nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Cursor control by Kalman filter with a non-invasive body–machine interface

We describe a novel human-machine interface for the control of a two-dimensional (2D) computer cursor using four inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed on the user's upper-body.



A calibration paradigm where human subjects follow a cursor with their body as if they were controlling it with their shoulders generates a map between shoulder motions and cursor kinematics. This map is used in a Kalman filter to estimate the desired cursor coordinates from upper-body motions. We compared cursor control performance in a centre-out reaching task performed by subjects using different amounts of information from the IMUs to control the 2D cursor.



Our results indicate that taking advantage of the redundancy of the signals from the IMUs improved overall performance. Our work also demonstrates the potential of non-invasive IMU-based body-machine interface systems as an alternative or complement to brain-machine interfaces for accomplishing cursor control in 2D space.



The present study may serve as a platform for people with high-tetraplegia to control assistive devices such as powered wheelchairs using a joystick.
Glyph-Based Video Visualization for Semen Analysis

The existing efforts in computer assisted semen analysis have been focused on high speed imaging and automated image analysis of sperm motility. This results in a large amount of data, and it is extremely challenging for both clinical scientists and researchers to interpret, compare and correlate the multidimensional and time-varying measurements captured from video data. In this work, we use glyphs to encode a collection of numerical measurements taken at a regular interval and to summarize spatio-temporal motion characteristics using static visual representations. The design of the glyphs addresses the needs for (a) encoding some 20 variables using separable visual channels, (b) supporting scientific observation of the interrelationships between different measurements and comparison between different sperm cells and their flagella, and (c) facilitating the learning of the encoding scheme by making use of appropriate visual abstractions and metaphors. As a case study, we focus this work on video visualization for computer-aided semen analysis, which has a broad impact on both biological sciences and medical healthcare. We demonstrate that glyph-based visualization can serve as a means of external memorization of video data as well as an overview of a large set of spatiotemporal measurements. It enables domain scientists to make scientific observation in a cost-effective manner by reducing the burden of viewing videos repeatedly, while providing them with a new visual representation for conveying semen statistics.
Proportional-Resonant Controllers. A New Breed of Controllers Suitable for Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters

-This paper is describing the recently introduced proportional-resonant (PR) controllers and their suitability for grid-connected converters current control. It is shown that the known shortcomings associated with PI controllers like steady-state error for single-phase converters and the need of decoupling for three-phase converters can be alleviated. Additionally, selective harmonic compensation is also possible with PR controllers. Suggested control-diagrams for three-phase grid converters and active filters are also presented. A practical application of PR current control for a photovoltaic (PV) inverter is also described. Index Terms current controller, grid converters, photovoltaic inverter
Isolation and Selection of Indigenous Azospirillum spp. and the IAA of Superior Strains Effects on Wheat Roots

IAA produced by bacteria of the genus Azospirillum spp. can promote plant growth by stimulating root formation. Native Azospirillum spp., isolated from Irannian soils had been evaluated this ability in both qualitative and quantitative methods and registered the effects of superior ones on morphological, physiological and root growth of wheat. The roots of wheat seedling responded positively to the several bacteria inoculations by an increase in root length, dry weight and by the lateral root hairs.
Anatomy of the clitoris.

We present a comprehensive account of clitoral anatomy, including its component structures, neurovascular supply, relationship to adjacent structures (the urethra, vagina and vestibular glands, and connective tissue supports), histology and immunohistochemistry. We related recent anatomical findings to the historical literature to determine when data on accurate anatomy became available.



An extensive review of the current and historical literature was done. The studies reviewed included dissection and microdissection, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 3-dimensional sectional anatomy reconstruction, histology and immunohistochemical studies.



The clitoris is a multiplanar structure with a broad attachment to the pubic arch and via extensive supporting tissue to the mons pubis and labia. Centrally it is attached to the urethra and vagina. Its components include the erectile bodies (paired bulbs and paired corpora, which are continuous with the crura) and the glans clitoris. The glans is a midline, densely neural, non-erectile structure that is the only external manifestation of the clitoris. All other components are composed of erectile tissue with the composition of the bulbar erectile tissue differing from that of the corpora. The clitoral and perineal neurovascular bundles are large, paired terminations of the pudendal neurovascular bundles. The clitoral neurovascular bundles ascend along the ischiopubic rami to meet each other and pass along the superior surface of the clitoral body supplying the clitoris. The neural trunks pass largely intact into the glans. These nerves are at least 2 mm in diameter even in infancy. The cavernous or autonomic neural anatomy is microscopic and difficult to define consistently. MRI complements dissection studies and clarifies the anatomy. Clitoral pharmacology and histology appears to parallel those of penile tissue, although the clinical impact is vastly different.



