nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Eye-Tracking Technology and the Dynamics of Natural Gaze Behavior in Sports: A Systematic Review of 40 Years of Research

Reviewing 60 studies on natural gaze behavior in sports, it becomes clear that, over the last 40 years, the use of eye-tracking devices has considerably increased. Specifically, this review reveals the large variance of methods applied, analyses performed, and measures derived within the field. The results of sub-sample analyses suggest that sports-related eye-tracking research strives, on the one hand, for ecologically valid test settings (i.e., viewing conditions and response modes), while on the other, for experimental control along with high measurement accuracy (i.e., controlled test conditions with high-frequency eye-trackers linked to algorithmic analyses). To meet both demands, some promising compromises of methodological solutions have been proposed-in particular, the integration of robust mobile eye-trackers in motion-capture systems. However, as the fundamental trade-off between laboratory and field research cannot be solved by technological means, researchers need to carefully weigh the arguments for one or the other approach by accounting for the respective consequences. Nevertheless, for future research on dynamic gaze behavior in sports, further development of the current mobile eye-tracking methodology seems highly advisable to allow for the acquisition and algorithmic analyses of larger amounts of gaze-data and further, to increase the explanatory power of the derived results.
Retrospective survival analysis of 110 lithium disilicate crowns with feather-edge marginal preparation.

To evaluate the clinical performance of lithium disilicate (LiDiSi) crowns with a feather-edge finish line margin over a 9-year period.



In total, 110 lithium disilicate crowns, 40 anterior (36.3%) and 70 posterior (63.7%), were cemented with resin cement after fluoridric acid and silane surface treatment and observed by a different clinician. The data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The clinical evaluation used the California Dental Association (CDA) modified criteria after recalling all patients between January and April 2013.



Two crowns had failed and were replaced due to core fractures. One chipping occurred on a first molar and the ceramic surface was polished. The overall survival probability was 96.1% up to 9 years, with a failure rate of 1.8%.



In this retrospective analysis, lithium disilicate with a vertical finish line used in single-crown restorations had a low clinical failure rate up to 9 years.
Music summarization using key phrases

Systems to automatically provide a representative summary or `Key Phrase' of a piece of music are described. For a `rock' song with `verse' and `chorus' sections, we aim to return the chorus or in any case the most repeated and hence most memorable section. The techniques are less applicable to music with more complicated structure although possibly our general framework could still be used with di erent heuristics. Our process consists of three steps. First we parameterize the song into features. Next we use these features to discover the song structure, either by clustering xed-length segments or by training a hidden Markov model (HMM) for the song. Finally, given this structure, we use heuristics to choose the Key Phrase. Results for summaries of 18 Beatles songs evaluated by ten users show that the technique based on clustering is superior to the HMM approach and to choosing the Key Phrase at random.
Theoretical Foundations of Deep Learning via Sparse Representations: A Multilayer Sparse Model and Its Connection to Convolutional Neural Networks

Modeling data is the way we-scientists-believe that information should be explained and handled. Indeed, models play a central role in practically every task in signal and image processing and machine learning. Sparse representation theory (we shall refer to it as Sparseland) puts forward an emerging, highly effective, and universal model. Its core idea is the description of data as a linear combination of few atoms taken from a dictionary of such fundamental elements.
Mechatronics design of multi-finger robot hand

The author reports the development of a multi-finger robot hand with the mechatronics approach. The proposed robot hand has 4 fingers with 14 under-actuated joints driven by 10 linear actuators with linkages. Each of the 10 nodes in the distributed control system uses position and current feedback to monitor the contact stiffness and control the grasping force according to the motor current change rate. The combined force and position control loop enable the robot hand to grasp an object with the unknown shape. Pre-defined tasks, such as grasping and pinching are stored as scripts in the hand controller to provide a high-level programming interface for the upstream robot controller. The mechanical design, controller design and co-simulation are performed in an integrated model-based software environment, and also for the real time code generation and for mechanical parts manufacturing with a 3D printer. Based on the same model for design, a virtual robot hand interface is developed to provide off-line simulation tool and user interface to the robot hand to reduce the programming effort in fingers' motion planning. In the development of the robot hand, the mechatronics approach has been proven to be an indispensable tool for such a complex system.
Robust System for Identifying Procurement Fraud

