nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of a copper-binding site in αA-crystallin.

Previous studies have shown that both αA- and αB-crystallins bind Cu2+, suppress the formation of Cu2+-mediated active oxygen species, and protect ascorbic acid from oxidation by Cu2+. αA- and αB-crystallins are small heat shock proteins with molecular chaperone activity. In this study we show that the mini-αA-crystallin, a peptide consisting of residues 71-88 of αA-crystallin, prevents copper-induced oxidation of ascorbic acid. Evaluation of binding of copper to mini-αA-crystallin showed that each molecule of mini-αA-crystallin binds one copper molecule. Isothermal titration calorimetry and nanospray mass spectrometry revealed dissociation constants of 10.72 and 9.9 μM, respectively. 1,1'-Bis(4-anilino)naphthalene-5,5'-disulfonic acid interaction with mini-αA-crystallin was reduced after binding of Cu2+, suggesting that the same amino acids interact with these two ligands. Circular dichroism spectrometry showed that copper binding to mini-αA-crystallin peptide affects its secondary structure. Substitution of the His residue in mini-αA-crystallin with Ala abolished the redox-suppression activity of the peptide. During the Cu2+-induced ascorbic acid oxidation assay, a deletion mutant, αAΔ70-77, showed about 75% loss of ascorbic acid protection compared to the wild-type αA-crystallin. This difference indicates that the 70-77 region is the primary Cu2+-binding site(s) in human native full-size αA-crystallin. The role of the chaperone site in Cu2+ binding in native αA-crystallin was confirmed by the significant loss of chaperone activity by the peptide after Cu2+ binding.
Propulsion Electric Grid Simulator ( PEGS ) for Future Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion Aircraft

NASA Glenn Research Center, in collaboration with the aerospace industry and academia, has begun the development of technology for a future hybrid-wing body electric airplane with a turboelectric distributed propulsion (TeDP) system. It is essential to design a subscale system to emulate the TeDP power grid, which would enable rapid analysis and demonstration of the proof-of-concept of the TeDP electrical system. This paper describes how small electrical machines with their controllers can emulate all the components in a TeDP power train. The whole system model in Matlab/Simulink was first developed and tested in simulation, and the simulation results showed that system dynamic characteristics could be implemented by using the closed-loop control of the electric motor drive systems. Then we designed a subscale experimental system to emulate the entire power system from the turbine engine to the propulsive fans. Firstly, we built a system to emulate a gas turbine engine driving a generator, consisting of two permanent magnet (PM) motors with brushless motor drives, coupled by a shaft. We programmed the first motor and its drive to mimic the speed-torque characteristic of the gas turbine engine, while the second motor and drive act as a generator and produce a torque load on the first motor. Secondly, we built another system of two PM motors and drives to emulate a motor driving a propulsive fan. We programmed the first motor and drive to emulate a wound-rotor synchronous motor. The propulsive fan was emulated by implementing fan maps and flight conditions into the fourth motor and drive, which produce a torque load on the driving motor. The stator of each PM motor is designed to travel axially to change the coupling between rotor and stator. This feature allows the PM motor to more closely emulate a wound-rotor synchronous machine. These techniques can convert the plain motor system into a unique TeDP power grid emulator that enables real-time simulation performance using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL).
The interactive performance of SLIM: a stateless, thin-client architecture

Taking the concept of thin clients to the limit, this paper proposes that desktop machines should just be simple, stateless I/O devices (display, keyboard, mouse, etc.) that access a shared pool of computational resources over a dedicated interconnection fabric --- much in the same way as a building's telephone services are accessed by a collection of handset devices. The stateless desktop design provides a useful mobility model in which users can transparently resume their work on any desktop console.This paper examines the fundamental premise in this system design that modern, off-the-shelf interconnection technology can support the quality-of-service required by today's graphical and multimedia applications. We devised a methodology for analyzing the interactive performance of modern systems, and we characterized the I/O properties of common, real-life applications (e.g. Netscape, streaming video, and Quake) executing in thin-client environments. We have conducted a series of experiments on the Sun Ray&trade; 1 implementation of this new system architecture, and our results indicate that it provides an effective means of delivering computational services to a workgroup.We have found that response times over a dedicated network are so low that interactive performance is indistinguishable from a dedicated workstation. A simple pixel encoding protocol requires only modest network resources (as little as a 1Mbps home connection) and is quite competitive with the X protocol. Tens of users running interactive applications can share a processor without any noticeable degradation, and many more can share the network. The simple protocol over a 100Mbps interconnection fabric can support streaming video and Quake at display rates and resolutions which provide a high-fidelity user experience.
Properties of ceramic-reinforced aluminium matrix composites-a review

