nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Designing the user in user interfaces

In the good old days, the human was here, the computer there, and a good living was to be made by designing ways to interface between the two. Now we find ourselves unthinkingly pinching to zoom in on a picture in a paper magazine. User interfaces are changing instinctual human behavior and instinctual human behavior is changing user interfaces. We point or look left in the "virtual" world just as we point or look left in the physical.
 It is clear that nothing is clear anymore: the need for "interface" vanishes when the boundaries between the physical and the virtual disappear. We are at a watershed moment when to experience being human means to experience being machine. When there is not a user interface - it is just what you do. When instinct supplants mice and menus and the interface insinuates itself into the human psyche.
 We are redefining and creating what it means to be human in this new physical/virtual integrated reality - we are not just designing user interfaces, we are designing users.
Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment.

Myocardial infarction (MI) can directly cause ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), which has been touted as an indicator of poor prognosis in acute and early phases after MI. However, in the chronic post-MI phase, prognostic implications of IMR presence and degree are poorly defined.



We analyzed 303 patients with previous (>16 days) Q-wave MI by ECG who underwent transthoracic echocardiography: 194 with IMR quantitatively assessed in routine practice and 109 without IMR matched for baseline age (71+/-11 versus 70+/-9 years, P=0.20), sex, and ejection fraction (EF, 33+/-14% versus 34+/-11%, P=0.14). In IMR patients, regurgitant volume (RVol) and effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) area were 36+/-24 mL/beat and 21+/-12 mm(2), respectively. After 5 years, total mortality and cardiac mortality for patients with IMR (62+/-5% and 50+/-6%, respectively) were higher than for those without IMR (39+/-6% and 30+/-5%, respectively) (both P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, independently of all baseline characteristics, particularly age and EF, the adjusted relative risks of total and cardiac mortality associated with the presence of IMR (1.88, P=0.003 and 1.83, P=0.014, respectively) and quantified degree of IMR defined by RVol >/=30 mL (2.05, P=0.002 and 2.01, P=0.009) and by ERO >/=20 mm(2) (2.23, P=0.003 and 2.38, P=0.004) were high.



In the chronic phase after MI, IMR presence is associated with excess mortality independently of baseline characteristics and degree of ventricular dysfunction. The mortality risk is related directly to the degree of IMR as defined by ERO and RVol. Therefore, IMR detection and quantification provide major information for risk stratification and clinical decision making in the chronic post-MI phase.
MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0.

We announce the release of the fourth version of MEGA software, which expands on the existing facilities for editing DNA sequence data from autosequencers, mining Web-databases, performing automatic and manual sequence alignment, analyzing sequence alignments to estimate evolutionary distances, inferring phylogenetic trees, and testing evolutionary hypotheses. Version 4 includes a unique facility to generate captions, written in figure legend format, in order to provide natural language descriptions of the models and methods used in the analyses. This facility aims to promote a better understanding of the underlying assumptions used in analyses, and of the results generated. Another new feature is the Maximum Composite Likelihood (MCL) method for estimating evolutionary distances between all pairs of sequences simultaneously, with and without incorporating rate variation among sites and substitution pattern heterogeneities among lineages. This MCL method also can be used to estimate transition/transversion bias and nucleotide substitution pattern without knowledge of the phylogenetic tree. This new version is a native 32-bit Windows application with multi-threading and multi-user supports, and it is also available to run in a Linux desktop environment (via the Wine compatibility layer) and on Intel-based Macintosh computers under the Parallels program. The current version of MEGA is available free of charge at (http://www.megasoftware.net).
The four pillars of crowdsourcing: A reference model

Crowdsourcing is an emerging business model where tasks are accomplished by the general public; the crowd. Crowdsourcing has been used in a variety of disciplines, including information systems development, marketing and operationalization. It has been shown to be a successful model in recommendation systems, multimedia design and evaluation, database design, and search engine evaluation. Despite the increasing academic and industrial interest in crowdsourcing, there is still a high degree of diversity in the interpretation and the application of the concept. This paper analyses the literature and deduces a taxonomy of crowdsourcing. The taxonomy is meant to represent the different configurations of crowdsourcing in its main four pillars: the crowdsourcer, the crowd, the crowdsourced task and the crowdsourcing platform. Our outcome will help researchers and developers as a reference model to concretely and precisely state their particular interpretation and configuration of crowdsourcing.
Randomized Trial of Endoscopist-Controlled vs. Assistant-Controlled Wire-Guided Cannulation of the Bile Duct

