nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Number Plate Recognition ( ANPR )

The Automatic Number Plate Recognition is a system which is designed to help in recognition of number plates of vehicle. The purpose of designing this system is to develop security system. This system performs the various functions like number plate detection of vehicles, then processing them and using the processed data for storing and allows the vehicle to enter or reject the vehicle. This system is based upon the image processing technology which involves the number of image processing algorithm. The objective of this ANPR system is to design an efficient automatic vehicle number plate and used the system for various application like Toll collection, Parking System, border crossing, traffic control, stolen cars, etc.The ANPR system consist of mainly four stages to implement the system which are Image acquisition, Number plate extraction, Number plate segmentation and Character recognition. In this paper we consider the system only for Indian vehicle condition where number plate standard are rarely followed.
Employers’ perception of the costs and the benefits of hiring individuals with autism spectrum disorder in open employment in Australia

Research has examined the benefits and costs of employing adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from the perspective of the employee, taxpayer and society, but few studies have considered the employer perspective. This study examines the benefits and costs of employing adults with ASD, from the perspective of employers. Fifty-nine employers employing adults with ASD in open employment were asked to complete an online survey comparing employees with and without ASD on the basis of job similarity. The findings suggest that employing an adult with ASD provides benefits to employers and their organisations without incurring additional costs.
Flotation Frothers : Review of Their Classifications , Properties and Preparation

The importance of frothers in flotation is widely acknowledged, particularly in terms of their role with respect to bubble size, and the stability and mobility of the froth phase. These factors play a significant role in the kinetic viability of the process, and the overall recovery and the grade that can be achieved from a flotation cell or circuit. About 60 years ago, Wrobel  presented a comprehensive review of flotation frothers, their action, properties and structures. However, during recent six decades flotation reagent technology has undergone considerable evolutions and innovations. The aim of the present review is to provide an updated, comprehensive database comprising recent developments in flotation frother technology as well as some historical aspects. Different types of flotation frothers are discussed regarding to their classifications, properties, and preparation methods. New classification schemes have been suggested in parallel with introducing new characterization criteria. New classes of frothers are actually conventional frothers modified by incorporating certain functional “group” or “atoms” into their molecular structure. Like particle surface modifiers, frothers are also influenced by biotechnology, leading to introducing a new class of frothers named as “biofrothers”.
Towards Participatory Action Design Research: Adapting Action Research and Design Science Research Methods for Urban Informatics

This paper proposes a new research method, Participatory Action Design Research (PADR), for studies in the Urban Informatics domain. PADR supports Urban Informatics research in developing new technological means (e.g. using mobile and ubiquitous computing) to resolve contemporary issues or support everyday life in urban environments. The paper discusses the nature, aims and inherent methodological needs of Urban Informatics research, and proposes PADR as a method to address these needs. Situated in a socio-technical context, Urban Informatics requires a close dialogue between social and design-oriented fields of research as well as their methods. PADR combines Action Research and Design Science Research, both of which are used in Information Systems, another field with a strong socio-technical emphasis, and further adapts them to the cross-disciplinary needs and research context of Urban Informatics.  Urban Informatics – A Research Field at the Intersection of People, Place and Technology The introduction of information and communication technology (ICT), particularly the more recent introduction of mobile and ubiquitous computing technology, continues to trigger profound changes in everyday life. ICTs have entered and become an established component of our cities, infrastructure and daily environments. They have blurred the borders between the physical and the digital and reshaped the way people interact and communicate with each other. People’s interaction and communication patterns in everyday life constantly and seamlessly shift back and forth between physical and digital spaces. The domain of daily sociability and experience has become a ‘hybrid space’ (De Souza e Silva, 2006) – a space that
Endangered childhoods : how consumerism is impacting child and youth identity

Modern-day children are immersed in cultures of consumption such that every aspect of their lives is touched by a buy-and-consume modality. In particular, children in North America are increasingly experiencing the effects of consumer culture at unprecedented levels of involvement. It becomes necessary, therefore, to examine the impact of consumerism in order to assess identity formation and development in youth. Young people are receiving an endless barrage of material messages encouraging purchasing behavior and consumption that impacts the self-image. Indeed, children from the ages of 4 to 12 have increasingly been defined and viewed by their spending capacity. Girls especially are targeted by marketers to sell them a whole line of products they ‘need’ to emulate a feminine ideal. There is mounting evidence to suggest that the structure of childhood is eroding and children are suffering from serious physical, emotional and social deficits directly related to consumerism.
Mathematical description of PCB-adapted litz wire geometry for automated layout generation of WPT coils