A review of various properties of ceramic-reinforced aluminium matrix composites is presented in this paper. The properties discussed include microstructural, optical, physical and mechanical behaviour of ceramic-reinforced aluminium matrix composites and effects of reinforcement fraction, particle size, heat treatment and extrusion process on these properties. The results obtained by many researchers indicated the uniform distribution of reinforced particles with localized agglomeration at some places, when the metal matrix composite was processed through stir casting method. The density, hardness, compressive strength and toughness increased with increasing reinforcement fraction; however, these properties may reduce in the presence of porosity in the composite material. The particle size of reinforcements affected the hardness adversely. Tensile strength and flexural strength were observed to be increased up to a certain reinforcement fraction in the composites, beyond which these were reduced. The mechanical properties of the composite materials were improved by either thermal treatment or extrusion process. Initiation and growth of fine microcracks leading to macroscopic failure, ductile failure of the aluminium matrix, combination of particle fracture and particle pull-out, overload failure under tension and brittle fracture were the failure mode and mechanisms, as observed by previous researchers, during fractography analysis of tensile specimens of ceramic-reinforced aluminium matrix composites.
Efficient Protection of Path-Sensitive Control Security

Control-Flow Integrity (CFI), as a means to prevent control-flow hijacking attacks, enforces that each instruction transfers control to an address in a set of valid targets. The security guarantee of CFI thus depends on the definition of valid targets, which conventionally are defined as the result of a static analysis. Unfortunately, previous research has demonstrated that such a definition, and thus any implementation that enforces it, still allows practical control-flow attacks. In this work, we present a path-sensitive variation of CFI that utilizes runtime path-sensitive point-to analysis to compute the legitimate control transfer targets. We have designed and implemented a runtime environment, PITTYPAT, that enforces path-sensitive CFI efficiently by combining commodity, low-overhead hardware monitoring and a novel runtime points-to analysis. Our formal analysis and empirical evaluation demonstrate that, compared to CFI based on static analysis, PITTYPAT ensures that applications satisfy stronger security guarantees, with acceptable overhead for security-critical contexts.
Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence

Population-level analyses often use average quantities to describe heterogeneous systems, particularly when variation does not arise from identifiable groups. A prominent example, central to our current understanding of epidemic spread, is the basic reproductive number, R0, which is defined as the mean number of infections caused by an infected individual in a susceptible population. Population estimates of R0 can obscure considerable individual variation in infectiousness, as highlighted during the global emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by numerous ‘superspreading events’ in which certain individuals infected unusually large numbers of secondary cases. For diseases transmitted by non-sexual direct contacts, such as SARS or smallpox, individual variation is difficult to measure empirically, and thus its importance for outbreak dynamics has been unclear. Here we present an integrated theoretical and statistical analysis of the influence of individual variation in infectiousness on disease emergence. Using contact tracing data from eight directly transmitted diseases, we show that the distribution of individual infectiousness around R0 is often highly skewed. Model predictions accounting for this variation differ sharply from average-based approaches, with disease extinction more likely and outbreaks rarer but more explosive. Using these models, we explore implications for outbreak control, showing that individual-specific control measures outperform population-wide measures. Moreover, the dramatic improvements achieved through targeted control policies emphasize the need to identify predictive correlates of higher infectiousness. Our findings indicate that superspreading is a normal feature of disease spread, and to frame ongoing discussion we propose a rigorous definition for superspreading events and a method to predict their frequency.
Lycopene: chemistry, biology, and implications for human health and disease.

A diet rich in carotenoid-containing foods is associated with a number of health benefits. Lycopene provides the familiar red color to tomato products and is one of the major carotenoids in the diet of North Americans and Europeans. Interest in lycopene is growing rapidly following the recent publication of epidemiologic studies implicating lycopene in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancers of the prostate or gastrointestinal tract. Lycopene has unique structural and chemical features that may contribute to specific biological properties. Data concerning lycopene bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolism, excretion, and biological actions in experimental animals and humans are beginning to accumulate although much additional research is necessary. This review will summarize our knowledge in these areas as well as the associations between lycopene consumption and human health.
How to Build a Non-Volatile Memory Database Management System

The difference in the performance characteristics of volatile (DRAM) and non-volatile storage devices (HDD/SSDs) influences the design of database management systems (DBMSs). The key assumption has always been that the latter is much slower than the former. This affects all aspects of a DBMS's runtime architecture. But the arrival of new non-volatile memory (NVM) storage that is almost as fast as DRAM with fine-grained read/writes invalidates these previous design choices.
 In this tutorial, we provide an outline on how to build a new DBMS given the changes to hardware landscape due to NVM. We survey recent developments in this area, and discuss the lessons learned from prior research on designing NVM database systems. We highlight a set of open research problems, and present ideas for solving some of them.
A potentiostat circuit for multiple implantable electrochemical sensors

