nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing of Black Lakes and Using 810 nm Reflectance Peak for Retrieving Water Quality Parameters of Optically Complex Waters

Many lakes in boreal and arctic regions have high concentrations of CDOM (coloured dissolved organic matter). Remote sensing of such lakes is complicated due to very low water leaving signals. There are extreme (black) lakes where the water reflectance values are negligible in almost entire visible part of spectrum (400–700 nm) due to the absorption by CDOM. In these lakes, the only water-leaving signal detectable by remote sensing sensors occurs as two peaks—near 710 nm and 810 nm. The first peak has been widely used in remote sensing of eutrophic waters for more than two decades. We show on the example of field radiometry data collected in Estonian and Swedish lakes that the height of the 810 nm peak can also be used in retrieving water constituents from remote sensing data. This is important especially in black lakes where the height of the 710 nm peak is still affected by CDOM. We have shown that the 810 nm peak can be used also in remote sensing of a wide variety of lakes. The 810 nm peak is caused by combined effect of slight decrease in absorption by water molecules and backscattering from particulate material in the water. Phytoplankton was the dominant particulate material in most of the studied lakes. Therefore, the height of the 810 peak was in good correlation with all proxies of phytoplankton biomass—chlorophyll-a (R2 = 0.77), total suspended matter (R2 = 0.70), and suspended particulate organic matter (R2 = 0.68). There was no correlation between the peak height and the suspended particulate inorganic matter. Satellite sensors with sufficient spatial and radiometric resolution for mapping lake water quality (Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI) were launched recently. In order to test whether these satellites can capture the 810 nm peak we simulated the spectral performance of these two satellites from field radiometry data. Actual satellite imagery from a black lake was also used to study whether these sensors can detect the peak despite their band configuration. Sentinel 2 MSI has a nearly perfectly positioned band at 705 nm to characterize the 700–720 nm peak. We found that the MSI 783 nm band can be used to detect the 810 nm peak despite the location of this band is not in perfect to capture the peak.
From Cellular Cultures to Cellular Spheroids: Is Impedance Spectroscopy a Viable Tool for Monitoring Multicellular Spheroid (MCS) Drug Models?

The use of 3-D multicellular spheroid (MCS) models is increasingly being accepted as a viable means to study cell-cell, cell-matrix and cell-drug interactions. Behavioral differences between traditional monolayer (2-D) cell cultures and more recent 3-D MCS confirm that 3-D MCS more closely model the in vivo environment. However, analyzing the effect of pharmaceutical agents on both monolayer cultures and MCS is very time intensive. This paper reviews the use of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a label-free whole cell assay technique, as a tool for automated screening of cell drug interactions in MCS models for biologically/physiologically relevant events over long periods of time. EIS calculates the impedance of a sample by applying an AC current through a range of frequencies and measuring the resulting voltage. This review will introduce techniques used in impedance-based analysis of 2-D systems; highlight recently developed impedance-based techniques for analyzing 3-D cell cultures; and discuss applications of 3-D culture impedance monitoring systems.
Evaluating Strategic IT Investments: An Assessment of Investment Alternatives for a Web Content Management System

As widely recognized in the literature, information technology (IT) investments have several special characteristics that make assessing their costs and benefits complicated. Here, we address the problem of evaluating a web content management system for both internal and external use. The investment is presently undergoing an evaluation process in a multinational company. We aim at making explicit the desired benefits and expected risks of the system investment. An evaluation hierarchy at general level is constructed. After this, a more detailed hierarchy is constructed to take into account the contextual issues. To catch the contextual issues key company representatives were interviewed. The investment alternatives are compared applying the principles of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Due to the subjective and uncertain characteristics of the strategic IT investments a wide range of sensitivity analyses is performed.
A Dependency Grammar for Amharic

There has been little work on computational grammars for Amh aric or other Ethio-Semitic languages and their use for pars ing and generation. This paper introduces a grammar for a fragment o f Amharic within the Extensible Dependency Grammar (XDG) fr amework of Debusmann. A language such as Amharic presents special ch allenges for the design of a dependency grammar because of th complex morphology and agreement constraints. The paper describes how a morphological analyzer for the language can be integra t d into the grammar, introduces empty nodes as a solution to the problem of null subjects and objects, and extends the agreement prin ci le of XDG in several ways to handle verb agreement with objects as well as subjects and the constraints governing relative clause v erbs. It is shown that XDG’s multiple dimensions lend themselves to a new appr oach to relative clauses in the language. The introduced ext ensions to XDG are also applicable to other Ethio-Semitic languages.
Mammoth: Gearing Hadoop Towards Memory-Intensive MapReduce Applications

