nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
PATTERNS OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS AT TWO TEACHING HOSPITALS IN ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA A THREE YEARS RETROSPECTIVE STUDY.

Neural tube defects (NTDs), one of the most common congenital malformations, are potentially preventable cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality.



To give baseline description of NTDs and their outcome at two teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.



A retrospective cross sectional descriptive study conducted from September 2009 to August 2012.



During the study period out of 28,961 deliveries 177 cases of NTDs were identified, giving an overall NTD prevalence of 6.1/1000. Only 12% (21/177) were diagnosed before 28 weeks of gestation. The mean gestational age at diagnosis of NTDs was 33.8 weeks (±5.5). Majority, 93.2% (165/177), had antenatal care (ANC) follow-up. Most, 72% (127/177), were diagnosed by ultrasound before delivery while 28% (50/177) were identified at the time of delivery or expulsion. Majority, 85.3% (151/177), never received folic acid supplementation. Only less than 1% (2/177) of the mothers started taking folic acid supplementation pre-conceptionally. Only a third, 33.3% (59/177), of the fetuses were born alive while only 13.6% (24/177) were discharged alive. Myelomeningocele, identified in 51.4% (91/177), was the commonest NTD in this study.



The proportion of NTDs in this study is among the highest globally reported rates. The practice of periconceptional folic acid supplementation is negligible. And although most had ANC follow-up the vast majority of NTDs were diagnosed late in the third trimester. It is, therefore, highly recommended to consider implementing national preventive strategies to reduce the prevalence of NTDs in Ethiopia.
Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs--UIP consensus document. Part II. Anatomy.

Duplex ultrasound investigation has become the reference standard in assessing the morphology and haemodynamics of the lower limb veins. The project described in this paper was an initiative of the Union Internationale de Phlébologie (UIP). The aim was to obtain a consensus of international experts on the methodology to be used for assessment of anatomy of superficial and perforating veins in the lower limb by ultrasound imaging.



The authors performed a systematic review of the published literature on duplex anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins of the lower limbs; afterwards they invited a group of experts from a wide range of countries to participate in this project. Electronic submissions from the authors and the experts (text and images) were made available to all participants via the UIP website. The authors prepared a draft document for discussion at the UIP Chapter meeting held in San Diego, USA in August 2003. Following this meeting a revised manuscript was circulated to all participants and further comments were received by the authors and included in subsequent versions of the manuscript. Eventually, all participants agreed the final version of the paper.



The experts have made detailed recommendations concerning the methods to be used for duplex ultrasound examination as well as the interpretation of images and measurements obtained. This document provides a detailed methodology for complete ultrasound assessment of the anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins in the lower limbs.



The authors and a large group of experts have agreed a methodology for the investigation of the lower limbs venous system by duplex ultrasonography, with specific reference to the anatomy of the main superficial veins and perforators of the lower limbs in healthy and varicose subjects.
Temperature Drift Compensation for Hemispherical Resonator Gyro Based on Natural Frequency

Temperature changes have a strong effect on Hemispherical Resonator Gyro (HRG) output; therefore, it is of vital importance to observe their influence and then make necessary compensations. In this paper, a temperature compensation model for HRG based on the natural frequency of the resonator is established and then temperature drift compensations are accomplished. To begin with, a math model of the relationship between the temperature and the natural frequency of HRG is set up. Then, the math model is written into a Taylor expansion expression and the expansion coefficients are calibrated through temperature experiments. The experimental results show that the frequency changes correspond to temperature changes and each temperature only corresponds to one natural frequency, so the output of HRG can be compensated through the natural frequency of the resonator instead of the temperature itself. As a result, compensations are made for the output drift of HRG based on natural frequency through a stepwise linear regression method. The compensation results show that temperature-frequency method is valid and suitable for the gyroscope drift compensation, which would ensure HRG's application in a larger temperature range in the future.
Embedded System Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Electronic Differential System for Electric Vehicles

This paper presents an experimental study of the electronic differential system with four-wheel, dual-rear in wheel motor independently driven an electric vehicle. It is worth bearing in mind that the electronic differential is a new technology used in electric vehicle technology and provides better balancing in curved paths. In addition, it is more lightweight than the mechanical differential and can be controlled by a single controller. In this study, intelligently supervised electronic differential design and control is carried out for electric vehicles. Embedded system is used to provide motor control with a fuzzy logic controller. High accuracy is obtained from experimental study. Electronic differential; electric vehicle; embedded system; fuzzy logic controller; in-wheel motor
High Dynamic Range Methanol Sensor Based on Aligned ZnO Nanorods