This work proposes a potentiostat circuit for multiple implantable sensor applications. Implantable sensors play a vital role in continuous in situ monitoring of biological phenomena in a real-time health care monitoring system. In the proposed work a three-electrode based electrochemical sensing system has been employed. In this system a fixed potential difference between the working and the reference electrodes is maintained using a potentiostat to generate a current signal in the counter electrode which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. This potential difference between the working and the reference electrodes can be changed to detect different analytes. The designed low power potentiostat consumes only 66 µW with 2.5 volt power supply which is highly suitable for low-power implantable sensor applications. All the circuits are designed and fabricated in a 0.35-micron standard CMOS process.
Air pollution tolerance index of plants around brick kilns in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

In any contaminated environment, the sensitive plant species can serve as bio-indicator of air pollution while tolerant plant species can act as a sink for air pollutants. Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) is an important tool to screen out plants based on their tolerance or sensitivity level to different air pollutants. The present study was aimed to identify the sensitive and tolerant plant species in the vicinity of brick kilns in the Rawalpindi city. To determine the susceptibility level of the selected plant species, four biochemical parameters, ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll content, relative water content and pH of leaf extract, were assessed and APTI was calculated. Plant sampling was carried out with increasing distance of 100, 300 and 500 m around three brick kiln sites and APTI values were calculated by following the standard methods. The results of the study revealed that among nine studied plant species, Calotropis procera (APTI = 20.05) and Althernanthera pungens (APTI = 17.13) were found to be the most tolerant species, whereas Malva neglecta (APTI = 8.83) was found to be the most sensitive species. Inconsistent trend of variations was seen in the APTI values at each site. The present study suggested that the most tolerant species, C. procera and A. pungens, could be grown in the vicinity of such pollution sources as a remedial measure of brick kiln pollution.
Pathophysiology of new bone formation and ankylosis in spondyloarthritis.

The outcome of patients suffering from spondyloarthritis is determined by chronic inflammation and new bone formation leading to ankylosis. The latter process manifests by new cartilage and bone formation leading to joint or spine fusion. This article discusses the main mechanisms of new bone formation in spondyloarthritis. It reviews the key molecules and concepts of new bone formation and ankylosis in animal models of disease and translates these findings to human disease. In addition, proposed biomarkers of new bone formation are evaluated and the translational current and future challenges are discussed with regards to new bone formation in spondyloarthritis.
Transmission properties of full-mode and half-mode folded corrugated SIW

The transmission properties of a folded corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (FCSIW) and a proposed half-mode FCSIW is investigated. For the same cut-off frequency, these structures have similar performance to CSIW and HMCSIW respectively, but with significantly reduced width. The top wall is isolated from the bottom wall at DC thereby permitting active devices to be connected directly to, and biased through them. Arrays of quarter-wave stubs above the top wall allow TE1,0 mode conduction currents to flow between the top and side walls. Measurements and simulations of waveguides designed to have a nominal cut-off frequency of 3 GHz demonstrate the feasibility of these compact waveguides.
Diagnostic Overlap between Fanconi Anemia and the Cohesinopathies: Roberts Syndrome and Warsaw Breakage Syndrome

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessively inherited disease characterized by multiple symptoms including growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, and bone marrow failure. The FA diagnosis is complicated due to the fact that the clinical manifestations are both diverse and variable. A chromosomal breakage test using a DNA cross-linking agent, in which cells from an FA patient typically exhibit an extraordinarily sensitive response, has been considered the gold standard for the ultimate diagnosis of FA. In the majority of FA patients the test results are unambiguous, although in some cases the presence of hematopoietic mosaicism may complicate interpretation of the data. However, some diagnostic overlap with other syndromes has previously been noted in cases with Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Here we present results showing that misdiagnosis may also occur with patients suffering from two of the three currently known cohesinopathies, that is, Roberts syndrome (RBS) and Warsaw breakage syndrome (WABS). This complication may be avoided by scoring metaphase chromosomes-in addition to chromosomal breakage-for spontaneously occurring premature centromere division, which is characteristic for RBS and WABS, but not for FA.
Parking Occupancy Prediction and Pattern Analysis

Finding a parking space in San Francisco City Area is really a headache issue. We try to find a reliable way to give parking information by prediction. We reveals the effect of aggregation on prediction for parking occupancy in San Francisco. Different empirical aggregation levels are tested with several prediction models. Moreover it proposes a sufficient condition leading to prediction error decreasing. Due to the aggregation effect, we would like to explore patterns inside parking. Thus daily occupancy profiles are also investigated to understand travelers behavior in the city.
Fate, effects and potential environmental risks of ethylene glycol: a review.

