nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Disease: atherosclerosis in autoimmune diseases

Atherosclerosis is a pathologic process affecting blood vessels, which leads to the development of cardiovascular disease. The immune system is involved in atherogenesis and in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Several autoimmune rheumatic conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, are characterized by enhanced atherosclerosis and consequently higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates. Enhanced atherosclerosis, in these diseases, can manifest as overt cardiovascular diseases, but could be detected at an earlier stage by identification of abnormal endothelial function and arterial intima–media thickening. Both classical and nonclassical risk factors are presumed to contribute to atherosclerosis progression in rheumatic diseases. As atherosclerosis can be considered to be an immune-mediated process, several experimental strategies exist for its immunomodulation, including induction of immune tolerance. In this article, we briefly review the contribution of autoimmune elements, such as autoreactive lymphocytes and autoantibodies to atherosclerosis and discuss the nature of atherosclerosis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
The Demonstration of Dislocation-Stress Memorization Technique Stressor on Si n-FinFETs

The dislocation stress memorization technique (D-SMT) stressor is demonstrated to boost the device performance on the Si three-dimensional (3-D) FinFET device. The larger channel stress and mobility enhancement ratio are observed in the narrower gate width device, due to the effect of triple crystal re-growth directions on the 3-D FinFET device. In this paper, ~33% mobility enhancement and ~23% Id,sat improvement on the Si FinFET device with W/L of 100/60 nm are achieved successfully with the implement of D-SMT stressor.
A Survey on Control of Hydraulic Robotic Manipulators With Projection to Future Trends

This paper presents the recent advancements in the control of multiple-degree-of-freedom hydraulic robotic manipulators. A literature review is performed on their control, covering both free-space and constrained motions of serial and parallel manipulators. Stability-guaranteed control system design is the primary requirement for all control systems. Thus, this paper pays special attention to such systems. An objective evaluation of the effectiveness of different methods and the state of the art in a given field is one of the cornerstones of scientific research and progress. For this purpose, the maximum position tracking error <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$|e|_{\rm max}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and a performance indicator <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rho$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (the ratio of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$|e|_{\rm max}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> with respect to the maximum velocity) are used to evaluate and benchmark different free-space control methods in the literature. These indicators showed that stability-guaranteed nonlinear model based control designs have resulted in the most advanced control performance. In addition to stable closed-loop control, lack of energy efficiency is another significant challenge in hydraulic robotic systems. This paper pays special attention to these challenges in hydraulic robotic systems and discusses their reciprocal contradiction. Potential solutions to improve the system energy efficiency without control performance deterioration are discussed. Finally, for hydraulic robotic systems, open problems are defined and future trends are projected.
CAR T Cell Therapy: A Game Changer in Cancer Treatment

The development of novel targeted therapies with acceptable safety profiles is critical to successful cancer outcomes with better survival rates. Immunotherapy offers promising opportunities with the potential to induce sustained remissions in patients with refractory disease. Recent dramatic clinical responses in trials with gene modified T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in B-cell malignancies have generated great enthusiasm. This therapy might pave the way for a potential paradigm shift in the way we treat refractory or relapsed cancers. CARs are genetically engineered receptors that combine the specific binding domains from a tumor targeting antibody with T cell signaling domains to allow specifically targeted antibody redirected T cell activation. Despite current successes in hematological cancers, we are only in the beginning of exploring the powerful potential of CAR redirected T cells in the control and elimination of resistant, metastatic, or recurrent nonhematological cancers. This review discusses the application of the CAR T cell therapy, its challenges, and strategies for successful clinical and commercial translation.
Improvement of bond pad crystal defect by new aluminum pad film stack

With the rapid development of very large scale integration (VLSI) and continuous scaling in the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), pad corrosion in the aluminum (Al) pad surface has become practical concern in the semiconductor industry. This paper presents a new method to improve the pad corrosion on Al pad surface by using new Al/Ti/TiN film stack. The effects of different Al film stacks on the Al pad corrosion have been investigated. The experiment results show that the Al/Ti/TiN film stack could improve bond pad corrosion effectively comparing to Al/SiON film stack. Wafers processed with new Al film stack were stored up to 28 days and display no pad crystal (PDCY) defects on bond pad surfaces.
Securing Cloud Servers Against Flooding Based DDOS Attacks