The MapReduce platform has been widely used for large-scale data processing and analysis recently. It works well if the hardware of a cluster is well configured. However, our survey has indicated that common hardware configurations in small-and medium-size enterprises may not be suitable for such tasks. This situation is more challenging for memory-constrained systems, in which the memory is a bottleneck resource compared with the CPU power and thus does not meet the needs of large-scale data processing. The traditional high performance computing (HPC) system is an example of the memory-constrained system according to our survey. In this paper, we have developed Mammoth, a new MapReduce system, which aims to improve MapReduce performance using global memory management. In Mammoth, we design a novel rule-based heuristic to prioritize memory allocation and revocation among execution units (mapper, shuffler, reducer, etc.), to maximize the holistic benefits of the Map/Reduce job when scheduling each memory unit. We have also developed a multi-threaded execution engine, which is based on Hadoop but runs in a single JVM on a node. In the execution engine, we have implemented the algorithm of memory scheduling to realize global memory management, based on which we further developed the techniques such as sequential disk accessing, multi-cache and shuffling from memory, and solved the problem of full garbage collection in the JVM. We have conducted extensive experiments to compare Mammoth against the native Hadoop platform. The results show that the Mammoth system can reduce the job execution time by more than 40 percent in typical cases, without requiring any modifications of the Hadoop programs. When a system is short of memory, Mammoth can improve the performance by up to 5.19 times, as observed for I/O intensive applications, such as PageRank. We also compared Mammoth with Spark. Although Spark can achieve better performance than Mammoth for interactive and iterative applications when the memory is sufficient, our experimental results show that for batch processing applications, Mammoth can adapt better to various memory environments and outperform Spark when the memory is insufficient, and can obtain similar performance as Spark when the memory is sufficient. Given the growing importance of supporting large-scale data processing and analysis and the proven success of the MapReduce platform, the Mammoth system can have a promising potential and impact.
Comparison of indirect and direct methods of distance sampling for estimating density of white‐tailed deer

Although wildlife biologists need reliable estimates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) density to facilitate management, few studies have examined distance sampling as a density estimation technique for this species. We compared direct (i.e., spotlighting from road transects) and indirect (i.e., counting pellets on randomly placed transects) distance-sampling techniques for estimating deer densities in east-central Illinois, southern Illinois, and northern Michigan (USA) during 2007–2008. Density estimates (95% CI) from indirect distance sampling for northern Michigan, east-central Illinois, and southern Illinois were 6.1–12.7 deer/km, 11.2–15.8 deer/km, and 15.4 deer/km, respectively. Density estimates from direct distance sampling for northern Michigan, east-central Illinois, and southern Illinois were 18.3– 25.2 deer/km, 14.4–18.1 deer/km, and 19.0 deer/km, respectively. Although density estimates did not differ between techniques in east-central Illinois and southern Illinois, density estimates derived by direct sampling were slightly higher than those derived by indirect sampling. Estimates of density from direct distance sampling were higher than indirect distance sampling in northern Michigan. The difference in estimates among study areas may be due to landscape-specific differences in the behavioral response of deer to roads and the representativeness of road transects. In landscapes containingmore agriculture, roads tend to be systematically distributed and forest edges are independent of road placement, which may explain why both distance-sampling methods provided similar results in Illinois. However, in more forested landscapes such as Michigan, roads tend to follow streams and may provide forest edges that are relatively scarce on the landscape. Deer in forested landscapes may be attracted to roadsides, resulting in higher density estimates not indicative of surrounding forested areas. Therefore, use of road transects for direct distance sampling may be more applicable in non-forested landscapes.
The bohemian bookshelf: supporting serendipitous book discoveries through information visualization

Serendipity, a trigger of exciting yet unexpected discoveries, is an important but comparatively neglected factor in information seeking, research, and ideation. We suggest that serendipity can be facilitated through visualization. To explore this, we introduce the Bohemian Bookshelf, which aims to support serendipitous discoveries in the context of digital book collections. The Bohemian Bookshelf consists of five interlinked visualizations each offering a unique overview of the collection. It aims at encouraging serendipity by (1) offering multiple visual access points to the collection, (2) highlighting adjacencies between books, (3) providing flexible visual pathways for exploring the collection, (4) enticing curiosity through abstract, metaphorical, and visually distinct representations of books, and (5) enabling a playful approach to information exploration. A deployment at a library revealed that visitors embraced this approach of utilizing visualization to support open-ended explorations and serendipitous discoveries. This encourages future explorations into promoting serendipity through information visualization.
Component-Enhanced Chinese Character Embeddings

Distributed word representations are very useful for capturing semantic information and have been successfully applied in a variety of NLP tasks, especially on English. In this work, we innovatively develop two component-enhanced Chinese character embedding models and their bigram extensions. Distinguished from English word embeddings, our models explore the compositions of Chinese characters, which often serve as semantic indictors inherently. The evaluations on both word similarity and text classification demonstrate the effectiveness of our models.
Fair Scheduling in Wireless Packet Networks

