nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: a review.

Antibiotics are among the most successful group of pharmaceuticals used for human and veterinary therapy. However, large amounts of antibiotics are released into municipal wastewater due to incomplete metabolism in humans or due to disposal of unused antibiotics, which finally find their ways into different natural environmental compartments. The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) has led to an increasing concern about the potential environmental and public health risks. ARB and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) have been detected extensively in wastewater samples. Available data show significantly higher proportion of antibiotic resistant bacteria contained in raw and treated wastewater relative to surface water. According to these studies, the conditions in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are favourable for the proliferation of ARB. Moreover, another concern with regards to the presence of ARB and ARGs is their effective removal from sewage. This review gives an overview of the available data on the occurrence of ARB and ARGs and their fate in WWTPs, on the biological methods dealing with the detection of bacterial populations and their resistance genes, and highlights areas in need for further research studies.
Restraint asphyxia in in-custody deaths Medical examiner's role in prevention of deaths.

In the United States, the office of the Medical Examiner-Coroner is responsible for investigating all sudden and unexpected deaths and deaths by violence. Its jurisdiction includes deaths during the arrest procedures and deaths in police custody. Police officers are sometimes required to subdue and restrain an individual who is violent, often irrational and resisting arrest. This procedure may cause harm to the subject and to the arresting officers. This article deals with our experiences in Los Angeles and reviews the policies and procedures for investigating and determining the cause and manner of death in such cases. We have taken a "quality improvement approach" to the study of these deaths due to restraint asphyxia and related officer involved deaths, Since 1999, through interagency coordination with law enforcement agencies similar to the hospital healthcare quality improvement meeting program, detailed information related to the sequence of events in these cases and ideas for improvements to prevent such deaths are discussed.
An Overview of Microkernel , Hypervisor and Microvisor Virtualization Approaches for Embedded Systems

This paper addresses an essential application of microkernels; its role in virtualization for embedded systems. Virtualization in embedded systems and microkernel-based virtualization are topics of intensive research today. As embedded systems specifically mobile phones are evolving to do everything that a PC does, employing virtualization in this case is another step to make this vision a reality. Hence, recently, much time and research effort have been employed to validate ways to host virtualization on embedded system processors i.e., the ARM processors. This paper reviews the research work that have had significant impact on the implementation approaches of virtualization in embedded systems and how these approaches additionally provide security features that are beneficial to equipment manufacturers, carrier service providers and end users.
Genetic Programming III - Darwinian Invention and Problem Solving

The quest for automatic Programming is the holy grail of artificial intelligence. The dream of having computer programs write other useful computer programs has haunted researchers since the nineteen fifties. In Genetic Progvamming III Darwinian Invention and Problem Solving (GP?) by John R. Koza, Forest H. Bennet 111, David Andre, and Martin A. Keane, the authors claim that the first inscription on this trophy should be the name Genetic Programming (GP). GP is about applying evolutionary algorithms to search the space of computer programs. The authors paraphrase Arthur Samuel of 1959 and argue that with this method it is possible to tell the computer what to do without telling it explicitly how t o do it.
Research Note - Privacy Concerns and Privacy-Protective Behavior in Synchronous Online Social Interactions

P is of prime importance to many individuals when they attempt to develop online social relationships. Nonetheless, it has been observed that individuals’ behavior is at times inconsistent with their privacy concerns, e.g., they disclose substantial private information in synchronous online social interactions, even though they are aware of the risks involved. Drawing on the hyperpersonal framework and the privacy calculus perspective, this paper elucidates the interesting roles of privacy concerns and social rewards in synchronous online social interactions by examining the causes and the behavioral strategies that individuals utilize to protect their privacy. An empirical study involving 251 respondents was conducted in online chat rooms. Our results indicate that individuals utilize both self-disclosure and misrepresentation to protect their privacy and that social rewards help explain why individuals may not behave in accordance with their privacy concerns. In addition, we find that perceived anonymity of others and perceived intrusiveness affect both privacy concerns and social rewards. Our findings also suggest that higher perceived anonymity of self decreases individuals’ privacy concerns, and higher perceived media richness increases social rewards. Generally, this study contributes to the information systems literature by integrating the hyperpersonal framework and the privacy calculus perspective to identify antecedents of privacy trade-off and predict individuals’ behavior in synchronous online social interactions.
Approximation Algorithms for Correlated Knapsacks and Non-martingale Bandits

