nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic learning of nonlinear dynamical systems using sequential Monte Carlo

Probabilistic modeling provides the capability to represent and manipulate uncertainty in data, models, predictions and decisions. We are concerned with the problem of learning probabilistic models of dynamical systems from measured data. Specifically, we consider learning of probabilistic nonlinear state-space models. There is no closed-form solution available for this problem, implying that we are forced to use approximations. In this tutorial we will provide a self-contained introduction to one of the state-of-the-art methods—the particle Metropolis–Hastings algorithm—which has proven to offer a practical approximation. This is a Monte Carlo based method, where the particle filter is used to guide a Markov chain Monte Carlo method through the parameter space. One of the key merits of the particle Metropolis–Hastings algorithm is that it is guaranteed to converge to the “true solution” under mild assumptions, despite being based on a particle filter with only a finite number of particles. We will also provide a motivating numerical example illustrating the method using a modeling language tailored for sequential Monte Carlo methods. The intention of modeling languages of this kind is to open up the power of sophisticated Monte Carlo methods—including particle Metropolis– Hastings—to a large group of users without requiring them to know all the underlying mathematical details.
COTS-Based Systems Top 10 List

I n the January 2001 issue of Computer (pp. 135-137), we published the Software Defect Reduction Top 10 List—one of two foci pursued by the National Science Foundation-sponsored Center for Empirically Based Software Engineering (CeBASE). COTS-based systems (CBS) provide the other CeBASE focus. For our intent, COTS software has the following characteristics: The buyer has no access to the source code; the vendor controls its development; and it has a nontrivial installed base (that is, more than one customer ; more than a few copies). Criteria for making the list are that each empirical result has • significant current and future impact on software dependability, timeli-ness, and cost; • diagnostic value with respect to cost-effective best practices; and • reasonable generality across applications domains, market sectors, and product sizes. These are the same criteria we used for our defect-reduction list, but they are harder to evaluate for CBS because it is a less mature area. CBS's roller-coaster ride along Gartner Group's visibility-maturity curve (http:// gartner11.gartnerweb.com/public/static/ hotc/hc00094769.html) reveals its relative immaturity as it progresses through a peak of inflated expectations (with many overenthusiastic organizational mandates to switch to CBS), a trough of disillusion-ment, and to a slope of enlightenment, to a plateau of productivity. We present the CBS Top 10 List as hypotheses, rather than results, that also serve as software challenges for enhancing our empirical understanding of CBS. More than 99 percent of all executing computer instructions come from COTS products. Each instruction passed a market test for value.  The more than 99 percent figure derives from analyzing Department of Defense data (B. Boehm, " Managing Software Productivity and Reuse, " Computer, Sept. 1999, pp. 111-113).  Economic necessity drives extensive COTS use. Nobody can afford to write a general-purpose operating system or database management system. Every project should consider the CBS option, but carefully weigh CBS benefits, costs, and risks against other options. " Market test " means that someone willingly pays to install the COTS component, not that every instruction is used or proves valuable. More than half the features in large COTS software products go unused. working alone used 12 to 16 percent of Microsoft Word and PowerPoint measurement features, whereas a 10-person group used 26 to 29 percent of these features.  Adding features is an economic necessity for vendors but it introduces complexity for COTS adopters. This added complexity can require …
A Multiscale and Multidepth Convolutional Neural Network for Remote Sensing Imagery Pan-Sharpening

Pan-sharpening is a fundamental and significant task in the field of remote sensing imagery processing, in which high-resolution spatial details from panchromatic images are employed to enhance the spatial resolution of multispectral (MS) images. As the transformation from low spatial resolution MS image to high-resolution MS image is complex and highly nonlinear, inspired by the powerful representation for nonlinear relationships of deep neural networks, we introduce multiscale feature extraction and residual learning into the basic convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture and propose the multiscale and multidepth CNN for the pan-sharpening of remote sensing imagery. Both the quantitative assessment results and the visual assessment confirm that the proposed network yields high-resolution MS images that are superior to the images produced by the compared state-of-the-art methods.
A Primer on Neural Network Models for Natural Language Processing

Over the past few years, neural networks have re-emerged as powerful machine-learning models, yielding state-of-the-art results in fields such as image recognition and speech processing. More recently, neural network models started to be applied also to textual natural language signals, again with very promising results. This tutorial surveys neural network models from the perspective of natural language processing research, in an attempt to bring natural-language researchers up to speed with the neural techniques. The tutorial covers input encoding for natural language tasks, feed-forward networks, convolutional networks, recurrent networks and recursive networks, as well as the computation graph abstraction for automatic gradient computation.
A low-bandwidth camera sensor platform with applications in smart camera networks

