nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Routine MRI for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, MSA, PSP, and CBD

We assessed the usefulness of routine MRI for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) with “atypical” parkinsonian syndromes in everyday clinical practice. We studied routinely performed MRI in PD (n = 32), multiple system atrophy (MSA, n = 28), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, n = 30), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD, n = 26). From a preliminary analysis of 26 items, 4 independent investigators rated 11 easily recognizable MRI pointers organized as a simple scoring system. The frequency, severity and inter-rater agreement were determined. The total severity score was subdivided into “cortical”, “putaminal”, “midbrain”, and “pontocerebellar” scores. The frequency of putaminal involvement (100%) and vermian cerebellar atrophy (45%) was significantly higher in MSA, but that of cortical atrophy (50%), midbrain atrophy and 3rd ventricle enlargement (75%) was higher in PSP and CBD. The median total score fairly differentiated “atypical” parkinsonian syndromes from PD (positive predictive value-PPV-90%). However, the median total score was unable to differentiate atypical parkinsonian syndromes each other. The “cortical” score distinguished CBD and PSP from MSA with a fair PPV (>90%). The PPV of the “putaminal” score was high (70%) for the differential diagnosis of MSA with PSP and CBD. The “midbrain” score was significantly higher in PSP and CBD compared to MSA. These results are in accordance with the underlying pathology found in these disorders and demonstrate that a simple MRI scoring procedure may help the neurologist to differentiate primary causes of parkinsonism in everyday practice.
Finding motifs using random projections

Pevzner and Sze [23] considered a precise version of the motif discovery problem and simultaneously issued an algorithmic challenge: find a motif M of length 15, where each planted instance differs from M in 4 positions. Whereas previous algorithms all failed to solve this (15,4)-motif problem. Pevzner and Sze introduced algorithms that succeeded. However, their algorithms failed to solve the considerably more difficult (14,4)-, (16,5)-, and (18,6)-motif problems.
We introduce a novel motif discovery algorithm based on the use of random projections of the input's substrings. Experiments on simulated data demonstrate that this algorithm performs better than existing algorithms and, in particular, typically solves the difficult (14,4)-, (16,5)-, and (18,6)-motif problems quite efficiently. A probabilistic estimate shows that the small values of d for which the algorithm fails to recover the planted (l, d)-motif are in all likelihood inherently impossible to solve. We also present experimental results on realistic biological data by identifying ribosome binding sites in prokaryotes as well as a number of known transcriptional regulatory motifs in eukaryotes.
Collaborative Deep Reinforcement Learning for Multi-object Tracking

In this paper, we propose a collaborative deep reinforcement learning (C-DRL) method for multi-object tracking. Most existing multiobject tracking methods employ the tracking-by-detection strategy which first detects objects in each frame and then associates them across different frames. However, the performance of these methods rely heavily on the detection results, which are usually unsatisfied in many real applications, especially in crowded scenes. To address this, we develop a deep prediction-decision network in our C-DRL, which simultaneously detects and predicts objects under a unified network via deep reinforcement learning. Specifically, we consider each object as an agent and track it via the prediction network, and seek the optimal tracked results by exploiting the collaborative interactions of different agents and environments via the decision network.Experimental results on the challenging MOT15 and MOT16 benchmarks are presented to show the effectiveness of our approach.
On the velocity space discretization for the Vlasov-Poisson system: Comparison between implicit Hermite spectral and Particle-in-Cell methods

Wedescribe a spectralmethod for the numerical solution of theVlasov–Poisson systemwhere the velocity space is decomposed by means of an Hermite basis, and the configuration space is discretized via a Fourier decomposition. The novelty of our approach is an implicit time discretization that allows exact conservation of charge, momentum and energy. The computational efficiency and the cost-effectiveness of thismethod are compared to the fully-implicit PICmethod recently introduced byMarkidis and Lapenta (2011) and Chen et al. (2011). The following examples are discussed: Langmuir wave, Landau damping, ion-acoustic wave, two-stream instability. The Fourier–Hermite spectral method can achieve solutions that are several orders of magnitude more accurate at a fraction of the cost with respect to PIC.
Ray tracing: graphics for the masses

