nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Simulation of PV Cell using One-diode model

The focus of this paper is on one diode photovoltaic cell model. The theory as well as the construction and working of photovoltaic cells using single diode method is also presented. Simulation studies are carried out with different temperatures. Based on this study a conclusion is drawn with comparison with ideal diode. General TermssIn recent years, significant photovoltaic (PV) deployment has occurred, particularly in Germany, Spain and Japan . Also, PV energy is going to become an important source in coming years in Portugal, as it has highest source of sunshine radiation in Europe. Presently the tenth largest PV power plant in the world is in Moura, Portugal, which has an installed capacity of 46 MW and aims to reach 1500 MW of installed capacity by 2020, as stated by the Portuguese National Strategy ENE 2020, multiplying tenfold the existing capacity . The solar cells are basically made of semiconductors which are manufactured using different process. These semiconductors . The intrinsic properties and the incoming solar radiation are responsible for the type of electric energy produced . The solar radiation is composed of photons of different energies, and some are absorbed at the p-n junction. Photons with energies lower than the bandgap of the solar cell are useless and generate no voltage or electric current. Photons with energy superior to the band gap generate electricity, but only the energy corresponding to the band gap is used. The remainder of energy is dissipated as heat in the body of the solar cell . KeywordssPV cell, solar cell, one diode model
Active-clamping ZVS flyback converter employing two transformers

This paper presents a two-transformer active- clamping zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) flyback converter, which is mainly composed of two active-clamping flyback converters.  By utilizing two separate transformers[3], the proposed converter allows a low-profile design to be readily implemented while retaining the merits of a conventional single-transformer topology. The presented two-transformer active-clamping ZVS flyback converter can approximately share the total load current between two secondaries. Therefore the transformer copper loss and the rectifier diode conduction loss can be decreased. Detailed analysis and design of this new two-transformer active-clamping ZVS flyback converter are described.
Congenital hypoplasia of the cerebellum: developmental causes and behavioral consequences

Over the last 60 years, the spotlight of research has periodically returned to the cerebellum as new techniques and insights have emerged. Because of its simple homogeneous structure, limited diversity of cell types and characteristic behavioral pathologies, the cerebellum is a natural home for studies of cell specification, patterning, and neuronal migration. However, recent evidence has extended the traditional range of perceived cerebellar function to include modulation of cognitive processes and implicated cerebellar hypoplasia and Purkinje neuron hypo-cellularity with autistic spectrum disorder. In the light of this emerging frontier, we review the key stages and genetic mechanisms behind cerebellum development. In particular, we discuss the role of the midbrain hindbrain isthmic organizer in the development of the cerebellar vermis and the specification and differentiation of Purkinje cells and granule neurons. These developmental processes are then considered in relation to recent insights into selected human developmental cerebellar defects: Joubert syndrome, Dandy-Walker malformation, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. Finally, we review current research that opens up the possibility of using the mouse as a genetic model to study the role of the cerebellum in cognitive function.
A Theoretical Analysis of Pseudo-Relevance Feedback Models

Our goal in this study is to compare several widely used pseudo-relevance feedback (PRF) models and understand what explains their respective behavior. To do so, we first analyze how different PRF models behave through the characteristics of the terms they select and through their performance on two widely used test collections. This analysis reveals that several well-known models surprisingly tend to select very common terms, with low IDF (inverse document frequency). We then introduce several conditions PRF models should satisfy regarding both the terms they select and the way they weigh them, prior to study whether standard PRF models satisfy these conditions or not. This study reveals that most models are deficient with respect to at least one condition, and that this deficiency explains the results of our analysis of the behavior of the models, as well as some of the results reported on the respective performance of PRF models. Based on the PRF conditions, we finally propose possible corrections for the simple mixture model. The PRF models obtained after these corrections outperform their standard version and yield state-of-the-art PRF models which confirms the validity of our theoretical analysis.
PCG : A Family of Simple Fast Space-Efficient Statistically Good Algorithms for Random Number Generation