Fair scheduling of delay and rate-sensitive packet flows over a wireless channel is not addressed effectively by most contemporary wireline fair scheduling algorithms because of two unique characteristics of wireless media: (a) bursty channel errors, and (b) location-dependent channel capacity and errors. Besides, in packet cellular networks, the base station typically performs the task of packet scheduling for both downlink and uplink flows in a cell; however a base station has only a limited knowledge of the arrival processes of uplink flows.In this paper, we propose a new model for wireless fair scheduling based on an adaptation of fluid fair queueing to handle location-dependent error bursts. We describe an ideal wireless fair scheduling algorithm which provides a packetized implementation of the fluid model while assuming full knowledge of the current channel conditions. For this algorithm, we derive the worst-case throughput and delay bounds. Finally, we describe a practical wireless scheduling algorithm which approximates the ideal algorithm. Through simulations, we show that the algorithm achieves the desirable properties identified in the wireless fluid fair queueing model.
Effects of cross-education on the muscle after a period of unilateral limb immobilization using a shoulder sling and swathe.

The purpose of this study was to apply cross-education during 4 wk of unilateral limb immobilization using a shoulder sling and swathe to investigate the effects on muscle strength, muscle size, and muscle activation. Twenty-five right-handed participants were assigned to one of three groups as follows: the Immob + Train group wore a sling and swathe and strength trained (n = 8), the Immob group wore a sling and swathe and did not strength train (n = 8), and the Control group received no treatment (n = 9). Immobilization was applied to the nondominant (left) arm. Strength training consisted of maximal isometric elbow flexion and extension of the dominant (right) arm 3 days/wk. Torque (dynamometer), muscle thickness (ultrasound), maximal voluntary activation (interpolated twitch), and electromyography (EMG) were measured. The change in right biceps and triceps brachii muscle thickness [7.0 ± 1.9 and 7.1 ± 2.2% (SE), respectively] was greater for Immob + Train than Immob (0.4 ± 1.2 and -1.9 ± 1.7%) and Control (0.8 ± 0.5 and 0.0 ± 1.1%, P < 0.05). Left biceps and triceps brachii muscle thickness for Immob + Train (2.2 ± 0.7 and 3.4 ± 2.1%, respectively) was significantly different from Immob (-2.8 ± 1.1 and -5.2 ± 2.7%, respectively, P < 0.05). Right elbow flexion strength for Immob + Train (18.9 ± 5.5%) was significantly different from Immob (-1.6 ± 4.0%, P < 0.05). Right and left elbow extension strength for Immob + Train (68.1 ± 25.9 and 32.2 ± 9.0%, respectively) was significantly different from the respective limb of Immob (1.3 ± 7.7 and -6.1 ± 7.8%) and Control (4.7 ± 4.7 and -0.2 ± 4.5%, P < 0.05). Immobilization in a sling and swathe decreased strength and muscle size but had no effect on maximal voluntary activation or EMG. The cross-education effect on the immobilized limb was greater after elbow extension training. This study suggests that strength training the nonimmobilized limb benefits the immobilized limb for muscle size and strength.
Simple real-time human detection using a single correlation filter

This paper presents an extremely simple human detection algorithm based on correlating edge magnitude images with a filter. The key is the technology used to train the filter: Average of Synthetic Exact Filters (ASEF). The ASEF based detector can process images at over 25 frames per second and achieves a 94.5% detection rate with less than one false detection per frame for sparse crowds. Filter training is also fast, taking only 12 seconds to train the detector on 32 manually annotated images. Evaluation is performed on the PETS 2009 dataset and results are compared to the OpenCV cascade classifier and a state-of-the-art deformable parts based person detector.
Social perception of rape: how rape myth acceptance modulates the influence of situational factors.

This study assessed the role of rape myth acceptance (RMA) and situational factors in the perception of three different rape scenarios (date rape, marital rape, and stranger rape). One hundred and eighty-two psychology undergraduates were asked to emit four judgements about each rape situation: victim responsibility, perpetrator responsibility, intensity of trauma, and likelihood to report the crime to the police. It was hypothesized that neither RMA nor situational factors alone can explain how rape is perceived; it is the interaction between these two factors that best account for social reactions to sexual aggression. The results generally supported the authors' hypothesis: Victim blame, estimation of trauma, and the likelihood of reporting the crime to the police were best explained by the interaction between observer characteristics, such as RMA, and situational clues. That is, the less stereotypic the rape situation was, the greater was the influence of attitudes toward rape on attributions.
Drynaria fortunei-derived total flavonoid fraction and isolated compounds exert oestrogen-like protective effects in bone.

