nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of Electromagnetic Techniques for Breast Cancer Detection

Breast cancer is anticipated to be responsible for almost 40,000 deaths in the USA in 2011. The current clinical detection techniques suffer from limitations which motivated researchers to investigate alternative modalities for the early detection of breast cancer. This paper focuses on reviewing the main electromagnetic techniques for breast cancer detection. More specifically, this work reviews the cutting edge research in microwave imaging, electrical impedance tomography, diffuse optical tomography, microwave radiometry, biomagnetic detection, biopotential detection, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The goal of this paper is to provide biomedical researchers with an in-depth review that includes all main electromagnetic techniques in the literature and the latest progress in each of these techniques.
Time-to-Digital Converter Using a Tuned-Delay Line Evaluated in 28-, 40-, and 45-nm FPGAs

This paper proposes a bin-width tuning method for a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based delay line for a time-to-digital converter (TDC). Changing the hit transitions and sampling patterns of the carry chain considering delays of the sum and carry-out bins can improve the bin-width uniformity and thus measurement precision. The proposed sampling method was evaluated and compared with the ordinary tapped-delay-line (TDL) method in three different types of FPGAs: Kintex-7, Virtex-6, and Spartan-6. The linearity, equivalent bin width, and measurement precision improved for all the evaluated FPGAs by adopting the proposed method. The measurement precision obtained using the simple TDL architecture is comparable with other complex TDC architectures. In addition, the proposed method improves bin-width uniformity and measurement precision while maintaining the advantages of TDL TDCs, that is, fast conversion rate and small resource usage. Furthermore, the enhanced linearity of the delay line can also improve other carry-chain-based FPGA-TDCs.
Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout?

This study examined the relation between involvement in school-based extracurricular activities and early school dropout. Longitudinal assessments were completed for 392 adolescents (206 girls, 186 boys) who were initially interviewed during 7th grade and followed up annually to 12th grade. A person-oriented cluster analysis based on Interpersonal Competence Scale ratings from teachers in middle schools (i.e., 7th-8th grades) identified configurations of boys and girls who differed in social-academic competence. Early school dropout was defined as failure to complete the 11th grade. Findings indicate that the school dropout rate among at-risk students was markedly lower for students who had earlier participated in extracurricular activities compared with those who did not participate (p < .001). However, extracurricular involvement was only modestly related to early school dropout among students who had been judged to be competent or highly competent during middle school.
Millimeter-Wave Topside Waveguide-to-Microstrip Transition in Multilayer Substrate

A topside waveguide-to-microstrip transition whose waveguide sits on the top of the substrate was developed in the millimeter-wave band. A double-layer substrate was attached at the WR-10 waveguide end. A coupling patch is located on the top surface with spacing of the upper substrate thickness from the microstrip signal line patterned between the upper and the lower substrates. The transmission characteristics of the transition are controlled by the dimensions of the coupling patch and the insertion length of the microstrip signal line into the waveguide. All the dimensions of the transition were optimized by electromagnetic analysis of the finite-element method at 76.5 GHz. The feasibility was confirmed by experiments in this letter.
Rehabilitative Soft Exoskeleton for Rodents

Robotic exoskeletons provide programmable, consistent and controllable active therapeutic assistance to patients with neurological disorders. Here we introduce a prototype and preliminary experimental evaluation of a rehabilitative gait exoskeleton that enables compliant yet effective manipulation of the fragile limbs of rats. To assist the displacements of the lower limbs without impeding natural gait movements, we designed and fabricated soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs). The exoskeleton integrates two customizable SPAs that are attached to a limb. This configuration enables a 1 N force load, a range of motion exceeding 80 mm in the major axis, and speed of actuation reaching two gait cycles/s. Preliminary experiments in rats with spinal cord injury validated the basic features of the exoskeleton. We propose strategies to improve the performance of the robot and discuss the potential of SPAs for the design of other wearable interfaces.
Spoof resilient coordination for distributed multi-robot systems