This paper presents a new uniform pseudorandom number generation scheme that is both extremely practical and statistically good (easily passing L’Ecuyer’s TestU01 suite [29]). It has a number of important properties, including solid mathematical foundations, good time and space performance, small code size, multiple random streams, and better cryptographic properties than are typical for a general-purpose generator. The key idea is to pass the output of a fast well-understood “medium quality” random number generator to an efficient permutation function (a.k.a. hash function), built from composable primitives, that enhances the quality of the output. The algorithm can be applied at variety of bit sizes, including 64 and 128 bits (which provide 32and 64-bit outputs, with periods of 2 and 2). Optionally, we can provide each b-bit generator with a b−1 bit stream-selection constant, thereby providing 2b−1 random streams, which are full period and entirely distinct. An extension adds up to 2b -dimensional equidistribution for a total periodof2b2b . The constructionof thepermutation functionand theperiodextension technique are both founded on the idea of permutation functions on tuples. In its standard variants, b-bit generators use a 2b/2-to-1 function to produce b/2 bits of output. These functions can be designed to make it difficult for an adversary to discover the generator’s internal state by examining its output, and thus make it challenging to predict. This property, coupled with the ability to easily switch between random streams, provides many of the benefits provided by cryptographically secure generators without the overheads usually associated with those generators.
Hypothyroidism : Management Based On Ayurvedic and Modern Therapeutic Perspective

Hypothyroidism is the pathological condition in which the level of thyroid hormones declines to the deficiency state. This communication address the therapies employed for the management of hypothyroidism as per the Ayurvedic and modern therapeutic perspectives on the basis scientific papers collected from accepted scientific basis like Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, using various keywords. The Ayurveda describe hypothyroidism as the state of imbalance of Tridoshas and suggest the treatment via use of herbal plant extracts, life style modifications like practicing yoga and various dietary supplements. The modern medicine practice define hypothyroidism as the disease state originated due to formation of antibodies against thyroid gland and hormonal imbalance and incorporate the use of hormone replacement i.e. Levothyroxine, antioxidants. Various plants like Crataeva nurvula and dietary supplements like Capsaicin, Forskolin, Echinacea, Ginseng and Bladderwrack can serve as a potential area of research as thyrotropic agents.
Multi-Instance Visual-Semantic Embedding

Visual-semantic embedding models have been recently proposed and shown to be effective for image classification and zero-shot learning, by mapping images into a continuous semantic label space. Although several approaches have been proposed for single-label embedding tasks, handling images with multiple labels (which is a more general setting) still remains an open problem, mainly due to the complex underlying corresponding relationship between image and its labels. In this work, we present MultiInstance visual-semantic Embedding model (MIE) for embedding images associated with either single or multiple labels. Our model discovers and maps semanticallymeaningful image subregions to their corresponding labels. And we demonstrate the superiority of our method over the state-of-the-art on two tasks, including multi-label image annotation and zero-shot learning.
Clustering in cooperative networks

Low power ad hoc wireless networks operate in conditions where channels are subject to fading. Cooperative diversity mitigates fading in these networks by establishing virtual antenna arrays through clustering the nodes. A cluster in a cooperative diversity network is a collection of nodes that cooperatively transmits a single packet. There are two types of clustering schemes: static and dynamic. In static clustering all nodes start and stop transmission simultaneously, and nodes do not join or leave the cluster while the packet is being transmitted. Dynamic clustering allows a node to join an ongoing cooperative transmission of a packet as soon as the packet is received. In this paper we take a broad view of the cooperative network by examining packet flows, while still faithfully implementing the physical layer at the bit level. We evaluate both clustering schemes using simulations on large multi-flow networks. We demonstrate that dynamically-clustered cooperative networks substantially outperform both statically-clustered cooperative networks and classical point-to-point networks.
Performance Analysis of the Advanced Infrared (AIr) CSMA/CA MAC Protocol for Wireless LANs

Advanced Infrared (AIr) is a proposed standard of the Infrared Data Association (IrDA) for indoor infrared LANs. AIr Medium Access Control (MAC) employs Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) techniques with Request To Send/Clear To Send (RTS/CTS) frame exchange to address the hidden station problem. A long Collision Avoidance Slot (CAS) duration, that includes the beginning of the CTS frame, is defined to cope with collisions caused from hidden stations. AIr MAC employs linear adjustment of the Contention Window (CW) size to minimize delays emerging from the long CAS duration. This paper provides a simple and accurate analytical model for the linear CW adjustment that calculates AIr throughput assuming a finite number of stations and error free channel transmissions. Validity of the model is verified by comparing analysis with simulation results. By examining the first derivative of the throughput equation, we derive the optimum CW size that maximizes throughput as a function of the network size. In the case of the AIr protocol, where a collision lasts exactly one CAS, different conclusions result for maximum throughput as compared with the corresponding conclusions for the similar IEEE 802.11 protocol. Using the proposed model, we present an extensive AIr throughput performance evaluation. The effectiveness of physical and link layer parameters on throughput performance is explored. The proposed long CAS duration combined with CW linear adjustment are proven quite effective. Linear CW adjustment combined with the long CAS duration offer an efficient collision avoidance scheme that does not suffer from collisions caused from hidden stations.
Vertical Mammaplasty for Gigantomastia