Smart camera networks have recently emerged as a new class of sensor network infrastructure that is capable of supporting high-power in-network signal processing and enabling a wide range of applications. In this article, we provide an exposition of our efforts to build a low-bandwidth wireless camera network platform, called CITRIC, and its applications in smart camera networks. The platform integrates a camera, a microphone, a frequency-scalable (up to 624 MHz) CPU, 16 MB FLASH, and 64 MB RAM onto a single device. The device then connects with a standard sensor network mote to form a wireless camera mote. With reasonably low power consumption and extensive algorithmic libraries running on a decent operating system that is easy to program, CITRIC is ideal for research and applications in distributed image and video processing. Its capabilities of in-network image processing also reduce communication requirements, which has been high in other existing camera networks with centralized processing. Furthermore, the mote easily integrates with other low-bandwidth sensor networks via the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. To justify the utility of CITRIC, we present several representative applications. In particular, concrete research results will be demonstrated in two areas, namely, distributed coverage hole identification and distributed object recognition.
Long-term expansion of epithelial organoids from human colon, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and Barrett's epithelium.

We previously established long-term culture conditions under which single crypts or stem cells derived from mouse small intestine expand over long periods. The expanding crypts undergo multiple crypt fission events, simultaneously generating villus-like epithelial domains that contain all differentiated types of cells. We have adapted the culture conditions to grow similar epithelial organoids from mouse colon and human small intestine and colon.



Based on the mouse small intestinal culture system, we optimized the mouse and human colon culture systems.



Addition of Wnt3A to the combination of growth factors applied to mouse colon crypts allowed them to expand indefinitely. Addition of nicotinamide, along with a small molecule inhibitor of Alk and an inhibitor of p38, were required for long-term culture of human small intestine and colon tissues. The culture system also allowed growth of mouse Apc-deficient adenomas, human colorectal cancer cells, and human metaplastic epithelia from regions of Barrett's esophagus.



We developed a technology that can be used to study infected, inflammatory, or neoplastic tissues from the human gastrointestinal tract. These tools might have applications in regenerative biology through ex vivo expansion of the intestinal epithelia. Studies of these cultures indicate that there is no inherent restriction in the replicative potential of adult stem cells (or a Hayflick limit) ex vivo.
A storm is Coming: A Modern Probabilistic Model Checker

We launch the new probabilistic model checker Storm. It features the analysis of discrete-and continuous-time variants of both Markov chains and MDPs. It supports the Prism and JANI modeling languages, probabilistic programs, dynamic fault trees and generalized stochastic Petri nets. It has a modular setup in which solvers and symbolic engines can easily be exchanged. It offers a Python API for rapid prototyping by encapsulating Storm's fast and scalable algorithms. Experiments on a variety of benchmarks show its competitive performance.
AGONISTIC AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF THE AFRICAN OSTRICH ( STRUTHIO CAMELUS )

From early 1967 to the summer of 1969, the bolic nest-site disnlav between male and feauthor had the opportunity to observe the male during thei; precopulatory courtship.” behavior of a pair of African Ostrich (Struthio The courtship is initiated by male and fecamelus) and their hand-raised chicks in the male as they begin to feed, often with heads Oklahoma City Zoo. Because agonistic behavclose together, while pecking in a nervous, iors could be observed almost daily throughhighly synchronized fashion. As the excitation out the year, and courtship for at least 5 mounts, “the two birds walk towards and months, and because the author knew of very around an area chosen for the symbolic nestfew accounts of ostrich behavior, it was desite display by the male. He throws his wings cided to accumulate as much information up in an alternating rhythm of right-left, flashfrom these birds as possible. Sauer and Sauer ing his white wing feathers. Then suddenlv he (In: The living bird, Vol. 5, Cornell Univ. drops to the groind and begins nesting symPress, Ithaca, 1966, p. 45-76) in their study, bolically in a very exaggerated manner, whirlmainly from the Namib Desert Game Reserve ing dust when his wings sweep the ground. 3, pointed out that the hens having molted earAt the same time he twists his neck in a wav lier than the males initiate the prenuptial that resembles a continuous ‘ corkscrew adactivities. “They will posture and stand very tion’ .” The female responds by walking with erect, urinate and defecate, and otherwise lowered head, curved downward pointing behave in exaggerated manners in front of wings, and drooping tail. When finally she potential or familiar mates.” They become squats on the ground, the cock gets up and increasingly aggressive toward birds other rushes toward her with flapping wings and than the male they court, and particularly so mounts her. toward immature birds. The males begin their courtship later, at which time a red coloration AIM, SUBJECTS, AND METHOD OF of their shins, feet, and faces appears. Their STUDY ceremonial rivalries toward one another beIn the present study a more detailed analysis of agocome increasingly frequent. They may be nistic and courtship displays was attempted than those seen “chasing around in groups, wings held known to the author. The principal subjects were a high, and ‘ dancing’ in flocks numbering up to couple of birds belonging to, and housed in, the Okla-
BLOCK AND OVERCROWDING : A LITERATURE REVIEW Prepared for the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine ( ACEM ) Dr

