nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Transfer functions of a transformer at different values of coupling coefficient

The lowand mid-frequency model of the transformer with resistive load is analysed for different values of coupling coefficients. The model comprising of coupling-dependent inductances is used to derive the following characteristics: voltage gain, current gain, bandwidth, input impedance, and transformer efficiency. It is shown that in the lowand mid-frequency range, the turns ratio between the windings is a strong function of the coupling coefficient, i.e., if the coupling coefficient decreases, then the effective turns ratio reduces. A practical transformer was designed, simulated, and tested. It was observed that the magnitudes of the voltage transfer function and current transfer function exhibit a maximum value each at a different value of coupling coefficient. In addition, as the coupling coefficient decreases, the transformer bandwidth also decreases. Furthermore, analytical expressions for the transformer efficiency for resistive loads are derived and its variation with respect to frequency at different coupling coefficients is investigated. It is shown that the transformer efficiency is maximum at any coupling coefficient if the input resistance is equal to the load resistance. Experimental validation of the theoretical results was performed using a practical transformer set-up. The theoretical predictions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
Microcatheter shaping using intravascular placement during intracranial aneurysm coiling.

The selection of a pre-shaped microcatheter or a shaping method must be carefully considered for successful aneurysm coiling. The objective of this report is to verify the use of intravascular placement to establish an appropriate microcatheter shape.  Fifteen patients (15 aneurysms) were included in this study because of the predicted difficulty of microcatheter insertion and stabilisation. The SL-10 straight microcatheter was inserted into the parent artery until the tip of the catheter passed through the neck of the aneurysm. After 5 minutes, the microcatheter was pulled out and the shape acquired from intravascular placement was confirmed and compared with the three-dimensional rotational angiography. In addition, the microcatheter tip was steam-shaped for coiling and coil embolisation was performed. A silicone flow model was also used to confirm our findings. The first experiment compared the bend angle in four different microcatheters placed in the model for 5 minutes. In the second experiment, the SL-10 straight microcatheter was placed in the model, and the bend angle was measured at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 minutes to observe the changes in bend angle over time.  The SL-10 straight microcatheter, in place for 5 minutes, acquired a shape similar to the patient's own vessel. Among the 15 patients included, 13 were treated using an intravascular shaped microcatheter. In the flow model experiments, the SL-10 most easily acquired the vessel shape, and the shape change stabilised after 5 minutes.  Shaping the SL-10 straight microcatheter using intravascular placement is an effective shaping method for aneurysm coil embolisation.
Directions for development of the field of Electroactive Polymer ( EAP )

In last few years, the rate of development and advances in the field of EAP has accelerated significantly and it is increasingly getting closer to the point of finding them used in commercial products. Substantial development has been reported in the understanding of their drive mechanisms and the parameters that control their electro-activation behavior. Further, efforts are being made to develop mass production techniques with greatly improved actuation capability and operation durability. The recent efforts to develop energy harvesting techniques, haptic interfacing (including refreshable braille displays), and toys are further increasing the likelihood of finding niches for these materials. In this paper, the author sought to examine the potential directions for the future development of the field of EAP in relation to the state-of-the-art.
A body-shadowing model for off-body and body-to-body communications

This paper presents a simple model for body-shadowing in off-body and body-to-body channels. The model is based on a body shadowing pattern associated with the on-body antenna, represented by a cosine function whose amplitude parameter is calculated from measurements. This parameter, i.e the maximum body-shadowing loss, is found to be linearly dependent on distance. The model was evaluated against a set of off-body channel measurements at 2.45 GHz in an indoor office environment, showing a good fit. The coefficient of determination obtained for the linear model of the maximum body-shadowing loss is greater than 0.6 in all considered scenarios, being higher than 0.8 for the ones with a static user.
Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience

