nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
When a 12 . 86 % Mortality is More Dangerous than 24 . 14 % : Implications for Risk Communication

Participants assessed the riskiness of 11 well-known causes of death. Each participant was presented with an estimation of the number of deaths in the population due to that particular cause. The estimates were obtained from a previous study of naive participants' intuitive estimations. For instance, based on the result of the previous study, the number of deaths due to cancer was presented as: `2,414 out of 10,000', `1,286 out of 10,000', `24.14 out of 100' and `12.86 out of 100'. The estimates of deaths were presented in analogous ways for the remaining ten causes of death. It was hypothesized that the judged degree of riskiness is affected by the number of deaths, irrespective of the total possible number (such as 10,000 or 100). Results from Experiment 1 were consistent with this prediction. Participants rated cancer as riskier when it was described as `kills 1,286 out of 10,000 people' than as `kills 24.14 out of 100 people', and similar results were observed regarding the remaining 10 causes of death. Experiment 2 replicated this trend. Implications for risk communications are discussed. & 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review of 40 Years of Cognitive Architecture Research: Core Cognitive Abilities and Practical Applications

In this paper we present a broad overview of the last 40 years of research on cognitive architectures. Although the number of existing architectures is nearing several hundred, most of the existing surveys do not reflect this growth and focus on a handful of well-established architectures. Thus, in this survey we wanted to shift the focus towards a more inclusive and high-level overview of the research on cognitive architectures. Our final set of 85 architectures includes 49 that are still actively developed, and borrow from a diverse set of disciplines, spanning areas from psychoanalysis to neuroscience. To keep the length of this paper within reasonable limits we discuss only the core cognitive abilities, such as perception, attention mechanisms, action selection, memory, learning and reasoning. In order to assess the breadth of practical applications of cognitive architectures we gathered information on over 900 practical projects implemented using the cognitive architectures in our list. We use various visualization techniques to highlight overall trends in the development of the field. In addition to summarizing the current state-of-the-art in the cognitive architecture research, this survey describes a variety of methods and ideas that have been tried and their relative success in modeling human cognitive abilities, as well as which aspects of cognitive behavior need more research with respect to their mechanistic counterparts and thus can further inform how cognitive science might progress.
A series resonant inverter system with PDM and PFM hybrid control for plastic film surface treatment

The plastic film surface treatment load is considered as a nonlinear capacitive load, which is rather difficult for designing of an inverter. The series resonant inverter (SRI) connected to the load via transformer has been found effective for it's driving. In this paper, a surface treatment based on a pulse density modulation (PDM) and pulse frequency modulation (PFM) hybrid control scheme is described. The PDM scheme is used to regulate the output power of the inverter and the PFM scheme is used to compensate for temperature and other environmental influences on the discharge. Experimental results show that the PDM and PFM hybrid control series-resonant inverter (SRI) makes the corona discharge treatment simple and compact, thus leading to higher efficiency.
An Efficient Method for Vehicle License Plate Detection in Complex Scenes

In this paper, we propose an efficient method for license plate localization in the images with various situations and complex background. At the first, in order to reduce problems such as low quality and low contrast in the vehicle images, image contrast is enhanced by the two different methods and the best for following is selected. At the second part, vertical edges of the enhanced image are extracted by sobel mask. Then the most of the noise and background edges are removed by an effective algorithm. The output of this stage is given to a morphological filtering to extract the candidate regions and finally we use several geometrical features such as area of the regions, aspect ratio and edge density to eliminate the non-plate regions and segment the plate from the input car image. This method is performed on some real images that have been captured at the different imaging conditions. The appropriate experimental results show that our proposed method is nearly independent to environmental conditions such as lightening, camera angles and camera distance from the automobile, and license plate rotation.
Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease

Inflammation clearly occurs in pathologically vulnerable regions of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, and it does so with the full complexity of local peripheral inflammatory responses. In the periphery, degenerating tissue and the deposition of highly insoluble abnormal materials are classical stimulants of inflammation. Likewise, in the AD brain damaged neurons and neurites and highly insoluble amyloid beta peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles provide obvious stimuli for inflammation. Because these stimuli are discrete, microlocalized, and present from early preclinical to terminal stages of AD, local upregulation of complement, cytokines, acute phase reactants, and other inflammatory mediators is also discrete, microlocalized, and chronic. Cumulated over many years, direct and bystander damage from AD inflammatory mechanisms is likely to significantly exacerbate the very pathogenic processes that gave rise to it. Thus, animal models and clinical studies, although still in their infancy, strongly suggest that AD inflammation significantly contributes to AD pathogenesis. By better understanding AD inflammatory and immunoregulatory processes, it should be possible to develop anti-inflammatory approaches that may not cure AD but will likely help slow the progression or delay the onset of this devastating disorder.
MRI of enthesitis of the appendicular skeleton in spondyloarthritis.