Cloud computing is still a juvenile and most dynamic field characterized by a buzzing IT industry. Virtually every industry and even some parts of the public sector are taking on cloud computing today, either as a provider or as a consumer. It has now become essentially an inseparable part of everyone's life. The cloud thus has become a part of the critical global infrastructure but is unique in that it has no customary borders to safeguard it from attacks. Once weakened these web servers can serve as a launching point for conducting further attacks against users in the cloud. One such attack is the DoS or its version DDOS attack. Distributed Denial of Service (DdoS) Attacks have recently emerged as one of the most newsworthy, if not the greatest weaknesses of the Internet. DDoS attacks cause economic losses due to the unavailability of services and potentially serious security problems due to incapacitation of critical infrastructures. This paper presents a simple distance estimation based technique to detect and prevent the cloud from flooding based DDoS attack and thereby protect other servers and users from its adverse effects.
Cross-cultural Differences in Mental Health, Quality of Life, Empathy, and Burnout between US and Brazilian Medical Students.

This study aimed to compare mental health, quality of life, empathy, and burnout in medical students from a medical institution in the USA and another one in Brazil.



This cross-cultural study included students enrolled in the first and second years of their undergraduate medical training. We evaluated depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS 21), empathy, openness to spirituality, and wellness (ESWIM), burnout (Oldenburg), and quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref) and compared them between schools.



A total of 138 Brazilian and 73 US medical students were included. The comparison between all US medical students and all Brazilian medical students revealed that Brazilians reported more depression and stress and US students reported greater wellness, less exhaustion, and greater environmental quality of life. In order to address a possible response bias favoring respondents with better mental health, we also compared all US medical students with the 50% of Brazilian medical students who reported better mental health. In this comparison, we found Brazilian medical students had higher physical quality of life and US students again reported greater environmental quality of life. Cultural, social, infrastructural, and curricular differences were compared between institutions. Some noted differences were that students at the US institution were older and were exposed to smaller class sizes, earlier patient encounters, problem-based learning, and psychological support.



We found important differences between Brazilian and US medical students, particularly in mental health and wellness. These findings could be explained by a complex interaction between several factors, highlighting the importance of considering cultural and school-level influences on well-being.
Tray Columns: Design

Distillation has remained an important separation technology for the chemical process industries. In 1997 it was reported in the journal Chemical Engineering that about 95% of all worldwide separation processes use this technology. In the USA alone, some 40 000 distillation columns represent a capital investment of about US $8 billion. They consume the energy equivalent of approximately 1 billion barrels of crude oil per day. Such columns are used in reRneries, petrochemical plants, gas processing plants and organic chemical plants to purify natural gas, improve gasoline, produce petrochemicals and organic products, recover pollulant species, etc. Distillation can be carried out in a tray or a packed column. The major considerations involved in the choice of the column type are operating pressure and design reliability. As pressure increases, tray coulmns become more efRcient for mass transfer and can often tolerate the pressure drop across the trays. The design procedure for the large diameter tray column is also more reliable than that for the packed column. Thus, trays are usually selected for large pressurized column applications. Distillation trays can be classiRed as:
Small-Signal Stability Analysis of an Inverter-Based Microgrid With Internal Model-Based Controllers

Several microgrid control strategies are proposed and studied in the literature. However, there are still gaps in improving their transient behavior and studying their stability. This paper uses small-signal analysis to explore the behavior of internal model-based current and voltage controllers by deriving a state-space model and performing eigenvalue and sensitivity analysis on an islanded inverter-based microgrid system. The results are compared with those of the same microgrid but with PI-based current and voltage controllers. Simulation case studies are performed in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment to compare the transient behavior of both methods. Results show that internal model-based controllers have superior eigenvalue patterns that lead to increased stability and improved transient behavior.
Speech Enhancement Using Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques

This paper introduces the application of particle Swarm optimization techniques in speech enhancement structures. Because of the simple conception, the quick velocity of convergence and easy implementation, Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used as an effective method in a wide variety of engineering problems. An improved PSO algorithm, called the Modified PSO (MPSO) algorithm, can find optimal or closer-to optimal solution, and has faster search speed. In this paper, we use PSO and MPSO algorithms for speech enhancement and compare the results. Experimental results show that MPSO algorithm outperforms the PSO algorithm in a sense of SNR improvement.
OF THE INFERIOR GLENOHUMERAL LIGAMENT OF THE SHOULDER DURING THE SIMPLE TRANSLATION TEST by William

