nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Secure Crowdsourced Indoor Positioning Systems

Indoor positioning systems (IPSes) can enable many location-based services in large indoor environments where GPS is not available or reliable. Mobile crowdsourcing is widely advocated as an effective way to construct IPS maps. This paper presents the first systematic study of security issues in crowd-sourced WiFi-based IPSes to promote security considerations in designing and deploying crowdsourced IPSes. We identify three attacks on crowdsourced WiFi-based IPSes and propose the corresponding countermeasures. The efficacy of the attacks and also our countermeasures are experimentally validated on a prototype system. The attacks and countermeasures can be easily extended to other crowdsourced IPSes.
Going Beyond Literal Command-Based Instructions: Extending Robotic Natural Language Interaction Capabilities

The ultimate goal of human natural language interaction is to communicate intentions. However, these intentions are often not directly derivable from the semantics of an utterance (e.g., when linguistic modulations are employed to convey politeness, respect, and social standing). Robotic architectures with simple command-based natural language capabilities are thus not equipped to handle more liberal, yet natural uses of linguistic communicative exchanges. In this paper, we propose novel mechanisms for inferring intentions from utterances and generating clarification requests that will allow robots to cope with a much wider range of task-based natural language interactions. We demonstrate the potential of these inference algorithms for natural humanrobot interactions by running them as part of an integrated cognitive robotic architecture on a mobile robot in a dialoguebased instruction task.
SPHINCS-Simpira: Fast Stateless Hash-based Signatures with Post-quantum Security

We introduce SPHINCS-Simpira, which is a variant of the SPHINCS signature scheme with Simpira as a building block. SPHINCS was proposed by Bernstein et al. at EUROCRYPT 2015 as a hash-based signature scheme with post-quantum security. At ASIACRYPT 2016, Gueron and Mouha introduced the Simpira family of cryptographic permutations, which delivers high throughput on modern 64-bit processors by using only one building block: the AES round function. The Simpira family claims security against structural distinguishers with a complexity up to 2 using classical computers. In this document, we explain why the same claim can be made against quantum computers as well. Although Simpira follows a very conservative design strategy, our benchmarks show that SPHINCS-Simpira provides a 1.5× speed-up for key generation, a 1.4× speed-up for signing 59-byte messages, and a 2.0× speed-up for verifying 59-byte messages compared to the originally proposed SPHINCS-256.
Aluminum Substituted Cobalt Ferrite (Co-Al-Fe) Nano Adsorbent for Arsenic Adsorption in Aqueous Systems and Detailed Redox Behavior Study with XPS.

Arsenic [As(III) and As(V)] adsorption on aluminum substituted cobalt ferrite (Co-Al-Fe) ternary metal oxide adsorbent is reported by means of qualitative and quantitative spectroscopy tools. IR and Raman active signals were observed around 810-920 cm-1 band indicate different As-OHcomplexed and As-Ouncomplexed stretching vibrations on to the adsorbent. The adsorption behavior of arsenic (III and V) onto these adsorbents is studied as a function of contact time, different concentrations, and pH conditions. The kinetics study on adsorption were performed to understand nature of adsorption which supports the Pseudo Second Order (PSO) model. The adsorption isotherms study indicates Freundlich type of adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of Co-Al-Fe adsorbent is observed around 130 and 76 mg g-1 for As(III) and As(V) systems, respectively. Detailed XPS study of As 3d, Fe 2p, Co 2p, and O 1s spectra has been reported in explaining the redox behavior and ligand exchange reactions in supporting arsenic adsorption mechanism.
Cross-Cultural Analysis of Students with Exceptional Talent in Mathematical Problem Solving

