nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning Disabilities in Arithmetic and Mathematics Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives

The breadth and complexity of the field of mathematics make the identification and study of the cognitive phenotypes that define learning disabilities in mathematics (MD) a formidable endeavor. A learning disability can result from deficits in the ability to represent or process information in one or all of the many mathematical domains (e.g., geometry) or in one or a set of individual competencies within each domain. The goal is further complicated by the task of distinguishing poor achievement due to inadequate instruction from poor achievement due to an actual cognitive disability (Geary, Brown, & Samaranayake, 1991). One approach that can be used to circumvent this instructional confound involves is to apply the theories and methods used to study mathematical competencies in normal children to the study of children with a picture of the cognitive and brain systems that can contribute to MD begins to emerge. The combination of theoretical and empirical approaches has been primarily applied to the study of numerical and arithmetical competencies and is therefore only a first step to a complete understanding of the cognitive and brain systems that support mathematical compe-tency, and any associated learning disabilities. It is, nonetheless, a start. We overview what this research strategy has revealed about children with MD in the second section, and discuss diagnostic, prevalence, and etiological issues in the first section. In the third section, we present a general organizational framework for approaching the study of MD in any mathematical domain and use this framework and an earlier taxonomy of MD subtypes (Geary, 1993) to better understand the cognitive deficits described in the second section.
Developing Supply Chains in Disaster Relief Operations through Cross-sector Socially Oriented Collaborations : A Theoretical Model

This study provides insights into corporate achievements in supply chain management (SCM) and logistics management and details how they might help disaster agencies. The authors highlight and identify current practices, particularities, and challenges in disaster relief supply chains.  Both SCM and logistics management literature and examples drawn from real-life cases inform the development of the theoretical model.  The theoretical, dual-cycle model that focuses on the key missions of disaster relief agencies: first, prevention and planning and, second, response and recovery. Three major contributions are offered: (1) a concise representation of current practices and particularities of disaster relief supply chains compared with commercial SCM; (2) challenges and barriers to the development of more efficient SCM practices, classified into learning, strategizing, and coordinating and measurement issues; and (3) a simple, functional model for understanding how collaborations between corporations and disaster relief agencies might help relief agencies meet SCM challenges.  The study does not address culture clash–related considerations. Rather than representing the entire scope of real-life situations and practices, the analysis relies on key assumptions to help conceptualize collaborative paths.
Metasurface Superstrate Antenna With Wideband Circular Polarization for Satellite Communication Application

A new wideband circularly polarized antenna using metasurface superstrate for C-band satellite communication application is proposed in this letter. The proposed antenna consists of a planar slot coupling antenna with an array of metallic rectangular patches that can be viewed as a polarization-dependent metasurface superstrate. The metasurface is utilized to adjust axial ratio (AR) for wideband circular polarization. Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact structure with a low profile of 0.07λ0 ( λ0 stands for the free-space wavelength at 5.25 GHz) and ground size of 34.5×28 mm2. Measured results show that the -10-dB impedance bandwidth for the proposed antenna is 33.7% from 4.2 to 5.9 GHz, and 3-dB AR bandwidth is 16.5% from 4.9 to 5.9 GHz with an average gain of 5.8 dBi. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement to verify the good performance of the proposed antenna.
A Comparative Evolutionary models for solving Sudoku

Evolutionary algorithms have become robust tool in data processing and modeling of dynamic, complex and non-linear processes due to their flexible mathematical structure to yield optimal results even with imprecise, ambiguity and noise at its input. The study investigates evolutionary algorithms for solving Sudoku task. Various hybrids are presented here as veritable algorithm for computing dynamic and discrete states in multipoint search in CSPs optimization with application areas to include image and video analysis, communication and network design/reconstruction, control, OS resource allocation and scheduling, multiprocessor load balancing, parallel processing, medicine, finance, security and military, fault diagnosis/recovery, cloud and clustering computing to mention a few. Solution space representation and fitness functions (as common to all algorithms) were discussed. For support and confidence model adopted π1=0.2 and π2=0.8 respectively yields better convergence rates – as other suggested value combinations led to either a slower or non-convergence. CGA found an optimal solution in 32 seconds after 188 iterations in 25runs; while GSAGA found its optimal solution in 18seconds after 402 iterations with a fitness progression achieved in 25runs and consequently, GASA found an optimal solution 2.112seconds after 391 iterations with fitness progression after 25runs respectively.
Wind and Tall Buildings – Negatives and Positives