An accredited biennial 2012 study by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners claims that on average 5% of a company’s revenue is lost because of unchecked fraud every year. The reason for such heavy losses are that it takes around 18 months for a fraud to be caught and audits catch only 3% of the actual fraud. This begs the need for better tools and processes to be able to quickly and cheaply identify potential malefactors. In this paper, we describe a robust tool to identify procurement related fraud/risk, though the general design and the analytical components could be adapted to detecting fraud in other domains. Besides analyzing standard transactional data, our solution analyzes multiple public and private data sources leading to wider coverage of fraud types than what generally exists in the marketplace. Moreover, our approach is more principled in the sense that the learning component, which is based on investigation feedback has formal guarantees. Though such a tool is ever evolving, an initial deployment of this tool over the past 6 months has found many interesting cases from compliance risk and fraud point of view, increasing the number of true positives found by over 80% compared with other state-of-the-art tools that the domain experts were previously using.
Axillary Reconstruction for Hidradenitis Suppurativa with an Inner-Arm Transposition Flap Creating a Brachioplasty Effect

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin condition that can affect any area with apocrine sweat glands and has the potential to involve multiple sites concurrently. Commonly affected sites include the axilla, groin, perineum and perianal areas. In this study we performed a literature review on the surgical methods for HS and describe an innovative technique for reconstructing axilla HS using an inner-arm transposition flap.



We reviewed all cases (5 cases from 4 patients) of transposition flap reconstruction performed by the senior author at a single London tertiary hospital from 2008-2013. Patient related outcome measures were collected using the Derriford appearance scale (DAS 24) and a study specific questionnaire.



All patients were satisfied with their final result. One out of five cases had a complication but did not result in flap failure. There is no disease recurrence to date. DAS 24 scores collected demonstrated acceptable postoperative distress that did not deviate far from the norm tables while study specific questionnaire reveal desirable outcomes.



We have managed to achieve our aim through the use of the innovative inner-arm transposition flap. Our study hopes to provide an additional technique for axillary reconstruction. This technique offers the effective concealment of scars with the benefit of tightening of the arm tissue producing 'brachioplasty like' effects. All things considered it would be reasonable to conclude the innovative flap technique is a reliable, effective, and simple method that results in multiple benefits.
A novel illumination-invariant lane detection system

In recent years, Lane Departure Warning System for security has attracted great attention of driving assistance in order to enhance safety and security usage on road driving. This paper presents the implementation of a real-time monocular vision based lane departure warning system. In order to make it useful for real situation, our proposed system is suggested to be real time. Otsu's threshold method and Hough Transform are the main algorithms used to deal with the lighting problem, extract the lane boundaries and monitor the vehicle's position with respect to the lane and provides warning if the vehicle is about to leave the lane. Vanishing point detection plays an essential role in lane detection to extract the Region of Interest and reduce computational complexity. Our proposed algorithm works accurately in various lighting conditions.
Sentiment classification on customer feedback data: noisy data, large feature vectors, and the role of linguistic analysis

We demonstrate that it is possible to perform automatic sentiment classification in the very noisy domain of customer feedback data. We show that by using large feature vectors in combination with feature reduction, we can train linear support vector machines that achieve high classification accuracy on data that present classification challenges even for a human annotator. We also show that, surprisingly, the addition of deep linguistic analysis features to a set of surface level word n-gram features contributes consistently to classification accuracy in this domain.
Time-release Protocol from Bitcoin and Witness Encryption for SAT

We propose a new time-release protocol based on the bitcoin protocol and witness encryption. We derive a “public key” from the bitcoin block chain for encryption. The decryption key are the unpredictable information in the future blocks (e.g., transactions, nonces) that will be computed by the bitcoin network. We build this protocol by witness encryption and encrypt with the bitcoin proof-of-work constraints. The novelty of our protocol is that the decryption key will be automatically and publicly available in the bitcoin block chain when the time is due. Witness encryption was originally proposed by Garg, Gentry, Sahai and Waters. It provides a means to encrypt to an instance, x, of an NP language and to decrypt by a witness w that x is in the language. Encoding CNF-SAT in the existing witness encryption schemes generate poly(n · k) group elements in the ciphertext where n is the number of variables and k is the number of clauses of the CNF formula. We design a new witness encryption for CNF-SAT which achieves ciphertext size of 2n + 2k group elements. Our witness encryption is based on an intuitive reduction from SAT to Subset-Sum problem. Our scheme uses the framework of multilinear maps, but it is independent of the implementation details of multilinear maps.
Composite Subscriptions in Content-Based Publish/Subscribe Systems