PCB technology provides an alternative to conventional Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) coils made of wound copper wire. The most common wires for conventional coils are either a single wire or a multistranded cable conforming a litz wire structure. On the other hand, the implementation on printed board is suitable for medium-low power applications, presenting advantages as low cost, high repetibility and compact design. Moreover, for reduced losses, the litz wire structure can be adapted to a PCB implementation. In this paper, a mathematical description of the PCB litz structure is presented together with a method to automatically generate PCB layouts of custom coils. Following this method, several prototypes were built and tested. The experimental characterization of the samples shows that coils with PCB litz structure present reduced losses.
CHAPTER 10 Children and Digital Media

OVERVIEW 376 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MEDIA USE AND EFFECTS 377 Social Cognitive Theory 377 Parasocial Relationships and Parasocial Interactions 377 Cognitive Approaches 378 The Cultivation Hypothesis 378 Uses and Gratification Theory 379 Arousal Theory 379 Psychoanalytic Theory 379 Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning 379 Summary 380 THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF MEDIA PLATFORMS 380 THE ECOLOGY OF THE DIGITALWORLD 381 Media Access 381 Defining Media Exposure 382 Measuring Media Use and Exposure 383 THE DISAPPEARANCE OF QUIET ENVIRONMENTS 386 Media, Imaginative Play, Creativity, and Daydreaming 386 Media and Sleep Patterns 388 Media and Concentration 389 THE SOCIAL NATURE OF MEDIA ENVIRONMENTS: ELECTRONIC FRIENDS AND COMMUNICATIONS 389 Prosocial Media: “It’s a Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood” 390 Parasocial Relationships With Media Characters 392  Sexual Content 400 Influences of Sexual Content on Children 400 FROM OUTDOOR TO INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS: THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC 401 The Content of Food and Beverage Advertisements 402 Energy Intake: Media Influences on Children’s Diets and Health Outcomes 402 Media-Related Caloric Expenditure 403  ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, AND ILLEGAL DRUGS 404 The Content: Exposure to Risky Behaviors 404 Influences of Exposure to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Illegal Drugs on Children 404 MEDIA POLICY 404 Early Media Exposure 405 The V-Chip 405 Media Violence 405 Regulating Sexual Content 405 The Commercialization of Childhood 406 Driving Hazards 407 The Children’s Television Act 407 CONCLUSIONS 407 REFERENCES 408
Sleep bruxism: a comprehensive overview for the dental clinician interested in sleep medicine.

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a common sleep-related motor disorder characterized by tooth grinding and clenching. SB diagnosis is made on history of tooth grinding and confirmed by polysomnographic recording of electromyographic (EMG) episodes in the masseter and temporalis muscles. The typical EMG activity pattern in patients with SB is known as rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA). The authors observed that most RMMA episodes occur in association with sleep arousal and are preceded by physiologic activation of the central nervous and sympathetic cardiac systems. This article provides a comprehensive review of the cause, pathophysiology, assessment, and management of SB.
Improved 3D Thinning Algorithms for Skeleton Extraction

In this study, we focused on developing a novel 3D Thinning algorithm to extract one-voxel wide skeleton from various 3D objects aiming at preserving the topological information. The 3D Thinning algorithm was testified on computer-generated and real 3D reconstructed image sets acquired from TEMT and compared with other existing 3D Thinning algorithms. It is found that the algorithm has conserved medial axes and simultaneously topologies very well, demonstrating many advantages over the existing technologies. They are versatile, rigorous, efficient and rotation invariant.
Financing Policy , Basis Risk , and Corporate Hedging : Evidence from Oil and Gas Producers