Access Block and Emergency Department (ED) Overcrowding are well defined phenomena that have been described as the most serious issue confronting EDs. This paper provides a summary of the current evidence on the subject from around the world. In addition to the following evidence, one must always remember that this problem is associated with a large amount of human suffering that is preventable. The review has found that Australia is playing a key role in this field. It is important to understand what has been done to reduce or prevent deleterious consequences amongst patients who suffer extended delays in ED awaiting admission to hospital. This document concludes with a summary of the key points of evidence and solutions. The key points are: 1. The review reports on 27 factors that have been described and documented in the literature as associated with access block and overcrowding. These include health system, demographic and clinical factors. They are having a major impact on the primary healthcare system, patients, their families, health professionals and the whole community. 2. It has been estimated, by different authors and methods, that there is a 20%-30% excess mortality rate every year that is attributable to access block and ED overcrowding in Australia. This equates to approximately 1,500 deaths (at 2003 levels of access block) per year, which is similar to the road toll. 3. There is clear evidence that the main cause of access block and ED overcrowding is a combination of major increases in emergency admissions and ED presentations with almost no increase in the capacity of hospitals to cope with the demand. Between 2002 and 2007 the rate of available beds in Australia was reduced from 1998-99 levels from 2.65 beds per 1,000 population to 2.4 in 2002, and has since remained steady between 2.5-2.6 per 1,000 population. In the same period, the number of ED presentations has increased over 38%, from 4.1 million to 6.7 million. When compared with 1998-99 rates, the number of available beds in 2006-07 is very similar (2.65 vs. 2.60 beds per 1,000) but the number of ED presentations has almost doubled from 3.5 to 6.7 million. 4. The most vulnerable individuals affected by access block and ED overcrowding are those who due to their medical conditions require unplanned admissions to hospital. The most common groups include: the elderly, particularly those with chronic and complex conditions; people arriving by ambulance; people …
Two-Cloud Secure Database for Numeric-Related SQL Range Queries With Privacy Preserving

Industries and individuals outsource database to realize convenient and low-cost applications and services. In order to provide sufficient functionality for SQL queries, many secure database schemes have been proposed. However, such schemes are vulnerable to privacy leakage to cloud server. The main reason is that database is hosted and processed in cloud server, which is beyond the control of data owners. For the numerical range query (“>,” “<,” and so on), those schemes cannot provide sufficient privacy protection against practical challenges, e.g., privacy leakage of statistical properties, access pattern. Furthermore, increased number of queries will inevitably leak more information to the cloud server. In this paper, we propose a two-cloud architecture for secure database, with a series of intersection protocols that provide privacy preservation to various numeric-related range queries. Security analysis shows that privacy of numerical information is strongly protected against cloud providers in our proposed scheme.
Second generation stationary digital breast tomosynthesis system with faster scan time and wider angular span.

The aim of this study was to characterize a new generation stationary digital breast tomosynthesis system with higher tube flux and increased angular span over a first generation system.



The linear CNT x-ray source was designed, built, and evaluated to determine its performance parameters. The second generation system was then constructed using the CNT x-ray source and a Hologic gantry. Upon construction, test objects and phantoms were used to characterize system resolution as measured by the modulation transfer function (MTF), and artifact spread function (ASF).



The results indicated that the linear CNT x-ray source was capable of stable operation at a tube potential of 49 kVp, and measured focal spot sizes showed source-to-source consistency with a nominal focal spot size of 1.1 mm. After construction, the second generation (Gen 2) system exhibited entrance surface air kerma rates two times greater the previous s-DBT system. System in-plane resolution as measured by the MTF is 7.7 cycles/mm, compared to 6.7 cycles/mm for the Gen 1 system. As expected, an increase in the z-axis depth resolution was observed, with a decrease in the ASF from 4.30 mm to 2.35 mm moving from the Gen 1 system to the Gen 2 system as result of an increased angular span.