Typical textbook descriptions of the clitoris lack detail and include inaccuracies. It is impossible to convey clitoral anatomy in a single diagram showing only 1 plane, as is typically provided in textbooks, which reveal it as a flat structure. MRI provides a multiplanar representation of clitoral anatomy in the live state, which is a major advantage, and complements dissection materials. The work of Kobelt in the early 19th century provides a most comprehensive and accurate description of clitoral anatomy, and modern study provides objective images and few novel findings. The bulbs appear to be part of the clitoris. They are spongy in character and in continuity with the other parts of the clitoris. The distal urethra and vagina are intimately related structures, although they are not erectile in character. They form a tissue cluster with the clitoris. This cluster appears to be the locus of female sexual function and orgasm.
Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis

Fiji is a distribution of the popular open-source software ImageJ focused on biological-image analysis. Fiji uses modern software engineering practices to combine powerful software libraries with a broad range of scripting languages to enable rapid prototyping of image-processing algorithms. Fiji facilitates the transformation of new algorithms into ImageJ plugins that can be shared with end users through an integrated update system. We propose Fiji as a platform for productive collaboration between computer science and biology research communities.
Performance Evaluation for 3-D City Model Generation of Six Different DSMs From Air- and Spaceborne Sensors

Since remote sensing provides more and more sensors and techniques to accumulate data on urban regions, three-dimensional representations of these complex environments gained much interest for various applications. In order to obtain three-dimensional representations, one of the most practical ways is to generate Digital Surface Models (DSMs) using very high resolution remotely sensed images from two or more viewing directions, or by using LIDAR sensors. Due to occlusions, matching errors and interpolation techniques these DSMs do not exhibit completely steep walls, and in order to obtain real three-dimensional urban models including objects like buildings from these DSMs, advanced methods are needed. A novel approach based on building shape detection, height estimation, and rooftop reconstruction is proposed to achieve realistic three-dimensional building representations. Our automatic approach consists of three main modules as; detection of complex building shapes, understanding rooftop type, and three-dimensional building model reconstruction based on detected shape and rooftop type. Besides the development of the methodology, the goal is to investigate the applicability and accuracy which can be accomplished in this context for different stereo sensor data. We use DSMs of Munich city which are obtained from different satellite (Cartosat-1, Ikonos, WorldView-2) and airborne sensors (3K camera, HRSC, and LIDAR). The paper later focuses on a quantitative comparisons of the outputs from the different multi-view sensors for a better understanding of qualities, capabilities and possibilities for applications. Results look very promising even for the DSMs derived from satellite data.
PrivatePool: Privacy-Preserving Ridesharing

Location-based services have seen tremendous developments over the recent years. These services have revolutionized transportation business, as witnessed by the success of Uber, Lyft, BlaBlaCar, and the like. Yet from the privacy point of view, the state of the art leaves much to be desired. The location of the user is typically shared with the service, opening up for privacy abuse, as in some recently publicized cases. This paper proposes PrivatePool, a model for privacy-preserving ridesharing. We develop secure multi-party computation techniques for endpoint and trajectory matching that allow dispensing with trust to third parties. At the same time, the users learn of a ride segment they can share and nothing else about other users' location. We establish formal privacy guarantees and investigate how different riding patterns affect the privacy, utility, and performance trade-offs between approaches based on the proximity of endpoints vs. proximity of trajectories.
Who Borrows ? Political Inclusiveness and the Accumulation of Foreign Debt in Developing Societies

Why do some developing country governments accumula te large foreign debts while others do not? I hypothesize that variation in fore ign borrowing is a function of variation in the breadth of public participation in the polit ical process. Specifically, governments borrow less when political institutions enable broa d public participation in the political process and encourage the revelation of information about executive behavior. I test this hypothesis against the experience of seventy-eight developing countries between 1976 and 1998. The analysis suggests that governments in soc eties with broad public participation borrow less heavily than governments i ocieties with limited public participation. In short, democracies borrowed less heavily than autocracies. The analysis has implications for the likely consequences of the recent debt relief initiative.
Active vertical stabilization mechanism for lightweight handheld cameras

Camera technology is continuously improving and high quality cameras are now available under one pound of weight. This enables novel and innovative uses, for example at the end of a long boom pole. Unfortunately lighter cameras used in such ways are more susceptible to vertical disturbances and the bouncing associated with walking resulting in shaking and distortion. We introduce a miniaturized active stabilization mechanism that attenuates such disturbances and keeps the camera steady. Feedback control effectively emulates the stabilizing inertial dynamics associated with higher weights without the penalty of higher weight. The system uses only accelerometer readings and avoids pure integration and associated numerical drift issues. We design, analyze, build, and test the mechanism to show appropriate performance.
Preheated composite resin used as a luting agent for indirect restorations: effects on bond strength and resin-dentin interfaces.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preheating composite resins used as luting agents for indirect restorations on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and adhesive interfaces.