People spend a considerable amount of their time mentally simulating experiences other than the one in which they are presently engaged, as a means of distraction, coping, or preparation for the future. In this integrative review, we examine four (non-exhaustive) cases in which mentally simulating an experience serves a different function, as a substitute for the corresponding experience. In each case, mentally simulating an experience evokes similar cognitive, physiological, and/or behavioral consequences as having the corresponding experience in reality: (i) imagined experiences are attributed evidentiary value like physical evidence, (ii) mental practice instantiates the same performance benefits as physical practice, (iii) imagined consumption of a food reduces its actual consumption, and (iv) imagined goal achievement reduces motivation for actual goal achievement.We organize these cases under a common superordinate category and discuss their different methodological approaches and explanatory accounts. Our integration yields theoretical and practical insights into when and why mentally simulating an experience serves as its substitute. Much of life is spent thinking about experiences other than what one is doing. People frequently mentally simulate experiences by recalling episodes from their past, contemplating alternatives to their present circumstances, and anticipating or fantasizing about their future. Indeed, Americans explicitly divert their thoughts to experiences other than their present for more than a tenth of their day by watching television (American Time Use Survey, 2014). For roughly a third of waking hours, the mind wanders away from the activity in which it is engaged (Killingsworth & Gilbert, 2010; Schooler et al., 2011). Much of this simulation is engaged in for its immediate hedonic, semantic, and functional benefits: to divert themind toward more pleasure than is afforded by the present circumstances, regulate emotions, solve problems, or prepare for and anticipate the future (e.g., Morewedge & Buechel, 2013; Gollwitzer & Oettingen, 2012; Kahneman & Tversky, 1982; Kumar, Killingsworth, & Gilovich, 2014; MacInnis & Price, 1987; Markman, Klein, & Suhr, 2009; Morewedge & Hershfield, 2015; Schacter, Addis, & Buckner, 2008; Taylor, Pham, Rivkin, & Armor, 1998; Taylor & Schneider, 1989). Simulations, however, do not only serve as mental representations of other past, present, and future experiences. The permeable boundary between thought and reality leads simulations to sometimes produce the same downstream consequences as the corresponding actual experiences. In this paper, we elucidate these effects by presenting four cases in which mental simulations act as substitutes for experience.
Fairness in Decision-Making - The Causal Explanation Formula

AI plays an increasingly prominent role in society since decisions that were once made by humans are now delegated to automated systems. These systems are currently in charge of deciding bank loans, criminals’ incarceration, and the hiring of new employees, and it’s not difficult to envision that they will in the future underpin most of the decisions in society. Despite the high complexity entailed by this task, there is still not much understanding of basic properties of such systems. For instance, we currently cannot detect (neither explain nor correct) whether an AI system is operating fairly (i.e., is abiding by the decision-constraints agreed by society) or it is reinforcing biases and perpetuating a preceding prejudicial practice. Issues of discrimination have been discussed extensively in legal circles, but there exists still not much understanding of the formal conditions that a system must adhere to be deemed fair. In this paper, we use the language of structural causality (Pearl, 2000) to fill in this gap. We start by introducing three new fine-grained measures of transmission of change from stimulus to effect, which we called counterfactual direct (Ctf-DE), indirect (Ctf-IE), and spurious (Ctf-SE) effects. We then derive the causal explanation formula, which allows the AI designer to quantitatively evaluate fairness and explain the total observed disparity of decisions through different discriminatory mechanisms. We apply these results to various discrimination analysis tasks and run extensive simulations, including detection, evaluation, and optimization of decision-making under fairness constraints. We conclude studying the trade-off between different types of fairness criteria (outcome and procedural), and provide a quantitative approach to policy implementation and the design of fair decision-making systems.
Towards Universal Representation for Unseen Action Recognition

Unseen Action Recognition (UAR) aims to recognise novel action categories without training examples. While previous methods focus on inner-dataset seen/unseen splits, this paper proposes a pipeline using a large-scale training source to achieve a Universal Representation (UR) that can generalise to a more realistic Cross-Dataset UAR (CDUAR) scenario. We first address UAR as a Generalised Multiple-Instance Learning (GMIL) problem and discover 'building-blocks' from the large-scale ActivityNet dataset using distribution kernels. Essential visual and semantic components are preserved in a shared space to achieve the UR that can efficiently generalise to new datasets. Predicted UR exemplars can be improved by a simple semantic adaptation, and then an unseen action can be directly recognised using UR during the test. Without further training, extensive experiments manifest significant improvements over the UCF101 and HMDB51 benchmarks.
Dynamic modeling of a bicycle robot with front-wheel drive based on Kane's method

This paper highlights dynamic modeling of a front-wheel drive bicycle robot by using Kane's method. At first, the unique structure of the proposed bicycle robot was introduced. Then, kinematics of the robot was discussed under the pure rolling presupposition of the two road wheels. The kinematics analysis reveals the nonholonomic constraints in the system. Next, dynamic model of the bicycle robot was derived with the consideration of uneven mass distribution in the system. Finally, numerical simulations of the bicycle's running behavior were implemented in MATLAB to examine the efficiency of the derived model. Simulations results show the model is basically in agreement with the real working condition of the bicycle robot. The work in this paper is the basis for realizing stable running of the bicycle robot in the future.
Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and osmotic adjustment in two mango cultivars under drought stress