Entheses are sites where tendons, ligaments, joint capsules or fascia attach to bone. Inflammation of the entheses (enthesitis) is a well-known hallmark of spondyloarthritis (SpA). As entheses are associated with adjacent, functionally related structures, the concepts of an enthesis organ and functional entheses have been proposed. This is important in interpreting imaging findings in entheseal-related diseases. Conventional radiographs and CT are able to depict the chronic changes associated with enthesitis but are of very limited use in early disease. In contrast, MRI is sensitive for detecting early signs of enthesitis and can evaluate both soft-tissue changes and intraosseous abnormalities of active enthesitis. It is therefore useful for the early diagnosis of enthesitis-related arthropathies and monitoring therapy. Current knowledge and typical MRI features of the most commonly involved entheses of the appendicular skeleton in patients with SpA are reviewed. The MRI appearances of inflammatory and degenerative enthesopathy are described. New options for imaging enthesitis, including whole-body MRI and high-resolution microscopy MRI, are briefly discussed.
LINEAR PROFILE DECOMPOSITIONS FOR A FAMILY OF FOURTH ORDER SCHRÖDINGER EQUATIONS

We establish linear profile decompositions for the fourth order linear Schrödinger equation and for certain fourth order perturbations of the linear Schrödinger equation, in dimensions greater than or equal to two. We apply these results to prove dichotomy results on the existence of extremizers for the associated Stein–Tomas/Strichartz inequalities; along the way, we also obtain lower bounds for the norms of these operators.
Software Architecture Risk Containers

Our motivation is to determine whether risks such as implementation error-proneness can be isolated into three types of containers at design time. This paper identifies several container candidates in other research that fit the risk container concept. Two industrial case studies were used to determine which of three container types tested is most effective at isolating and predicting at design time the risk of implementation error-proneness. We found that Design Rule Containers were more effective than Use Case and Resource Containers.
Comparing the mechanical strength of hip spica cast between a conventional and a new method of application

The current technique of hip spica application is mostly based on a publication by Kumar (J Pediatr Orthop 1(1):97-99, 1981). We modified the technique of hip spica application in order to reduce the rate of breakage across the hip joint and designed this study to compare the strength between hip spica applied according to Kumar's technique and the new technique.



We created 12 hip spica casts with 24 hips according to Kumar's technique, and another 12 casts according to a new technique. The two types of spica were tested with a mechanical testing machine (Instron 3365 series) by using compression loading to failure in flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Data were analysed in SPSS version 20.0. Comparison of means was done with an independent T test for normally distributed data and the Mann-Whitney test for skewed data.



The new technique involved the creation of three slabs, instead of 14 slabs as described by Kumar. The loads to failure for hip spica cast applied according to the new technique were higher than those applied according to Kumar's technique, and the differences were statistically significant. The stiffness was also higher in spica casts applied with the new technique; the difference was not statistically significant under extension force.



Hip spica applied with the new technique was stronger than that applied according to Kumar's technique based on load to failure testing. The new technique of application would potentially reduce the risk of cast breakage during the management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and femur fracture in children.
Inducible gene deletion in astroglia and radial glia--a valuable tool for functional and lineage analysis.

Astrocytes are thought to play a variety of key roles in the adult brain, such as their participation in synaptic transmission, in wound healing upon brain injury, and adult neurogenesis. However, to elucidate these functions in vivo has been difficult because of the lack of astrocyte-specific gene targeting. Here we show that the inducible form of Cre (CreERT2) expressed in the locus of the astrocyte-specific glutamate transporter (GLAST) allows precisely timed gene deletion in adult astrocytes as well as radial glial cells at earlier developmental stages. Moreover, postnatal and adult neurogenesis can be targeted at different stages with high efficiency as it originates from astroglial cells. Taken together, this mouse line will allow dissecting the molecular pathways regulating the diverse functions of astrocytes as precursors, support cells, repair cells, and cells involved in neuronal information processing.
The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of thoracolumbar burst fractures: current concepts and a review of the literature

The burst fracture of the spine was first described by Holdsworth in 1963 and redefined by Denis in 1983 as being a fracture of the anterior and middle columns of the spine with or without an associated posterior column fracture. This injury has received much attention in the literature as regards its radiological diagnosis and also its clinical managment. The purpose of this article is to review the way that imaging has been used both to diagnose the injury and to guide management. Current concepts of the stability of this fracture are presented and our experience in the use of magnetic resonance imaging in deciding treatment options is discussed.
Automatic Model Generation for Virtual Commissioning of Specialized Production Machines

