatic health. Depression has been shown to subsequently increase the risk of, for example, cardiovascular, stroke, diabetes and obesity morbidity. These somatic consequences could partly be due to metabolic, immuno-inflammatory, autonomic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysregulations which have been suggested to be more often present among depressed patients. Evidence linking depression to metabolic syndrome abnormalities indicates that depression is especially associated with its obesity-related components (for example, abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia). In addition, systemic inflammation and hyperactivity of the HPA-axis have been consistently observed among depressed patients. Slightly less consistent observations are for autonomic dysregulation among depressed patients. The heterogeneity of the depression concept seems to play a differentiating role: metabolic syndrome and inflammation up-regulations appear more specific to the atypical depression subtype, whereas hypercortisolemia appears more specific for melancholic depression. This review finishes with potential treatment implications for the downward spiral in which different depressive symptom profiles and biological dysregulations may impact on each other and interact with somatic health decline.
CHARACTERIZATION AND SYNTHESIS OF RANDOM ACCELERATION VIBRATION SPECIFICATIONS

Random acceleration vibration specifications for subsystems, i.e. instruments, equipment, are most times based on measurement during acoustic noise tests on system level, i.e. a spacecraft and measured by accelerometers, placed in the neighborhood of the interface between spacecraft and subsystem. Tuned finite element models can be used to predict the random acceleration power spectral densities at other locations than available via the power spectral density measurements of the acceleration. The measured and predicted power spectral densities do represent the modal response characteristics of the system and show many peaks and valleys. The equivalent random acceleration vibration test specification is a smoothed, enveloped, peak-clipped version of the measured and predicted power spectral densities of the acceleration spectrum. The original acceleration vibration spectrum can be characterized by a different number response spectra: Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) , Extreme Response Spectrum (ERS), Vibration Response Spectrum (VRS), and Fatigue Damage Spectrum (FDS). An additional method of non-stationary random vibrations is based on the Rayleigh distribution of peaks. The response spectra represent the responses of series of SDOF systems excited at the base by random acceleration, both in time and frequency domain. The synthesis of equivalent random acceleration vibration specifications can be done in a very structured manner and are more suitable than equivalent random acceleration vibration specifications obtained by simple enveloping. In the synthesis process Miles’ equation plays a dominant role to invert the response spectra into equivalent random acceleration vibration spectra. A procedure is proposed to reduce the number of data point in the response spectra curve by dividing the curve in a numbers of fields. The synthesis to an equivalent random acceleration J.J. Wijker, M.H.M. Ellenbroek, and A. de Boer spectrum is performed on a reduced selected set of data points. The recalculated response spectra curve envelops the original response spectra curves. A real life measured random acceleration spectrum (PSD) with quite a number of peaks and valleys is taken to generate, applying response spectra SRS, ERS, VRS, FDS and the Rayleigh distribution of peaks, equivalent random acceleration vibration specifications. Computations are performed both in time and frequency domain. J.J. Wijker, M.H.M. Ellenbroek, and A. de Boer
Are computational applications the “crystal ball” in the IVF laboratory? The evolution from mathematics to artificial intelligence

Mathematics rules the world of science. Innovative technologies based on mathematics have paved the way for implementation of novel strategies in assisted reproduction. Ascertaining efficient embryo selection in order to secure optimal pregnancy rates remains the focus of the in vitro fertilization scientific community and the strongest driver behind innovative approaches. This scoping review aims to describe and analyze complex models based on mathematics for embryo selection, devices, and software most widely employed in the IVF laboratory and algorithms in the service of the cutting-edge technology of artificial intelligence. Despite their promising nature, the practicing embryologist is the one ultimately responsible for the success of the IVF laboratory and thus the one to approve embracing pioneering technologies in routine practice. Applied mathematics and computational biology have already provided significant insight into the selection of the most competent preimplantation embryo. This review describes the leap of evolution from basic mathematics to bioinformatics and investigates the possibility that computational applications may be the means to foretell a promising future for the IVF clinical practice.
Construction project risk assessment using combined fuzzy and FMEA

Effectively managing risk is an essential element of successful project management. It is imperative that project management team consider all possible risks to establish corrective actions in the right time. So far, several techniques have been proposed for project risk analysis.  The main goal is identifying all failure modes within a system, assessing their impact, and planning for corrective actions. In traditional FMEA, the risk priorities of failure modes are determined by using Risk Priority Numbers (RPN), which can be obtained by multiplying the scores of risk factors like occurrence (O), severity (S), and detection (D). This technique has some limitations, though in this paper, Fuzzy logic and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) are used to address the limitations of traditional FMEA. Linguistic variables, expressed in fuzzy numbers, are used to assess the ratings of risk factors O, S, and D. Each factor consists of seven membership functions and on the whole there are 343 rules for fuzzy system. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to determine the relative weightings of risk impacts on time, cost, quality and safety. A case study is presented to validate the concept. The feedbacks are showing the advantages of the proposed approach in project risk management.
A simulation optimization framework for discrete event logistics systems (DELS)

For large-scale, complex systems, both simulation and optimization methods are needed to support system design and operational decision making. Integrating the two methodologies, however, presents a number of conceptual and technical problems. This paper argues that the required integration can be successfully achieved, within a specific domain, by using a formal domain specific language for specifying instance problems and for structuring the analysis models and their interfaces. The domain must include a large enough class of problems to justify the resulting specialization of analysis models.
Ladies First: Analyzing Gender Roles and Behaviors in Pinterest

Online social networks (OSNs) have become popular platforms for people to connect and interact with each other. Among those networks, Pinterest has recently become noteworthy for its growth and promotion of visual over textual content. The purpose of this study is to analyze this imagebased network in a gender-sensitive fashion, in order to understand (i) user motivation and usage pattern in the network, (ii) how communications and social interactions happen and (iii) how users describe themselves to others. This work is based on more than 220 million items generated by 683,273 users. We were able to find significant differences w.r.t. all mentioned aspects. We observed that, although the network does not encourage direct social communication, females make more use of lightweight interactions than males. Moreover, females invest more effort in reciprocating social links, are more active and generalist in content generation, and describe themselves using words of affection and positive emotions. Males, on the other hand, are more likely to be specialists and tend to describe themselves in an assertive way. We also observed that each gender has different interests in the network, females tend to make more use of the network’s commercial capabilities, while males are more prone to the role of curators of items that reflect their personal taste. It is important to understand gender differences in online social networks, so one can design services and applications that leverage human social interactions and provide more targeted and relevant user experiences.
Adopting the extension of UTAUT model to investigate the determinants of e-book adoption

This study aims to examine the key factors affecting users' adoption of e-book by an extension of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) with environment concern, perceived benefit, and benevolence trust. 343 samples of data were analyzed using a structural equation modeling (SEM). Results showed that user's adoption of e-book is significantly determined by all of the factors.