A resistive methanol sensor based on ZnO hexagonal nanorods having average diameter (60–70 nm) and average length of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\sim}{\rm 500}~{\rm nm}$</tex></formula>, is reported in this paper. A low temperature chemical bath deposition technique is employed to deposit vertically aligned ZnO hexagonal nanorods using zinc acetate dihydrate and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) precursors at 100<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}{\rm C}$</tex></formula> on a <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm SiO}_{2}$</tex></formula> substrate having Sol-Gel grown ZnO seed layer. After structural (XRD, FESEM) and electrical (Hall effect) characterizations, four types of sensors structures incorporating the effect of catalytic metal electrode (Pd-Ag) and Pd nanoparticle sensitization, are fabricated and tested for sensing methanol vapor in the temperature range of 27<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}{\rm C}$</tex> </formula>–300<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}{\rm C}$</tex></formula>. The as deposited ZnO nanorods with Pd-Ag catalytic contact offered appreciably high dynamic range (190–3040 ppm) at moderately lower temperature (200<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}{\rm C}$</tex></formula>) compared to the sensors with noncatalytic electrode (Au). Surface modification of nanorods by Pd nanoparticles offered faster response and recovery with increased response magnitude for both type of electrodes, but at the cost of lower dynamic range (190–950 ppm). The possible sensing mechanism has also been discussed briefly.
A Gap Waveguide-Fed Wideband Patch Antenna Array for 60-GHz Applications

This communication presents a wideband aperture-coupled patch antenna array based on ridge gap waveguide feed layer for 60-GHz applications. The novelty of this antenna lies in the combination of relatively new gap waveguide technology along with conventional patch antenna arrays allowing to achieve a wideband patch antenna array with high gain and high radiation efficiency. An <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8 \times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-element array antenna is designed, fabricated, and tested. Experimental results show that the bandwidth of VSWR < 2 is up to 15.5% (57.5–67.2 GHz). More than 75% efficiency and higher than 21.5-dBi gain are achieved over the operational bandwidth. The results are valuable for the design and evaluation of wideband planar antenna arrays at millimeter-wave frequencies.
C ∅ C ∅ : A Framework for Building Composable Zero-Knowledge Proofs

Non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs are a powerful cryptographic primitive used in privacypreserving protocols. We design and build C∅C∅, the first system enabling developers to build efficient, composable, non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs for generic, user-defined statements. C∅C∅ extends state-of-the-art SNARK constructions by applying known strengthening transformations to yield UC-composable zero-knowledge proofs suitable for modular use in larger cryptographic protocols. To attain fast practical performance, C∅C∅ includes a library of several “SNARK-friendly” cryptographic primitives. These primitives are used in the strengthening transformations in order to reduce the overhead of achieving composable security. Our open-source library of optimized arithmetic circuits for these functions are up to 40× more efficient than standard implementations and are thus of independent interest for use in other NIZK projects. Finally, we evaluate C∅C∅ on applications such as anonymous credentials, private smart contracts, and nonoutsourceable proof-of-work puzzles and demonstrate 5× to 8× speedup in these application settings compared to naive implementations.
The Comprehensive Terrorism Knowledge Base in Cyc

This paper describes the comprehensive Terrorism Knowledge Base TM (TKB TM) which will ultimately contain all relevant knowledge about terrorist groups, their members, leaders, affiliations , etc., and full descriptions of specific terrorist events. Led by world-class experts in terrorism , knowledge enterers have, with simple tools, been building the TKB at the rate of up to 100 assertions per person-hour. The knowledge is stored in a manner suitable for computer understanding and reasoning. The TKB also utilizes its reasoning modules to integrate data and correlate observations, generate scenarios, answer questions and compose explanations.
Neural Associative Memories

Despite of processing elements which are thousands of times faster than the neurons in the brain, modern computers still cannot match quite a few processing capabilities of the brain, many of which we even consider trivial (such as recognizing faces or voices, or following a conversation). A common principle for those capabilities lies in the use of correlations between patterns in order to identify patterns which are similar. Looking at the brain as an information processing mechanism with { maybe among others { associative processing capabilities together with the converse view of associative memories as certain types of artiicial neural networks initiated a number of interesting results, ranging from theoretical considerations to insights in the functioning of neurons, as well as parallel hardware implementations of neural associative memories. This paper discusses three main aspects of neural associative memories: theoretical investigations, e.g. on the information storage capacity, local learning rules, eeective retrieval strategies, and encoding schemes implementation aspects, in particular for parallel hardware and applications One important outcome of our analytical considerations is that the combination of binary synaptic weights, sparsely encoded memory patterns, and local learning rules | in particular Hebbian learning | leads to favorable representation and access schemes. Based on these considerations, a series of parallel hardware architectures has been developed in the last decade; the current one is the Pan-IV (Parallel Associative Network), which uses the special purpose Bacchus{chips and standard memory for realizing 4096 neurons with 128 MBytes of storage capacity.
Bactericidal Effects and Mechanisms of Visible Light-Responsive Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts on Pathogenic Bacteria