The shoulder is one of the most complex and often injured joints in the human body. Injuries to the soft tissue restraints of the shoulder are frequently difficult to diagnose and treat effectively. The inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) of the glenohumeral capsule is especially prone to injury, and differential diagnosis is difficult due to the multiple soft tissue structures that complement its function in vivo. The objective of this research was to examine the function of the IGHL during a clinical diagnostic procedure termed the “simple translation test” using the finite element method. A finite element (FE) model of the humerus, scapula, humeral head cartilage and IGHL was constructed from a subject-specific CT dataset. A repeatable reference state for strain measurement was established by using compressed air to inflate the capsule to a pressure of 1 KPa. The CT dataset was acquired while the capsule was inflated, and the finite element model geometry was extracted to mimic this configuration. Starting from this reference state, experimentally measured 6-DOF kinematics were applied to the finite element model. At maximum anterior translation, first principal strains in the IGHL were highly inhomogeneous. In the AB-IGHL, strains of 0-19% were predicted over all three angles of external rotation. Strains of 0-31% were predicted in the axillary pouch of the IGHL. In the PB-IGHL, strains of 1-38% were predicted. The highest strains occurred during maximum external rotation at the insertion sites. In the sensitivity study, reduction of the IGHL modulus by one standard deviation generally increased strains in
Neuroplasticity in the language system : Reorganization in post-stroke aphasia and in neuromodulation interventions

Owing to its critical role in human cognition, the neural basis of language has occupied the interest of neurologists, psychologists, and cognitive neuroscientists for over 150 years. The language system was initially conceptualized as a left hemisphere circuit with discrete comprehension and production centers. Since then, advances in neuroscience have allowed a much more complex and nuanced understanding of the neural organization of language to emerge. In the course of mapping this complicated architecture, one especially important discovery has been the degree to which the map itself can change. Evidence from lesion studies, neuroimaging, and neuromodulation research demonstrates that the representation of language in the brain is altered by injury of the normal language network, that it changes over the course of language recovery, and that it is influenced by successful treatment interventions. This special issue of RNN is devoted to plasticity in the language system and focuses on changes that occur in the setting of left hemisphere stroke, the most common cause of aphasia. Aphasia—the acquired loss of language ability—is one of the most common and debilitating cognitive consequences of stroke, affecting approximately 20–40% of stroke survivors and impacting
The generalized discontinuous PWM scheme for three-phase voltage source inverters

This paper presents analytical techniques for the determination of the expressions for the modulation signals used in the carrier-based sinusoidal and generalized discontinuous pulse-width modulation schemes for two-level, three-phase voltage source inverters. The proposed modulation schemes are applicable to inverters generating balanced or unbalanced phase voltages. Some results presented in this paper analytically generalize the several expressions for the modulation signals already reported in the literature and new ones are set forth for generating unbalanced three-phase voltages. Confirmatory experimental and simulation results are provided to illustrate the analyses.
Velocity based artificial bee colony algorithm for high dimensional continuous optimization problems

Artificial bee colony (ABC) is a swarm optimization algorithmwhich has been shown to be more effective than the other population based algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and ant colony optimization (ACO). Since it was invented, it has received significant interest from researchers studying in different fields because of having fewer control parameters, high global search ability and ease of implementation. Although ABC is good at exploration, the main drawback is its poor exploitation which results in an issue on convergence speed in some cases. Inspired by particle swarm optimization, we propose a modified ABC algorithm called VABC, to overcome this insufficiency by applying a new search equation in the onlooker phase, which uses the PSO search strategy to guide the search for candidate solutions. The experimental results tested on numerical benchmark functions show that the VABC has good performance compared with PSO and ABC. Moreover, the performance of the proposed algorithm is also compared with those of state-of-the-art hybrid methods and the results demonstrate that the proposed method has a higher convergence speed and better search ability for almost all functions. & 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A study of relationship between metacognitive skills ( wells ) and internet addiction with academic achievement in students of Islamic Azad University , Hamedan branch 2012-2013

The aim of the present research is to study the rel ationship between “internet addiction” and “meta-co gnitive skills” with “academic achievement” in students of Islamic Azad University, Hamedan branch. This is de criptive – correlational method is used. To measure meta-cogni tive skills and internet addiction of students Well s questionnaire and Young questionnaire are used resp ectively. The population of the study is students o f Islamic Azad University of Hamedan. Using proportional stra tified random sampling the sample size was 375 stud ents. The results of the study showed that there is no signif icant relationship between two variables of “meta-c ognition” and “Internet addiction”(P >0.184).However, there is a significant relationship at 5% level between the tw o variables "meta-cognition" and "academic achievement" (P<0.00 2). Also, a significant inverse relationship was ob served between the average of two variables of "Internet a ddiction" and "academic achievement" at 5% level (P <0.031). There is a significant difference in terms of metacognition among the groups of different fields of s tudies. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in t erms of internet addiction scores among students be longing to different field of studies. In explaining the acade mic achievement variable variance of “meta-cognitio ” and “Internet addiction” using combined regression, it was observed that the above mentioned variables exp lain 16% of variable variance of academic achievement simultane ously.
Capturing sexual assault data: An information system designed by forensic clinicians and healthcare researchers.

