nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Situating evaluation in scenarios of use

We report on the use of scenario-based methods for evaluating collaborative systems. We describe the method, the case study where it was applied, and provide results of its efficacy in the field. The results suggest that scenario-based evaluation is effective in helping to focus evaluation efforts and in identifying the range of technical, human, organizational and other contextual factors that impact system success. The method also helps identify specific actions, for example, prescriptions for design to enhance system effectiveness. However, we found the method somewhat less useful for identifying the measurable benefits gained from a CSCW implementation, which was one of our primary goals. We discuss challenges faced applying the technique, suggest recommendations for future research, and point to implications for practice.
DyVEDeep: Dynamic Variable Effort Deep Neural Networks

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have advanced the state-of-the-art in a variety of machine learning tasks and are deployed in increasing numbers of products and services. However, the computational requirements of training and evaluating large-scale DNNs are growing at a much faster pace than the capabilities of the underlying hardware platforms that they are executed upon. In this work, we propose Dynamic Variable Effort Deep Neural Networks (DyVEDeep) to reduce the computational requirements of DNNs during inference. Previous efforts propose specialized hardware implementations for DNNs, statically prune the network, or compress the weights. Complementary to these approaches, DyVEDeep is a dynamic approach that exploits the heterogeneity in the inputs to DNNs to improve their compute efficiency with comparable classification accuracy. DyVEDeep equips DNNs with dynamic effort mechanisms that, in the course of processing an input, identify how critical a group of computations are to classify the input. DyVEDeep dynamically focuses its compute effort only on the critical computations, while skipping or approximating the rest. We propose 3 effort knobs that operate at different levels of granularity viz. neuron, feature and layer levels. We build DyVEDeep versions for 5 popular image recognition benchmarks — one for CIFAR-10 and four for ImageNet (AlexNet, OverFeat and VGG-16, weightcompressed AlexNet). Across all benchmarks, DyVEDeep achieves 2.1×-2.6× reduction in the number of scalar operations, which translates to 1.8×-2.3× performance improvement over a Caffe-based implementation, with < 0.5% loss in accuracy.
Analysis of Trusted Execution Environment usage in Samsung KNOX

Mobile systems have become widely adopted by users to perform sensitive operations ranging from on-line payments for personal use to remote access to enterprise assets. Thus, attacks on mobile devices can cause significant loss to user's personal data as well as to valuable enterprise assets. In order to mitigate risks arising from attacks, various approaches have been proposed including the use of Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) to isolate and protect the execution of sensitive code from the rest of the system, e.g. applications and other software.However, users remain at risk of exploits via several types of software vulnerabilities - indicating that enterprises have failed to deliver the required protection, despite the use of existing isolation technologies. In this paper, we investigate Samsung KNOX and its usage of TEE as being the current technology providing secure containers. First, we study how KNOX uses TEE and perform analysis on its design consideration from a system vulnerabilities perspective. Second, we analyse and discuss recent attacks on KNOX and how those attacks exploit system vulnerabilities. Finally, we present new shortcomings emerging from our analysis of KNOX architecture. Our research exhibits that system vulnerabilities are the underlying cause of many attacks on systems and it reveals how they affect fundamental design security principles when the full potential of TEE is not exploited.
Molecular mechanisms controlling asymmetric and symmetric self-renewal of cancer stem cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), or alternatively called tumor initiating cells (TICs), are a subpopulation of tumor cells, which possesses the ability to self-renew and differentiate into bulk tumor mass. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that CSCs contribute to the growth and recurrence of tumors and the resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. CSCs achieve self-renewal through asymmetric division, in which one daughter cell retains the self-renewal ability, and the other is destined to differentiation. Recent studies revealed the mechanisms of asymmetric division in normal stem cells (NSCs) and, to a limited degree, CSCs as well. Asymmetric division initiates when a set of polarity-determining proteins mark the apical side of mother stem cells, which arranges the unequal alignment of mitotic spindle and centrosomes along the apical-basal polarity axis. This subsequently guides the recruitment of fate-determining proteins to the basal side of mother cells. Following cytokinesis, two daughter cells unequally inherit centrosomes, differentiation-promoting fate determinants, and other proteins involved in the maintenance of stemness. Modulation of asymmetric and symmetric division of CSCs may provide new strategies for dual targeting of CSCs and the bulk tumor mass. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms by which NSCs and CSCs achieve asymmetric division, including the functions of polarity- and fate-determining factors.
Smooth and Sparse Optimal Transport