This review focuses on the antibacterial activities of visible light-responsive titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts. These photocatalysts have a range of applications including disinfection, air and water cleaning, deodorization, and pollution and environmental control. Titanium dioxide is a chemically stable and inert material, and can continuously exert antimicrobial effects when illuminated. The energy source could be solar light; therefore, TiO2 photocatalysts are also useful in remote areas where electricity is insufficient. However, because of its large band gap for excitation, only biohazardous ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation can excite TiO2, which limits its application in the living environment. To extend its application, impurity doping, through metal coating and controlled calcination, has successfully modified the substrates of TiO2 to expand its absorption wavelengths to the visible light region. Previous studies have investigated the antibacterial abilities of visible light-responsive photocatalysts using the model bacteria Escherichia coli and human pathogens. The modified TiO2 photocatalysts significantly reduced the numbers of surviving bacterial cells in response to visible light illumination. They also significantly reduced the activity of bacterial endospores; reducing their toxicity while retaining their germinating abilities. It is suggested that the photocatalytic killing mechanism initially damages the surfaces weak points of the bacterial cells, before totally breakage of the cell membranes. The internal bacterial components then leak from the cells through the damaged sites. Finally, the photocatalytic reaction oxidizes the cell debris. In summary, visible light-responsive TiO2 photocatalysts are more convenient than the traditional UV light-responsive TiO2 photocatalysts because they do not require harmful UV light irradiation to function. These photocatalysts, thus, provide a promising and feasible approach for disinfection of pathogenic bacteria; facilitating the prevention of infectious diseases.
Electromagnetic Analysis of a Synchronous Reluctance Motor With Single-Tooth Windings

This paper explores some of the key electromagnetic design aspects of a synchronous reluctance motor that is equipped with single-tooth windings (i.e., fractional slot concentrated windings). The analyzed machine, a 6-slot 4-pole motor, utilizes a segmented stator core structure for ease of coil winding, pre-assembly, and facilitation of high slot fill factors (~60%). The impact on the motors torque producing capability and its power factor of these inter-segment air gaps between the stator segments is investigated through 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) studies where it is shown that they have a low impact. From previous studies, torque ripple is a known issue with this particular slot–pole combination of synchronous reluctance motor, and the use of two different commercially available semi-magnetic slot wedges is investigated as a method to improve torque quality. An analytical analysis of continuous rotor skewing is also investigated as an attempt to reduce the torque ripple. Finally, it is shown that through a combination of 2-D and 3-D FEA studies in conjunction with experimentally derived results on a prototype machine that axial fringing effects cannot be ignored when predicting the q-axis reactance in such machines. A comparison of measured orthogonal axis flux linkages/reactances with 3-D FEA studies is presented for the first time.
A Distributed Operating System Network Stack and Device Driver for Multicores

With the advances in network speeds a single processor cannot cope anymore with the growing number of data streams from a single network card. Multicore processors come at a rescue but traditional SMP OSes, which integrate the software network stack, scale only to a certain extent,limiting an application's ability to serve more connections while increasing the number of cores. On the other hand, kernel bypass solutions seem to scale better, but limit resource flexibility and control. We propose attacking these problems with a distributed OS design, using multiple network stacks (one per kernel) and relying on multi-queue hardware and hardware flow steering. This creates a single-socket abstraction among kernels while minimizing inter-core communication. We introduce our design, consisting of a distributed network stack, a distributed device driver, and a load-balancing algorithm. We compare our prototype, NetPopcorn, with Linux, Affinity Accept, FastSocket. NetPopcorn accepts between 5 to 8 times more connections and reduces the tail latency compared to these competitors. We also compare NetPopcorn with mTCP and observe that for high core counts, mTCP accepts only 18% more connections yet with higher tail latency than NetPopcorn.
Diameters of retinal blood vessels in a healthy cohort as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

To describe a method for measuring the diameters of large retinal blood vessels by means of spectral domain optical coherence tomography.



Prospective cohort study of 29 healthy subjects (58 eyes) who underwent a spectral domain optical coherence tomography examination. Two cubes of horizontal scans were placed at the superior and inferior borders of the disk to include the large temporal retinal vessels. Vessels diameters were measured, and an artery-to-vein ratio was calculated at 10 measurement points (480-1440 μm superiorly and inferiorly from the optic disk border).



The mean age of the study subjects was 41.45 ± 15.53 years. Patients had no ocular or systemic pathologies. The mean diameter of the retinal artery was 135.73 ± 15.64 μm and of the vein 151.32 ± 15.22 μm at the measurement point of 480 μm, with a gradual decrease to 123.01 ± 13.43 μm and 137.69 ± 13.84 μm, respectively, at 1440 μm. The artery-to-vein ratio was ≈ 0.9 at all points of measurement.



