nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Fat content, energy value and fatty acid profile of donkey milk during lactation and implications for human nutrition

Milk contains numerous nutrients. The content of n-3 fatty acids, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and short- and medium-chain fatty acids may promote positive health effects. In Western societies, cow’s milk fat is perceived as a risk factor for health because it is a source of a high fraction of saturated fatty acids. Recently, there has been increasing interest in donkey’s milk. In this work, the fat and energetic value and acidic composition of donkey’s milk, with reference to human nutrition, and their variations during lactation, were investigated. We also discuss the implications of the acidic profile of donkey’s milk on human nutrition. Individual milk samples from lactating jennies were collected 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210days after foaling, for the analysis of fat, proteins and lactose, which was achieved using an infrared milk analyser, and fatty acids composition by gas chromatography. The donkey’s milk was characterised by low fat and energetic (1719.2kJ·kg-1) values, a high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of mainly α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), a low n-6 to n-3 FA ratio or LA/ALA ratio, and advantageous values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Among the minor PUFA, docosahesaenoic (DHA), eicosapentanoic (EPA), and arachidonic (AA) acids were present in very small amounts (<1%). In addition, the AA/EPA ratio was low (0.18). The fat and energetic values decreased (P < 0.01) during lactation. The fatty acid patterns were affected by the lactation stage and showed a decrease (P < 0.01) in saturated fatty acids content and an increase (P < 0.01) in the unsaturated fatty acids content. The n-6 to n-3 ratio and the LA/ALA ratio were approximately 2:1, with values <1 during the last period of lactation, suggesting the more optimal use of milk during this period. The high level of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and PUFA-n3 content and the low n-6/n-3 ratio suggest the use of donkey’s milk as a functional food for human nutrition and its potential utilisation for infant nutrition as well as adult diets, particular for the elderly.
Bedside ultrasound assessment of gastric content: an observational study.

There is a growing interest in the use of bedside ultrasonography to assess gastric content and volume. It has been suggested that the gastric antrum in particular can be assessed reliably by sonography. The aim of this observational study was to provide a qualitative description of the sonographic characteristics of the gastric antrum when the stomach is empty and following the ingestion of clear fluid, milk, and solid content.



Six healthy volunteers were examined on four different occasions (24 scanning sessions): following a period of eight hours of fast and following ingestion of 200 mL of apple juice, 200 mL of 2% milk, and a standard solid meal (sandwich and apple juice). Examinations were performed following a standardized scanning protocol by two clinical anesthesiologists with previous experience in gastric sonography. For each type of gastric content, the sonographic characteristics of the antrum and its content are described and illustrated with figures.



Bedside sonography can determine the nature of gastric content (nil, clear fluid, thick fluid/solid). This qualitative information by itself may be useful to assess risk of aspiration, particularly in situations when prandial status is unknown or uncertain.
Combinatorial Auction-Based Mechanisms for VM Provisioning and Allocation in Clouds

Current cloud providers use fixed-price based mechanisms to allocate Virtual Machine (VM) instances to their users. The fixed-price based mechanisms do not provide an efficient allocation of resources and do not maximize the revenue of the cloud providers. A better alternative would be to use combinatorial auction-based resource allocation mechanisms. In this PhD dissertation we will design, study and implement combinatorial auction-based mechanisms for efficient provisioning and allocation of VM instances in cloud computing environments. We present our preliminary results consisting of three combinatorial auction-based mechanisms for VM provisioning and allocation. We also present an efficient bidding algorithm that can be used by the cloud users to decide on how to bid for their requested bundles of VM instances.
70 . The use of Sen ’ s capability approach in ICT 4 D : an exploratory review

This paper reviews the use of Sen’s capability approach (CA) in the field of Information and Communication Technology for development (ICT4D). While ICT4D scholars have a high regard for Sen’s CA, there is an apparent lack of knowledge on how to practically apply the CA in ICT4D. This paper investigates the gap between the theory of the CA and its application in ICT4D. It does so by identifying frameworks developed by scholars to operationalise the CA, and thereafter searching through journals with a prominent ICT4D focus to see how the CA has been used in practice. The study reveals four frameworks that have sought to operationalise the CA; however there seems to be a lack of usage of these frameworks where the CA is applied in ICT4D. This calls for further investigation as to why this mismatch exists.
Reconstruction of Mandibular Alveolar Ridge Defects for Implant Placement: Critical Review