Drynaria fortunei (Kunze)  a Chinese herb commonly used for the treatment of bone fracture, was previously shown to exert anabolic effects on bone. However, its active ingredients as well as the mechanisms of action are far from clear. The present study aimed to characterise the bone anabolic effects of DF flavonoid fraction (DFTF) in ovariectomised (OVX) mice and to determine if DFTF and its isolated compounds exert oestrogen-like effects in rat osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells. BL6J mice were treated orally with DFTF (0·087, 0·173 or 0·346 mg/g per d), 17b-oestradiol (2 mg/g per d) or its vehicle for 6 weeks. Serum and urine samples were collected for biochemical marker analysis. Bones were collected for computed tomography analysis. UMR-106 cells were treated with DFTF and isolated compounds naringin, (2S)-5,7,30,50-tetrahydroxy-flavonone 7-O-neohesperidoside (compound 1) and 5,7-dihydroxychromone 7-O-neohesperidoside (compound 2). DFTF exerted dose-dependent effects in improving bone mineral densities as well as bone strength at the femur, tibia and lumbar spine L1 in OVX mice. DFTF and the three isolated compounds stimulated osteoblastic cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activities in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, they stimulated the ratio of osteoprotegrin and receptor-activator NF-kB ligand mRNA expression, suggesting their involvement in inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. These stimulatory effects on osteoblastic functions were abolished in the presence of oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI 182780. The present results suggested that DFTF is effective in protecting against OVX-induced bone loss in mice, and its actions in regulating osteoblastic activities appear to be mediated by ER.
Expert-Finding Systems for Organizations: Problem and Domain Analysis and the DEMOIR Approach

Computer systems that augment the process of finding the right expert for a given problem in an organization or world-wide are becoming feasible more than ever before, thanks to the prevalence of corporate Intranets and the Internet. This paper investigates such systems in two parts. We first explore the expert finding problem in depth, review and analyze existing systems in this domain, and suggest a domain model that can serve as a framework for design and development decisions. Based on our analyses of the problem and solution spaces, we then bring to light the gaps that remain to be addressed. Finally, we present our approach called DEMOIR, which is a modular architecture for expert finding systems that is based on a centralized expertise modeling server while also incorporating decentralized components for expertise information gathering and exploitation.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using spurline & stepped-impedance resonator with a tunable BST capacitors

This paper presents an investigation into a tunable dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using a novel structure compacting a spurline section with a stepped impedance resonator. This new structure creates one new compact filter by combining two traditional controllable methodologies. This compact filter consists of a spurline section and stepped impedance resonator designed at 2 GHz and 3.5 GHz respectively. This filter was loaded with a Ferroelectric capacitor to tune their frequency response. The center frequency of the first band can be tuned from 1.9 GHz to 2 GHz by loading a ferroelectric capacitor to the spurline section and applying a DC control voltage from 0V to 6V. By embedding the stepped impedance resonator with a similar capacitor, the center frequency of the second band can be tuned from 3.2 GHz to 3.6 GHz with the same voltage. The new structure filter will combine a spurline section with a stepped impedance resonator in one filter realizing two independent rejection bands. This kind of filter provides two comparable technologies for dual band filters. It can be used for two different tuned elements with different RF frequencies and bandwidths.
Inferring the QoE of HTTP video streaming from user-viewing activities

HTTP video streaming, employed by most of the video-sharing websites, allows users to control the video playback using, for example, pausing and switching the bit rate. These user-viewing activities can be used to mitigate the temporal structure impairments of the video quality. On the other hand, other activities, such as mouse movement, do not help reduce the impairment level. In this paper, we have performed subjective experiments to analyze user-viewing activities and correlate them with network path performance and user quality of experience. The results show that network measurement alone may miss important information about user dissatisfaction with the video quality. Moreover, video impairments can trigger user-viewing activities, notably pausing and reducing the screen size. By including the pause events into the prediction model, we can increase its explanatory power.
Quadrature FM gyroscope

A dual mass vibratory gyroscope sensor demonstrates the quadrature frequency modulated (QFM) operating mode, where the frequency of the circular orbit of a proof mass is measured to detect angular rate. In comparison to the mode-matched open loop rate mode, the QFM mode receives the same benefit of improved SNR but without the penalties of unreliable scale factor and decreased bandwidth. A matched pair of gyroscopes, integrated onto the same die, is used for temperature compensation, resulting in 6 ppb relative frequency tracking error, or an Allan deviation of 370 deg/hr with a 70 kHz resonant frequency. The integrated CMOS electronics achieve a capacitance resolution of 0.1 zF/rt-Hz with nominal 6 fF sense electrodes.
Ontology of Observing : The Biological Foundations of Self-Consciousness and of The Physical Domain of Existence

5 Objectivity in parentheses 7 5.0 Illusion and Perception: the traditional approach .  Objectivity in parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.3 The Universum versus the Multiversa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .