nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances in Critically Ill Patients

Disturbances in fluid and electrolytes are among the most common clinical problems encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU). Recent studies have reported that fluid and electrolyte imbalances are associated with increased morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients. To provide optimal care, health care providers should be familiar with the principles and practice of fluid and electrolyte physiology and pathophysiology. Fluid resuscitation should be aimed at restoration of normal hemodynamics and tissue perfusion. Early goal-directed therapy has been shown to be effective in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. On the other hand, liberal fluid administration is associated with adverse outcomes such as prolonged stay in the ICU, higher cost of care, and increased mortality. Development of hyponatremia in critically ill patients is associated with disturbances in the renal mechanism of urinary dilution. Removal of nonosmotic stimuli for vasopressin secretion, judicious use of hypertonic saline, and close monitoring of plasma and urine electrolytes are essential components of therapy. Hypernatremia is associated with cellular dehydration and central nervous system damage. Water deficit should be corrected with hypotonic fluid, and ongoing water loss should be taken into account. Cardiac manifestations should be identified and treated before initiating stepwise diagnostic evaluation of dyskalemias. Divalent ion deficiencies such as hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia should be identified and corrected, since they are associated with increased adverse events among critically ill patients.
Characterization of mammalian selenoproteomes.

In the genetic code, UGA serves as a stop signal and a selenocysteine codon, but no computational methods for identifying its coding function are available. Consequently, most selenoprotein genes are misannotated. We identified selenoprotein genes in sequenced mammalian genomes by methods that rely on identification of selenocysteine insertion RNA structures, the coding potential of UGA codons, and the presence of cysteine-containing homologs. The human selenoproteome consists of 25 selenoproteins.
Emotional support and survival after myocardial infarction. A prospective, population-based study of the elderly.

To compare the survival of elderly patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction who have emotional support with that of patients who lack such support, while controlling for severity of disease, comorbidity, and functional status.



A prospective, community-based cohort study.



Two hospitals in New Haven, 
Men (n = 100) and women (n = 94) 65 years of age or more hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction between 1982 and 1988.



Social support, age, gender, race, education, marital status, living arrangements, presence of depression, smoking history, weight, and physical function were assessed prospectively using questionnaires. The presence of congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, and cardiogenic shock; the position of infarction; in-hospital complications; and history of myocardial infarction were assessed using medical records. Comorbidity was defined using an index based on the presence of eight conditions.



Of 194 patients, 76 (39%) died in the first 6 months after myocardial infarction. In multiple logistic regression analyses, lack of emotional support was significantly associated with 6-month mortality (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2 to 6.9) after controlling for severity of myocardial infarction, comorbidity, risk factors such as smoking and hypertension, and sociodemographic factors.



When emotional support was assessed before myocardial infarction, it was independently related to risk for death in the subsequent 6 months.
The LNT Debate in Radiation Protection: Science vs. Policy.

There is considerable interest in revisiting LNT theory as the basis for the system of radiation protection in the US and worldwide. Arguing the scientific merits of policy options is not likely to be fruitful because the science is not robust enough to support one theory to the exclusion of others. Current science cannot determine the existence of a dose threshold, a key piece to resolving the matter scientifically. The nature of the scientific evidence is such that risk assessment at small effective doses (defined as <100 mSv) is highly uncertain, and several policy alternatives, including threshold and non-linear dose-response functions, are scientifically defensible. This paper argues for an alternative approach by looking at the LNT debate as a policy question and analyzes the problem from a social and economic perspective. In other words, risk assessment and a strictly scientific perspective are insufficiently broad enough to resolve the issue completely. A wider perspective encompassing social and economic impacts in a risk management context is necessary, but moving the debate to the policy and risk management arena necessarily marginalizes the role of scientists.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Flex-PCB Air-Gap Windings in Slotless BLDC Machines

Slotless brushless dc motors find more and more applications due to their high performance and their low production cost. This paper focuses on the windings inserted in the air gap of these motors and, in particular, to an original production technique that consists in printing them on a flexible printed circuit board. It theoretically shows that this technique, when coupled with an optimization of the winding shape, can improve the power density of about 23% compared with basic skewed and rhombic windings made of round wire. It also presents a first prototype of a winding realized using this technique and an experimental characterization aimed at identifying the importance and the origin of the differences between theory and practice.
The axes of rotation of the knee.

Knee motion is believed to occur about a variable flexion-extension (FE) axis perpendicular to the sagittal plane and a longitudinal rotation (LR) axis. The authors used a mechanical device to locate the FE and the LR axes of six fresh anatomic specimen knees. The motion of points on the LR axis produced circular, planar paths about the fixed FE axis. Magnetic resonance (MR) images in planes perpendicular to the FE axis showed a circular profile for the femoral condyles. The FE axis is constant and directed from anterosuperior on the medial side to posteroinferior on the lateral side, passing through the origins of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments and superior to the crossing point of the cruciates. The LR axis is anterior and not perpendicular to the FE axis, the anatomic planes. This offset produces the valgus and external rotation observed with extension. The implications of two fixed offset axes for knee motion on prosthetic design, braces, gait analysis, and reconstructive surgery are profound.
Verifying BPMN understandability with novice business managers

Engineers1, artists and craftsmen have long-established models to try out projects before running them. This makes the ideas and solutions proposed in the models clear enough to be perceived or understood. Similarly, the use of business process models can contribute to the specification of software requirements, facilitating the understanding and communication of the business from the point of view of software designers, as well as the managers. However, there is little research that examines whether BPMN business process models are more effective in their understanding than other representations, such as textual descriptions. This paper presents a research carried out with people from the management field, some who are familiar with and some who do not know BPMN, to verify if there are significant differences in terms of understanding the BPMN models in comparison to a textual representation. The results show that the lack of understanding of the BPMN models can reflect in a loss of communication between the managers, the ones who understand the business, and the developers, professionals of the area of computer science who consolidate the processes in software requirements.
Review and perspective on ultrafast wavelength-size electro-optic modulators

As electronic device feature sizes scale-down, the power consumed due to onchip communications as compared to computations will increase dramatically; likewise, the available bandwidth per computational operation will continue to decrease. Integrated photonics can offer savings in power and potential increase in bandwidth for onchip networks. Classical diffraction-limited photonics currently utilized in photonic integrated circuits (PIC) is characterized by bulky and inefficient devices compared to their electronic counterparts due to weak light matter interactions (LMI). Performance critical for the PIC is electro-optic modulators (EOM), whose performances depend inherently on enhancing LMIs. Current EOMs based on diffraction-limited optical modes often deploy ring resonators and are consequently bulky, photon-lifetime modulation limited, and power inefficient due to large electrical...
Congenital tumors of the central nervous system

Congenital tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are often arbitrarily divided into “definitely congenital” (present or producing symptoms at birth), “probably congenital” (present or producing symptoms within the first week of life), and “possibly congenital” (present or producing symptoms within the first 6 months of life). They represent less than 2% of all childhood brain tumors. The clinical features of newborns include an enlarged head circumference, associated hydrocephalus, and asymmetric skull growth. At birth, a large head or a tense fontanel is the presenting sign in up to 85% of patients. Neurological symptoms as initial symptoms are comparatively rare. The prenatal diagnosis of congenital CNS tumors, while based on ultrasonography, has significantly benefited from the introduction of prenatal magnetic resonance imaging studies. Teratomas constitute about one third to one half of these tumors and are the most common neonatal brain tumor. They are often immature because of primitive neural elements and, rarely, a component of mixed malignant germ cell tumors. Other tumors include astrocytomas, choroid plexus papilloma, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, and medulloblastomas. Less common histologies include craniopharyngiomas and ependymomas. There is a strong predilection for supratentorial locations, different from tumors of infants and children. Differential diagnoses include spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage that can occur in the presence of coagulation factor deficiency or underlying vascular malformations, and congenital brain malformations, especially giant heterotopia. The prognosis for patients with congenital tumors is generally poor, usually because of the massive size of the tumor. However, tumors can be resected successfully if they are small and favorably located. The most favorable outcomes are achieved with choroid plexus tumors, where aggressive surgical treatment leads to disease-free survival.
Design, Synthesis and Biological evaluation of Pyra zole analogues of Natural Piperine

A series of pyrazole analogues of natural piperine were synthesized by removing the basic piperidine moiety from the piperine nucleus. Piperine upon hydrolysis and oxidation, converted to piperonal and allowed to condense with substituted acetophenone gave chalcone derivative and cyclized finally with thiosemicarbazide to form pyrazole derivatives of piperine. Docking studies were carried out against different targets like Cyclooxygenase, farnasyl transferase receptors. Majority of the synthesized chemical compounds showed good fit with the active site of all the docked targets.Compound 6a have shown significant anti inflammatory activity and 6d and 6c have shown significant anticancer activity when compared with standard drugs.
Social isolation and brain development in the ant Camponotus floridanus