As cyber-physical networks become increasingly equipped with embedded sensing, communication, computation, and actuation capabilities, they are made vulnerable to malicious attacks by increasing the number of access points which are available for attackers. A particularly pernicious attack is spoofing, in which a malicious agent spawns multiple identities or impersonates legitimate agents to gain a disproportionate advantage. Spoofing attacks can easily compromise otherwise attack-resilient algorithms and network structures that assume an upper bound on the number of malicious agents in the network. We generalize a class of resilient consensus strategies, known as Weighted Mean-Subsequence-Reduced (W-MSR) consensus, to further provide spoof resilience by incorporating a physical fingerprint analysis of signals received from neighboring agents. By comparing the physical fingerprints of received signals, legitimate agents can identify and isolate malicious agents that attempt spoofing attacks. We quantify the effects of delays in detecting spoofing and inexact detection due to noise in the received signals. Numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Our framework is applicable to a variety of problems involving multi-robot systems coordinating via wireless communication, including coverage, distributed estimation, and formation control.
The digital platform: a research agenda

As digital platforms are transforming almost every industry today, they are slowly finding their way into the mainstream information systems (IS) literature. Digital platforms are a challenging research object because of their distributed nature and intertwinement with institutions, markets and technologies. New research challenges arise as a result of the exponentially growing scale of platform innovation, the increasing complexity of platform architectures, and the spread of digital platforms to many different industries. This paper develops a research agenda for digital platforms research in IS. We recommend researchers seek to (1) advance conceptual clarity by providing clear definitions that specify the unit of analysis, degree of digitality and the sociotechnical nature of digital platforms; (2) define the proper scoping of digital platform concepts by studying platforms on different architectural levels and in different industry settings; and (3) advance methodological rigour by employing embedded case studies, longitudinal studies, design research, data-driven modelling and visualization techniques. Considering current developments in the business domain, we suggest six questions for further research: (1) Are platforms here to stay?; (2) How should platforms be designed?; (3) How do digital platforms transform industries?; (4) How can data-driven approaches inform digital platforms research?; (5) How should researchers develop theory for digital platforms?; and (6) How do digital platforms affect everyday life?
A GaN MMIC Modified Doherty PA With Large Bandwidth and Reconfigurable Efficiency

In this paper, we further develop the concept of a wideband Doherty power-amplifier topology with reconfigurable efficiency. This is done by presenting new theory that - in contrast to previous work - makes it possible to analyze how the performance of the amplifier depends on the input network properties and the choice of gate bias voltages. The utility of the presented theory is demonstrated by the design and characterization of a gallium-nitride monolithic-microwave integrated-circuit amplifier designed in close agreement with the theoretical findings. Continuous-wave (CW) measurements show that the fabricated amplifier provides more than 31% power-added efficiency (PAE) at 9-dB output power back-off over a 5.8-8.8-GHz frequency range, and that the efficiency can be reconfigured as predicted by the presented theory. Modulated measurements - employing digital pre-distortion (DPD) and a 20-MHz signal with 8.5-dB peak-to-average power ratio - show more than 32% average PAE across the same 5.8-8.8-GHz frequency range. Both the CW and the modulated measurements thereby verify the wideband performance predicted by the theory. In addition, modulated measurements at 7.0 GHz without DPD show that the amplifier can provide excellent raw linearity by demonstrating -41.0-dBc adjacent channel power ratio and -34.2-dB normalized mean square error.
An effective recursive partitioning approach for the packing of identical rectangles in a rectangle

In this work, we deal with the problem of packing (orthogonally and without overlapping) identical rectangles in a rectangle. This problem appears in different logistics settings, such as the loading of boxes on pallets, the arrangements of pallets in trucks and the stowing of cargo in ships. We present a recursive partitioning approach combining improved versions of a recursive five-block heuristic and an L-approach for packing rectangles into larger rectangles and L-shaped pieces. The combined approach is able to rapidly find the optimal solutions of all instances of the pallet loading problem sets Cover I and II (more than 50 thousand instances). It is also effective for solving the instances of problem set Cover III (almost 100 thousand instances) and practical examples of a woodpulp stowage problem, if compared to other methods from the literature. Some theoretical results are also discussed and, based on them, efficient computer implementations are introduced. The computer implementation and the data sets are available for benchmark purposes at http://www.ime.usp.br/∼egbirgin/packing/.
Heart-Brain Neurodynamics : The Making of Emotions