Actual challenges in production are individualization and short product lifecycles. To achieve this, the product development and the production planning must be accelerated. In some cases specialized production machines are engineered for automating production processes for a single product. Regarding the engineering of specialized production machines, there is often a sequential process starting with the mechanics, proceeding with the electrics and ending with the automation design. To accelerate this engineering process the different domains have to be parallelized as far as possible (Schlögl, 2008). Thereby the different domains start detailing in parallel after the definition of a common concept. The system integration follows the detailing with the objective to verify the system including the PLC-code. Regarding production machines, the system integration is done either by commissioning of the real machine or by validating the PLCcode against a model of the machine, so called virtual commissioning.
An offline system for handwritten signature recognition

Automatic online and offline signature recognition and verification is becoming ubiquitous in person identification and authentication problems, in various domains requiring different levels of security. There has recently been an increasing interest in developing such systems, with several views on which are the best discriminator features. This paper presents a new offline signature verification system, which considers a new combination of previously used features and introduces two new distance-based ones. A new feature grouping is presented. We have experimented with two classification methods and two feature selection techniques. The best performance so far was obtained with the Naïve Bayes classifier on the reduced feature set (through feature selection).
A Supervised Machine Learning Approach to Variable Branching in Branch-And-Bound

We present in this paper a new approach that uses supervised machine learning techniques to improve the performances of optimization algorithms in the context of mixed-integer programming (MIP). We focus on the branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm, which is the traditional algorithm used to solve MIP problems. In B&B, variable branching is the key component that most conditions the efficiency of the optimization. Good branching strategies exist but are computationally expensive and usually hinder the optimization rather than improving it. Our approach consists in imitating the decisions taken by a supposedly good branching strategy, strong branching in our case, with a fast approximation. To this end, we develop a set of features describing the state of the ongoing optimization and show how supervised machine learning can be used to approximate the desired branching strategy. The approximated function is created by a supervised machine learning algorithm from a set of observed branching decisions taken by the target strategy. The experiments performed on randomly generated and standard benchmark (MIPLIB) problems show promising results.
Furion: Engineering High-Quality Immersive Virtual Reality on Today's Mobile Devices

In this paper, we perform a systematic design study of the "elephant in the room" facing the VR industry -- is it feasible to enable high-quality VR apps on untethered mobile devices such as smartphones? Our quantitative, performance-driven design study makes two contributions. First, we show that the QoE achievable for high-quality VR applications on today's mobile hardware and wireless networks via local rendering or offloading is about 10X away from the acceptable QoE, yet waiting for future mobile hardware or next-generation wireless networks (e.g. 5G) is unlikely to help, because of power limitation and the higher CPU utilization needed for processing packets under higher data rate. Second, we present Furion, a VR framework that enables high-quality, immersive mobile VR on today's mobile devices and wireless networks. Furion exploits a key insight about the VR workload that foreground interactions and background environment have contrasting predictability and rendering workload, and employs a split renderer architecture running on both the phone and the server. Supplemented with video compression, use of panoramic frames, and parallel decoding on multiple cores on the phone, we demonstrate Furion can support high-quality VR apps on today's smartphones over WiFi, with under 14ms latency and 60 FPS (the phone display refresh rate).
Community Detection in General Stochastic Block models: Fundamental Limits and Efficient Algorithms for Recovery

New phase transition phenomena have recently been discovered for the stochastic block model, for the special case of two non-overlapping symmetric communities. This gives raise in particular to new algorithmic challenges driven by the thresholds. This paper investigates whether a general phenomenon takes place for multiple communities, without imposing symmetry. In the general stochastic block model SBM(n,p,W), n vertices are split into k communities of relative size {pi}i∈[k], and vertices in community i and j connect independently with probability {Wij}i,j∈[k]. This paper investigates the partial and exact recovery of communities in the general SBM (in the constant and logarithmic degree regimes), and uses the generality of the results to tackle overlapping communities. The contributions of the paper are: (i) an explicit characterization of the recovery threshold in the general SBM in terms of a new f-divergence function D+, which generalizes the Hellinger and Chernoff divergences, and which provides an operational meaning to a divergence function analog to the KL-divergence in the channel coding theorem, (ii) the development of an algorithm that recovers the communities all the way down to the optimal threshold and runs in quasi-linear time, showing that exact recovery has no information-theoretic to computational gap for multiple communities, (iii) the development of an efficient algorithm that detects communities in the constant degree regime with an explicit accuracy bound that can be made arbitrarily close to 1 when a prescribed signal-to-noise ratio [defined in terms of the spectrum of diag(p)W] tends to infinity.
Glucagonoma and necrolytic migratory erythema.