In the stochastic knapsack problem, we are given a knapsack of size B, and a set of items whose sizes and rewards are drawn from a known probability distribution. To know the actual size and reward we have to schedule the item -- when it completes, we get to know these values. The goal is to schedule the items (possibly making adaptive decisions based on the sizes seen so far) to maximize the expected total reward of items which successfully pack into the knapsack. We know constant-factor approximations when (i) the rewards and sizes are independent, and (ii) we cannot prematurely cancel items after we schedule them. What if either or both assumptions are relaxed? Related stochastic packing problems are the multi-armed bandit (and budgeted learning) problems, here one is given several arms which evolve in a specified stochastic fashion with each pull, and the goal is to (adaptively) decide which arms to pull, in order to maximize the expected reward obtained after B pulls in total. Much recent work on this problem focuses on the case when the evolution of each arm follows a martingale, i.e., when the expected reward from one pull of an arm is the same as the reward at the current state. What if the rewards do not form a martingale? In this paper, we give O(1)-approximation algorithms for the stochastic knapsack problem with correlations and/or cancellations. Extending the ideas developed here, we give O(1)-approximations for MAB problems without the martingale assumption. Indeed, we can show that previously proposed linear programming relaxations for these problems have large integrality gaps. So we propose new time-indexed LP relaxations, using a decomposition and "gap-filling" approach, we convert these fractional solutions to distributions over strategies, and then use the LP values and the time ordering information from these strategies to devise randomized adaptive scheduling algorithms.
Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a blinding disease, initiated by delayed retinal vascular growth after premature birth. There are both oxygen-regulated and non-oxygen-regulated factors, which contribute to both normal vascular development and retinal neovascularization. One important oxygen-regulated factor, critical to both phases of ROP, is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A critical non oxygen-regulated growth factor is insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). In knockout mice, lack of IGF-1 prevents normal retinal vascular growth, despite the presence of VEGF, important to vessel development. In vitro, low IGF-1 prevents vascular endothelial growth factor-induced activation of Akt, a kinase critical for vascular endothelial cell survival. Premature infants who develop ROP have lower levels of serum IGF-1 than age-matched infants without disease.



IGF-1 is critical to normal vascular development. Low IGF-1 predicts ROP and restoration of IGF-1 to normal levels may prevent ROP.
Constrained planar cuts - Object partitioning for point clouds

While humans can easily separate unknown objects into meaningful parts, recent segmentation methods can only achieve similar partitionings by training on human-annotated ground-truth data. Here we introduce a bottom-up method for segmenting 3D point clouds into functional parts which does not require supervision and achieves equally good results. Our method uses local concavities as an indicator for inter-part boundaries. We show that this criterion is efficient to compute and generalizes well across different object classes. The algorithm employs a novel locally constrained geometrical boundary model which proposes greedy cuts through a local concavity graph. Only planar cuts are considered and evaluated using a cost function, which rewards cuts orthogonal to concave edges. Additionally, a local clustering constraint is applied to ensure the partitioning only affects relevant locally concave regions. We evaluate our algorithm on recordings from an RGB-D camera as well as the Princeton Segmentation Benchmark, using a fixed set of parameters across all object classes. This stands in stark contrast to most reported results which require either knowing the number of parts or annotated ground-truth for learning. Our approach outperforms all existing bottom-up methods (reducing the gap to human performance by up to 50 %) and achieves scores similar to top-down data-driven approaches.
The Viterbi Algorithm

This paper is a tutorial introduction to the Viterbi Algorithm, this is reinforced by an example use of the Viterbi Algorithm in the area of error correction in communications channels. Some extensions to the basic algorithm are also discussed briefly. Some of the many application areas where the Viterbi Algorithm has been used are considered, including it's use in communications, target tracking and pattern recognition problems. A proposal for further research into the use of the Viterbi Algorithm in Signature Verification is then presented, and is the area of present research at the moment.
A subgraph isomorphism algorithm and its application to biochemical data

Graphs can represent biological networks at the molecular, protein, or species level. An important query is to find all matches of a pattern graph to a target graph. Accomplishing this is inherently difficult (NP-complete) and the efficiency of heuristic algorithms for the problem may depend upon the input graphs. The common aim of existing algorithms is to eliminate unsuccessful mappings as early as and as inexpensively as possible. We propose a new subgraph isomorphism algorithm which applies a search strategy to significantly reduce the search space without using any complex pruning rules or domain reduction procedures. We compare our method with the most recent and efficient subgraph isomorphism algorithms (VFlib, LAD, and our C++ implementation of FocusSearch which was originally distributed in Modula2) on synthetic, molecules, and interaction networks data. We show a significant reduction in the running time of our approach compared with these other excellent methods and show that our algorithm scales well as memory demands increase. Subgraph isomorphism algorithms are intensively used by biochemical tools. Our analysis gives a comprehensive comparison of different software approaches to subgraph isomorphism highlighting their weaknesses and strengths. This will help researchers make a rational choice among methods depending on their application. We also distribute an open-source package including our system and our own C++ implementation of FocusSearch together with all the used datasets ( http://ferrolab.dmi.unict.it/ri.html ). In future work, our findings may be extended to approximate subgraph isomorphism algorithms.
A hybrid approach to offloading mobile image classification