Wind is often regarded as the foe of tall buildings since it tends to be the governing lateral load. Careful aerodynamic design of tall buildings through wind tunnel testing can greatly reduce wind loads and their affect on building motions. Various shaping strategies are discussed, aimed particularly at suppression of vortex shedding since it is frequently the cause of crosswind excitation. The use of supplementary damping systems is another approach that takes the energy out of building motions and reduces loads. Different applications of damping systems are described on several buildings, and an example of material savings and reduced carbon emissions is given. Wind also has some potential beneficial effects particular to tall buildings. One is that, since wind speeds are higher at the heights of tall buildings, the potential for extracting wind energy using wind turbines is significantly improved compared with ground level. The paper explores how much energy might be generated in this way relative to the building's energy usage. Other benefits are to be found in judicious use of natural ventilation, sometimes involving double layer wall systems, and, in hot climates, the combination of tailored wind and shade conditions to improve outdoor comfort near tall buildings and on balconies and terraces.
Overcoming Exploration in Reinforcement Learning with Demonstrations

Exploration in environments with sparse rewards has been a persistent problem in reinforcement learning (RL). Many tasks are natural to specify with a sparse reward, and manually shaping a reward function can result in suboptimal performance. However, finding a non-zero reward is exponentially more difficult with increasing task horizon or action dimensionality. This puts many real-world tasks out of practical reach of RL methods. In this work, we use demonstrations to overcome the exploration problem and successfully learn to perform long-horizon, multi-step robotics tasks with continuous control such as stacking blocks with a robot arm. Our method, which builds on top of Deep Deterministic Policy Gradients and Hindsight Experience Replay, provides an order of magnitude of speedup over RL on simulated robotics tasks. It is simple to implement and makes only the additional assumption that we can collect a small set of demonstrations. Furthermore, our method is able to solve tasks not solvable by either RL or behavior cloning alone, and often ends up outperforming the demonstrator policy.
The legalization of recreational marijuana: how likely is the worst-case scenario?

Last fall, voters in Colorado and Washington approved measures legalizing the recreational use of marijuana. In the near future, residents of these states who are 21 years of age and older will be able to purchase marijuana at retail stores (Donlan, 2013). Although it can be challenging to predict future behavior, Mark Kleiman, a prominent drug policy expert, described what might be characterized as the worstcase scenario. According to Kleiman, this scenario would involve three elements: more heavy drinking, “carnage on our highways,” and a “massive” increase in the use of marijuana by minors (Livingston, 2013). Below, we discuss the likely effects of legalizing marijuana for recreational use on alcohol consumption, traffic fatalities, substance use among high school students, and other outcomes of interest to policymakers and the public. Our discussion draws heavily on studies that have examined the legalization of medical marijuana. These studies are relevant because, in states such as California, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington, the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes approaches de facto legalization of marijuana for recreational purposes. One of the key unknowns in the debate over legalization concerns the relationship between alcohol and marijuana use. Researchers have attempted to produce causal estimates of this relationship by exploiting cross-sectional policy and price variation ; Williams et al., 2004). We note that these estimates could easily be spurious and that more reliable estimates based on clearly defined natural experiments show that alcohol and marijuana are substitutes. Because the social costs associated with the consumption of alcohol clearly outweigh those associated with the consumption of marijuana, we conclude that legalizing the recreational use of marijuana is likely to improve public health, although plenty of unanswered questions remain.
Toward an Experimental Ecology of Human Development