The responses of photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, content of pigments, main osmolytes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) to water-withholding for 15 days and re-hydration in seedlings of two mango cultivars (Mangifera indica L. var. “Choke Anand’ and var. “Khieo Sawoei”) under 50% sunlight and full sunlight were investigated. For both cultivars, the water-witholding resulted in progressively decreases in leaf relative water content, net photosynthesis (P n), stomatal conductance (g s), and increases in the conversion of xanthophyll cycle pigments estimated by an index of leaf spectral reflectance (ΔPRI), carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and compatible solutes (total soluble sugar and proline). The effect of the water stress was more pronounced in full sunlight than 50% sunlight. The maximum photochemistry efficiency measured at dawn was fairly constant during the period of the treatment for both cultivars under both light regimes. The water stress caused less pronounced inhibition of photosynthesis in “Choke Anand” than in “Khieo Sawoei” cultivar under both light regimes. After re-hydration, the recovery was relatively quicker in “Choke Anand” than in “Khieo Sawoei” cultivar. Both cultivars in both 50% and full sunlight showed complete recovery in photochemistry after 5 days of re-watering but photosynthesis did not show a complete recovery as indicated by gas exchange rates. As the results of lower NPQ, ΔPRI and osmotic adjustment in the cultivar “Khieo Sawoei” compared to the cultivar “Choke Anand”, the former cultivar was less tolerant to drought than the latter. Our study further showed that partial shading (e.g., 50% of sunlight) significantly alleviated the harmful effect of drought stress on mango cultivars but in fact stomata of seedlings grown in partial shade was more responsive to water deficit than in full light.
The Opengl Graphics Interface

Graphics standards are receiving increased attention in the computer graphics community as more people write programs that use 3D graphics and as those already possessing 3D graphical programs want those programs to run on a variety of computers. OpenGL is an emerging graphics standard that provides advanced rendering features while maintaining a simple programming model. Its procedural interface allows a graphics programmer to describe rendering tasks, whether simple or complex, easily and eeciently. Because OpenGL is rendering-only, it can be incorporated into any window system (and has been, into the X Window System and the soon-to-be-released Windows NT) or can be used without a window system. Finally, OpenGL is designed so that it can be implemented to take advantage of a wide range of graphics hardware capabilities, from a basic framebuuer to the most sophisticated graphics subsystems.
3D solid fin model construction from 2D shapes using non-uniform rational B-spline surfaces

A computer aided design (CAD) tool has been specifically developed for rapid and easy design of solid models for surfboard and sailboard fins. This tool simplifies the lofting of advanced fin cross-sectional foils, in this instance based upon the family of standard airfoil series set by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), whilst retaining a basic parametric description at each cross-section. This paper describes the way in which non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces are created from 2D profile splines, and are then used to generate 3D geometrical surfaces of the fins, which can be imported directly into commercial software packages for finite element stress analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Pressure distributions, lift and drag forces are determined from a CFD flow analysis for various fins designed with this tool, and the results suggest that the incorporation of advanced foils into surfboard fins could indeed lead to increased performance over fins foiled using current standard techniques.
Short-term load forecasting based on load decomposition and numerical weather forecast

This paper proposes a short-term load forecasting method based on load decomposition and numerical weather forecast. Load is decomposed into two components: the base component and the weather-sensitive component, which are forecasted separately. The Seasonal and Trend decomposition by Loess (STL) algorithm is adopted in load decomposition, allowing the base component to change over time. The Holt-Winters model is adopted in forecasting time series of the base component. A Support Vector Regression (SVR) model is trained by historical load data and meteorological data in forecasting the weather-sensitive component. The proposed method is tested using the real electricity load data of a city grid in South China. Case study shows the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Expanding the Concept of Literacy

W hen I ask people to define, in one or two sentences, the word literacy—what literacy is and what it enables people to do—the answers I receive are quite similar. To most people, literacy means the ability to read and write, to understand information, and to express ideas both concretely and abstractly. The unstated assumption is that “to read and write” means to read and write text. Although media and computer literacy are occasionally mentioned in these definitions, media literacy is most often defined as the ability to understand how television and film manipulate viewers, and computer literacy is generally defined as the skills to use a computer to perform various tasks, such as accessing the Web. If I also ask people about the nature of language, I usually receive the response that language enables us to conceptualize ideas, to abstract information, and to receive and share knowledge. The underlying assumption, so accepted that it is never stated, is that language means words. Twenty-five years ago, a rather popular book was entitled Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television.1 Clearly, that vision of the world was not realized: television has not been eliminated,
Better than SIFT?