As pervasive and vital as they are in human experience, emotions have long remained an enigma to science. This monograph explores recent scientific advances that clarify central controversies in the study of emotion, including the relationship between intellect and emotion, and the historical debate on the source of emotional experience. Particular attention is given to the intriguing body of research illuminating the critical role of ascending input from the body to the brain in the generation and perception of emotions. This discussion culminates in the presentation of a systems-oriented model of emotion in which the brain functions as a complex pattern-matching system, continually processing input from both the external and internal environments. From this perspective it is shown that the heart is a key component of the emotional system, thus providing a physiological basis for the long-acknowledged link between the heart and our emotional life.
Integrity attestation in military IoT

Trust in the correct operation (“bona fide”) of a transaction is sometimes required in order to trust the validity of exchanged data. Authentication of users/subjects does give some trust in the intent of a transaction, but not in its conduct. Malware may cause the other end to send corrupted data or misbehave in other ways. This paper discusses different mechanisms through which nodes can prove to each other that their software stack is clean from unwarranted modifications, called integrity attestation. For IoT applications, integrity assurance can lead to higher trust in the exchanged data, e.g., sensor readings.
Application Protocols and Wireless Communication for IoT: A Simulation Case Study Proposal

The current Internet of Things (IoT) solutions require support at different network layers, from higher level applications to lower level media-based support. This paper presents some of the main application requirements for IoT, characterizing architecture, Quality of Service (QoS) features, security mechanisms, discovery service resources and web integration options and the protocols that can be used to provide them (e.g. CoAP, XMPP, DDS, MQTT-SN, AMQP). As examples of lower-level requirements and protocols, several wireless network characteristics (e.g. ZigBee, Z-Wave, BLE, LoRaWAN, SigFox, IEEE 802.11af, NB-IoT) are presented. The variety of possible applications scenarios and the heterogeneity of enabling technologies combined with a large number of sensors and devices, suggests the need for simulation and modeling tactics to describe how the previous requirements can be met. As a potential solution, the creation of simulation models and the usage of the OMNET++ simulation tool to enable meaningful IoT simulation is discussed. The analysis of the behavior of IoT applications is proposed for two use cases: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) for home and industrial automation, and Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) networks for smart meters, smart buildings, and smart cities.
Machine Invention of First Order Predicates by Inverting Resolution

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Monocular Depth Estimation: A Survey

Monocular depth estimation is often described as an illposed and inherently ambiguous problem. Estimating depth from 2D images is a crucial step in scene reconstruction, 3D object recognition, segmentation, and detection. The problem can be framed as: given a single RGB image as input, predict a dense depth map for each pixel. This problem is worsened by the fact that most scenes have large texture and structural variations, object occlusions, and rich geometric detailing. All these factors contribute to difficulty in accurate depth estimation. In this paper, we review five papers that attempt to solve the depth estimation problem with various techniques including supervised, weakly-supervised, and unsupervised learning techniques. We then compare these papers and understand the improvements made over one another. Finally, we explore potential improvements that can aid to better solve this problem.
Induction and synchronous reluctance motors comparison

The aim of this paper is to investigate and compare the performances of two induction motors and two transverse laminated synchronous reluctance motors (induction motor nameplate data: 2.2 and 4 kW, 380 V, 50 Hz, 4 pole). Each induction motor is compared with a synchronous reluctance motor, that has the same stator lamination and winding, but, obviously, different rotor. The analysis has been based both on an analytical and experimental approach. The results have shown that the synchronous reluctance motor, compared to the induction motor, is capable of around a 10% to 15% larger rated torque for a given frame size. The direct comparison of the performances of the motor types has been made both for constant load and constant dissipated power conditions.
A qualitative study on factors that influence women’s choice of delivery in health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Facility based delivery for mothers is one of the proven interventions to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This study identified women's reasons for seeking to give birth in a health facility and captured their perceptions of the quality of care they received during their most recent birth, in a population with high utilization of facility based deliveries.