Distributed publish/subscribe systems are naturally suited for processing events in distributed systems. However, support for expressing patterns about distributed events and algorithms for detecting correlations among these events are still largely unexplored. Inspired from the requirements of decentralized, event-driven workflow processing, we design a subscription language for expressing correlations among distributed events. We illustrate the potential of our approach with a workflow management case study. The language is validated and implemented in PADRES. In this paper we present an overview of PADRES, highlighting some of its novel features, including the composite subscription language, the coordination patterns, the composite event detection algorithms, the rule-based router design, and a detailed case study illustrating the decentralized processing of workflows. Our experimental evaluation shows that rule-based brokers are a viable and powerful alternative to existing, special-purpose, content-based routing algorithms. The experiments also show that the use of composite subscriptions in PADRES significantly reduces the load on the network. Complex workflows can be processed in a decentralized fashion with a gain of 40% in message dissemination cost. All processing is realized entirely in the publish/subscribe paradigm.
Discriminative and Affective Touch: Sensing and Feeling

The multimodal properties of the human somatosensory system continue to be unravelled. There is mounting evidence that one of these submodalities-touch-has another dimension, providing not only its well-recognized discriminative input to the brain, but also an affective input. It has long been recognized that touch plays an important role in many forms of social communication and a number of theories have been proposed to explain observations and beliefs about the "power of touch." Here, we propose that a class of low-threshold mechanosensitive C fibers that innervate the hairy skin represent the neurobiological substrate for the affective and rewarding properties of touch.
A Hybrid Particle Level Set Method for Improved Interface Capturing

In this paper, we propose a new numerical method for improving the mass conservation properties of the level set method when the interface is passively advected in a flow field. Our method uses Lagrangian marker particles to rebuild the level set in regions which are under-resolved. This is often the case for flows undergoing stretching and tearing. The overall method maintains a smooth geometrical description of the interface and the implementation simplicity characteristic of the level set method. Our method compares favorably with volume of fluid methods in the conservation of mass and purely Lagrangian schemes for interface resolution. The method is presented in three spatial dimensions. ∗Research supported in part by an ONR YIP and PECASE award N00014-01-1-0620, and NSF DMS-0106694 †Research supported in part by DOE under the ASCI Academic Strategic Alliances Program (LLNL contract B341491) ‡Scientific Computing Computational Mathematics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 §Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 ¶Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 ‖Research supported in part by DARPA under the Software Enabled Control Program (AFRL contract F33615-99-C-3014)
A Curry-Howard Foundation for Functional Computation with Control

We introduce the type theory ¿µv, a call-by-value variant of Parigot's ¿µ-calculus, as a Curry-Howard representation theory of classical propositional proofs. The associated rewrite system is Church-Rosser and strongly normalizing, and definitional equality of the type theory is consistent, compatible with cut, congruent and decidable. The attendant call-by-value programming language µPCFv is obtained from ¿µv by augmenting it by basic arithmetic, conditionals and fixpoints. We study the behavioural properties of µPCFv and show that, though simple, it is a very general language for functional computation with control: it can express all the main control constructs such as exceptions and first-class continuations. Proof-theoretically the dual ¿µv-constructs of naming and µ-abstraction witness the introduction and elimination rules of absurdity respectively. Computationally they give succinct expression to a kind of generic (forward) "jump" operator, which may be regarded as a unifying control construct for functional computation. Our goal is that ¿µv and µPCFv respectively should be to functional computation with first-class access to the flow of control what ¿-calculus and PCF respectively are to pure functional programming: ¿µv gives the logical basis via the Curry-Howard correspondence, and µPCFv is a prototypical language albeit in purified form.
The concept of free will as an infinite metatheoretic recursion

It is argued that the concept of free will, like the concept of truth in formal languages, requires a separation between an object level and a meta-level for being consistently defined. The Jamesian two-stage model, which deconstructs free will into the causally open “free” stage with its closure in the “will” stage, is implicitly a move in this direction. However, to avoid the dilemma of determinism, free will additionally requires an infinite regress of causal meta-stages, making free choice a hypertask. We use this model to define free will of the rationalist-compatibilist type. This is shown to provide a natural three-way distinction between quantum indeterminism, freedom and free will, applicable respectively to artificial intelligence (AI), animal agents and human agents. We propose that the causal hierarchy in our model corresponds to a hierarchy of Turing uncomputability. Possible neurobiological and behavioral tests to demonstrate free will experimentally are suggested. Ramifications of the model for physics, evolutionary biology, neuroscience, neuropathological medicine and moral philosophy are briefly outlined.
Modeling landscape structure response across a gradient of land cover intensity