A t a conference held in January 2005, Lawrence Summers, then president of Harvard University, hypothesized that a major reason for the paucity of women mathematicians among the tenured faculty of elite research universities in the USA might be sex-based differences in “intrinsic aptitude” for mathematics, especially at the very high end of the distribution [36]. This commonly held belief is largely based upon data from standardized tests such as the quantitative section of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) I. This test, designed to determine mathematical proficiency of USA eleventh and twelfth graders, identifies students who have mastered grade-level material, but does not distinguish the profoundly gifted, that is, those who are four or more standard deviations above the mean, from the merely gifted who also score in the ninety-ninth percentile on this exam. To identify students who perform above grade level, the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) administered the SAT I to children younger than thirteen years of age. The SMPY defined children as highly gifted in mathematics if they scored at least 700 (on a 200 to 800 scale) on the quantitative section of this test. Using this criterion, Benbow and Stanley reported in 1980 large gender differences in “mathematical reasoning ability” . They concluded that “sex differences in achievement in and attitude towards mathematics result from superior male mathematical ability . . . [it] is probably an expression of a combination of both endogenous and exogenous variables.” Since these tests lack questions that require creative thinking and insight into higher-level mathematical concepts, they do not identify children with extremely high innate ability in mathematics, that is, ones who may go on to become top research mathematicians. They cannot differentiate between profoundly and moderately gifted children, regardless of age at which the examinations are administered. Thus, the SMPY identified thousands of children who, while quite bright and ambitious, were not necessarily profoundly gifted in mathematics. The SMPY also failed to identify many children with extreme ability in mathematics who lacked one or more of the socio-economically privileged environmental factors necessary to be recognized by this mechanism. Coincidentally, the ratio of boys to girls identified in the SMPY has dramatically declined during the past quarter century from the high of 13:1 originally reported in 1983  to 2.8:1 in a 2005 report . The fact that 29% of Ph.D.’s awarded to USA citizens in the mathematical sciences went to women in the 2006–2007 academic year [30] supports the idea that this latter ratio is a more accurate reflection of current Titu Andreescu is professor of science/mathematics education at the University of Texas, Dallas. His email address is txa051000@utdallas.edu.
Shape function-based kinematics and dynamics for variable length continuum robotic arms

This paper presents a new three dimensional kinematic and dynamic model for variable length continuum arm robotic structures using a novel shape function-based approach. The model incorporates geometrically constrained structure of the arm to derive its deformation shape function. It is able to simulate spatial bending, pure elongation, and incorporates a new stiffness control feature. The model is validated through numerical simulations, based on a prototype continuum arm, that yields physically accurate results.
Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity.

Methylxanthine therapy is commonly used for apnea of prematurity but in the absence of adequate data on its efficacy and safety. It is uncertain whether methylxanthines have long-term effects on neurodevelopment and growth.



We randomly assigned 2006 infants with birth weights of 500 to 1250 g to receive either caffeine or placebo until therapy for apnea of prematurity was no longer needed. The primary outcome was a composite of death, cerebral palsy, cognitive delay (defined as a Mental Development Index score of <85 on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development), deafness, or blindness at a corrected age of 18 to 21 months.



Of the 937 infants assigned to caffeine for whom adequate data on the primary outcome were available, 377 (40.2%) died or survived with a neurodevelopmental disability, as compared with 431 of the 932 infants (46.2%) assigned to placebo for whom adequate data on the primary outcome were available (odds ratio adjusted for center, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.93; P=0.008). Treatment with caffeine as compared with placebo reduced the incidence of cerebral palsy (4.4% vs. 7.3%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.87; P=0.009) and of cognitive delay (33.8% vs. 38.3%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.99; P=0.04). The rates of death, deafness, and blindness and the mean percentiles for height, weight, and head circumference at follow-up did not differ significantly between the two groups.



Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity improves the rate of survival without neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 21 months in infants with very low birth weight.
Experimenting with docker: Linux container and base OS attack surfaces

Linux containers showed great superiority when compared to virtual machines and hypervisors in terms of networking, disk and memory management, start-up and compilation speed, and overall processing performance. In this research, we are questioning whether it is more secure to run services inside Linux containers than running them directly on a host base operating system or not. We used Docker v1.10 to conduct a series of experiments to assess the attack surface of hosts running services inside Docker containers compared to hosts running the same services on the base operating system represented in our paper as Debian Jessie. Our vulnerability assessment shows that using Docker containers increase the attack surface of a given host, not the other way around.
A 21–48 GHz Subharmonic Injection-Locked Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer for Multiband Point-to-Point Backhaul Communications

This paper presents a mm-wave subharmonic injection-locked (SHIL) fractional-N frequency synthesizer for wireless multiband point-to-point backhaul communications. The SHIL synthesizer implements a low-phase-noise 4.5-6.1 GHz PLL and injects its output to a ÷3/÷4 dual-modulus divider followed by an ultra-wideband injection-locked frequency-multiplier (ILFM) chain to achieve excellent phase noise over an ultra-wide frequency tuning range. The proposed ILFM chain employs higher-order LC tanks to generate a rippled phase response around 0 ° over a wide frequency range to significantly enhance the locking range and to eliminate expensive mm-wave frequency calibration loops. Fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process, the synthesizer prototype measures a continuous output frequency range from 20.6 to 48.2 GHz with frequency resolution of 220 kHz and output phase noise between -107.0 and -113.9 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset while consuming 148 mW and occupying 1850 × 1130 μm 2.
Variable Penetrance of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Microduplication in a Family with Cognitive and Language Impairment.