Social interactions play a key role in the healthy development of social animals and are most pronounced in species with complex social networks. When developing offspring do not receive proper social interaction, they show developmental impairments. This effect is well documented in mammalian species but controversial in social insects. It has been hypothesized that the enlargement of the mushroom bodies, responsible for learning and memory, observed in social insects is needed for maintaining the large social networks and/or task allocation. This study examines the impact of social isolation on the development of mushroom bodies of the ant Camponotus floridanus. Ants raised in isolation were shown to exhibit impairment in the growth of the mushroom bodies as well as behavioral differences when compared to ants raised in social groups. These results indicate that social interaction is necessary for the proper development of C. floridanus mushroom bodies.
The Effect of a Single Episode of Short Duration Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback on Measures of Anxiety and Relaxation States

This study examines the acute effect of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback on anxiety and relaxation states. Eighteen healthy males exposed to work-related stress were randomized into an HRV biofeedback group (BIO) or comparative group (COM). The device used by the COM group appeared identical to the HRV biofeedback device, however, it did not provide biofeedback, rather it displayed a wave which the subjects were instructed to observe. Subjects completed a modified Stroop task before and after a 10-min intervention. The Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAIT) was completed at recruitment, and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAIS) and Smith Relaxation States Inventory 3 (SRSI3) were completed before and after testing. Subjects rated perceived efficacy and feelings of sleepiness using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Analysis of the VAS scores revealed that the COM group felt sleepier than the BIO group after using the intervention. After testing, HRV biofeedback resulted in large improvements in scores for mindfulness, energized positive feelings and basic relaxation, and the comparative intervention resulted in a moderate improvement in basic relaxation, small improvement in mindfulness, and no improvement in energized positive feelings. Both groups had moderate improvements in transcendence. There was a large decrease in state anxiety in the BIO group and moderate decrease in the COM group. These findings suggest that although there was benefit to both interventions, a single episode of short duration HRV biofeedback led to greater benefit and may be a valuable tool to include in the
A flexible hyperspectral simulation tool for complex littoral environments

This work describes a visualization tool and sensor testbed that can be used for assessing the performance of both instruments and human observers in support of port and harbor security. Simulation and modeling of littoral environments must take into account the complex interplay of incident light distributions, spatially correlated boundary interfaces, bottom-type variation, and the three-dimensional structure of objects in and out of the water. A general methodology for a two-pass Monte Carlo solution called Photon Mapping has been adopted and developed in the context of littoral hydrologic optics. The resulting tool is an end-to-end technique for simulating spectral radiative transfer in natural waters. A modular design allows arbitrary distributions of optical properties, geometries, and incident radiance to be modeled effectively. This tool has been integrated as part of the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) model. DIRSIG has an established history in multi and hyperspectral scene simulation of terrain targets ranging from the visible to the thermal infrared (0.380 20.0 microns). This tool extends its capabilities to the domain of hydrologic optics and can be used to simulate and develop active/passive sensors that could be deployed on either aerial or underwater platforms. Applications of this model as a visualization tool for underwater sensors or divers are also demonstrated.
Design and Implementation of Security Systems for Smart Home based on GSM technology

Security has becoming an important issue everywhere. Home security is becoming necessary nowadays as the possibilities of intrusion are increasing day by day. Safety from theft, leaking of raw gas and fire are the most important requirements of home security system for people. A traditional home security system gives the signals in terms of alarm. However, the GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) based security systems provides enhanced security as whenever a signal from sensor occurs, a text message is sent to a desired number to take necessary actions. This paper suggests two methods for home security system. The first system uses web camera. Whenever there is a motion in front of the camera, it gives security alert in terms of sound and a mail is delivered to the owner. The second method sends SMS which uses GSMGPS Module (sim548c) and Atmega644p microcontroller, sensors, relays and buzzers.
Dynamic Modeling and Control of Nonholonomic Mobile Robot with Lateral Slip

Nonholonomic mobile robots are characterized by no-slip constraints. However, in many practical situations, slips are inevitable. In this work, we develop a theoretical and systematic framework to include slip dynamics into the overall dynamics of the wheeled mobile robot (WMR). Such a dynamic model is useful to understand the slip characteristics during navigation of the WMR. We further design a planner and a controller that allow efficient navigation of the WMR by controlling the slip. Preliminary simulation results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed modeling and control techniques.
Learning to Rank for Information Retrieval