Entropic regularization is quickly emerging as a new standard in optimal transport (OT). It enables to cast the OT computation as a differentiable and unconstrained convex optimization problem, which can be efficiently solved using the Sinkhorn algorithm. However, entropy keeps the transportation plan strictly positive and therefore completely dense, unlike unregularized OT. This lack of sparsity can be problematic in applications where the transportation plan itself is of interest. In this paper, we explore regularizing the primal and dual OT formulations with a strongly convex term, which corresponds to relaxing the dual and primal constraints with smooth approximations. We show how to incorporate squared 2-norm and group lasso regularizations within that framework, leading to sparse and group-sparse transportation plans. On the theoretical side, we bound the approximation error introduced by regularizing the primal and dual formulations. Our results suggest that, for the regularized primal, the approximation error can often be smaller with squared 2-norm than with entropic regularization. We showcase our proposed framework on the task of color transfer.
CCR7 and its ligands: balancing immunity and tolerance

A key feature of the immune system is its ability to induce protective immunity against pathogens while maintaining tolerance towards self and innocuous environmental antigens. Recent evidence suggests that by guiding cells to and within lymphoid organs, CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) essentially contributes to both immunity and tolerance. This receptor is involved in organizing thymic architecture and function, lymph-node homing of naive and regulatory T cells via high endothelial venules, as well as steady state and inflammation-induced lymph-node-bound migration of dendritic cells via afferent lymphatics. Here, we focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable CCR7 and its two ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, to balance immunity and tolerance.
0.25 μm SiGe BiCMOS 30GHz balanced vector modulator

Vector modulators are a key component in phased array antennas and communications systems. The paper describes a novel design methodology for a bi-directional, reflection-type balanced vector modulator using metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect (MOS) transistors as active loads, which provides an improved constellation quality. The fabricated IC occupies 787 × 1325 μm2 and exhibits a minimum transmission loss of 9 dB and return losses better than 14 dB. As an application example, its use in a 16-QAM modulator is verified.
Interprofessional Education and Practice Guide No. 1; Developing faculty to effectively facilitate interprofessional education

With the growth of interprofessional education (IPE) and practice in health professional schools, faculty members are being asked to assume new roles in leading or delivering interprofessional curriculum. Many existing faculty members feel ill-prepared to face the challenges of this curricular innovation. From 2012-2013, University of Missouri - Columbia and University of Washington partnered with six additional academic health centers to pilot a faculty development course to prepare faculty leaders for IPE. Using a variety of techniques, including didactic teaching, small group exercises, immersion participation in interprofessional education, local implementation of new IPE projects, and peer learning, the program positioned each site to successfully introduce an interprofessional innovation. Participating faculty confirmed the value of the program, and suggested that more widespread similar efforts were worthwhile. This guide briefly describes this faculty development program and identifies key lessons learned from the initiative. Peer learning arising from a faculty development community, adaptation of curricula to fit local context, experiential learning, and ongoing coaching/mentoring, especially as it related to actual participation in IPE activities, were among the key elements of this successful faculty development activity.
Chemistry and Applications of Nanocrystalline Cellulose and its Derivatives : a Nanotechnology Perspective

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is an emerging renewable nanomaterial that holds promise in many different applications, such as in personal care, chemicals, foods, pharmaceuticals, etc. By appropriate modification of NCC, various functional nanomaterials with outstanding properties, or significantly improved physical, chemical, biological, as well as electronic properties can be developed. The nanoparticles are stabilised in aqueous suspension by negative charges on the surface, which are produced during the acid hydrolysis process. NCC suspensions can form a chiral nematic ordered phase beyond a critical concentration, i.e. NCC suspensions transform from an isotropic to an anisotropic chiral nematic liquid crystalline phase. Due to its nanoscale dimension and intrinsic physicochemical properties, NCC is a promising renewable biomaterial that can be used as a reinforcing component in high performance nanocomposites. Many new nanocomposite materials with attractive properties were obtained by the physical incorporation of NCC into a natural or synthetic polymeric matrix. Simple chemical modification on NCC surface can improve its dispersability in different solvents and expand its utilisation in nano-related applications, such as drug delivery, protein immobilisation, and inorganic reaction template. This review paper provides an overview on this emerging nanomaterial, focusing on the surface modification, properties and applications of NCC.
Liveness Detection Using Implicit 3D Features

Spoofing attacks are a threat to modern face recognition systems. In this work we present a simple yet effective liveness detection approach to enhance 2D face recognition methods and make them robust against spoofing attacks. We show that the risk to spoofing attacks can be reduced through the use of an additional source of light, for example a flash. From a pair of input images taken under different illumination, we define discriminative features that implicitly contain facial three-dimensional information. Furthermore, we show that when multiple sources of light are considered, we are able to validate which one has been activated. This makes possible the design of a highly secure active-light authentication framework. Finally, further investigating the use of 3D features without 3D reconstruction, we introduce an approximated disparity-based implicit 3D feature obtained from an uncalibrated stereo-pair of cameras. Validation experiments show that the proposed methods produce state-of-the-art results in challenging scenarios with nearly no feature extraction latency.
Defecation pain and coccydynia due to an anteverted coccyx: a case report

Defecation pain is a common problem with many etiologies implicated. Elucidating a cause requires a thorough medical history, examination and appropriate investigations, which may include endoscopy, barium enema, examination under anesthesia and magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Coccydynia is a term used to describe pain in the region of the coccyx, often due to abnormal mobility of the coccyx. Non-surgical management options remain the gold-standard for coccydynia with surgery being reserved for complicated cases.