A 48-year-old female patient presented with gigantomastia. The sternal notch-nipple distance was 55 cm for the right breast and 50 cm for the left. Vertical mammaplasty based on the superior pedicle was performed. The resected tissue weighed 3400 g for the right breast and 2800 g for the left breast. The outcome was excellent with respect to symmetry, shape, size, residual scars, and sensitivity of the nipple-areola complex. Longer pedicles or larger resections were not found in the literature on vertical mammaplasty applications. In our opinion, by using the vertical mammaplasty technique in gigantomastia it is possible to achieve a well-projecting shape and preserve NAC sensitivity.
INVITED PAPER Surveys on Image Processing Technologies - Algorithms, Sensors, and Applications - Compression and Representation of 3-D Images

This paper surveys the results of various studies on 3-D image coding. Themes are focused on efficient compression and display-independent representation of 3-D images. Most of the works on 3-D image coding have been concentrated on the compression methods tuned for each of the 3-D image formats (stereo pairs, multi-view images, volumetric images, holograms and so on). For the compression of stereo images, several techniques concerned with the concept of disparity compensation have been developed. For the compression of multi-view images, the concepts of disparity compensation and epipolar plane image (EPI) are the efficient ways of exploiting redundancies between multiple views. These techniques, however, heavily depend on the limited camera configurations. In order to consider many other multi-view configurations and other types of 3-D images comprehensively, more general platform for the 3-D image representation is introduced, aiming to outgrow the framework of 3-D “image” communication and to open up a novel field of technology, which should be called the “spatial” communication. Especially, the light ray based method has a wide range of application, including efficient transmission of the physical world, as well as integration of the virtual and physical worlds. key words: 3-D image coding, stereo images, multi-view images, panoramic images, volumetric images, holograms, displayindependent representation, light rays, spatial communication
Differences Between Reading Skills and Reading Strategies

2714 online Helping children learn to read is a deeply rewarding experience for parents and teachers who take pride as their children acquire effective reading skills and reading strategies. The terms skills and strategies are part of the vocabulary used by teachers to describe what they teach and what children learn. Yet, despite frequent use in professional discourse, the terms are used inconsistently. Sometimes skills and strategies are used as synonyms, and sometimes they are used to describe complementary relations (e.g., strategies support skills) or a notion of developmental progressions (e.g., first the phonics skills then the comprehension strategies). Policy makers, curriculum developers, administrators, and test makers include the terms when discussing reading programs, tests, goals, and policies, but they rarely define or distinguish the terms. Resolving the confusion is important because how we conceptualize and define reading skills and reading strategies has important implications for reading practices and reading policies. The importance of learning to read has stimulated considerable debates—theoretical, practical, and political—about which teaching methods and materials are effective. During the past 10 years, the debates have become more strident as calls for school acClarifying Differences Between Reading Skills and Reading Strategies
Document clustering: TF-IDF approach

Recent advances in computer and technology resulted into ever increasing set of documents. The need is to classify the set of documents according to the type. Laying related documents together is expedient for decision making. Researchers who perform interdisciplinary research acquire repositories on different topics. Classifying the repositories according to the topic is a real need to analyze the research papers. Experiments are tried on different real and artificial datasets such as NEWS 20, Reuters, emails, research papers on different topics. Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency algorithm is used along with fuzzy K-means and hierarchical algorithm. Initially experiment is being carried out on small dataset and performed cluster analysis. The best algorithm is applied on the extended dataset. Along with different clusters of the related documents the resulted silhouette coefficient, entropy and F-measure trend are presented to show algorithm behavior for each data set.
A Digital PWM Current Controller for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

In this paper, a PWM current controller for the switched reluctance motor drives is proposed and digitally implemented. Parameter adaption is employed to guarantee both fast dynamics and robustness of the proposed current controller. The relationship between the proposed controller and the conventional controllers including PI and dead-beat controller is also presented. An improved sampling method is designed to avoid PWM delay in the control loop. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller keeps similar dynamic response and accuracy as hysteresis controller under various testing conditions. However, compared with the hysteresis controller, the proposed current controller needs much lower sampling rate and has a constant switching frequency.
Batch and Online Spam Filter Comparison