This qualitative study was conducted in eight health centers in Addis Ababa. Women bringing their index child for first vaccinations were invited to participate in an in-depth interview about their last delivery. Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted. Interviews were conducted by trained researchers using a semi-structured interview guide. The data were transcribed verbatim in Amharic and translated into English. A thematic analysis was conducted to answer specific study questions.



All research participants expressed a preference for facility based delivery because of their awareness of obstetric complications, and related perceptions that facility-birth is safer for the mother and child. Dimensions of quality of care and the cost of services were identified as influencing decisions about whether to seek care in the public or private sector. Media campaigns, information from social networks and women's experiences with healthcare providers and facilities influenced care-seeking decisions.



The universal preference for facility-based birth by women in this study indicates that, in Addis Ababa, facility based delivery has become a preferred norm. Sources of information for decision-making and the dimensions of quality prioritized by women should be taken into account to develop interventions to promote facility-based births in other settings.
Optimal design of corona ring on HV composite insulator using PSO approach with dynamic population size

This paper deals with the use of corona ring at the HV end fitting for improving the electric field and potential distributions and then for minimizing the corona discharges on 230 kV AC transmission line composite insulator. A single corona ring is installed at the energized end side. Three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) software is employed to compute the electric field. As the performance of high voltage insulator strings closely depends on designs and locations of corona ring, the effects of the corona ring radius, the ring tube radius and the ring vertical position are examined. The minimization of the electric field necessitates the optimization of corona ring. For this purpose, new nonlinear mathematical objective function linking the electric field strength to the corona ring structure parameters is established. The optimization problem is achieved by minimizing the objective function using a modified particles swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with a dynamic population size. The algorithm adjusts the size of population for each iteration. Based on the average value and the best solution of the objective function, we propose a new mathematical model to update the population size. This algorithm enables the population size reduction leading to computing time decrease. According to the results, FEM-PSO hybridization technique could be very helpful in optimization of corona ring design.
Basics of dermal filler rheology.

Hyaluronic acid injectable fillers are the most widely used dermal fillers to treat facial volume deficits, providing long-term facial aesthetic enhancement outcomes for the signs of aging and/or facial contouring.



The purpose of this article was to explain how rheology, the study of the flow of matter, can be used to help physicians differentiate between dermal fillers targeted to certain areas of the face.



This article describes how rheological properties affect performance when filler is used in various parts of the face and exposed to mechanical stress (shear deformation and compression/stretching forces) associated with daily facial animation and other commonly occurring external forces.



Improving facial volume deficits with filler is linked mainly to gel viscoelasticity and cohesivity. These 2 properties set the level of resistance to lateral and vertical deformations of the filler and influence filler tissue integration through control of gel spreading.



Selection of dermal filler with the right rheological properties is a key factor in achieving a natural-looking long-lasting desired aesthetic outcome.
Urethrocutaneous fistula repair after hypospadias surgery.

To evaluate and compare the success rates of simple and layered repairs of urethrocutaneous fistulae after hypospadias repair.



The charts of 72 children who developed fistulae after hypospadias repair were reviewed; 39 had a simple closure of the fistula, whereas 32 had a 'pants over vest' repair, in all cases after excluding an impairment of urine outflow.



The success rate at the first attempt was 74% for simple closure and 94% for the layered repair; at the second attempt it was 80% and 100%, the difference being statistically significant for both repairs.



Although probably far from an optimal technique for repairing urethrocutaneous fistulae, the pants-over-vest repair allows a good success rate for penile shaft fistulae.
Improved FIFO Scheduling Algorithm Based on Fuzzy Clustering in Cloud Computing

In cloud computing, some large tasks may occupy too many resources and some small tasks may wait for a long time based on First-In-First-Out (FIFO) scheduling algorithm. To reduce tasks’ waiting time, we propose a task scheduling algorithm based on fuzzy clustering algorithms. We construct a task model, resource model, and analyze tasks’ preference, then classify resources with fuzzy clustering algorithms. Based on the parameters of cloud tasks, the algorithm will calculate resource expectation and assign tasks to different resource clusters, so the complexity of resource selection will be decreased. As a result, the algorithm will reduce tasks’ waiting time and improve the resource utilization. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm shortens the execution time of tasks and increases the resource utilization.