The 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region is found duplicated or deleted in people with cognitive, language, and behavioral impairment. We report on a family (a father and 3 male twin siblings) that presents with a duplication of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 region and a variable phenotype: the father and the fraternal twin are normal carriers, whereas the monozygotic twins exhibit severe language and cognitive delay as well as behavioral disturbances. The genes located within the duplicated region are involved in brain development and function, and some of them are related to language processing. The probands' phenotype may result from changes in the expression level of some of these genes important for cognitive development.
Automatic classification of toco-signals: An approach towards comprehensive monitoring of labour progress

Childbirth is an intricate process which is marked by an increased cervical dilation rate caused due to steady increments in the frequency and strength of uterine contractions. The contractions may be characterized by its strength, duration and frequency (count) - which are monitored through Tocography. However, the procedure is prone to subjectivity and an automated approach for the classification of the contractions is needed. In this paper, we use three different Weighted K-Nearest Neighbor classifiers and Decision Trees to classify the contractions into three types: Mild, Moderate and Strong. Further, we note the fact that our training data consists of fewer samples of Contractions as compared to those of Non-contractions - resulting in “Class Imbalance”. Hence, we use the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) in conjunction with the K-NN classifier and Decision Trees to alleviate the problems of the same. The ground truth for Tocography signals was established by a doctor having an experience of 36 years in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The annotations are in three categories: Mild (33 samples), Moderate (64 samples) and Strong (96 samples), amounting to a total of 193 contractions whereas the number of Non-contraction samples was 1217. Decision Trees using SMOTE performed the best with accuracies of 95%, 98.25% and 100% for the aforementioned categories, respectively. The sensitivities achieved for the same are 96.67%, 96.52% and 100% whereas the specificities amount to 93.33%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Our method may be used to monitor the labour progress efficiently.
On Threat Modeling and Mitigation of Medical Cyber-Physical Systems

Medical Cyber Physical Systems (MCPS) are lifecritical networked systems of medical devices. These systems are increasingly used in hospitals to provide high-quality healthcare for patients. However, MCPS also bring concerns about security and safety and new challenges to protect patients from acts of theft or malice. In this paper, we focus our investigation on a thorough understanding of threat modeling in MCPS. We examine the roles of stakeholders and system components and sketch an abstract architecture of a MCPS to demonstrate various threat modeling options. We also discuss possible security techniques and their applicability and utility for the design of secure MCPS. This work forms a basis for understanding threatening conditions in MCPS, and embarks on promising state-of-the-art research trends for addressing MCPS security concerns.
Grit in the path to e-learning success

E-learning systems are emerging in many settings of our society. Schools, universities, and several other organizations use these systems. E-learning systems allow learning anytime and anywhere. This medium may seem to be the answer to all learning barriers, but the effect of non-cognitive skills on the success of e-learning systems is yet to be explored. Latest studies demonstrate that students with high grit levels, stamina in pursuing long term objectives, achieve better results in learning. In our study we propose a theoretical model studying grit as a determinant of e-learning systems success. The study was conducted on a sample of university students' sample, and a theoretical model was validated using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results indicate that grit has positive effects on satisfaction and in students' individual performance. The results help to improve e-learning strategies and to understand e-learning success, explained by students’ skills and systems characteristics.
A Joint Model of Conversational Discourse and Latent Topics on Microblogs

Conventional topic models are ineffective for topic extraction from microblog messages, because the data sparseness exhibited in short messages lacking structure and contexts results in poor message-level word co-occurrence patterns. To address this issue, we organize microblog messages as conversation trees based on their reposting and replying relations, and propose an unsupervised model that jointly learns word distributions to represent: (1) different roles of conversational discourse, and (2) various latent topics in reflecting content information. By explicitly distinguishing the probabilities of messages with varying discourse roles in containing topical words, our model is able to discover clusters of discourse words that are indicative of topical content. In an automatic evaluation on large-scale microblog corpora, our joint model yields topics with better coherence scores than competitive topic models from previous studies. Qualitative analysis on model outputs indicates that our model induces meaningful representations for both discourse and topics. We further present an empirical study on microblog summarization based on the outputs of our joint model. The results show that the jointly modeled discourse and topic representations can effectively indicate summary-worthy content in microblog conversations.
True grit and genetics: Predicting academic achievement from personality.