Although three-dimensional computer graphics have been around for several decades, there has been a surge of general interest towards the field in the last couple of years. Just a quick glance at the latest blockbuster movies is enough to see the public's fascination with the new generation of graphics. As exciting as graphics are, however, there is a definite barrier which prevents most people from learning about them. For one thing, there is a lot of math and theory involved. Beyond that, just getting a window to display even simple 2D graphics can often be a daunting task. In this article, we will talk about a powerful yet simple 3D graphics method known as ray tracing, which can be understood and implemented without dealing with much math or the intricacies of windowing systems. The only math we assume is a basic knowledge of vectors, dot products, and cross products. We will skip most of the theory behind ray tracing, focusing instead on a general overview of the technique from an implementation-oriented perspective. Full C++ source code for a simple, hardwareindependent ray tracer is available online, to show how the principles described in this paper are applied.
Log2: A Cost-Aware Logging Mechanism for Performance Diagnosis

Logging has been a common practice for monitoring and diagnosing performance issues. However, logging comes at a cost, especially for large-scale online service systems. First, the overhead incurred by intensive logging is non-negligible. Second, it is costly to diagnose a performance issue if there are a tremendous amount of redundant logs. Therefore, we believe that it is important to limit the overhead incurred by logging, without sacrificing the logging effectiveness. In this paper we propose Log2, a cost-aware logging mechanism. Given a “budget” (defined as the maximum volume of logs allowed to be output in a time interval), Log2 makes the “whether to log” decision through a two-phase filtering mechanism. In the first phase, a large number of irrelevant logs are discarded efficiently. In the second phase, useful logs are cached and output while complying with logging budget. In this way, Log2 keeps the useful logs and discards the less useful ones. We have implemented Log2 and evaluated it on an open source system as well as a real-world online service system from Microsoft. The experimental results show that Log2 can control logging overhead while preserving logging effectiveness.
Unsupervised Textual Grounding: Linking Words to Image Concepts

Textual grounding, i.e., linking words to objects in images, is a challenging but important task for robotics and human-computer interaction. Existing techniques benefit from recent progress in deep learning and generally formulate the task as a supervised learning problem, selecting a bounding box from a set of possible options. To train these deep net based approaches, access to a large-scale datasets is required, however, constructing such a dataset is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, we develop a completely unsupervised mechanism for textual grounding using hypothesis testing as a mechanism to link words to detected image concepts. We demonstrate our approach on the ReferIt Game dataset and the Flickr30k data, outperforming baselines by 7.98% and 6.96% respectively.
Toward semantic interoperability in oneM2M architecture

The oneM2M standard is a global initiative led jointly by major standards organizations around the world in order to develop a unique architecture for M2M communications. Prior standards, and also oneM2M, while focusing on achieving interoperability at the communication level, do not achieve interoperability at the semantic level. An expressive ontology for IoT called IoT-O is proposed, making best use of already defined ontologies in specific domains such as sensor, observation, service, quantity kind, units, or time. IoT-O also defines some missing concepts relevant for IoT such as thing, node, actuator, and actuation. The extension of the oneM2M standard to support semantic data interoperability based on IoT-O is discussed. Finally, through comprehensive use cases, benefits of the extended standard are demonstrated, ranging from heterogeneous device interoperability to autonomic behavior achieved by automated reasoning.
The Role of Interest Rate Swaps in Corporate Finance Anatoli Kuprianov

A n interest rate swap is a contractual agreement between two parties to exchange a series of interest rate payments without exchanging the underlying debt. The interest rate swap represents one example of a general category of financial instruments known as derivative instruments. In the most general terms, a derivative instrument is an agreement whose value derives from some underlying market return, market price, or price index. The rapid growth of the market for swaps and other derivatives in recent years has spurred considerable controversy over the economic rationale for these instruments. Many observers have expressed alarm over the growth and size of the market, arguing that interest rate swaps and other derivative instruments threaten the stability of financial markets. Recently, such fears have led both legislators and bank regulators to consider measures to curb the growth of the market. Several legislators have begun to promote initiatives to create an entirely new regulatory agency to supervise derivatives trading activity. Underlying these initiatives is the premise that derivative instruments increase aggregate risk in the economy, either by encouraging speculation or by burdening firms with risks that management does not understand fully and is incapable of controlling.1 To be certain, much of this criticism is aimed at many of the more exotic derivative instruments that have begun to appear recently. Nevertheless, it is difficult, if not impossible, to appreciate the economic role of these more exotic instruments without an understanding of the role of the interest rate swap, the most basic of the new generation of financial derivatives.
Spatio-Temporal Image Boundary Extrapolation

Boundary prediction in images as well as video has been a very active topic of research and organizing visual information into boundaries and segments is believed to be a corner stone of visual perception. While prior work has focused on predicting boundaries for observed frames, our work aims at predicting boundaries of future unobserved frames. This requires our model to learn about the fate of boundaries and extrapolate motion patterns. We experiment on established realworld video segmentation dataset, which provides a testbed for this new task. We show for the first time spatio-temporal boundary extrapolation in this challenging scenario. Furthermore, we show long-term prediction of boundaries in situations where the motion is governed by the laws of physics. We successfully predict boundaries in a billiard scenario without any assumptions of a strong parametric model or any object notion. We argue that our model has with minimalistic model assumptions derived a notion of “intuitive physics” that can be applied to novel scenes.
Modified PIOPED criteria used in clinical practice.

To assess the use of modified PIOPED scintigraphic criteria for lung scan (V/Q) interpretation to detect pulmonary embolism (PE), we prospectively applied these criteria in suspected PE patients referred for V/Q from 9/1/92 to 2/7/94. PIOPED criteria were modified by placing a moderate segmental perfusion mismatch in the intermediate instead of low probability of PE category and using the "stripe sign."



Patients were studied by six-view V/Q imaging using 74 MBq (2 mCi) 99mTc-MAA followed by 148-370 MBq (4-10 mCi) 99mTc-DTPA aerosol, contrast pulmonary selective angiography and Doppler sonography with leg compression as needed. Patients underwent follow-up (mean 13.9 mo) to detect subsequent thromboembolic events. In this study group, 1000 patients were studied by V/Q followed by angiography in 133 patients.



The distribution of V/Q-assigned PE probabilities was: high probability 5.7%, intermediate 17.4%, low 41.4% and normal 35.5%. Group A patients (133) underwent angiography, which resulted in the determination of a 27.1% PE prevalence. Group B patients (867) did not have angiograms; the clinical prevalence of PE was 7.5%. In the total study population, the positive predictive value of a high probability V/Q study for PE (10.1% prevalence) was 98.2%, intermediate probability V/Q study for PE was 24.1% and a low probability study for PE was only 0.5%.



Modified PIOPED V/Q interpretation criteria afford better angioproven PE discrimination between intermediate (31.8% PE prevalence) and low (5.5% PE prevalence) probability V/Q results than reported for PIOPED intermediate (32.6% PE prevalence) and low (16.3% PE prevalence) probability V/Q interpretation criteria.
Agile in Academics: Applying Agile to Instructional Design

This paper discusses the challenges and strategies of applying agile methodology in an academic environment. Bothcultural implications and quantitative results are discussed. The journey shared provides insights for non-software industries on how agile is not a set of rules with rigid tools, rather, it is a philosophy with a need to understand the intent of the tools in order to identify the appropriate application for not just effective results, but maximally effective results with a mindset for continued change.
Automatic Accident Detection and Rescue with Ambulance

The rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. According to this project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately Vibration sensor will detect the signal and sends it to Microcontroller. Microcontroller find the location coordinates of accident spot using GPS and sends the alert message including geographic allocation coordinates through the GSM Module to ambulance unit. So the rescue team in the ambulance can immediately trace the location by putting geographical location coordinates in Google earth application or any other Geographic location finder application. After conforming the location of accident spot the ambulance unit will starts its rescue operation. This system also controls the traffic signals in the path of ambulance and helps ambulance to reach hospital in minimum time.
Corporate-Fed Planar 60-GHz Slot Array Made of Three Unconnected Metal Layers Using AMC Pin Surface for the Gap Waveguide

This letter presents the design of a high-efficiency corporate-fed 8 ×8-slot array antenna in the 60 GHz band. The antenna is built using three unconnected metal layers based on artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) in gap waveguide technology. A 2 ×2 cavity-backed slot subarray is designed in a groove gap waveguide cavity. The cavity is fed through a coupling slot from a ridge gap waveguide corporate-feed network in the lower layer. The subarray is numerically optimized in an infinite array environment. The corporate-feed network is realized by a texture of pins and a guiding ridge. There is very good agreement between simulated and measured results. The fabricated antenna shows a relative bandwidth of 14% with input reflection coefficient better than -10 dB and an overall aperture efficiency larger than 65% (i.e., -2 dB) with about 25 dBi realized gain between 56.2 and 65.0 GHz.
Understanding Kombucha Tea Fermentation: A Review.