The usual approach to optimisation, of ranking algorithms for search and in many other contexts, is to obtain some training set of labeled data and optimise the algorithm on this training set, then apply the resulting model (with the chosen optimal parameter set) to the live environment. (There may be an intermediate test stage, but this does not affect the present argument.) This approach involves the choice of a metric, in this context normally some particular IR effectiveness metric. It is commonly assumed, overtly or tacitly, that if we want to optimise a particular evaluation metric M for a live environment, we should try to optimise exactly the metric M on the training set (even though in practice we often use an approximation or other substitute measure). When the assumption is stated explicitly, it is sometimes presented as self-evident. In this paper I will explore some reasons why the assumption might not be a good general rule.
Video-Based Person Re-Identification With Accumulative Motion Context

Video-based person re-identification plays a central role in realistic security and video surveillance. In this paper, we propose a novel accumulative motion context (AMOC) network for addressing this important problem, which effectively exploits the long-range motion context for robustly identifying the same person under challenging conditions. Given a video sequence of the same or different persons, the proposed AMOC network jointly learns appearance representation and motion context from a collection of adjacent frames using a two-stream convolutional architecture. Then, AMOC accumulates clues from motion context by recurrent aggregation, allowing effective information flow among adjacent frames and capturing dynamic gist of the persons. The architecture of AMOC is end-to-end trainable, and thus, motion context can be adapted to complement appearance clues under unfavorable conditions (e.g., occlusions). Extensive experiments are conduced on three public benchmark data sets, i.e., the iLIDS-VID, PRID-2011, and MARS data sets, to investigate the performance of AMOC. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed AMOC network outperforms state-of-the-arts for video-based re-identification significantly and confirm the advantage of exploiting long-range motion context for video-based person re-identification, validating our motivation evidently.
A neural simulation system based on biologically realistic electronic neurons

This paper describes an original neural simulation platform designed as a tool for computational neuroscience. The system, based on artificial electronic neurons implemented in specific integrated circuits, computes in real-time and emulates in analogue mode the electrical activity of single neurons or small neural networks. Neurons are modelled using a biologically realistic description of membrane excitability and synaptic connectivity. The characteristics of the simulator are discussed and simulation examples are presented, including the implementation of ‘‘hybrid networks’’, where living neurons and artificial one are interacting in real-time in a mixed neural network.
Thermal inkjet application in the preparation of oral dosage forms: dispensing of prednisolone solutions and polymorphic characterization by solid-state spectroscopic techniques.

The utility of thermal inkjet (TIJ) technology for preparing solid dosage forms of drugs was examined. Solutions of prednisolone in a solvent mixture of ethanol, water, and glycerol (80/17/3 by volume) were dispensed onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-coated fiberglass films using TIJ cartridges and a personal printer and using a micropipette for comparison. The post-dried, TIJ-dispensed samples were shown to contain a mixture of prednisolone Forms I and III based on PXRD analyses that were confirmed by Raman analyses. The starting commercial material was determined to be Form I. Samples prepared by dispensing the solution from a micropipette initially showed only Form I; subsequent Raman mapping of these samples revealed the presence of two polymorphs. Raman mapping of the TIJ-dispensed samples also showed both polymorphs. The results indicate that the solvent mixture used in the dispensing solution combined with the thermal treatment of the samples after dispensing were likely the primary reason for the generation of the two polymorphs. The advantages of using a multidisciplinary approach to characterize drug delivery systems are demonstrated using solid state mapping techniques. Both PXRD and Raman spectroscopy were needed to fully characterize the samples. Finally, this report clarifies prednisolone's polymorphic nomenclature existent in the scientific literature.
World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of personality disorders.

These practical guidelines for the biological treatment of personality disorders in primary care settings were developed by an international Task Force of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP). They embody the results of a systematic review of all available clinical and scientific evidence pertaining to the biological treatment of three specific personality disorders, namely borderline, schizotypal and anxious/avoidant personality disorder in addition to some general recommendations for the whole field. The guidelines cover disease definition, classification, epidemiology, course and current knowledge on biological underpinnings, and provide a detailed overview on the state of the art of clinical management. They deal primarily with biological treatment (including antidepressants, neuroleptics, mood stabilizers and some further pharmacological agents) and discuss the relative significance of medication within the spectrum of treatment strategies that have been tested for patients with personality disorders, up to now. The recommendations should help the clinician to evaluate the efficacy spectrum of psychotropic drugs and therefore to select the drug best suited to the specific psychopathology of an individual patient diagnosed for a personality disorder.