Fifty sound extracted third molars were used. Ten experimental groups were formed with three different luting agents: one resin cement (RelyX ARC) and two composite resins (Venus and Z250 XT). The composite resins were tested both at room temperature and when preheated to 64°C. Restoration depth was tested using 2 or 4 mm-height indirect composite resin restorations, previously made on cylindrical molds. Adhesive and luting procedures were done under simulated pulpal pressure. After luting, the teeth were sectioned into beams with a cross-sectional area of 1 mm2 at the bonded interface, and tested in tension at 0.5 mm/min. The characteristics of the adhesive interfaces were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The µTBS data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey test (α = 0.05).



When luting 2 mm restorations, the composite resin Z250 XT, preheated or at room temperature, achieved significantly higher µTBS than did RelyX ARC. At this depth, Venus did not differ from the resin cement, and with the 4 mm restorations, only preheated Venus presented significantly higher µTBS than RelyX ARC. Preheating the composite resin resulted in thinner luting interfaces, with a more intimate interaction between luting agent and adhesive layer.



Preheating composite resin for luting procedures may not improve µTBS, although it could be used to reduce material viscosity and improve restoration setting.
The Copenhagen Neuroaesthetics conference: Prospects and pitfalls for an emerging field

Neuroaesthetics is a young field of research concerned primarily with the neural basis of cognitive and affective processes engaged when an individual takes an aesthetic or artistic approach towards a work of art, a non-artistic object or a natural phenomenon. In September 2009, the Copenhagen Neuroaesthetics Conference brought together leading researchers in the field to present and discuss current advances. We summarize some of the principal themes of the conference, placing neuroaesthetics in a historical context and discussing its scope and relation to other disciplines. We also identify what we believe to be the key outstanding questions, the main pitfalls and challenges faced by the field, and some promising avenues for future research.
Analysis of Memory Hierarchy Performance of Block Data Layout

Recently, several experimental studies have been conducted on block data layout as a data transformation technique used in conjunction with tiling to improve cache performance. In this paper, we provide a theoretical analysis for the TLB and cache performance of block data layout. For standard matrix access patterns, we derive an asymptotic lower bound on the number of TLB misses for any data layout and show that block data layout achieves this bound. We show that block data layout improves TLB misses by a factor of O B compared with conventional data layouts, where B is the block size of block data layout. This reduction contributes to the improvement in memory hierarchy performance. Using our TLB and cache analysis, we also discuss the impact of block size on the overall memory hierarchy performance. These results are validated through simulations and experiments on state-of-the-art platforms.
2-GHz Si power MOSFET technology

A 2-GHz Si power MOSFET with 50% power-added efficiency and 1.0-W output power at a 3.6-V supply voltage has been developed for use as an RF high-power amplifier in wireless applications. This MOSFET achieves this performance by using a 0.4-/spl mu/m gate power device with an Al-shorted metal-silicide/Si gate structure and a reduced gate finger width pattern.
A Case of Fetus in Fetu

Fetus in fetu is a rare developmental aberration, characterized by encasement of partially developed monozygotic, diamniotic, and monochorionic fetus into the normally developing host. A 4-month-old boy presented with abdominal mass. Radiological investigations gave the suspicion of fetus in fetu. At surgery a fetus enclosed in an amnion like membrane at upper retroperitoneal location was found and excised. The patient is doing well after the operation.
DeepCXray: Automatically Diagnosing Diseases on Chest X-Rays Using Deep Neural Networks

The automatic detection of diseases in images acquired through chest X-rays can be useful in clinical diagnosis because of a shortage of experienced doctors. Compared with natural images, those acquired through chest X-rays are obtained by using penetrating imaging technology, such that there are multiple levels of features in an image. It is thus difficult to extract the features of a disease for further diagnosis. In practice, healthy people are in a majority and the morbidities of different disease vary, because of which the obtained labels are imbalanced. The two main challenges of diagnosis though chest X-ray images are to extract discriminative features from X-ray images and handle the problem of imbalanced data distribution. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network called DeepCXray that simultaneously solves these two problems. An InceptionV3 model is trained to extract features from raw images, and a new objective function is designed to address the problem of imbalanced data distribution. The proposed objective function is a performance index based on cross entropy loss that automatically weights the ratio of positive to negative samples. In other words, the proposed loss function can automatically reduce the influence of an overwhelming number of negative samples by shrinking each cross entropy terms by a different extent. Extensive experiments highlight the promising performance of DeepCXray on the ChestXray14 dataset of the National Institutes of Health in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.
Rule-based Reinforcement Learning augmented by External Knowledge