This is a case of a 67-year-old Caucasian man who presented with a two-and-a-half-year history of worsening rectal pain.



To the best of our knowledge, we describe the first case in the literature of an abnormally mobile anteverted coccyx causing predominantly defecation pain and coccydynia, successfully treated by coccygectomy. When first-line investigations fail to elucidate a cause of defecation pain one must, in the presence of unusual symptoms, consider musculoskeletal pathologies emanating from the coccyx and an orthopedic consultation must then be sought for diagnostic purposes.
High-Sensitive Smartphone-Based Raman System Based on Cloud Network Architecture

Raman spectroscopy has been increasingly researched this year. Due to the high accuracy, fast speed, and nondestructive detection features of Raman spectroscopy, there are more and more application scenarios. In this paper, a smart phone Raman system is studied. By the optical path design and slit coupling technology, the sensitivity of the device is improved while the size of the spectrometer itself is reduced. In order to improve the detection speed and accuracy, a cloud network architecture is proposed. The spectrometer is integrated into the backside of a smart phone and the wireless communication function of the smart phone can be used to realize the connection with the cloud server. The device terminal is only responsible for collecting and uploading data to the cloud. Spectra are identified by the algorithm server. The result and the attributes files are then transmitted to the smart Raman terminal. The algorithm, database, and terminal equipment are separated from each other to facilitate the timely update of algorithms and databases.
Ultra-Stable Very-Low Phase-Noise Signal Source for Very Long Baseline Interferometry Using a Cryocooled Sapphire Oscillator

The design and implementation of a novel frequency synthesizer based on low phase-noise digital dividers and a direct digital synthesizer is presented. The synthesis produces two low noise accurate tunable signals at 10 and 100 MHz. We report the measured residual phase noise and frequency stability of the syn thesizer and estimate the total frequency stability, which can be expected from the synthesizer seeded with a signal near 11.2 GHz from an ultra-stable cryocooled sapphire oscillator (cryoCSO). The synthesizer residual single-sideband phase noise, at 1-Hz offset, on 10and 100-MHz signals was -135 and -130 dBc/Hz, respectively. The frequency stability contributions of these two sig nals was σ<sub>y</sub> = 9 × 10<sup>-15</sup> and σ<sub>y</sub> = 2.2 × 10<sup>-15</sup>, respectively, at 1-s integration time. The Allan deviation of the total fractional frequency noise on the 10- and 100-MHz signals derived from the synthesizer with the cry oCSO may be estimated, respectively, as σ<sub>y</sub> ≈ 3.6 × 10<sup>-15</sup> τ<sup>-1/2</sup> + 4 × 10<sup>-16</sup> and σ<sub>y</sub> ≈ s 5.2 × 10<sup>-2</sup> × 10<sup>-16</sup> τ<sup>-1/2</sup> + 3 × 10<sup>-16</sup>, respectively, for 1 ≤ τ <; 10<sup>4</sup>s. We also calculate the coherence function (a figure of merit for very long baseline interferometry in radio astronomy) for observation frequencies of 100, 230, and 345 GHz, when using the cry oCSO and a hydrogen maser. The results show that the cryoCSO offers a significant advantage at frequencies above 100 GHz.
Read, Watch, and Move: Reinforcement Learning for Temporally Grounding Natural Language Descriptions in Videos

The task of video grounding, which temporally localizes a natural language description in a video, plays an important role in understanding videos. Existing studies have adopted strategies of sliding window over the entire video or exhaustively ranking all possible clip-sentence pairs in a presegmented video, which inevitably suffer from exhaustively enumerated candidates. To alleviate this problem, we formulate this task as a problem of sequential decision making by learning an agent which regulates the temporal grounding boundaries progressively based on its policy. Specifically, we propose a reinforcement learning based framework improved by multi-task learning and it shows steady performance gains by considering additional supervised boundary information during training. Our proposed framework achieves state-ofthe-art performance on ActivityNet’18 DenseCaption dataset (Krishna et al. 2017) and Charades-STA dataset (Sigurdsson et al. 2016; Gao et al. 2017) while observing only 10 or less clips per video.
Novel Sequence Variations in the CER1 Gene Are Strongly Associated with Low Bone Mineral Density and Risk of Osteoporotic Fracture in Postmenopausal Women

Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease characterized by a combination of low bone mass and increased fragility. In this case–control study, we investigated the possible association of two novel candidate genes, CER1 and TOB1, with bone mineral density (BMD) and fragility risk in 300 postmenopausal women of Hellenic origin. The entire CER1 and TOB1 gene sequences were amplified and resequenced to assess whether there is a correlation between these genes and BMD. We identified 26 variants in both genes. Statistical analysis did not reveal any correlation between TOB1 and osteoporosis. However, CER1 genetic analysis indicated that five polymorphisms, c.194C>G, c.507+506G>T, c.508−182A>G, c.531A>G, and c.*121T>C, were correlated, with a mean T score ≤–2.2. In particular, the greater number of vertebral fractures was found in patients with osteoporosis carrying the G allele of c.531A>G SNP (p = 0.015). When multiple logistic regression analysis was performed, only the c.507+506G>T polymorphism was independently associated with hip fractures or the presence of any fracture (OR = 6.95, p = 0.016, and OR = 5.33, p < 0.001, respectively). These results suggest that CER1 gene variations play a significant role in determining BMD and vertebral or hip fractures, which might be helpful in clinical practice to identify patients with increased fracture risk.
Lateral Crural Tensioning for Refinement of the Nasal Tip and Increasing Alar Stability: A Case Series.

Shaping the nasal tip is one of the most complex and challenging components of rhinoplasty surgery. There has been a gradual progression away from cartilage splitting and morselization techniques tomore conservativemethods that rely on suturing or structural grafting to reshape and reinforce native tissue geometry. In parallel with these changes and the broad adoption of the open structure rhinoplasty approach, more emphasis has been placed on maintaining native cartilage structure. From the standpoint of structural dynamics and mechanics, rhinoplasty has further transitioned toward a paradigm where tensile and compressive forces are balanced to achieve stable structure, rather than relying upon structural grafting alone to alter tissue curvature or achieve stability. Correction of the broad nasal tip due to convexity of the lateral crura has remained a challenge, and multiple techniques have been developed to address excessive curvature in this region.1 Contemporary methods include the use of lateral crural mattress sutures,2,3 lateral crural turn-in and turn-over flaps,4–7 lateral crural strut grafts,8,9 lateral crural splitting,10 and lateral crural repositioning.11,12 Excisional techniques, such as cephalic trim, weaken structural support mechanisms and can lead to retraction and collapse.13 In contrast, suturing techniques preserve structure and are in principal adjustable and reversible, which is particularly important as rhinoplasty has a historically high revision rate. Davis has recently published an innovative approach for correcting convexity of the lateral crus, referred to as lateral crural tensioning (LCT).13–15 This technique involves performing an aggressive lateral crural steal maneuver16–19 in tandem with using a caudal septal extension graft (CSEG).
Wireless Sensor Network for Vehicle Speed Monitoring and Traffic Routing System

A smart Vehicle Speed Monitoring and Traffic Routing System (VSMTRS) is proposed using Wireless Sensor Networks to monitor and report about the speeding vehicles and also to regulate the traffic. The system is built up of wireless modules including Crossbow MicaZ mote MPR2400, a 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4, Tiny Wireless Measurement System (TWMS), a data acquisition card MDA320CA and a base station MIB510. The other modules include a microcontroller and a motor. The software used includes Tiny OS-1.11, Crossbow Moteworks (Xsniffer, Moteview, Moteconfig), MATLAB 7.30 for Data Processing PIC 16F877A is used for generating required data. MPLAB Assembler is used for microcontroller programming. This paper explains about the hardware prototype setup for part of VSMTRS, the algorithms used for the purpose, the advantages and the limitations of the entire system. Also the configuration of the setup, the OS and the application software are elaborated.
What is normal in normal aging? Effects of aging, amyloid and Alzheimer's disease on the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus

What can be expected in normal aging, and where does normal aging stop and pathological neurodegeneration begin? With the slow progression of age-related dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is difficult to distinguish age-related changes from effects of undetected disease. We review recent research on changes of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in aging and the borders between normal aging and AD. We argue that prominent cortical reductions are evident in fronto-temporal regions in elderly even with low probability of AD, including regions overlapping the default mode network. Importantly, these regions show high levels of amyloid deposition in AD, and are both structurally and functionally vulnerable early in the disease. This normalcy-pathology homology is critical to understand, since aging itself is the major risk factor for sporadic AD. Thus, rather than necessarily reflecting early signs of disease, these changes may be part of normal aging, and may inform on why the aging brain is so much more susceptible to AD than is the younger brain. We suggest that regions characterized by a high degree of life-long plasticity are vulnerable to detrimental effects of normal aging, and that this age-vulnerability renders them more susceptible to additional, pathological AD-related changes. We conclude that it will be difficult to understand AD without understanding why it preferably affects older brains, and that we need a model that accounts for age-related changes in AD-vulnerable regions independently of AD-pathology.