This is a new noninvasive method for retinal blood vessels diameter measurement using the spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging modality. This method may aid in evaluation of retinal and systemic vascular diseases.
Mental health and stigma in the medical profession.

Until recently, much of the recent upsurge in interest in physician health has been motivated by concerns about improving patient care and patient safety and reducing medical errors. Increasingly, more attention has turned to examining how the management of mental illness among physicians might be improved within the medical profession and one key direction for change is the reduction of stigma associated with mental illness. I begin this article by presenting a brief overview of the stigma process from the general sociological literature. Next, I provide evidence that illustrates how the stigma of mental illness thrives in the medical profession as a result of the culture of medicine and medical training, perceptions of physicians and their colleagues, and expectations and responses of health care systems and organizations. Lastly, I discuss what needs to change by proposing ways of educating and raising awareness regarding mental illness among physicians, discussing approaches to assessing and identifying mental health concerns for physicians and by examining how safe and confidential support and treatment can be offered to physicians in need. I rely on strategically selected studies to effectively draw attention to and support the central themes of this article.
The Design and Implementation of a Mobile RFID Tag Sorting Robot

Libraries, manufacturing lines, and offices of the future all stand to benefit from knowing the exact spatial order of RFID-tagged books, components, and folders, respectively. To this end, radio-based localization has demonstrated the potential for high accuracy. Key enabling ideas include motion-based synthetic aperture radar, multipath detection, and the use of different frequencies (channels). But indoors in real-world situations, current systems often fall short of the mark, mainly because of the prevalence and strength of multipath reflections of the radio signal off nearby objects. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of MobiTagbot, an autonomous wheeled robot reader that conducts a roving survey of the above such areas to achieve an exact spatial order of RFID-tagged objects in very close (1--6 cm) spacings. Our approach leverages a serendipitous correlation between the changes in multipath reflections that occur with motion and the effect of changing the carrier frequency (channel) of the RFID query. By carefully observing the relationship between channel and phase, MobiTagbot detects if multipath is likely prevalent at a given robot reader location. If so, MobiTagbot excludes phase readings from that reader location, and generates a final location estimate using phase readings from other locations as the robot reader moves in space. Experimentally, we demonstrate that cutting-edge localization algorithms including Tagoram are not accurate enough to exactly order items in very close proximity, but MobiTagbot is, achieving nearly 100% ordering accuracy for items at low (3--6 cm) spacings and 86% accuracy for items at very low (1--3 cm) spacings.
The application of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to enhance the immune responses of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to Vibrio harveyi infection.

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in enhancing the immune responses of vannameishrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to Vibrio harveyi infection. This research was comprised of five treatments, namely:T0(+)= Positive control, T0(-)= Negative control, T1= 1% probiotic , T2= 2% prebiotic, and T3= synbiotic (1% probiotic+2% prebiotic). The Probiotic SKT-b (dose 10 CFU/ml) and oligosaccharides from sweet potatos as a prebiotic were used in this study. The prebiotics and probiotics were supplemented into the shrimp diet. The study revealed that higher immune responses were observed in T3 with total heamocytes of3.36±0.05 x10 to 9.32±0.05x10 cells/ml, phagocytic activity of 16.48±0.14 to 77.55±0.22%, and phenoloxidase activity of 0.128±0.03 to 0.591±0.01. We concluded that the addition of synbiotics in the feed resulted in better immune responses compared to the addition of probiotics and prebiotics.
An unusual localization: Preputial hemangioma

Hemangiomas are the most common tumor of infantile period and usually involved sites are head and neck (%50), followed by trunk and extremities. Hemangioma is rarely described in genitals. We report a 17-months-old patient with a hemangioma of the preputium penis. The tumor was completely removed surgically and histological examination revealed an infantile hemangioma.
A Compact 28GHz Bandpass Filter using Quartz Folded Waveguide

For massive MIMO antenna units in 5G, a compact quartz folded waveguide bandpass filter in 28 GHz band with wide passband has been developed. To design the filter, some analyses using EM simulation were carried out and a unique construction has been proposed. An air gap coupling-window has been found to be insensitive against gap distance variations in fabrication. An asymmetrical Y-shaped terminal for TEM-TE mode transition has shown lower external Q less than 10. The fabricated folded waveguide filter has a size of $\mathbf{8}.\mathbf{9}\times \mathbf{14}.\mathbf{85}\times \mathbf{1}.\mathbf{6}\ \mathbf{mm}^{3}$ and realizes a compact I/O terminal layout. The measured insertion loss is very low such as 0.9 dB which is better than conventional straight type by 0.3 dB, keeping with 50 dB min. attenuations.