Reinforcement learning has achieved several successes in sequential decision problems. However, these methods require a large number of training iterations in complex environments. A standard paradigm to tackle this challenge is to extend reinforcement learning to handle function approximation with deep learning. Lack of interpretability and impossibility to introduce background knowledge limits their usability in many safety-critical real-world scenarios. In this paper, we study how to combine reinforcement learning and external knowledge. We derive a rule-based variant version of the Sarsa(λ) algorithm, which we call Sarsarb(λ), that augments data with complex knowledge and exploits similarities among states. We apply our method to a trading task from the Stock Market Environment. We show that the resulting algorithm leads to much better performance but also improves training speed compared to the Deep Qlearning (DQN) algorithm and the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradients (DDPG) algorithm.
Crop recommendation system for precision agriculture

Data mining is the practice of examining and deriving purposeful information from the data. Data mining finds its application in various fields like finance, retail, medicine, agriculture etc. Data mining in agriculture is used for analyzing the various biotic and abiotic factors. Agriculture in India plays a predominant role in economy and employment. The common problem existing among the Indian farmers are they don't choose the right crop based on their soil requirements. Due to this they face a serious setback in productivity. This problem of the farmers has been addressed through precision agriculture. Precision agriculture is a modern farming technique that uses research data of soil characteristics, soil types, crop yield data collection and suggests the farmers the right crop based on their site-specific parameters. This reduces the wrong choice on a crop and increase in productivity. In this paper, this problem is solved by proposing a recommendation system through an ensemble model with majority voting technique using Random tree, CHAID, K-Nearest Neighbor and Naive Bayes as learners to recommend a crop for the site specific parameters with high accuracy and efficiency.
Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans: Chlamydia trachomatis.

Analysis of the 1,042,519-base pair Chlamydia trachomatis genome revealed unexpected features related to the complex biology of chlamydiae. Although chlamydiae lack many biosynthetic capabilities, they retain functions for performing key steps and interconversions of metabolites obtained from their mammalian host cells. Numerous potential virulence-associated proteins also were characterized. Several eukaryotic chromatin-associated domain proteins were identified, suggesting a eukaryotic-like mechanism for chlamydial nucleoid condensation and decondensation. The phylogenetic mosaic of chlamydial genes, including a large number of genes with phylogenetic origins from eukaryotes, implies a complex evolution for adaptation to obligate intracellular parasitism.
Process Algebra with Recursive Operations

3 Axiomatisation of the Binary Kleene Star 15 3.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2 Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.3 Irredundancy of the Axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.4 Negative Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.5 Extensions of BPA(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Distance Based RFID Reader Collision Avoidance Protocol for Dense Reader Environments

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is considered as one of the most applicable wireless technologies in the present era. Readers and tags are two main components of this technology. Several adjacent readers are used in most cases of implementing RFID systems for commercial, industrial and medicinal applications. Collisions which come from readers’ simultaneous activities lead to a decrease in the performance of RFID systems. Therefore, a suitable solution to avoid collisions and minimize them in order to enhance the performance of these systems is necessary. Nowadays, several researches are done in this field, but most of them do not follow the rules and standards of RFID systems; and don’t use network resources proficiently. In this paper, a solution is provided to avoid collisions and readers’ simultaneous activities in dense passive RFID networks through the use of time division, CSMA techniques and measuring received signal power. The new anti-collision protocol provides higher throughput than other protocols without extra hardware in dense reader environment; in addition, the suggested method conforms to the European standards and rules.
Maximum Boost Control for 7-level Z-source Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter

This paper proposes maximum boost control for 7-level z-source cascaded h-bridge inverter and their affiliation between voltage boost gain and modulation index. Z-source network avoids the usage of external dc-dc boost converter and improves output voltage with minimised harmonic content. Z-source network utilises distinctive LC impedance combination with 7-level cascaded inverter and it conquers the conventional voltage source inverter. The maximum boost controller furnishes voltage boost and maintain constant voltage stress across power switches, which provides better output voltage with variation of duty cycles. Single phase 7-level z-source cascaded inverter simulated using matlab/simulink.