54-year-old male with a history of necrolytic migratory erythema (NME) (Figs. 1 and 2) and glossitis. Routine blood tests were normal except for glucose: 145 mg/dL. Baseline plasma glucagon levels were 1200 pg/mL. Serum zinc was 97 mcg/dL. An abdominal CT scan showed a large mass involving the body and tail of the pancreas. A dis-tal pancreatectomy with splenectomy was performed and no evidence of metastatic disease was observed. The skin rash cleared within a week after the operation and the patient remains free of disease at 38 months following surgery.  Glucagonoma syndrome is a paraneoplastic phenomenon comprising a pancreatic glucagon-secreting insular tumor, necrolytic migratory erythema (NME), diabetes, weight loss, anemia, stomatitis, thrombo-embolism, dyspepsia, and neu-ropsychiatric disturbances. The occurrence of one or more of these symptoms associated with a proven pancreatic neo-plasm fits this diagnosis (1). Other skin and mucosal changes such as atrophic glossitis, cheylitis, and inflammation of the oral mucosa may be found (2). Hyperglycemia may be included –multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, i.e., Zollinger-Ellison syndrome– or the disease may result from a glucagon-secreting tumor alone. These tumors are of slow growth and present with non-specific symptoms in early stages. At least 50% are metasta-tic at the time of diagnosis, and therefore have a poor prognosis.  Necrolytic migratory erythema. ENM. Eritema necrolítico migratorio.
High-flex posterior cruciate-retaining vs posterior cruciate-substituting designs in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized study.

The superiority between the posterior cruciate-retaining and the posterior cruciate-substituting designs still remains controversial. We performed a prospective, randomized control study for evaluation of the superiority of these designs. This study investigated 58 knees in 29 patients with simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty, in which the high-flex CR design was randomly implanted in one knee and the high-flex PS design was implanted in the other knee. The follow-up duration averaged 5.0 years, with a minimum duration of 3 years. Postoperatively, Knee Score and pain points in Knee Score resulted in no significant differences between the 2 designs. However, postoperative arc of range of motion, patient satisfaction, and posterior knee pain at passive flexion in the PS design were significantly superior to that of the CR design.
A New Anaesthetic Protocol for Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Propofol Combined with Lidocaine

The increasing use of zebrafish model has not been accompanied by the evolution of proper anaesthesia for this species in research. The most used anaesthetic in fishes, MS222, may induce aversion, reduction of heart rate, and consequently high mortality, especially during long exposures. Therefore, we aim to explore new anaesthetic protocols to be used in zebrafish by studying the quality of anaesthesia and recovery induced by different concentrations of propofol alone and in combination with different concentrations of lidocaine.



In experiment A, eighty-three AB zebrafish were randomly assigned to 7 different groups: control, 2.5 (2.5P), 5 (5P) or 7.5 μg/ml (7.5P) of propofol; and 2.5 μg/ml of propofol combined with 50, (P/50L), 100 (P/100L) or 150 μg/ml (P/150L) of lidocaine. Zebrafish were placed in an anaesthetic water bath and time to lose the equilibrium, reflex to touch, reflex to a tail pinch, and respiratory rate were measured. Time to gain equilibrium was also assessed in a clean tank. Five and 24 hours after anaesthesia recovery, zebrafish were evaluated concerning activity and reactivity. Afterwards, in a second phase of experiments (experiment B), the best protocol of the experiment A was compared with a new group of 8 fishes treated with 100 mg/L of MS222 (100M).



In experiment A, only different concentrations of propofol/lidocaine combination induced full anaesthesia in all animals. Thus only these groups were compared with a standard dose of MS222 in experiment B. Propofol/lidocaine induced a quicker loss of equilibrium, and loss of response to light and painful stimuli compared with MS222. However zebrafish treated with MS222 recovered quickly than the ones treated with propofol/lidocaine.



In conclusion, propofol/lidocaine combination and MS222 have advantages in different situations. MS222 is ideal for minor procedures when a quick recovery is important, while propofol/lidocaine is best to induce a quick and complete anaesthesia.
The Internet of Things for smart homes: An example

The internet of things (IoT) has a variety of application domains, including smart homes. This paper analyzes distinct IoT security and privacy features, including security requirements, threat models, and attacks from the smart home perspective. Further, this paper proposes an intelligent collaborative security management model to minimize security risk. The security challenges of the IoT for a smart home scenario are encountered, and a comprehensive IoT security management for smart homes has been proposed.