This paper studies the hedging policies of oil and gas producers between 1992 and 1994. My evidence shows that the extent of hedging is related to financing costs. In particular, companies with greater financial leverage manage price risks more extensively. My evidence also shows that the likelihood of hedging is related to economies of scale in hedging costs and to the basis risk associated with hedging instruments. Larger companies and companies whose production is located primarily in regions where prices have a high correlation with the prices on which exchangetraded derivatives are based are more likely to manage risks. DESPITE THE PREVALENCE OF CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT and the effort that has been devoted to developing theoretical rationales for hedging, there are no widely accepted explanations for risk management as a corporate policy. Important questions remain regarding the determinants of the extent to which a company hedges, the impact of risk management on a firm’s value, and the interaction between a firm’s hedging policy and its other policy decisions. To address some of these questions, I examine the risk management activities of 100 oil and gas producers for 1992 to 1994. In particular, I investigate whether the fraction of production an oil and gas producer hedges against price f luctuations is related to its financing policy, tax status, compensation policy, ownership structure, and operating characteristics. I document a wide variation in hedging policies among oil and gas producers. My tests find that this variation is associated with several differences in the firms’ characteristics. The fraction of production hedged is positively related to the differences in financial leverage, measured as the ratio of total debt to total assets, and it is greater for oil and gas producers * University of Oregon. I thank John McConnell ~my thesis advisor!, Wayne Mikkelson, René Stulz ~the editor!, and an anonymous referee for their many detailed comments. I have also greatly benefited from the comments of John Chalmers, Diane Del Guercio, Larry Dann, David Denis, Diane Denis, George Fenn, Jarrad Harford, Randy Heron, Tim Kruse, Erik Lie, Peter MacKay, Patrick McCarthy, Megan Partch, Mitchell Petersen, Gordon Phillips, and Sunil Wahal. This paper is adapted from my dissertation at the Krannert School of Management, Purdue University. An earlier version of this paper entitled “The role of corporate hedging: Evidence from oil and gas producers” was presented at the 1997 meeting of the Western Finance Association. THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE • VOL. LV, NO. 1 • FEBRUARY 2000
Classifying the user intent of web queries using k-means clustering

Web search engines are frequently used by people to locate information on the Internet. However, not all queries have an informational goal. Instead of information, some people may be looking for specific web sites or may wish to conduct transactions with web services. This paper aims to focus on automatically classifying the different user intents behind web queries.  For the research reported in this paper, 130,000 web search engine queries are categorized as informational, navigational, or transactional using a k-means clustering approach based on a variety of query traits.  The research findings show that more than 75 percent of web queries (clustered into eight classifications) are informational in nature, with about 12 percent each for navigational and transactional. Results also show that web queries fall into eight clusters, six primarily informational, and one each of primarily transactional and navigational.  This study provides an important contribution to web search literature because it provides information about the goals of searchers and a method for automatically classifying the intents of the user queries. Automatic classification of user intent can lead to improved web search engines by tailoring results to specific user needs.  The paper discusses how web search engines can use automatically classified user queries to provide more targeted and relevant results in web searching by implementing a real time classification method as presented in this research.  This research investigates a new application of a method for automatically classifying the intent of user queries. There has been limited research to date on automatically classifying the user intent of web queries, even though the pay-off for web search engines can be quite beneficial.
Beam steering in HMSIW LWA at fixed millimeter wave frequency

Steering of main beam of radiation at fixed millimeter wave frequency in a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Leaky Wave Antenna (LWA) has not been investigated so far in literature. In this paper a Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) LWA is proposed which has the capability to steer its main beam at fixed millimeter wave frequency of 24GHz. Beam steering is made feasible by changing the capacitance of the capacitors, connected at the dielectric side of HMSIW. The full wave EM simulations show that the main beam scans from 36° to 57° in the first quadrant.
The path of the smart grid

Exciting yet challenging times lie ahead. The electrical power industry is undergoing rapid change. The rising cost of energy, the mass electrification of everyday life, and climate change are the major drivers that will determine the speed at which such transformations will occur. Regardless of how quickly various utilities embrace smart grid concepts, technologies, and systems, they all agree onthe inevitability of this massive transformation. It is a move that will not only affect their business processes but also their organization and technologies.
Beyond Context: Exploring Semantic Similarity for Tiny Face Detection

Tiny face detection aims to find faces with high degrees of variability in scale, resolution and occlusion in cluttered scenes. Due to the very little information available on tiny faces, it is not sufficient to detect them merely based on the information presented inside the tiny bounding boxes or their context. In this paper, we propose to exploit the semantic similarity among all predicted targets in each image to boost current face detectors. To this end, we present a novel framework to model semantic similarity as pairwise constraints within the metric learning scheme, and then refine our predictions with the semantic similarity by utilizing the graph cut techniques. Experiments conducted on three widely-used benchmark datasets have demonstrated the improvement over the-state-of-the-arts gained by applying this idea.
End-Task Oriented Textual Entailment via Deep Explorations of Inter-Sentence Interactions

