nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of grounding system for GIS indoor substation

The grounding system design for GIS indoor substation is proposed in this paper. The design concept of equipotential ground grids in substation building as well as connection of GIS enclosures to main ground grid is described. The main ground grid design is performed according to IEEE Std. 80-2000. The real case study of grounding system design for 120 MVA, 69-24 kV distribution substation in MEA's power system is demonstrated.
BioPOS: Biologically Inspired Algorithms for POS Tagging

In this paper we present a new biologically inspired approach to the part-of-speech tagging problem, based on particle swarm optimization. As far as we know this is the first attempt of solving this problem using swarm intelligence. We divided the part-of-speech problem into two subproblems. The first concerns the way of automatically extracting disambiguation rules from an annotated corpus. The second is related with how to apply these rules to perform the automatic tagging. We tackled both problems with particle swarm optimization. We tested our approach using two different corpora of English language and also a Portuguese corpus. The accuracy obtained on both languages is comparable to the best results previously published, including other evolutionary approaches.
Amazon Aurora: Design Considerations for High Throughput Cloud-Native Relational Databases

Amazon Aurora is a relational database service for OLTP workloads offered as part of Amazon Web Services (AWS). In this paper, we describe the architecture of Aurora and the design considerations leading to that architecture. We believe the central constraint in high throughput data processing has moved from compute and storage to the network. Aurora brings a novel architecture to the relational database to address this constraint, most notably by pushing redo processing to a multi-tenant scale-out storage service, purpose-built for Aurora. We describe how doing so not only reduces network traffic, but also allows for fast crash recovery, failovers to replicas without loss of data, and fault-tolerant, self-healing storage. We then describe how Aurora achieves consensus on durable state across numerous storage nodes using an efficient asynchronous scheme, avoiding expensive and chatty recovery protocols. Finally, having operated Aurora as a production service for over 18 months, we share the lessons we have learnt from our customers on what modern cloud applications expect from databases.
Expanding and Refining Design and Criticality in HCI

The term 'critical design' is on the upswing in HCI. We analyze how discourses around 'critical design' are diverging in Design and HCI. We argue that this divergence undermines HCI's ability to learn from and appropriate the design approaches signaled by this term. Instead, we articulate two ways to broaden and deepen connections between Design and HCI: (1) develop a broader collective understanding of what these design approaches can be, without forcing them to be about 'criticality' or 'critical design,' narrowly construed; and (2) shape a variation of design criticism to better meet Design practices, terms, and ways of knowing.
Overall Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma.

Nivolumab combined with ipilimumab resulted in longer progression-free survival and a higher objective response rate than ipilimumab alone in a phase 3 trial involving patients with advanced melanoma. We now report 3-year overall survival outcomes in this trial.



We randomly assigned, in a 1:1:1 ratio, patients with previously untreated advanced melanoma to receive nivolumab at a dose of 1 mg per kilogram of body weight plus ipilimumab at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram every 3 weeks for four doses, followed by nivolumab at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram every 2 weeks; nivolumab at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram every 2 weeks plus placebo; or ipilimumab at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram every 3 weeks for four doses plus placebo, until progression, the occurrence of unacceptable toxic effects, or withdrawal of consent. Randomization was stratified according to programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) status, BRAF mutation status, and metastasis stage. The two primary end points were progression-free survival and overall survival in the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab group and in the nivolumab group versus the ipilimumab group.



At a minimum follow-up of 36 months, the median overall survival had not been reached in the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab group and was 37.6 months in the nivolumab group, as compared with 19.9 months in the ipilimumab group (hazard ratio for death with nivolumab plus ipilimumab vs. ipilimumab, 0.55 [P<0.001]; hazard ratio for death with nivolumab vs. ipilimumab, 0.65 [P<0.001]). The overall survival rate at 3 years was 58% in the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab group and 52% in the nivolumab group, as compared with 34% in the ipilimumab group. The safety profile was unchanged from the initial report. Treatment-related adverse events of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 59% of the patients in the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab group, in 21% of those in the nivolumab group, and in 28% of those in the ipilimumab group.