Current mobile devices are unable to execute complex vision applications in a timely and power efficient manner without offloading some of the computation. This paper examines the tradeoffs that arise from executing some of the workload onboard and some remotely. Feature extraction and matching play an essential role in image classification and have the potential to be executed locally. Along with advances in mobile hardware, understanding the computation requirements of these applications is essential to realize their full potential in mobile environments. We analyze the ability of a mobile platform to execute feature extraction and matching, and prediction workloads under various scenarios. The best configuration for optimal runtime (11% faster) executes feature extraction with a GPU onboard and offloads the rest of the pipeline. Alternatively, compressing and sending the image over the network achieves lowest data transferred (2.5× better) and lowest energy usage (3.7× better) than the next best option.
Robust Human Activity Recognition Using Smartphone Sensors via CT-PCA and Online SVM

Human activity recognition using either wearable devices or smartphones can benefit various applications including healthcare, fitness, smart home, etc. Instead of using wearable devices which are intrusive and require extra cost, we shall leverage on modern smartphones embedded with a variety of sensors. Due to the flexibility of using smartphones, the recognition accuracy will degrade with orientation, placement, and subject variations. In this paper, we propose a robust human activity recognition system in terms of orientation, placement, and subject variations based on coordinate transformation and principal component analysis (CT-PCA) and online support vector machine (OSVM). The proposed CT-PCA scheme is utilized to eliminate the effect of orientation variations. Experiments show that the proposed scheme significantly improves the activity recognition accuracy and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on leave one orientation out experiments, which demonstrates the generalization ability of the proposed scheme on the data from unseen orientations. We also show the effectiveness of this scheme on placement and subject variations. However, the inherent difference of signal properties for different placement and subject dramatically reduces the recognition accuracy, especially for different placement. Thus, we present an efficient OSVM algorithm, that is, online-independent support vector machine (OISVM), which utilizes a small portion of data from the unseen placement or subject to online update the parameters of the SVM algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this OISVM algorithm on placement and subject variations.
Safe Memory-Leak Fixing for C Programs

Automatic bug fixing has become a promising direction for reducing manual effort in debugging. However, general approaches to automatic bug fixing may face some fundamental difficulties. In this paper, we argue that automatic fixing of specific types of bugs can be a useful complement.
 This paper reports our first attempt towards automatically fixing memory leaks in C programs. Our approach generates only safe fixes, which are guaranteed not to interrupt normal execution of the program. To design such an approach, we have to deal with several challenging problems such as inter-procedural leaks, global variables, loops, and leaks from multiple allocations. We propose solutions to all the problems and integrate the solutions into a coherent approach.
 We implemented our inter-procedural memory leak fixing into a tool named LeakFix and evaluated LeakFix on 15 programs with 522k lines of code. Our evaluation shows that LeakFix is able to successfully fix a substantial number of memory leaks, and LeakFix is scalable for large applications.
1997 Index IEEE Transactions On Information Technology In Biomedicine Vol. 1

This index covers all technical items - papers, correspondence, reviews, etc. - that appeared in this periodical during the year, and items from previous years that were commented upon or corrected in this year. Departments and other items may also be covered if they have been judged to have archival value. The Author Index contains the primary entry for each item, listed under the first author's name. The primary entry includes the co-authors' names, the title of the paper or other item, and its location, specified by the publication abbreviation, year, month, and inclusive pagination. The Subject Index contains entries describing the item under all appropriate subject headings, plus the first author's name, the publication abbreviation, month, and year, and inclusive pages. Note that the item title is found only under the primary entry in the Author Index.
Geometric design of the LineScout, a teleoperated robot for power line inspection and maintenance

Power line inspection and maintenance are fields of application where robotics has yet to be introduced. However, as in many other hostile environments, substantial benefits in terms of workers safety and quality of inspection results could arise. This paper describes one of the latest initiatives toward that goal by presenting the design of a teleoperated robot called the "LineScout". This moving platform has the capacity to cross obstacles found on the line. Special care was taken early in the design phase to account for the context of power utility operation and to customize the geometric parameters to the specific features of the electric power network. The final prototype incorporates several key mechanical design features, which are briefly described. The LineScout is now validated, fully tested and ready to undertake pilot projects.
Review and the state of the art: Sol-gel and melt quenched bioactive glasses for tissue engineering.