Biliary cannulation is frequently the most difficult component of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Techniques employed to improve safety and efficacy include wire-guided access and the use of sphincterotomes. However, a variety of options for these techniques are available and optimum strategies are not defined. We assessed whether the use of endoscopist- vs. assistant-controlled wire guidance and small vs. standard-diameter sphincterotomes improves safety and/or efficacy of bile duct cannulation.Patients were randomized using a 2 × 2 factorial design to initial cannulation attempt with endoscopist- vs. assistant-controlled wire systems (1:1 ratio) and small (3.9Fr tip) vs. standard (4.4Fr tip) sphincterotomes (1:1 ratio). The primary efficacy outcome was successful deep bile duct cannulation within 8 attempts. Sample size of 498 was planned to demonstrate a significant increase in cannulation of 10%. Interim analysis was planned after 200 patients–with a stopping rule pre-defined for a significant difference in the composite safety end point (pancreatitis, cholangitis, bleeding, and perforation).RESULTS:The study was stopped after the interim analysis, with 216 patients randomized, due to a significant difference in the safety end point with endoscopist- vs. assistant-controlled wire guidance (3/109 (2.8%) vs. 12/107 (11.2%), P=0.016), primarily due to a lower rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis (3/109 (2.8%) vs. 10/107 (9.3%), P=0.049). The difference in successful biliary cannulation for endoscopist- vs. assistant-controlled wire guidance was −0.5% (95% CI−12.0 to 11.1%) and for small vs. standard sphincerotome −0.9% (95% CI–12.5 to 10.6%).CONCLUSIONS:Use of the endoscopist- rather than assistant-controlled wire guidance for bile duct cannulation reduces complications of ERCP such as pancreatitis.
Low Cost Self-assistive Voice Controlled Technology for Disabled People

This paper describes the design of an innovative and low cost self-assistive technology that is used to facilitate the control of a wheelchair and home appliances by using advanced voice commands of the disabled people. This proposed system will provide an alternative to the physically challenged people with quadriplegics who is permanently unable to move their limbs (but who is able to speak and hear) and elderly people in controlling the motion of the wheelchair and home appliances using their voices to lead an independent, confident and enjoyable life. The performance of this microcontroller based and voice integrated design is evaluated in terms of accuracy and velocity in various environments. The results show that it could be part of an assistive technology for the disabled persons without any third person’s assistance.
Improving Supply Chain Resilience with Establishing A Decentralized Information Sharing Mechanism

With the rapid development of economic globalization, the characteristics of supply chain such as large amount of participants, scattered geographical distribution, and long time span require the participants in supply chain to trust each other for efficient information exchange. Targeting at the pain points such as low trust degree and untimely information exchange in traditional supply chain information system, combining with the core advantages of blockchain technology, this paper proposes the concept of reorganization of supply chain information system based on blockchain technology.
 In this paper, we first review the key problems in supply chain management, analyze the key factors that weaken the resilience of the supply chain, derive the root causes of supply chain information asymmetry and the raise of supply chain risks as a whole caused by imperfections of the trust mechanism. Aimed at the above problems, the concept of reconfiguring the supply chain information system by using blockchain technology is proposed and verified by examples. Finally, by means of the conceptual model of the information platform based on the blockchain technology conceived in this paper, the specific tactics to be implemented and future challenges are clarified for the improvement of supply chain resilience.
The 1st US-Japan Workshop Enabling Global Collaborations in Big Data Research

Supernovae Type-Ia (SNeIa) play a significant role in exploring the history of the expansion of the Universe, since they are the best-known standard candles with which we can accurately measure the distance to the objects. Finding large samples of SNeIa and investigating their detailed characteristics has become an important issue in cosmology and astronomy. Existing methods relied on a photometric approach that first measures the luminance of supernova candidates precisely and then fits the results to a parametric function of temporal changes in luminance. However, it inevitably requires a lot of observations and complex luminance measurements. In this work, we present a novel method for detecting SNeIa simply from single-shot observation images without any complex measurements, by effectively integrating the state-of-the-art computer vision methodology into the standard photometric approach. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method and reveal classification performance comparable to existing photometric methods with many observations.
Global forensic anthropology in the 21st century.

While it has a long history, the last 30 years have brought considerable advances to the discipline of forensic anthropology worldwide. Every so often it is essential that these advances are noticed and trends assessed. It is also important to identify those research areas that are needed for the forthcoming years. The purpose of this special issue is to examine some of the examples of research that might identify the trends in the 21st century. Of the 14 papers 5 dealt with facial features and identification such as facial profile determination and skull-photo superimposition. Age (fetus and cranial thickness), sex (supranasal region, arm and leg bones) and stature (from the arm bones) estimation were represented by five articles. Others discussed the estimation of time since death, skull color and diabetes, and a case study dealing with a mummy and skeletal analysis in comparison with DNA identification. These papers show that age, sex, and stature are still important issues of the discipline. Research on the human face is moving from hit and miss case studies to a more scientifically sound direction. A lack of studies on trauma and taphonomy is very clear. Anthropologists with other scientists can develop research areas to make the identification process more reliable. Research should include the assessment of animal attacks on human remains, factors affecting decomposition rates, and aging of the human face. Lastly anthropologists should be involved in the education of forensic pathologists about osteological techniques and investigators regarding archaeology of crime scenes.
Monaural Speech Enhancement Using Deep Neural Networks by Maximizing a Short-Time Objective Intelligibility Measure