A broader approach to research in huj man development is proposed that focuses on the pro\ gressive accommodation, throughout the life span, between the growing human organism and the changing environments in which it actually lives and grows. \ The latter include not only the immediate settings containing the developing person but also the larger social contexts, both formal and informal, in which these settings are embedded. In terms of method, the approach emphasizes the use of rigorousj^d^igned exp_erjments, both naturalistic and contrived, beginning in the early stages of the research process. The changing relation between person and environment is conceived in systems terms. These systems properties are set forth in a series of propositions, each illustrated by concrete research examples. This article delineates certain scientific limitations in prevailing approaches to research on human development and suggests broader perspectives in theory, method, and substance. The point of departure for this undertaking is the view that, especially in recent decades, research in human development has pursued a divided course, with each direction tangential to genuine scientific progress. To corrupt a contemporary metaphor, we risk being caught between a rock and a soft place. The rock is rigor, and the soft place relevance. As I have argued elsewhere (Bronfenbrenner, 1974; Note 1), the emphasis on rigor has led to experiments that are elegantly designed but often limited in scope. This limitation derives from the fact that many of these experiments involve situations that are unfamiliar, artificial, and short-lived and that call for unusual behaviors that are difficult to generalize to other settings. From this perspective, it can be said that much of contemporary developmental psychology is the science of the strange behavior of children in strange situations with strange adults for the briefest possible periods of time. Partially in reaction to such shortcomings, other workers have stressed the need for social relevance in research, but often with indifference to or open rejection of rigor. In its more extreme manifestations, this trend has taken the form of excluding the scientists themselves from the research process. For example, one major foundation has recently stated as its new policy that, henceforth, grants for research will be awarded only to persons who are themselves the victims of social injusticeA Other, less radical expressions of this trend in-1 volve reliance on existential approaches in which 1 "experience" takes the place of observation and I analysis is foregone in favor of a more personalized I and direct "understanding" gained through inti\ mate involvement in the field situation. More, N. common, and more scientifically defensible, is an /" emphasis on naturalistic observation, but with the / stipulation that it be unguided by any hypotheses i formulated in advance and uncontaminated by V structured experimental designs imposed prior to /
Comparing Fairness Criteria Based on Social Outcome

Fairness in algorithmic decision-making processes is attracting increasing concern. When an algorithm is applied to human-related decisionmaking an estimator solely optimizing its predictive power can learn biases on the existing data, which motivates us the notion of fairness in machine learning. while several different notions are studied in the literature, little studies are done on how these notions affect the individuals. We demonstrate such a comparison between several policies induced by well-known fairness criteria, including the color-blind (CB), the demographic parity (DP), and the equalized odds (EO). We show that the EO is the only criterion among them that removes group-level disparity. Empirical studies on the social welfare and disparity of these policies are conducted.
Affordances and Product Design to Support Environmentally Conscious Behavior

We developed an affordance-based methodology to support environmentally conscious behavior (ECB) that conserves resources such as materials, energy, etc. While studying concepts that aim to support ECB, we noted that characteristics of products that enable ECB tend to be more accurately described as affordances than functions. Therefore, we became interested in affordances, and specifically how affordances can be used to design products that support ECB. Affordances have been described as possible ways of interacting with products, or context-dependent relations between artifacts and users. Other researchers have explored affordances in lieu of functions as a basis for design, and developed detailed deductive methods of discovering affordances in products. We abstracted desired affordances from patterns and principles we observed to support ECB, and generated concepts based on those affordances. As a possible shortcut to identifying and implementing relevant affordances, we introduced the affordance-transfer method. This method involves altering a product’s affordances to add desired features from related products. Promising sources of affordances include lead-user and other products that support resource conservation. We performed initial validation of the affordance-transfer method and observed that it can improve the usefulness of the concepts that novice designers generate to support ECB.
Emojitalianobot and EmojiWorldBot - New online Tools and Digital Environments for Translation into Emoji

English. Emojitalianobot and EmojiWorldBot are two new online tools and digital environments for translation into emoji on Telegram, the popular instant messaging platform. Emojitalianobot is the first open and free Emoji-Italian and Emoji-English translation bot based on Unicode descriptions. The bot was designed to support the translation of Pinocchio into emoji carried out by the followers of the "Scritture brevi" blog on Twitter and contains a glossary with all the uses of emojis in the translation of the famous Italian novel. EmojiWorldBot, an off-spring project of Emojitalianobot, is a multilingual dictionary that uses Emoji as a pivot language from dozens of different languages. Currently the emoji-word and word-emoji functions are available for 72 languages imported from the Unicode tables and provide users with an easy search capability to map words in each of these languages to emojis, and vice versa. This paper presents the projects, the background and the main characteristics of these applications. Italiano. Emojitalianobot e EmojiWorldBot sono due applicazioni online per la traduzione in e da emoji su Telegram, la popolare piattaforma di messaggistica istantanea. Emojitalianobot è il primo bot aperto e gratuito di traduzione che contiene i dizionari Emoji-Italiano ed Emoji-Inglese basati sule descrizioni Unicode. Il bot è stato ideato per coadiuvare la traduzione di Pinocchio in emoji su Twitter da parte dei follower del blog Scritture brevi e contiene pertanto anche il glossario con tutti gli usi degli emoji nella traduzione del celebre romanzo per ragazzi. EmojiWorldBot, epigono di Emojitalianobot, è un dizionario multilingue che usa gli emoji come lingua pivot tra dozzine di lingue differenti. Attualmente le funzioni emoji-parola e parola-emoji sono disponibili per 72 lingue importate dalle tabelle Unicode e forniscono agli utenti delle semplici funzioni di ricerca per trovare le corrispondenze in emoji delle parole e viceversa per ciascuna di queste lingue. Questo contributo presenta i progetti, il background e le principali caratteristiche di queste
Cultivation, Genetic, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Leaves: An Overview