Among patients with advanced melanoma, significantly longer overall survival occurred with combination therapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab or with nivolumab alone than with ipilimumab alone. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and others; CheckMate 067 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01844505 .).
Common skin disorders in the elderly

Ageing causes a decline in the function of human skin, while factors such as medical conditions, drugs and environmental irritants add to the compromised skin and predispose it to certain conditions. Superimposed on the changes of physiological ageing are changes characterised by chronic sun exposure. Skin neoplasia, whether benign, premalignant or malignant, is more common in the elderly. It is important to identify benign conditions, as it is crucial that lesions with a malignant potential be recognised so that timeous treatment can prevent serious malignancies. Ultraviolet radiation is the major aetiologic factor for the development of skin cancer. Pruritic conditions result from a combination of a declining barrier function and the effects of environmental irritants. Pruritus due to scabies is common in institutionalised older persons. Infective conditions as a result of a combination of altered immunity, predisposing medical conditions (e.g. diabetes) and a variety of drugs used to treat these conditions may affect immune function and homeostasis. Regular scrutiny of the skin will ensure early identification of problems and implementation of a good skin care plan can compensate for failing physiologic function.  Population ageing and a drive to maintain a youthful appearance have spurred research on the physiological processes of skin ageing. An important outcome of these efforts has been greater insight into skin cancer. Tremendous strides have also been made in the last decade in understanding the molecular basis of ageing. The free radical theory states that ageing results from an accumulation of cellular damage caused by excess reactive oxygen species generated by oxidative metabolism.
Remotely powered addressable UHF RFID integrated system

This paper presents a fully integrated remotely powered and addressable radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder working at 2.45 GHz. The achieved operating range at 4 W effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP) base-station transmit power is 12 m. The integrated circuit (IC) is implemented in a 0.5 /spl mu/m silicon-on-sapphire technology. A state-of-the-art rectifier design achieving 37% of global efficiency is embedded to supply energy to the transponder. The necessary input power to operate the transponder is about 2.7 /spl mu/W. Reader to transponder communication is obtained using on-off keying (OOK) modulation while transponder to reader communication is ensured using the amplitude shift keying (ASK) backscattering modulation technique. Inductive matching between the antenna and the transponder IC is used to further optimize the operating range.
The relationship of school breakfast to psychosocial and academic functioning: cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in an inner-city school sample.

To determine if a relationship exists between participation in a school breakfast program and measures of psychosocial and academic functioning in school-aged children.



Information on participation in a school breakfast program, school record data, and in-depth interviews with parents and children were collected in 1 public school in Philadelphia, Pa, and 2 public schools in Baltimore, Md, prior to the implementation of a universally free (UF) breakfast program and again after the program had been in place for 4 months. One hundred thirty-three low-income students had complete data before and after the UF breakfast program on school breakfast participation and school-recorded measures, and 85 of these students had complete psychosocial interview data before and after the UF breakfast program. Teacher ratings of behavior before and after the UF breakfast program were available for 76 of these students.



Schoolwide data showed that prior to the UF breakfast program, 240 (15%) of the 1627 students in the 3 schools were eating a school-supplied breakfast each day. Of the 133 students in the interview sample, 24 (18%) of the students ate a school-supplied breakfast often, 26 (20%) ate a school-supplied breakfast sometimes, and 83 (62%) ate a school-supplied breakfast rarely or never. Prior to the UF breakfast program, students who ate a school-supplied breakfast often or sometimes had significantly higher math scores and significantly lower scores on child-, parent-, and teacher-reported symptom questionnaires than children who ate a school-supplied breakfast rarely or never. At the end of the school term 4 months after the implementation of the UF breakfast program, school-supplied breakfast participation had nearly doubled and 429 (27%) of the 1612 children in the 3 schools were participating in the school breakfast program each day. In the interview sample, almost half of the children had increased their participation. Students who increased their participation in the school breakfast program had significantly greater increases in their math grades and significantly greater decreases in the rates of school absence and tardiness than children whose participation remained the same or decreased. Child and teacher ratings of psychosocial problems also decreased to a significantly greater degree for children with increased participation in the school breakfast program.



Both cross-sectional and longitudinal data from this study provide strong evidence that higher rates of participation in school breakfast programs are associated in the short-term with improved student functioning on a broad range of psychosocial and academic measures.
Dental Procedures: Is it a Risk Factor for Injectable Dermal Fillers?