The fate, effects, and potential environmental risks of ethylene glycol (EG) in the environment were examined. EG undergoes rapid biodegradation in aerobic and anaerobic environments (approximately 100% removal of EG within 24 h to 28 days). In air, EG reacts with photo-chemically produced hydroxyl radicals with a resulting atmospheric half-life of 2 days. Acute toxicity values (LC(50)s and EC(50)s) were generally >10,000 mg/l for fish and aquatic invertebrates. The data collectively show that EG is not persistent in air, surface water, soil, or groundwater, is practically non-toxic to aquatic organisms, and does not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Potential long-term, quasi-steady state regional concentrations of EG estimated with a multi-media model for air, water, soil, and sediment were all less than predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs).
Sustained attractiveness and natural youthful appearance by upper lip rejuvenation

Facial aging is a complex process individualized by interaction with exogenous and endogenous factors. The upper lip is one of the facial components by which facial attractiveness is defined. Upper lip aging is significantly influenced by maxillary bone and teeth. Aging of the cutaneous part can be aggravated by solar radiation and smoking. We provide a review about minimally invasive techniques for correction of aging signs of the upper lip with a tailored approach to patient’s characteristics. The treatment is based upon use of fillers, laser, and minor surgery. Die Alterung des Gesichts ist ein komplexer Prozess, welcher durch die Wechselwirkung exogener und endogener Faktoren individuell geprägt wird. Die Oberlippe zählt zu den fazialen Komponenten, welche die Attraktivität des Gesichts definieren. Die Alterung der Oberlippe wird durch den Oberkieferknochen und die Zähne beeinflusst. Alterungsprozesse des kutanen Anteils können durch Sonnenbestrahlung und Rauchen aggraviert werden. Die Autoren stellen eine Übersicht zur den minimalinvasiven Verfahren der Korrektur altersbedingter Veränderungen der Oberlippe mit Individualisierung je nach Patientenmerkmalen vor. Die Technik basiert auf der Nutzung von Fillern, Lasern und kleineren chirurgischen Eingriffen.
Parsing Images into Regions, Curves, and Curve Groups

In this paper, we present an algorithm for parsing natural images into middle level vision representations—regions, curves, and curve groups (parallel curves and trees). This algorithm is targeted for an integrated solution to image segmentation and curve grouping through Bayesian inference. The paper makes the following contributions. (1) It adopts a layered (or 2.1D-sketch) representation integrating both region and curve models which compete to explain an input image. The curve layer occludes the region layer and curves observe a partial order occlusion relation. (2) A Markov chain search scheme Metropolized Gibbs Samplers (MGS) is studied. It consists of several pairs of reversible jumps to traverse the complex solution space. An MGS proposes the next state within the jump scope of the current state according to a conditional probability like a Gibbs sampler and then accepts the proposal with a Metropolis-Hastings step. This paper discusses systematic design strategies of devising reversible jumps for a complex inference task. (3) The proposal probability ratios in jumps are factorized into ratios of discriminative probabilities. The latter are computed in a bottom-up process, and they drive the Markov chain dynamics in a data-driven Markov chain Monte Carlo framework. We demonstrate the performance of the algorithm in experiments with a number of natural images.
The Matter Simulation (R)evolution

To date, the program for the development of methods and models for atomistic and continuum simulation directed toward chemicals and materials has reached an incredible degree of sophistication and maturity. Currently, one can witness an increasingly rapid emergence of advances in computing, artificial intelligence, and robotics. This drives us to consider the future of computer simulation of matter from the molecular to the human length and time scales in a radical way that deliberately dares to go beyond the foreseeable next steps in any given discipline. This perspective article presents a view on this future development that we believe is likely to become a reality during our lifetime.
Obstacle Detection and Collision Avoidance Using Ultrasonic Distance Sensors for an Autonomous Quadrocopter

A simple approach for obstacle detection and collision avoidance of an autonomous flying quadrocopter using low-cost ultrasonic sensors and simple data fusion is presented here. The approach has been implemented and tested in a self-developed quadrocopter  and its evaluation shows the general realizability as well as the drawbacks of this approach. The presented approach is intended to be used as part of the AQopterI8 project at the department of Aerospace Information Technology (University of Würzburg), which aims to develop an autonomous flying quadrocopter for indoor application.