This work deals with SCITAIL, a natural entailment challenge derived from a multi-choice question answering problem. The premises and hypotheses in SCITAIL were generated with no awareness of each other, and did not specifically aim at the entailment task. This makes it more challenging than other entailment data sets and more directly useful to the end-task – question answering. We propose DEISTE (deep explorations of inter-sentence interactions for textual entailment) for this entailment task. Given word-to-word interactions between the premise-hypothesis pair (P , H), DEISTE consists of: (i) a parameter-dynamic convolution to make important words in P and H play a dominant role in learnt representations; and (ii) a position-aware attentive convolution to encode the representation and position information of the aligned word pairs. Experiments show that DEISTE gets ≈5% improvement over prior state of the art and that the pretrained DEISTE on SCITAIL generalizes well on RTE-5.1
Facebook and self-perception : Individual susceptibility to negative social comparison on Facebook

a r t i c l e i n f o Social network sites such as Facebook give off the impression that others are doing better than we are. As a result, the use of these sites may lead to negative social comparison (i.e., feeling like others are doing better than oneself). According to social comparison theory, such negative social comparisons are detrimental to perceptions about the self. The current study therefore investigated the indirect relationship between Facebook use and self-perceptions through negative social comparison. Because happier people process social information differently than unhappier people, we also investigated whether the relationship between Facebook use and social comparison and, as a result, self-perception, differs depending on the degree of happiness of the emerging adult. A survey among 231 emerging adults (age 18–25) showed that Facebook use was related to a greater degree of negative social comparison, which was in turn related negatively to self-perceived social competence and physical attractiveness. The indirect relationship between Facebook use and self-perception through negative social comparison was attenuated among happier individuals, as the relationship between Facebook use and negative social comparison was weaker among happier individuals. SNS use was thus negatively related to self-perception through negative social comparison, especially among unhappy individuals. Social network sites (SNSs), such as Facebook, are notorious for giving off the impression that other people are living better lives than we are (Chou & Edge, 2012). People generally present themselves and their lives positively on SNSs (Dorethy, Fiebert, & Warren, 2014) for example by posting pictures in which they look their best (Manago, Graham, Greenfield, & Salimkhan, 2008) and are having a good time with their friends (Zhao, Grasmuck, & Martin, 2008). The vast majority of time spent on SNSs consists of viewing these idealized SNS profiles, pictures, and status updates of others (Pempek, Yermolayeva, & Calvert, 2009). Such information about how others are doing may impact how people see themselves, that is, their self-perceptions because people base their self-perceptions at least partly on how they are doing in comparison to others (Festinger, 1954). These potential effects of SNS use on self-perceptions through social comparison are the focus of the current study. Previous research on the effects of SNSs on self-perceptions has focused predominantly on the implications of social interactions on these websites (e.g., feedback from others) (Valkenburg, Peter, & Schouten, 2006) or due to editing and viewing content about the self …
Cross-Domain Deep Learning Approach For Multiple Financial Market Prediction

Over recent decades, globalization has resulted in a steady increase in cross-border financial flows around the world. To build an abstract representation of a real-world financial market situation, we structure the fundamental influences among homogeneous and heterogeneous markets with three types of correlations: the inner-domain correlation between homogeneous markets in various countries, the cross-domain correlation between heterogeneous markets, and the time-series correlation between current and past markets. Such types of correlations in global finance challenge traditional machine learning approaches due to model complexity and nonlinearity. In this paper, we propose a novel cross-domain deep learning approach (Cd-DLA) to learn real-world complex correlations for multiple financial market prediction. Based on recurrent neural networks, which capture the time-series interactions in financial data, our model utilizes the attention mechanism to analyze the inner-domain and cross-domain correlations, and then aggregates all of them for financial forecasting. Experiment results on ten-year financial data on currency and stock markets from three countries prove the performance of our approach over other baselines.
Myomodulation with Injectable Fillers: An Innovative Approach to Addressing Facial Muscle Movement

Consideration of facial muscle dynamics is underappreciated among clinicians who provide injectable filler treatment. Injectable fillers are customarily used to fill static wrinkles, folds, and localized areas of volume loss, whereas neuromodulators are used to address excessive muscle movement. However, a more comprehensive understanding of the role of muscle function in facial appearance, taking into account biomechanical concepts such as the balance of activity among synergistic and antagonistic muscle groups, is critical to restoring facial appearance to that of a typical youthful individual with facial esthetic treatments. Failure to fully understand the effects of loss of support (due to aging or congenital structural deficiency) on muscle stability and interaction can result in inadequate or inappropriate treatment, producing an unnatural appearance. This article outlines these concepts to provide an innovative framework for an understanding of the role of muscle movement on facial appearance and presents cases that illustrate how modulation of muscle movement with injectable fillers can address structural deficiencies, rebalance abnormal muscle activity, and restore facial appearance. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.