In this paper we propose a Deep Neural Network (D NN) based Speech Enhancement (SE) system that is designed to maximize an approximation of the Short-Time Objective Intelligibility (STOI) measure. We formalize an approximate-STOI cost function and derive analytical expressions for the gradients required for DNN training and show that these gradients have desirable properties when used together with gradient based optimization techniques. We show through simulation experiments that the proposed SE system achieves large improvements in estimated speech intelligibility, when tested on matched and unmatched natural noise types, at multiple signal-to-noise ratios. Furthermore, we show that the SE system, when trained using an approximate-STOI cost function performs on par with a system trained with a mean square error cost applied to short-time temporal envelopes. Finally, we show that the proposed SE system performs on par with a traditional DNN based Short- Time Spectral Amplitude (STSA) SE system in terms of estimated speech intelligibility. These results are important because they suggest that traditional DNN based STSA SE systems might be optimal in terms of estimated speech intelligibility.
Internal Nasal Valve Incompetence Is Effectively Treated Using Batten Graft Functional Rhinoplasty

Internal nasal valve incompetence (INVI) has been treated with various surgical methods. Large, single surgeon case series are lacking, meaning that the evidence supporting a particular technique has been deficient. We present a case series using alar batten grafts to reconstruct the internal nasal valve, all performed by the senior author.  Over a 7-year period, 107 patients with nasal obstruction caused by INVI underwent alar batten grafting. Preoperative assessment included the use of nasal strips to evaluate symptom improvement. Visual analogue scale (VAS) assessment of nasal blockage (NB) and quality of life (QOL) both pre- and postoperatively were performed and analysed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test.  Sixty-seven patients responded to both pre- and postoperative questionnaires. Ninety-one percent reported an improvement in NB and 88% an improvement in QOL. The greatest improvement was seen at 6 months (median VAS 15 mm and 88 mm resp., with a P value of <0.05 for both). Nasal strips were used preoperatively and are a useful tool in predicting patient operative success in both NB and QOL (odds ratio 2.15 and 2.58, resp.).  Alar batten graft insertion as a single technique is a valid technique in treating INVI and produces good outcomes.
Paraphrase features to improve natural language understanding

Natural language understanding (NLU) systems for speech applications require large quantities of annotated data. We investigate the use of a domain-independent machine-translationbased paraphrase system to improve performance without incurring the costs of obtaining additional annotated data in an NLU system. Our experimental system incorporates Support Vector Machine (SVM) domain and intent models to detect intents, and a conditional random field (CRF) model to identify semantic slots in a given query. Two approaches are compared. In the first, we retrain models using generated paraphrases to augment the original training set. In the second, we use paraphrases as supplementary features of the original queries in the SVM and CRF models. Experiments in four domains indicate that incorporating paraphrase yields useful performance gains, and that the feature-based approach provides more stable performance than synthetic augmentation of training data.
Distilling the Outcomes of Personal Experiences: A Propensity-scored Analysis of Social Media

Millions of people regularly report the details of their real-world experiences on social media. This provides an opportunity to observe the outcomes of common and critical situations. Identifying and quantifying these outcomes may provide better decision-support and goal-achievement for individuals, and help policy-makers and scientists better understand important societal phenomena. We address several open questions about using social media data for open-domain outcome identification: Are the words people are more likely to use after some experience relevant to this experience? How well do these words cover the breadth of outcomes likely to occur for an experience? What kinds of outcomes are discovered? Studying 3-months of Twitter data capturing people who experienced 39 distinct situations across a variety of domains, we find that these outcomes are generally found to be relevant (55-100% on average) and that causally related concepts are more likely to be discovered than conceptual or semantically related concepts.
Analysis of SIGMOD's co-authorship graph

In this paper we investigate the co-authorship graph obtained from all papers published at SIGMOD between 1975 and 2002. We find some interesting facts, for instance, the identity of the authors who, on average, are "closest" to all other authors at a given time. We also show that SIGMOD's co-authorship graph is yet another example of a small world---a graph topology which has received a lot of attention recently. A companion web site for this paper can be found at http://db.cs.ualberta.ca/coauthorship.
Visual Feature Attribution Using Wasserstein GANs