Biomaterial development is currently the most active research area in the field of biomedical engineering. The bioglasses possess immense potential for being the ideal biomaterials due to their high adaptiveness to the biological environment as well as tunable properties. Bioglasses like 45S5 has shown great clinical success over the past 10 years. The bioglasses like 45S5 were prepared using melt-quenching techniques but recently porous bioactive glasses have been derived through sol-gel process. The synthesis route exhibits marked effect on the specific surface area, as well as degradability of the material. This article is an attempt to provide state of the art of the sol-gel and melt quenched bioactive bioglasses for tissue regeneration. Fabrication routes for bioglasses suitable for bone tissue engineering are highlighted and the effect of these fabrication techniques on the porosity, pore-volume, mechanical properties, cytocompatibilty and especially apatite layer formation on the surface of bioglasses is analyzed in detail. Drug delivery capability of bioglasses is addressed shortly along with the bioactivity of mesoporous glasses.
Polyglot Contextual Representations Improve Crosslingual Transfer

We introduce Rosita, a method to produce multilingual contextual word representations by training a single language model on text from multiple languages. Our method combines the advantages of contextual word representations with those of multilingual representation learning. We produce language models from dissimilar language pairs (English/Arabic and English/Chinese) and use them in dependency parsing, semantic role labeling, and named entity recognition, with comparisons to monolingual and noncontextual variants. Our results provide further evidence for the benefits of polyglot learning, in which representations are shared across multiple languages.
Effect of imagery perspective on occupational performance after stroke: a randomized controlled trial.

This preliminary study sought to determine whether the imagery perspective used during mental practice (MP) differentially influenced performance outcomes after stroke.



Nineteen participants with unilateral subacute stroke (9 men and 10 women, ages 28-77) were randomly allocated to one of three groups. All groups received 30-min occupational therapy sessions 2×/wk for 6 wk. Experimental groups received MP training in functional tasks using either an internal or an external perspective; the control group received relaxation imagery training. Participants were pre- and posttested using the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA), the Jebsen-Taylor Test of Hand Function (JTTHF), and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM).



At posttest, the internal and external experimental groups showed statistically similar improvements on the FMA and JTTHF (p < .05). All groups improved on the COPM (p < .05).



MP combined with occupational therapy improves upper-extremity recovery after stroke. MP does not appear to enhance self-perception of performance. This preliminary study suggests that imagery perspective may not be an important variable in MP interventions.
An Automatic Number Plate Recognition of Bangladeshi Vehicles

Now-a-day, the importance of automatic traffic monitoring has drawn the attention to the intelligent transport systems. A number plate is the unique identification of a vehicle. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) is designed to locate and recognize the number plate of a moving vehicle automatically. For Bangladeshi Vehicles there are no fixed rules for number plates like other countries. Because of the variety of conditions and patterns, the recognition process of number plates for Bangladeshi vehicles is so difficult. We develop a ANPR system which is divided into three part such as number plate Localization, Extraction and Recognition. After successfully complete localization and extraction of number plate we send that portion to a Bangla OCR to fetch the text of the number plate for further processing. In this paper we present a complete ANPR system for Bangladesh Vehicles using standard algorithms with some customization and with our own algorithm for Number Plate extraction which can detect Number Plate region and successfully extract detected region and then able to recognize that number plate text.
Model-Based Vector-Fitting Method for Circuit Model Extraction of Coupled-Resonator Diplexers

In this paper, a novel rational function approximation method, namely, model-based vector fitting (MVF), is proposed for accurate extraction of the characteristic functions of a coupled-resonator diplexer with a resonant type of junction from noise-contaminated measurement data. MVF inherits all the merits of the vector-fitting (VF) method and can also stipulate the order of the numerator of the model. Thus, MVF is suitable for the high-order diplexer system identification problem against measurement noise. With the extracted characteristic functions, a three-port transversal coupling matrix of a diplexer can be synthesized. A matrix orthogonal transformation strategy is also proposed to transform the obtained transversal matrix to a target coupling matrix configuration, whose entries have one-to-one relationship with the physical tuning elements. The whole model extraction procedure is analytical and robust, and can be used in a computer-aided tuning (CAT) program for coupled-resonator diplexers. A practical tuning example of a diplexer with a common resonator is given in detail to demonstrate the effectiveness and the practical value of the proposed method.