Dental procedures done in the vicinity of dermal fillers may result in complications of the dermal fillers such as infections which may mimic a dental infection. These infections of dermal fillers must be differentiated from facial cellulitis or from dental infection as treatment for infection from dermal fillers may be prolonged with repeated use of antibiotics, incision and drainage or removal of the filler material itself. Dental surgeons need to be aware of this potential risk in order to recognize and manage it appropriately.
A generalized multi-scale line-detection method to boost retinal vessel segmentation sensitivity

Many chronic eye diseases can be conveniently investigated by observing structural changes in retinal blood vessel diameters. However, detecting changes in an accurate manner in face of interfering pathologies is a challenging task. The task is generally performed through an automatic computerized process. The literature shows that powerful methods have already been proposed to identify vessels in retinal images. Though a significant progress has been achieved toward methods to separate blood vessels from the uneven background, the methods still lack the necessary sensitivity to segment fine vessels. Recently, a multi-scale line-detector method proved its worth in segmenting thin vessels. This paper presents modifications to boost the sensitivity of this multi-scale line detector. First, a varying window size with line-detector mask is suggested to detect small vessels. Second, external orientations are fed to steer the multi-scale line detectors into alignment with flow directions. Third, optimal weights are suggested for weighted linear combinations of individual line-detector responses. Fourth, instead of using one global threshold, a hysteresis threshold is proposed to find a connected vessel tree. The overall impact of these modifications is a large improvement in noise removal capability of the conventional multi-scale line-detector method while finding more of the thin vessels. The contrast-sensitive steps are validated using a publicly available database and show considerable promise for the suggested strategy.
Reliability and high availability in cloud computing environments: a reference roadmap

Reliability and high availability have always been a major concern in distributed systems. Providing highly available and reliable services in cloud computing is essential for maintaining customer confidence and satisfaction and preventing revenue losses. Although various solutions have been proposed for cloud availability and reliability, but there are no comprehensive studies that completely cover all different aspects in the problem. This paper presented a ‘Reference Roadmap’ of reliability and high availability in cloud computing environments. A big picture was proposed which was divided into four steps specifying through four pivotal questions starting with ‘Where?’, ‘Which?’, ‘When?’ and ‘How?’ keywords. The desirable result of having a highly available and reliable cloud system could be gained by answering these questions. Each step of this reference roadmap proposed a specific concern of a special portion of the issue. Two main research gaps were proposed by this reference roadmap.
Aqueous dye-sensitized solar cells.

Nowadays, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are the most extensively investigated systems for the conversion of solar energy into electricity, particularly for implementation in devices where low cost and good performance are required. Nevertheless, a key aspect is still to be addressed, being considered strongly harmful for a long time, which is the presence of water in the cell, either in the electrolyte or at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Here comes the present review, in the course of which we try our best to address the highly topical role of water in DSSCs, trying to figure out if it is a poisoner or the keyword to success, by means of a thoroughly detailed analysis of all the established phenomena in an aqueous environment. Actually, in the last few years the scientific community has suddenly turned its efforts in the direction of using water as a solvent, as demonstrated by the amount of research articles being published in the literature. Indeed, by means of DSSCs fabricated with water-based electrolytes, reduced costs, non-flammability, reduced volatility and improved environmental compatibility could be easily achieved. As a result, an increasing number of novel electrodes, dyes and electrolyte components are continuously proposed, being highly challenging from the materials science viewpoint and with the golden thread of producing truly water-based DSSCs. If the initial purpose of DSSCs was the construction of an artificial photosynthetic system able to convert solar light into electricity, the use of water as the key component may represent a great step forward towards their widespread diffusion in the market.
A Framework for Identifying Software Project Risks

We've all heard tales of multimillion dollar mistakes that somehow ran off course. Are software projects that risky or do managers need to take a fresh approach when preparing for such critical expeditions? Software projects are notoriously difficult to manage and too many of them end in failure. In 1995, annual U.S. spending on software projects reached approximately $250 billion and encompassed an estimated 175,000 projects . Despite the costs involved, press reports suggest that project failures are occurring with alarming frequency. In 1995, U.S companies alone spent an estimated $59 billion in cost overruns on IS projects and another $81 billion on canceled software projects . One explanation for the high failure rate is that managers are not taking prudent measures to assess and manage the risks involved in these projects. is Advocates of software project risk management claim that by countering these threats to success, the incidence of failure can be reduced [4, 5]. Before we can develop meaningful risk management strategies, however, we must identify these risks. Furthermore, the relative importance of these risks needs to be established, along with some understanding as to why certain risks are perceived to be more important than others. This is necessary so that managerial attention can be focused on the areas that constitute the greatest threats. Finally, identified risks must be classified in a way that suggests meaningful risk mitigation strategies. Here, we report the results of a Delphi study in which experienced software project managers identified and ranked the most important risks. The study led not only to the identification of risk factors and their relative importance, but also to novel insights into why project managers might view certain risks as being more important than others. Based on these insights, we introduce a framework for classifying software project risks and discuss appropriate strategies for managing each type of risk. Since the 1970s, both academics and practitioners have written about risks associated with managing software projects [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8]. Unfortunately , much of what has been written on risk is based either on anecdotal evidence or on studies limited to a narrow portion of the development process. Moreover, no systematic attempts have been made to identify software project risks by tapping the opinions of those who actually have experience in managing such projects. With a few exceptions [3, 8], there has been little attempt to understand the …
A Self-Test to Detect a Heart Attack Using a Mobile Phone and Wearable Sensors