Dental rehabilitation of partially or totally edentulous patients with oral implants has become a routine treatment modality in the last decades, with reliable long-term results. However, unfavorable local conditions of the alveolar ridge, due to atrophy, periodontal disease, and trauma sequelae may provide insufficient bone volume or unfavorable vertical, horizontal, and sagittal intermaxillary relationships, which may render implant placement impossible or incorrect from a functional and esthetic viewpoint. The aim of the current review is to discuss the different strategies for reconstruction of the alveolar ridge defect for implant placement.  The study design includes a literature review of the articles that address the association between Reconstruction of Mandibular Alveolar Ridge Defects and Implant Placement.  Yet, despite an increasing number of publications related to the correction of deficient alveolar ridges, much controversy still exists concerning which is the more suitable and reliable technique. This is often because the publications are of insufficient methodological quality (inadequate sample size, lack of well-defined exclusion and inclusion criteria, insufficient follow-up, lack of well-defined success criteria, etc.).  On the basis of available data it is difficult to conclude that a particular surgical procedure offered better outcome as compared to another. Hence the practical use of the available bone augmentation procedures for dental implants depends on the clinician’s preference in general and the clinical findings in the patient in particular. Surgical techniques that reduce trauma, preserve and augment the alveolar ridge represent key areas in the goal to optimize implant results.
An integrated method of copy-move and splicing for image forgery detection

Splicing and copy-move are two well known methods of passive image forgery. In this paper, splicing and copy-move forgery detection are performed simultaneously on the same database CASIA v1.0 and CASIA v2.0. Initially, a suspicious image is taken and features are extracted through BDCT and enhanced threshold method. The proposed technique decides whether the given image is manipulated or not. If it is manipulated then support vector machine (SVM) classify that the given image is gone through splicing forgery or copy-move forgery. For copy-move detection, ZM-polar (Zernike Moment) is used to locate the duplicated regions in image. Experimental results depict the performance of the proposed method.
Location Recommendation Based on Social Trust

Social network has lately shown an important impact in both scientific and social societies and is considered a highly weighted source of information nowadays. Due to its noticeable significance, several research movements were introduced in this domain including: Location-Based Social Networks (LBSN), Recommendation Systems, Sentiment Analysis Applications, and many others. Location Based Recommendation systems are among the highly required applications for predicting human mobility based on users' social ties as well as their spatial preferences. In this paper we introduce a trust based recommendation algorithm that addresses the problem of recommending locations based on both users' interests as well as social trust among users. In our study we use two real LBSN, Gowalla and Brightkite that include the social relationships among users as well as data about their visited locations. Experiments showing the performance of the proposed trust based recommendation algorithm are also presented.
The orbitofrontal cortex and emotion in health and disease, including depression

The orbitofrontal cortex represents the reward or affective value of primary reinforcers including taste, touch, texture, and face expression. It learns to associate other stimuli with these to produce representations of the expected reward value for visual, auditory, and abstract stimuli including monetary reward value. The orbitofrontal cortex thus plays a key role in emotion, by representing the reward value of the goals for action. The learning process is stimulus-reinforcer association learning. Negative reward prediction error neurons are related to this affective learning. Activations in the orbitofrontal cortex correlate with the subjective emotional experience of affective stimuli, and damage to the orbitofrontal cortex impairs emotion-related learning, emotional behaviour, and subjective affective state. Top-down attention to affect modulates orbitofrontal cortex representations, and attention to intensity modulates representations in earlier cortical areas that represent the physical properties of stimuli. Top-down word-level cognitive inputs can bias affective representations in the orbitofrontal cortex, providing a mechanism for cognition to influence emotion. Whereas the orbitofrontal cortex provides a representation of reward or affective value on a continuous scale, areas beyond the orbitofrontal cortex such as the medial prefrontal cortex area 10 are involved in binary decision-making when a choice must be made. For this decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex provides a representation of the value of each specific reward on the same scale, with no conversion to a common currency. Increased activity in a lateral orbitofrontal cortex non-reward area provides a new attractor-related approach to understanding and treating depression. Consistent with the theory, the lateral orbitofrontal cortex has increased functional connectivity in depression, and the medial orbitofrontal cortex, involved in reward, has decreased functional connectivity in depression.
Scaffolding in teacher-student interaction : a decade of research