Independent evaluation of the performance of feature descriptors is an important part of the process of developing better computer vision systems. In this paper, we compare the performance of several state-of-the art image descriptors including several recent binary descriptors. We test the descriptors on an image recognition application and a feature matching application. Our study includes several recently proposed methods and, despite claims to the contrary, we find that SIFT is still the most accurate performer in both application settings. We also find that general purpose binary descriptors are not ideal for image recognition applications but perform adequately in a feature matching application.
Application of inverse kinematics for skeleton manipulation in real-time

Usual way of character's animation is the use of motion captured data. Acquired bones' orientations are blended together according to user input in real-time. Although this massively used method gives a nice results, practical experience show how important is to have a system for interactive direct manipulation of character's skeleton in order to satisfy various tasks in Cartesian space. For this purpose, various methods for solving inverse kinematics problem are used. This paper presents three of such methods: Algebraical method based on limbs positioning; iterative optimization method based on Jacobian pseudo-inversion; and heuristic CCD iterative method. The paper describes them all in detail and discusses practical scope of their use in real-time applications.
Online anomaly detection on the webscope S5 dataset: A comparative study

An unresolved challenge for all kind of temporal data is the reliable anomaly detection, especially when adaptability is required in the case of non-stationary time series or when the nature of future anomalies is unknown or only vaguely defined. Most of the current anomaly detection algorithms follow the general idea to classify an anomaly as a significant deviation from the prediction. In this paper we present a comparative study where several online anomaly detection algorithms are compared on the large Yahoo Webscope S5 anomaly benchmark. We show that a relatively Simple Online Regression Anomaly Detector (SORAD) is quite successful compared to other anomaly detectors. We discuss the importance of several adaptive and online elements of the algorithm and their influence on the overall anomaly detection accuracy.
Specific Emitter Identification Based on the Natural Measure

Specific emitter identification (SEI) techniques are often used in civilian and military spectrum-management operations, and they are also applied to support the security and authentication of wireless communication. In this letter, a new SEI method based on the natural measure of the one-dimensional component of the chaotic system is proposed. We find that the natural measures of the one-dimensional components of higher dimensional systems exist and that they are quite diverse for different systems. Based on this principle, the natural measure is used as an RF fingerprint in this letter. The natural measure can solve the problems caused by a small amount of data and a low sample rate. The Kullback–Leibler divergence is used to quantify the difference between the natural measures obtained from diverse emitters and classify them. The data obtained from real application are exploited to test the validity of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method is not only easy to operate, but also quite effective, even though the amount of data is small and the sample rate is low.
Advanced auditory menus: design and evaluation of auditory scroll bars

Auditory menus have the potential to make devices that use visual menus accessible to a wide range of users. Visually impaired users could especially benefit from the auditory feedback received during menu navigation. However, auditory menus are a relatively new concept, and there are very few guidelines that describe how to design them. This paper details how visual menu concepts may be applied to auditory menus in order to help develop design guidelines. Specifically, this set of studies examined possible ways of designing an auditory scrollbar for an auditory menu. The following different auditory scrollbar designs were evaluated: single-tone, double-tone, alphabetical grouping, and proportional grouping. Three different evaluations were conducted to determine the best design. The first two evaluations were conducted with sighted users, and the last evaluation was conducted with visually impaired users. The results suggest that pitch polarity does not matter, and proportional grouping is the best of the auditory scrollbar designs evaluated here.
A tunable LTE main antenna solution for metallic cover mobile phone

It has become a popular trend in using metallic housing for mobile phone. The metallic housing often posts a great challenge towards the design of internal antenna which is used commonly in mobile devices. As such, it has become a common practice that most will integrate the metallic housing as part of the antenna for the mobile phone. This paper presents an antenna solution for mobile phone with a metallic back cover. The antenna solution is for the Main Antenna operating at several frequency bands in the range of 700–960MHz, 1710–2170MHz, 2300–2400MHz as well as 2500–2690MHz, which cover the GSM850, GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900, WCDMA2100, and various LTE Bands in the 4G cellular network. The antenna solution presented in this paper, demonstrates the use of tunable component, integrating with the metallic housing to provide flexible tuning to cover the various frequency spectrums in the 2G, 3G and 4G cellular network.
Evaluating the performance of face-aging algorithms

An important aspect related to the development of face-aging algorithms is the evaluation of the ability of such algorithms to produce accurate age-progressed faces. In most studies reported in the literature, the performance of face-aging systems is established based either on the judgment of human observers or by using machine-based evaluation methods. In this paper we perform an experimental evaluation that aims to assess the applicability of human-based against typical machine based performance evaluation methods. The results of our experiments indicate that machines can be more accurate in determining the performance of face-aging algorithms. Our work aims towards the development of a complete evaluation framework for age progression methodologies.