Attributing the pixels of an input image to a certain category is an important and well-studied problem in computer vision, with applications ranging from weakly supervised localisation to understanding hidden effects in the data. In recent years, approaches based on interpreting a previously trained neural network classifier have become the de facto state-of-the-art and are commonly used on medical as well as natural image datasets. In this paper, we discuss a limitation of these approaches which may lead to only a subset of the category specific features being detected. To address this problem we develop a novel feature attribution technique based on Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks (WGAN), which does not suffer from this limitation. We show that our proposed method performs substantially better than the state-of-the-art for visual attribution on a synthetic dataset and on real 3D neuroimaging data from patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). For AD patients the method produces compellingly realistic disease effect maps which are very close to the observed effects.
Solving Marginal MAP Problems with NP Oracles and Parity Constraints

Arising from many applications at the intersection of decision-making and machine learning, Marginal Maximum A Posteriori (Marginal MAP) problems unify the two main classes of inference, namely maximization (optimization) and marginal inference (counting), and are believed to have higher complexity than both of them. We propose XOR_MMAP, a novel approach to solve the Marginal MAP problem, which represents the intractable counting subproblem with queries to NP oracles, subject to additional parity constraints. XOR_MMAP provides a constant factor approximation to the Marginal MAP problem, by encoding it as a single optimization in a polynomial size of the original problem. We evaluate our approach in several machine learning and decision-making applications, and show that our approach outperforms several state-of-the-art Marginal MAP solvers.
ICRA 2011 Workshop on Biologically-inspired Actuation Active and Passive Devices for Tuning Impedance in Wearable Robotics

Wearable robots, i.e. active orthoses, exoskeletons, and mechatronic prostheses, represent a class of biomechatronic systems posing severe constraints in terms of safety and controllability. Additionally, whenever the worn system is required to establish a well-tuned dynamic interaction with the human body, in order to exploit emerging dynamical behaviours, the possibility of having modular joints, able to produce a controllable viscoelastic behaviour, becomes crucial. Controllability is a central issue in wearable robotics applications, because it impacts robot safety and effectiveness. Under this regard, DC motors offer very good performances, provided that a proper mounting scheme is used in order to mimic the typical viscoelastici behaviour exhibited by biological systems, as required by the selected application. In this paper we report on the design of two compact devices for controlling the active and passive torques applied to the joint of a wearable robot for the lower limbs. The first device consists of a rotary Serial Elastic Actuator (SEA), incorporating a custom made torsion spring. The second device is a purely mechanical passive viscoelastici joint, functionally equivalent to a torsion spring mounted in parallel to a rotary viscous damper. The torsion stiffness and the damping coefficient can be easily tuned by acting on specific elements, thanks to the modular design of the device. The working principles and basic design choices regarding the overall architectures and the single components are presented and discussed.
Clinical outcomes in a cohort of Colombian patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with Etanar, a new biologic type rhTNFR:Fc.

To evaluate the clinical response at 12 month in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with Etanar (rhTNFR:Fc), and to register the occurrence of adverse effects.



This is a multicentre observational cohort study. It included patients over 18 years of age with an active rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis for which the treating physician had begun a treatment scheme of 25 mg of subcutaneous etanercept (Etanar ® 25 mg: biologic type rhTNFR:Fc), twice per week. Follow-up was done during 12 months, with assessments at weeks 12, 24, 36 and 48. Evaluated outcomes included tender joint count, swollen joint count, ACR20, ACR50, ACR70, HAQ and DAS28.



One-hundred and five (105) subjects were entered into the cohort. The median of tender and swollen joint count, ranged from 19 and 14, respectively at onset to 1 at the 12th month. By month 12, 90.5% of the subjects reached ACR20, 86% ACR50, and 65% ACR70. The median of DAS28 went from 4.7 to 2, and the median HAQ went from 1.3 to 0.2. The rate of adverse effects was 14 for every 100 persons per year. No serious adverse effects were reported. The most frequent were pruritus (5 cases), and rhinitis (3 cases).



After a year of following up a patient cohort treated with etanercept 25 mg twice per week, significant clinical results were observed, resulting in adequate disease control in a high percentage of patients with an adequate level of safety.
A-life , Organism and Body : the semiotics of emergent levels

This paper comments upon some of the open problems in artificial life (cf. Bedeau et al 2000) from the perspective of a philosophy of biology tradition called qualitative organicism, and more specifically the emerging field of biosemiotics, the study of life processes as sign processes. Semiotics, in the sense of the pragmaticist philosopher and scientist Charles S. Peirce, is the general study of signs, and biosemiotics attempts to provide a new ground for understanding the nature of molecular information processing and sign processes at higher levels as well. Although we should not expect in Peirce to find any answers to the theoretical chalenges and open questions posed by ‘Wet’ Artificial Life, his semiotics (along with emergentist theories and cyborg studies) provide inspiration and conceptual tools to deal with the problems of life, mind, and information in the