Kombucha is a beverage of probable Manchurian origins obtained from fermented tea by a microbial consortium composed of several bacteria and yeasts. This mixed consortium forms a powerful symbiosis capable of inhibiting the growth of potentially contaminating bacteria. The fermentation process also leads to the formation of a polymeric cellulose pellicle due to the activity of certain strains of Acetobacter sp. The tea fermentation process by the microbial consortium was able to show an increase in certain biological activities which have been already studied; however, little information is available on the characterization of its active components and their evolution during fermentation. Studies have also reported that the use of infusions from other plants may be a promising alternative.



Kombucha is a traditional fermented tea whose consumption has increased in the recent years due to its multiple functional properties such as anti-inflammatory potential and antioxidant activity. The microbiological composition of this beverage is quite complex and still more research is needed in order to fully understand its behavior. This study comprises the chemical and microbiological composition of the tea and the main factors that may affect its production.
Inverse and direct dynamic modeling of Gough-Stewart robots

This paper presents closed-form solutions for the inverse and direct dynamic models of the Gough-Stewart parallel robot. The models are obtained in terms of the Cartesian dynamic model elements of the legs and of the Newton-Euler equation of the platform. The final form has an interesting and intuitive physical interpretation. The base inertial parameters of the robot, which constitute the minimum number of inertial parameters, are explicitly determined. The number of operations to compute the inverse and direct dynamic models are given.
Anthropometry of the eyelid and palpebral fissure in an Indian population.

The shapes of the eyebrow and upper eyelid are distinctive facial landmarks. In cosmetic and reconstructive procedures, maintenance of the anatomical relations of these landmarks ensures a pleasing postoperative appearance.



The authors establish normal values for eyelid anthropometry in an Indian population.



This prospective study included 216 patients between the ages of 16 and 60 years, divided into three groups by age (Groups A to C: 16 to 30 years, 31 to 45 years, 46 to 60 years, respectively) and sex. All patients were photographed from a frontal view, with measurements taken from these photographs. Parameters included the distance between the medial canthus and the lateral canthus (ie, the width of the palpebral fissure), the distance between the open upper eyelid margin and the lower eyelid margin, (ie, the vertical dimension of the palpebral fissure), the intercanthal distance, the interpupillary distance, and the height of the open upper lid. All measured values were analyzed by independent t-test.



There was a significant increase in palpebral fissure from Group B to Group C. A significant increase was also observed in intercanthal distance as age progressed beyond 45 years. There was a significant decrease in the interpupillary distance as age increased-from Group A to Group B and from Group B to Group C-and a similar increase in eyelid height in that age progression.



The anatomy of the Indian population is distinct in that the palpebral fissure in men is less than that in women. It appears that changes in the eye become more pronounced after 45 years, including an increase in palpebral fissure, intercanthal distance, and height of the upper lid, along with a decrease in interpupillary distance.
Squeak: a language for communicating with mice

Graphical user interfaces are difficult to implement because of the essential concurrency among multiple interaction devices, such as mice, buttons, and keyboards. Squeak is a user interface implementation language that exploits this concurrency rather than hiding it, helping the programmer to express interactions using multiple devices. We present the motivation, design and semantics of squeak. The language is based on concurrent programming constructs but can be compiled into a conventional sequential language; our implementation generates C code. We discuss how squeak programs can be integrated into a graphics system written in a conventional language to implement large but regular user interfaces, and close with a description of the formal semantics.
A Quantitative Analysis of Business Process Reengineering and Organizational Resistance : The Case of Uganda

Many organizations in African countries need to reengineer their business processes to improve on efficiency. The general objective of this study was to identify the impact of different factors, including organizational resistance to change on Business Process Reengineering (BPR). The study showed that only 30.4% of BPR projects in Uganda have delivered the intended usable Information Systems. The researchers have identified the factors impacting on BPR and possible causes of BPR failures. The identified emotional response of the users towards the BPR implementation ranges from Acceptance to Testing, Indifference and Anger. Based upon the study findings, the researchers have formulated the set of recommendations for organizations implementing BPR. This paper will be of interest to the organizational managers, BPR implementers and the future researchers in a related area of study.