This paper describes a heart attack self-test application for a mobile phone that allows potential victims, without the intervention of a medical specialist, to quickly assess whether they are having a heart attack. Heart attacks can occur anytime and anywhere. Using pervasive technology such as a mobile phone and a small wearable ECG sensor it is possible to collect the user's symptoms and to detect the onset of a heart attack by analysing the ECG recordings. If the application assesses that the user is at risk, it will urge the user to call the emergency services immediately. If the user has a cardiac arrest the application will automatically determine the current location of the user and alert the ambulance services and others to the person's location.
OpenSec: Policy-Based Security Using Software-Defined Networking

As the popularity of software-defined networks (SDN) and OpenFlow increases, policy-driven network management has received more attention. Manual configuration of multiple devices is being replaced by an automated approach where a software-based, network-aware controller handles the configuration of all network devices. Software applications running on top of the network controller provide an abstraction of the topology and facilitate the task of operating the network. We propose OpenSec, an OpenFlow-based security framework that allows a network security operator to create and implement security policies written in human-readable language. Using OpenSec, the user can describe a flow in terms of OpenFlow matching fields, define which security services must be applied to that flow (deep packet inspection, intrusion detection, spam detection, etc.) and specify security levels that define how OpenSec reacts if malicious traffic is detected. In this paper, we first provide a more detailed explanation of how OpenSec converts security policies into a series of OpenFlow messages needed to implement such a policy. Second, we describe how the framework automatically reacts to security alerts as specified by the policies. Third, we perform additional experiments on the GENI testbed to evaluate the scalability of the proposed framework using existing datasets of campus networks. Our results show that up to 95% of attacks in an existing data set can be detected and 99% of malicious source nodes can be blocked automatically. Furthermore, we show that our policy specification language is simpler while offering fast translation times compared to existing solutions.
Providing occupational therapy using sensory integration theory and methods in school-based practice.

AOTA recognizes SI as one of several theories and methods used by occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants working with children in public and private schools. Regardless of the theories and methods utilized, occupational therapy practitioners work within the framework of occupational therapy toward the desired outcome of health and participation through engagement in occupations that allow participation in a child's daily life (AOTA, 2008). When children demonstrate sensory-related deficits that interfere with their ability to access the general education curriculum, occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach is appropriate.
Sampled Policy Gradient for Learning to Play the Game Agar.io

In this paper, a new offline actor-critic learning algorithm is introduced: Sampled Policy Gradient (SPG). SPG samples in the action space to calculate an approximated policy gradient by using the critic to evaluate the samples. This sampling allows SPG to search the action-Q-value space more globally than deterministic policy gradient (DPG), enabling it to theoretically avoid more local optima. SPG is compared to Q-learning and the actor-critic algorithms CACLA and DPG in a pellet collection task and a self play environment in the game Agar.io. The online game Agar.io has become massively popular on the internet due to intuitive game design and the ability to instantly compete against players around the world. From the point of view of artificial intelligence this game is also very intriguing: The game has a continuous input and action space and allows to have diverse agents with complex strategies compete against each other. The experimental results show that Q-Learning and CACLA outperform a pre-programmed greedy bot in the pellet collection task, but all algorithms fail to outperform this bot in a fighting scenario. The SPG algorithm is analyzed to have great extendability through offline exploration and it matches DPG in performance even in its basic form without extensive sampling.
Simulation of near-field plasmonic interactions with a local approximation order discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method

During the last ten years, the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method has progressively emerged as a viable alternative to well established finite-di↵erence time-domain (FDTD) and finite-element time-domain (FETD) methods for the numerical simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation problems in the time-domain. The method is now actively studied for various application contexts including those requiring to model light/matter interactions on the nanoscale. In this paper we further demonstrate the capabilities of the method for the simulation of near-field plasmonic interactions by considering more particularly the possibility of combining the use of a locally refined conforming tetrahedral mesh with a local adaptation of the approximation order.