Although scaffolding is an important and frequently studied concept, much discussion exists with regard to its conceptualizations, appearances, and effectiveness. Departing from the last decade’s scaffolding literature, this review scrutinizes these three areas of scaffolding. First, contingency, fading, and transfer of responsibility are discerned in this review as the three key characteristics of scaffolding. Second, an overview is presented of the numerous descriptive studies that provided narratives on the appearances of scaffolding and classifications of scaffolding strategies. These strategies are synthesized into a framework for analysis, distinguishing between scaffolding means and intentions. Third, the small number of effectiveness studies available is discussed and the results suggest that scaffolding is effective. However, more research is needed. The main challenge in scaffolding research appears to be its measurement. Based on the encountered and described measurement problems, suggestions for future research are made.
Socially-Informed Timeline Generation for Complex Events

Existing timeline generation systems for complex events consider only information from traditional media, ignoring the rich social context provided by user-generated content that reveals representative public interests or insightful opinions. We instead aim to generate socially-informed timelines that contain both news article summaries and selected user comments. We present an optimization framework designed to balance topical cohesion between the article and comment summaries along with their informativeness and coverage of the event. Automatic evaluations on real-world datasets that cover four complex events show that our system produces more informative timelines than state-of-theart systems. In human evaluation, the associated comment summaries are furthermore rated more insightful than editor’s picks and comments ranked highly by users.
Employee ISP Compliance Intentions: An Empirical Test of Empowerment

Incidents of computer abuse, proprietary information leaks and other security lapses have been on an increase. Most often, such security lapses are attributed to internal employees in organizations subverting established organizational information security policy (ISP). As employee compliance with ISP is the key to escalating information security breaches, understanding employee motivation for following ISP is critical. Using the Thomas and Velthouse’s (1990) intrinsic motivation model, we investigate the role of intrinsic motivation for ISP compliance. Through survey data collected from 289 participants, the study assesses how psychological empowerment, as derived from information security task, may impact the information security performance of the participants, which is measured by their compliance with ISP. The study demonstrates that the psychological empowerment has a positive impact on participants’ ISP compliance intention. Furthermore, the psychological empowerment can be predicted by structural empowerment practices, particularly security education, training, and awareness (SETA), access to information security strategy and goals, and participation in information security decision-making. In addition, the psychological empowerment may act as a mediator for the relations between structural empowerment practices and participants’ ISP compliance. Theoretical contributions, managerial implications, and directions for future research of this study are discussed.
Effective elliptic arc selection from connected edge points

Extracting edge points from an image and fitting ellipses to them is a fundamental technique for computer vision applications. However, since the extracted edge points sometimes contain non-elliptic arcs such as line segments, it is a very difficult to extract only elliptic arcs from them. In this paper, we propose a new method for extracting elliptic arcs from a spatially connected point sequence. We first fit an ellipse to an input point sequence and segment the sequence into partial arcs at the intersection points of the fitted ellipse. Next, we compute residuals of the fitted ellipse for all input points and select elliptic arcs among the segmented arcs by checking the curvatures of the residual graph. Then, we fit an ellipse to the selected arcs and repeat the above process until the selected arcs do not change. By using simulated data and real images, we compare the performance of our method with existing methods and show the efficiency of our proposed method.
Modified H-bridge multilevel inverter for Photovoltaic micro-grid systems

A modified multilevel inverter (MLI) structure has been presented for Photovoltaic (PV) fed 2.3 kV micro-grid applications. To feed the cascaded multilevel micro-grid connected inverter (CM-MGCI) voltage, a PV array is designed considering the environmental effects of Bangladesh. We have estimated the performance of the classical and a modified cascaded H-bridge (CHB) MLI with level-shifted carrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (LSC-SPWM) technique in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The voltage and total harmonic distortion (THD) profile for the proposed eleven-level modified H-bridge MLI topology has been compared with the conventional CHB topology. The harmonic profile has also been compared with other modified MLI topologies. Compared to the conventional CHB and other recent modified MLI topologies, the proposed H-bridge CM-MGCI shows better THD profile.
Internet and Online Information Privacy: An Exploratory Study of Preteens and Early Teens

Information security and privacy on the internet are critical issues in our society. In this research, we examine factors that influence Internet users' private-information-sharing behavior. Based on a survey of 285 preteens and early teens, who are among the most vulnerable groups on the Web, this study provides a research framework that explains an internet user's information privacy protection behavior. According to our study results, internet users' information privacy behaviors are affected by two significant factors: (1) users' perceived importance of information privacy and (2) information privacy self-efficacy. The study also found that users believe in the value of online information privacy and that information privacy protection behavior varies by gender. Our findings indicate that educational opportunities regarding internet privacy and computer security as well as concerns from other reference groups (e.g., peer, teacher, and parents) play an important role in positively affecting the Internet users' protective behavior regarding online privacy.
Osler's nodes, Janeway lesions and splinter haemorrhages.

