From Tweets to Polls: Linking Text Sentiment to Public Opinion Time Series

We connect measures of public opinion measured from polls with sentiment measured from text. We analyze several surveys on consumer confidence and political opinion over the 2008 to 2009 period, and find they correlate to sentiment word frequencies in contemporaneous Twitter messages. While our results vary across datasets, in several cases the correlations are as high as 80%, and capture important large-scale trends. The results highlight the potential of text streams as a substitute and supplement for traditional polling.  If we want to know, say, the extent to which the U.S. population likes or dislikes Barack Obama, an obvious thing to do is to ask a random sample of people (i.e., poll). Survey and polling methodology, extensively developed through the 20th century (Krosnick, Judd, and Wittenbrink 2005), gives numerous tools and techniques to accomplish representative public opinion measurement. With the dramatic rise of text-based social media, millions of people broadcast their thoughts and opinions on a great variety of topics. Can we analyze publicly available data to infer population attitudes in the same manner that public opinion pollsters query a population? If so, then mining public opinion from freely available text content could be a faster and less expensive alternative to traditional polls. (A standard telephone poll of one thousand respondents easily costs tens of thousands of dollars to run.) Such analysis would also permit us to consider a greater variety of polling questions, limited only by the scope of topics and opinions people broadcast. Extracting the public opinion from social media text provides a challenging and rich context to explore computational models of natural language, motivating new research in computational linguistics. In this paper, we connect measures of public opinion derived from polls with sentiment measured from analysis of text from the popular microblogging site Twitter. We explicitly link measurement of textual sentiment in microblog messages through time, comparing to contemporaneous polling data. In this preliminary work,  Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. statistics derived from extremely simple text analysis techniques are demonstrated to correlate with polling data on consumer confidence and political opinion, and can also predict future movements in the polls. We find that temporal smoothing is a critically important issue to support a successful model.  We begin by discussing the data used in this study: Twitter for the text data, and public opinion surveys from multiple polling organizations. Twitter Corpus Twitter is a popular microblogging service in which users post messages that are very short: less than 140 characters, averaging 11 words per message. It is convenient for research because there are a very large number of messages, many of which are publicly available, and obtaining them is technically simple compared to scraping blogs from the web. We use 1 billion Twitter messages posted over the years 2008 and 2009, collected by querying the Twitter API,1 as well as archiving the “Gardenhose” real-time stream. This comprises a roughly uniform sample of public messages, in the range of 100,000 to 7 million messages per day. (The primary source of variation is growth of Twitter itself; its message volume increased by a factor of 50 over this twoyear time period.) Most Twitter users appear to live in the U.S., but we made no systematic attempt to identify user locations or even message language, though our analysis technique should largely ignore non-English messages. There probably exist many further issues with this text sample; for example, the demographics and communication habits of the Twitter user population probably changed over this time period, which should be adjusted for given our desire to measure attitudes in the general population. There are clear opportunities for better preprocessing and stratified sampling to exploit these data. This scraping effort was conducted by Brendan Meeder. Public Opinion Polls We consider several measures of consumer confidence and political opinion, all obtained from telephone surveys to participants selected through random-digit dialing, a standard technique in traditional polling (Chang and Krosnick 2003). Consumer confidence refers to how optimistic the public feels, collectively, about the health of the economy and their personal finances. It is thought that high consumer confidence leads to more consumer spending; this line of argument is often cited in the popular media and by policymakers (Greenspan 2002), and further relationships with economic activity have been studied (Ludvigson 2004; Wilcox 2007). Knowing the public’s consumer confidence is of great utility for economic policy making as well as business planning. Two well-known surveys that measure U.S. consumer confidence are the Consumer Confidence Index from the Consumer Board, and the Index of Consumer Sentiment (ICS) from the Reuters/University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers.2 We use the latter, as it is more extensively studied in economics, having been conducted since the 1950s. The ICS is derived from answers to five questions administered monthly in telephone interviews with a nationally representative sample of several hundred people; responses are combined into the index score. Two of the questions, for example, are: “We are interested in how people are getting along financially these days. Would you say that you (and your family living there) are better off or worse off financially than you were a year ago?” “Now turning to business conditions in the country as a whole—do you think that during the next twelve months we’ll have good times financially, or bad times, or what?” We also use another poll, the Gallup Organization’s “Economic Confidence” index,3 which is derived from answers to two questions that ask interviewees to to rate the overall economic health of the country. This only addresses a subset of the issues that are incorporated into the ICS. We are interested in it because, unlike the ICS, it is administered daily (reported as three-day rolling averages). Frequent polling data are more convenient for our comparison purpose, since we have fine-grained, daily Twitter data, but only over a twoyear period. Both datasets are shown in Figure 1. For political opinion, we use two sets of polls. The first is Gallup’s daily tracking poll for the presidential job approval rating for Barack Obama over the course of 2009, which is reported as 3-day rolling  These data are shown in Figure 2. The second is a set of tracking polls during the 2008 U.S. presidential election cycle, asking potential voters Downloaded from http://www.sca.isr.umich. edu/. Downloaded from http://www.gallup.com/poll/ 122840/gallup-daily-economic-indexes.aspx. Downloaded from http://www.gallup.com/poll/ 113980/Gallup-Daily-Obama-Job-Approval.aspx. Index G al lu p E co n. C on f.