Grit-perseverance and passion for long-term goals-has been shown to be a significant predictor of academic success, even after controlling for other personality factors. Here, for the first time, we use a U.K.-representative sample and a genetically sensitive design to unpack the etiology of Grit and its prediction of academic achievement in comparison to well-established personality traits. For 4,642 16-year-olds (2,321 twin pairs), we used the Grit-S scale (perseverance of effort and consistency of interest), along with the Big Five personality traits, to predict grades on the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams, which are administered U.K.-wide at the end of compulsory education. Twin analyses of Grit perseverance yielded a heritability estimate of 37% (20% for consistency of interest) and no evidence for shared environmental influence. Personality, primarily conscientiousness, predicts about 6% of the variance in GCSE grades, but Grit adds little to this prediction. Moreover, multivariate twin analyses showed that roughly two-thirds of the GCSE prediction is mediated genetically. Grit perseverance of effort and Big Five conscientiousness are to a large extent the same trait both phenotypically (r = 0.53) and genetically (genetic correlation = 0.86). We conclude that the etiology of Grit is highly similar to other personality traits, not only in showing substantial genetic influence but also in showing no influence of shared environmental factors. Personality significantly predicts academic achievement, but Grit adds little phenotypically or genetically to the prediction of academic achievement beyond traditional personality factors, especially conscientiousness.
Mindsets and Math/Science Achievement

There is a growing body of evidence that students’ mindsets play a key role in their math and science achievement. Students who believe that intelligence or mathscience ability is simply a fixed trait (a fixed mindset) are at a significant disadvantage compared to students who believe that their abilities can be developed (a growth mindset). Moreover, research is showing that these mindsets can play an important role in the relative underachievement of women and minorities in math and science. Below I will present research showing that (a) mindsets can predict math/science achievement over time, (b) mindsets can contribute to math/science achievement discrepancies for women and minorities, (c) interventions that change mindsets can boost achievement and reduce achievement discrepancies, and (d) educators play a key role in shaping students’ mindsets.
Foreskin development in 10 421 Chinese boys aged 0-18 years.

Few studies on foreskin development and the practice of circumcision have been done in Chinese boys. This study aimed to determine the natural development process of foreskin in children.



A total of 10 421 boys aged 0 to 18 years were studied. The condition of foreskin was classified into type I (phimosis), type II (partial phimosis), type III (adhesion of prepuce), type IV (normal), and type V (circumcised). Other abnormalities of the genitalia were also determined.



The incidence of a completely retractile foreskin increased from 0% at birth to 42.26% in adolescence; however, the phimosis rate decreased with age from 99.7% to 6.81%. Other abnormalities included web penis, concealed penis, cryptorchidism, hydrocele, micropenis, inguinal hernia, and hypospadias.



Incomplete separation of foreskin is common in children. Since it is a natural phenomenon to approach the adult condition until puberty, circumcision should be performed with cautions in children.
Relations, Objects, and the Composition of Analogies

This research addresses the kinds of matching elements that determine analogical relatedness and literal similarity. Despite theoretical agreement on the importance of relational match, the empirical evidence is neither systematic nor definitive. In 3 studies, participants performed online evaluations of relatedness of sentence pairs that varied in either the object or relational match. Results show a consistent focus on relational matches as the main determinant of analogical acceptance. In addition, analogy does not require strict overall identity of relational concepts. Semantically overlapping but nonsynonymous relations were commonly accepted, but required more processing time. Finally, performance in a similarity rating task partly paralleled analogical acceptance; however, relatively more weight was given to object matches. Implications for psychological theories of analogy and similarity are addressed.
Understanding Breast Health Awareness in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Breast cancer (BC) is a critical health concern in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A major factor influencing its incidence is the large proportion of younger Saudi women presenting with BC at an advanced stage. This systematic review aimed to explore health care providers' and women’s experiences and perspectives of breast health awareness in KSA. Electronic data databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL and the Web of Science were searched from inception (1946) to February 2017. A systematic search using breast cancer or breast health headings and index terms was conducted. Papers were included if they focused on Saudi women and health care providers (HCPs), breast cancer and breast health awareness. This systematic review was guided by PRISMA guidelines and all relevant studies were individually assessed by the researcher using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme and Milton Keynes Primary Care Trust checklists and reviewed by all authors. Thematic synthesis of data was used to present the results. 56 studies inform this systematic review. There are no national breast cancer education programs or screening programs in KSA. The findings demonstrated a very limited evidence base related to breast health awareness. This limited evidence suggests that the combination of inadequate awareness among women and a reluctance to conduct breast screening and provide education to health care providers has attributed to the absence of screening programs. Breast education and screening programs need to be embedded in KSA. Empirical studies are required to rigorously assess women and HCPs knowledge and awareness towards BC in order to help inform policy and breast cancer education and screening programs. The findings are likely to resonate with countries in the Eastern world where breast education and screening services are under developed.