The Sexual Assault Resource Center (SARC) in Perth, Western Australia provides free 24-hour medical, forensic, and counseling services to persons aged over 13 years following sexual assault.



The aim of this research was to design a data management system that maintains accurate quality information on all sexual assault cases referred to SARC, facilitating audit and peer-reviewed research.



The work to develop SARC Medical Services Clinical Information System (SARC-MSCIS) took place during 2007-2009 as a collaboration between SARC and Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. Patient demographics, assault details, including injury documentation, and counseling sessions were identified as core data sections. A user authentication system was set up for data security. Data quality checks were incorporated to ensure high-quality data.



An SARC-MSCIS was developed containing three core data sections having 427 data elements to capture patient's data. Development of the SARC-MSCIS has resulted in comprehensive capacity to support sexual assault research. Four additional projects are underway to explore both the public health and criminal justice considerations in responding to sexual violence. The data showed that 1,933 sexual assault episodes had occurred among 1881 patients between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2015. Sexual assault patients knew the assailant as a friend, carer, acquaintance, relative, partner, or ex-partner in 70% of cases, with 16% assailants being a stranger to the patient.



This project has resulted in the development of a high-quality data management system to maintain information for medical and forensic services offered by SARC. This system has also proven to be a reliable resource enabling research in the area of sexual violence.
Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems.

Coastal ecosystems and the services they provide are adversely affected by a wide variety of human activities. In particular, seagrass meadows are negatively affected by impacts accruing from the billion or more people who live within 50 km of them. Seagrass meadows provide important ecosystem services, including an estimated $1.9 trillion per year in the form of nutrient cycling; an order of magnitude enhancement of coral reef fish productivity; a habitat for thousands of fish, bird, and invertebrate species; and a major food source for endangered dugong, manatee, and green turtle. Although individual impacts from coastal development, degraded water quality, and climate change have been documented, there has been no quantitative global assessment of seagrass loss until now. Our comprehensive global assessment of 215 studies found that seagrasses have been disappearing at a rate of 110 km(2) yr(-1) since 1980 and that 29% of the known areal extent has disappeared since seagrass areas were initially recorded in 1879. Furthermore, rates of decline have accelerated from a median of 0.9% yr(-1) before 1940 to 7% yr(-1) since 1990. Seagrass loss rates are comparable to those reported for mangroves, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests and place seagrass meadows among the most threatened ecosystems on earth.
Applicability of big data analytics to massive MIMO systems

The evolving 5G standards promise green communications with enhanced data services and significant link reliability. Massive multi input multi output (MIMO) techniques are the driving force behind green communications, since they provide better energy efficiency with reduced transmit power. The massive data generated from such mobile communication systems, is a rich data source of great value. Procuring useful analytics from this precious resource, a big data aware 5G mobile communication system can be developed. A particular choice of big analytics brings in the concept of large random matrix models and single ring law. In this paper, first, big data analytics is performed in the context of a mobile user communicating to, either a massive MIMO or a massive MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Constructive insights such as transmitted (source) signal correlation analysis (attributed to certain network events), channel correlation analysis (attributed to user mobility) have been extracted. Ring law also has its roots in signal detection, which suggests that few other signal detection algorithms may be suitable candidates for signal/channel correlation analysis. Therefore, second, a proposed extension of an information theoretic criterion (ITC) based signal detection algorithm, for correlation analysis, is compared with ring law. Using massive MIMO and MIMO-OFDM system simulations, the said correlation analyses have confirmed the prevalence of ring law. Third, it is deduced that integrating big data analytics with massive MIMO system improves spectral efficiency.
Cross-linguistic differences and similarities in image descriptions

Automatic image description systems are commonly trained and evaluated on large image description datasets. Recently, researchers have started to collect such datasets for languages other than English. An unexplored question is how different these datasets are from English and, if there are any differences, what causes them to differ. This paper provides a crosslinguistic comparison of Dutch, English, and German image descriptions. We find that these descriptions are similar in many respects, but the familiarity of crowd workers with the subjects of the images has a noticeable influence on description specificity.