Quantitative analyses in landscape ecology have traditionally been dominated by the patch-mosaic concept in which landscapes are modeled as a mosaic of discrete patches. This model is useful for analyzing categorical data but cannot sufficiently account for the spatial heterogeneity present in continuous landscapes. Sub-pixel remote sensing classifications offer a potential data source for capturing continuous spatial heterogeneity but lack discrete land cover classes and therefore cannot be analyzed using standard landscape metric tools. This research introduces the threshold gradient method to allow transformation of continuous sub-pixel classifications into a series of discrete maps based on land cover proportion (i.e., intensity) that can be analyzed using landscape metric tools. Sub-pixel data are reclassified at multiple thresholds along a land cover continuum and landscape metrics are computed for each map. Metrics are plotted in response to intensity and these ‘scalograms’ are mathematically modeled using curve fitting techniques to allow determination of critical land cover thresholds (e.g., inflection points) where considerable landscape changes are occurring. Results show that critical land cover intensities vary between metrics, and the approach can generate increased ecological information not available with other landscape characterization methods.
The planum temporale as a computational hub

It is increasingly recognized that the human planum temporale is not a dedicated language processor, but is in fact engaged in the analysis of many types of complex sound. We propose a model of the human planum temporale as a computational engine for the segregation and matching of spectrotemporal patterns. The model is based on segregating the components of the acoustic world and matching these components with learned spectrotemporal representations. Spectrotemporal information derived from such a 'computational hub' would be gated to higher-order cortical areas for further processing, leading to object recognition and the perception of auditory space. We review the evidence for the model and specific predictions that follow from it.
Osteotomies around the knee: patient selection, stability of fixation and bone healing in high tibial osteotomies.

New developments in osteotomy techniques and methods of fixation have caused a revival of interest of osteotomies around the knee. The current consensus on the indications, patient selection and the factors influencing the outcome after high tibial osteotomy is presented. This paper highlights recent research aimed at joint pressure redistribution, fixation stability and bone healing that has led to improved surgical techniques and a decrease of post-operative time to full weight-bearing.
On-the-Fly QoE-Aware Transcoding in the Mobile Edge

To enhance video streaming experience for mobile users, we propose an approach towards Quality-of-Experience (QoE) aware on-the-fly transcoding. The proposed approach relies on the concept of Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) as a key enabler in enhancing service quality. Our scheme involves an autonomic creation of a transcoding service as a Virtual Network Function (VNF) and ensures dynamic rate switching of the streamed video to maintain the desirable quality. This edge-assistive transcoding and adaptive streaming results in reduced computational loads and reduced core network traffic. The proposed solution represents a complete miniature content delivery network infrastructure on the edge, ensuring reduced latency and better quality of experience
Multilingual Image Description with Neural Sequence Models

We introduce multilingual image description, the task of generating descriptions of images given data in multiple languages. This can be viewed as visually-grounded machine translation, allowing the image to play a role in disambiguating language. We present models for this task that are inspired by neural models for image description and machine translation. Our multilingual image description models generate target-language sentences using features transferred from separate models: multimodal features from a monolingual source-language image description model and visual features from an object recognition model. In experiments on a dataset of images paired with English and German sentences, using BLEU and Meteor as a metric, our models substantially improve upon existing monolingual image description models.
Multi-unit differential auction-barter model for electronic marketplaces

Differential auction–barter (DAB) model augments the well-known double auction (DA) model with barter bids so that besides the usual purchase and sale activities, bidders can also carry out direct bartering of items. The DAB model also provides a mechanism for making or receiving a differential money payment as part of the direct bartering of items, hence, allowing bartering of different valued items. In this paper, we propose an extension to the DAB model, called the multi-unit differential auction–barter (MUDAB) model for e-marketplaces in which multiple instances of commodities are exchanged. Furthermore, a more powerful and flexible bidding language is designed which allows bidders to express their complex preferences of purchase, sell and exchange requests, and hence increases the allocative efficiency of the market compared to the DAB. The winner determination problem of the MUDAB model is formally defined, and a fast polynomial-time network flow based algorithm is proposed for solving the problem. The fast performance of the algorithm is also demonstrated on various test cases containing up to one million bids. Thus, the proposed model can be used in large-scale online auctions without worrying about the running times of the solver.