In the TREC 2005 Spam Evaluation Track, a number of popular spam filters – all owing their heritage to Graham’s A Plan for Spam – did quite well. Machine learning techniques reported elsewhere to perform well were hardly represented in the participating filters, and not represented at all in the better results. A non-traditional technique Prediction by Partial Matching (PPM) – performed exceptionally well, at or near the top of every test. Are the TREC results an anomaly? Is PPM really the best method for spam filtering? How are these results to be reconciled with others showing that methods like Support Vector Machines (SVM) are superior? We address these issues by testing implementations of five different classification methods on the TREC public corpus using the online evaluation methodology introduced in TREC. These results are complemented with cross validation experiments, which facilitate a comparison of the methods considered in the study under different evaluation schemes, and also give insight into the nature and utility of the evaluation regimens themselves. For comparison with previously published results, we also conducted cross validation experiments on the Ling-Spam and PU1 datasets. These tests reveal substantial differences attributable to different test assumptions, in particular batch vs. on-line training and testing, the order of classification, and the method of tokenization. Notwithstanding these differences, the methods that perform well at TREC also perform well using established test methods and corpora. Two previously untested methods – one based on Dynamic Markov Compression and one using logistic regression – compare favorably with competing approaches.
Stability of cyberbullying victimization among adolescents: Prevalence and association with bully-victim status and psychosocial adjustment

The aims of this study were as follows: (a) to examine the possible presence of an identifiable group of stable victims of cyberbullying; (b) to analyze whether the stability of cybervictimization is associated with the perpetration of cyberbullying and bully–victim status (i.e., being only a bully, only a victim, or being both a bully and a victim); and (c) to test whether stable victims report a greater number of psychosocial problems compared to non-stable victims and uninvolved peers. A sample of 680 Spanish adolescents (410 girls) completed self-report measures on cyberbullying perpetration and victimization, depressive symptoms, and problematic alcohol use at two time points that were separated by one year. The results of cluster analyses suggested the existence of four distinct victimization profiles: ‘‘Stable-Victims,’’ who reported victimization at both Time 1 and Time 2 (5.8% of the sample), ‘‘Time 1-Victims,’’ and ‘‘Time 2-Victims,’’ who presented victimization only at one time (14.5% and 17.6%, respectively), and ‘‘Non-Victims,’’ who presented minimal victimization at both times (61.9% of the sample). Stable victims were more likely to fall into the ‘‘bully–victim’’ category and presented more cyberbullying perpetration than the rest of the groups. Overall, the Stable Victims group displayed higher scores of depressive symptoms and problematic alcohol use over time than the other groups, whereas the Non-Victims displayed the lowest of these scores. These findings have major implications for prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing cyberbullying and its consequences.
Downregulation of δ opioid receptor by RNA interference enhances the sensitivity of BEL/FU drug-resistant human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to 5-FU

δ opioid receptor (DOR) was the first opioid receptor of the G protein‑coupled receptor family to be cloned. Our previous studies demonstrated that DOR is involved in regulating the development and progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and is involved in the regulation of the processes of invasion and metastasis of HCC cells. However, whether DOR is involved in the development and progression of drug resistance in HCC has not been reported and requires further elucidation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression levels of DOR in the drug‑resistant HCC BEL‑7402/5‑fluorouracil (BEL/FU) cell line, and its effects on drug resistance, in order to preliminarily elucidate the effects of DOR in HCC drug resistance. The results of the present study demonstrated that DOR was expressed at high levels in the BEL/FU cells, and the expression levels were higher, compared with those in normal liver cells. When the expression of DOR was silenced, the proliferation of the drug‑resistant HCC cells were unaffected. However, when the cells were co‑treated with a therapeutic dose of 5‑FU, the proliferation rate of the BEL/FU cells was significantly inhibited, a large number of cells underwent apoptosis, cell cycle progression was arrested and changes in the expression levels of drug‑resistant proteins were observed. Overall, the expression of DOR was upregulated in the drug‑resistant HCC cells, and its functional status was closely associated with drug resistance in HCC. Therefore, DOR may become a recognized target molecule with important roles in the clinical treatment of drug‑resistant HCC.
Location management for mobile commerce applications in wireless Internet environment

With recent advances in devices, middleware, applications and networking infrastructure, the wireless Internet is becoming a reality. We believe that some of the major drivers of the wireless Internet will be emerging mobile applications such as mobile commerce. Although many of these are futuristic, some applications including user-and location-specific mobile advertising, location-based services, and mobile financial services are beginning to be commercialized. Mobile commerce applications present several interesting and complex challenges including location management of products, services, devices, and people. Further, these applications have fairly diverse requirements from the underlying wireless infrastructure in terms of location accuracy, response time, multicast support, transaction frequency and duration, and dependability. Therefore, research is necessary to address these important and complex challenges. In this article, we present an integrated location management architecture to support the diverse location requirements of m-commerce applications. The proposed architecture is capable of supporting a range of location accuracies, wider network coverage, wireless multicast, and infrastructure dependability for m-commerce applications. The proposed architecture can also support several emerging mobile applications. Additionally, several interesting research problems and directions in location management for wireless Internet applications are presented and discussed.