Moringa oleifera is an interesting plant for its use in bioactive compounds. In this manuscript, we review studies concerning the cultivation and production of moringa along with genetic diversity among different accessions and populations. Different methods of propagation, establishment and cultivation are discussed. Moringa oleifera shows diversity in many characters and extensive morphological variability, which may provide a resource for its improvement. Great genetic variability is present in the natural and cultivated accessions, but no collection of cultivated and wild accessions currently exists. A germplasm bank encompassing the genetic variability present in Moringa is needed to perform breeding programmes and develop elite varieties adapted to local conditions. Alimentary and medicinal uses of moringa are reviewed, alongside the production of biodiesel. Finally, being that the leaves are the most used part of the plant, their contents in terms of bioactive compounds and their pharmacological properties are discussed. Many studies conducted on cell lines and animals seem concordant in their support for these properties. However, there are still too few studies on humans to recommend Moringa leaves as medication in the prevention or treatment of diseases. Therefore, further studies on humans are recommended.
Wireless Fingerprint Based College Attendance System Using Zigbee Technology

In this paper we propose a system that takes attendance of student and maintaining its records in an academic institute automatically. Manually taking the attendance and maintaining it for a long time makes it difficult task as well as wastes a lot of time. For this reason an efficient system is designed. This system takes attendance with the help of a fingerprint sensor module and all the records are saved on a computer. Fingerprint sensor module and LCD screen are dynamic which can move in the room. In order to mark the attendance, student has to place his/her finger on the fingerprint sensor module. On identification of particular student, his attendance record is updated in the database and he/she is notified through LCD screen. In this system we are going to generate Microsoft excel attendance report on computer. This report will generate automatically after 15 days (depends upon user). This report will be sent to the respected HOD, teacher and student’s parents email Id.
Temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction.

Pain caused by temporomandibular disorders originates from either muscular or articular conditions, or both. Distinguishing the precise source of the pain is a significant diagnostic challenge to clinicians, and effective management hinges on establishing a correct diagnosis. This paper examines terminology and regional anatomy as it pertains to functional and dysfunctional states of the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication. A review of the pathophysiology of the most common disorders is provided. Trends in evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and research are presented.
Trainability and boldness traits differ between dog breed clusters based on conventional breed categories and genetic relatedness

Modern dog breeding has given rise to more than 400 breeds differing both in morphology and behaviour. Traditionally, kennel clubs have utilized an artificial category system based on the morphological similarity and historical function of each dog breed. Behavioural comparisons at the breed-group level produced ambiguous results as to whether the historical function still has an influence on the breed-typical behaviour. Recent genetic studies have uncovered genetic relatedness between dog breeds, which can be independent from their historical function and may offer an alternative explanation of behavioural differences among breeds. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the behaviour profiles of 98 breeds, and the behavioural differences among conventional breed groups based on historical utility and among genetic breed clusters. Owners of 5733 dogs (98 breeds) filled out an online questionnaire in German. Breed trait scores on trainability, boldness, calmness and dog sociability were calculated by averaging the scores of all individuals of the breed. Breeds were ranked on the four traits and a cluster analysis was performed to explore behavioural similarity between breeds. We found that two of the behaviour traits (trainability and boldness) significantly differed both among the conventional and the genetic breed groups. Using the conventional classification we revealed that Herding dogs were more trainable than Hounds, Working dogs, Toy dogs and Non-sporting dogs; Sporting dogs were also more trainable than Nonsporting dogs. In parallel, Terriers were bolder than Hounds and Herding dogs. Regarding genetic relatedness, breeds with ancient Asian or African origin (Ancient breeds) were less trainable than breeds in the Herding/sighthound cluster and the Hunting breeds. Breeds in the Mastiff/terrier cluster were bolder than the Ancient breeds, the breeds in the Herding/sighthound cluster and the Hunting breeds. Six breed clusters were created on the basis of behavioural similarity. All the conventional and genetic groups had representatives in at least three of these clusters. Thus, the behavioural breed clusters showed poor correspondence to both the functional and genetic categorisation, which may reflect the effect of recent selective processes. Behavioural breed clusters can provide a more reliable characterization of the breeds’ current typical behaviour.