The results indicate that the Gen 2 stationary digital breast tomosynthesis system, which has a larger angular span, increased entrance surface air kerma, and faster image acquisition time over the Gen 1 s-DBT system, results in higher resolution images. With the detector operating at full resolution, the Gen 2 s-DBT system can achieve an in-plane resolution of 7.7 cycles per mm, which is better than the current commercial DBT systems today, and may potentially result in better patient diagnosis.
Development of cysts in Mallomonas eoa examined by scanning electron microscopy

Mallomonas eoa TAKAHASHII was first described by TAKAHASHII, who found the alga in ditches at Tsuruoka Parc, North-East Japan (TAKAHASHII 1960, 1963, ASMUND & TAKAHASHII 1969) . He studied the alga by transmission electron microscopy and described its different kinds of scales . However, he did not report the presence of any cysts . In the spring of 1971 a massive development of Mallomonas occurred under the ice in Lake Trummen, central South Sweden . Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the predominant species consisted of Mallomonas eoa TAKAHASHII, which occurred together with Synura petersenii KoRSHIKOV . In April the cells of Mallomonas eoa developed cysts and were studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In contrast with earlier techniques the scanning electron microscopy made it possible to study the structure of the scales in various parts of the cell and to relate the cysts to the cells . Such knowledge is of importance also for paleolimnological research . Data on the quantitative and qualitative findings are reported below .
How useful is photo-realistic rendering for visual learning?

Data seems cheap to get, and in many ways it is, but the process of creating a high quality labeled dataset from a mass of data is time-consuming and expensive. With the advent of rich 3D repositories, photo-realistic rendering systems offer the opportunity to provide nearly limitless data. Yet, their primary value for visual learning may be the quality of the data they can provide rather than the quantity. Rendering engines offer the promise of perfect labels in addition to the data: what the precise camera pose is; what the precise lighting location, temperature, and distribution is; what the geometry of the object is. In this work we focus on semi-automating dataset creation through use of synthetic data and apply this method to an important task – object viewpoint estimation. Using state-of-the-art rendering software we generate a large labeled dataset of cars rendered densely in viewpoint space. We investigate the effect of rendering parameters on estimation performance and show realism is important. We show that generalizing from synthetic data is not harder than the domain adaptation required between two real-image datasets and that combining synthetic images with a small amount of real data improves estimation accuracy.
Planning hospital medical technology management

The appropriate deployment of technology contributes to the improvement in the quality of healthcare delivered, the containment of cost, and to increased access to services offered by the healthcare system. Over the past one-hundred years, the dependence of the healthcare system on medical technology for the delivery of its services has continuously grown. In this system, the technology facilitates the delivery of the "human touch." Medical technology enables practitioners to collaboratively intervene together with other caregivers to treat patients in a cost-effective and efficient manner. Technology also enables integration and systems management in a way that contributes to improvements in the level of health indicators. Hospital and clinical administrators are faced with the expectation for return on investment that meets accounting guidelines and financial pressures. This article describes the emerging process for managing medical technology in the hospital and the role that clinical engineers are fulfilling.
RGB-D object modelling for object recognition and tracking

This work presents a flexible system to reconstruct 3D models of objects captured with an RGB-D sensor. A major advantage of the method is that unlike other modelling tools, our reconstruction pipeline allows the user to acquire a full 3D model of the object. This is achieved by acquiring several partial 3D models in different sessions-each individual session presenting the object of interest in different configurations that reveal occluded parts of the object - that are automatically merged together to reconstruct a full 3D model. In addition, the 3D models acquired by our system can be directly used by state-of-the-art object instance recognition and object tracking modules, providing object-perception capabilities to complex applications requiring these functionalities (e.g. human-object interaction analysis, robot grasping, etc.). The system does not impose constraints in the appearance of objects (textured, untextured) nor in the modelling setup (moving camera with static object or turn-table setups with static camera). The proposed reconstruction system has been used to model a large number of objects resulting in metrically accurate and visually appealing 3D models.
Adaptive Superiority and Noninferiority Trial Design with Paired Binary Data

Jing Wang Boston University, Boston, MA, USA Email:  Non-inferiority of a diagnostic test to the standard is a common issue in medical research. For instance, we may be interested in determining if a new diagnostic test is noninferior to the standard reference test because the new test might be inexpensive to the extent that some small inferior margin in sensitivity or specificity may be acceptable. Noninferiority trials are also found to be useful in clinical trials, such as image studies, where the data are collected in pairs. Conventional noninferiority trials for paired binary data are designed with a fixed sample size and no interim analysis is allowed. Adaptive design which allows for interim modifications of the trial becomes very popular in recent years and are widely used in clinical trials because of its efficiency. However, to our knowledge there is no adaptive design method available for noninferiority trial with paired binary data. In this study, we developed an adaptive design method for non-inferiority trials with paired binary data, which can also be used for superiority trials when the noninferiority margin is set to zero. We included a trial example and provided the SAS program for the design simulations.
Spring 5-2012 Best Intentions : Health Monitoring Technology and Children .

In this paper we describe findings from two studies aimed at understanding how health monitoring technology affects the parent-child relationship, examining emotional response and barriers to using this type of technology. We present suggestions for the design of health monitoring technology intended to enhance self-care in children without creating parent-child conflict. Our recommendations integrate the study findings, developmental stage specific concerns, and prior HCI research aimed at children’s health.