To cite: Hirai T, Koster M. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/  A 22-year-old man with a history of intravenous heroin misuse, presented with 1 week of fatigue and fever. Blood cultures were positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Physical examination showed multiple painful 1– 2 mm macular rashes on the palm and soles bilaterally (figures 1 and 2). Splinter haemorrhages  and conjunctival petechiae (figure 4) were also noted. A transoesophageal echocardiogram demonstrated a 16-mm vegetation on the mitral valve . Vegitations >10 mm in diameter and infection involving the mitral valve are independently associated with an increased risk of embolisation. However, he decided medical management after extensive discussion and was treated with intravenous nafcillin for 6 weeks. He returned 8 weeks later with acute shortness of breath and evidence of a perforated mitral valve for which he subsequently underwent a successful mitral valve repair with an uneventful recovery.
Analyzing the Influence of Micro-Level Factors on CCTV Camera Effect .

Despite the popularity of closed circuit television (CCTV), evidence of its crime prevention capabilities is inconclusive. Research has largely reported CCTV effect as ‘‘mixed’’ without explaining this variance. The current study contributes to the literature by testing the influence of several micro-level factors on changes in crime levels within CCTV areas of Newark, NJ.  Viewsheds, denoting the line-of-sight of CCTV cameras, were units of analysis (N = 117). Location quotients, controlling for viewshed size and control-area crime incidence, measured changes in the levels of six crime categories, from the pre-installation period to the post-installation period. Ordinary least squares regression models tested the influence of specific micro-level factors—environmental features, camera line-of-sight, enforcement activity, and camera design—on each crime category.  First, the influence of environmental features differed across crime categories, with specific environs being related to the reduction of certain crimes and the increase of others. Second, CCTV-generated enforcement was related to the reduction of overall crime, violent crime and theft-from-auto. Third, obstructions to CCTV line-of-sight caused by immovable objects were related to increased levels of auto theft and decreased levels of violent crime, theft from auto and robbery.  The findings suggest that CCTV operations should be designed in a manner that heightens their deterrent effect. Specifically, police should account for the presence of crime generators/attractors and ground-level obstructions when selecting camera sites, and design the operational strategy in a manner that generates maximum levels of enforcement.
Electronic differential system for an electric vehicle with in-wheel motor

This paper presents modeling and simulation of Electronic Differential System (EDS) for the dual-front-wheel independently driven Electric Vehicle (EV). Electronic differential is utilized in EVs due to some drawbacks of traditional mechanical differential such as being heavy and bulky systems which are not convenient for EV, and mechanical losses caused by the powertrains. In this study, an EDS for front wheels of an EV with in-wheel motor is modelled instead of rare wheels which has commonly been studied in the literature. The front wheel speeds are estimated by equations derived from Ackermann-Jeantand model using Codesys Software Package. Then, the simulation of EDS is also realized by Matlab/Simulink. According to the change of the vehicle speed and steering angle of EV, front wheel speeds estimated by Codesys are verified by Simulink results. It is observed that the modelled EDS is appropriate for EVs with in-wheel motors.
A longitudinal analysis of sex differences in math and spatial skills in primary school age children.

We report on a longitudinal study designed to assess possible sex differences in math achievement, math ability, and math-related tasks during the primary school age years. Participants included over 200 children from one public school district. Annual assessments included measures of math ability, math calculation achievement scores, rapid naming and decoding tasks, visual perception tests, visual motor tasks, and reading skills. During select years of the study we also administered tests of counting and math facts skills. We examined whether girls or boys were overrepresented among the bottom or top performers on any of these tasks, relative to their peers, and whether growth rates or predictors of math-related skills differed for boys and girls. Our findings support the notion that sex differences in math are minimal or nonexistent on standardized psychometric tests routinely given in assessments of primary school age children. There was no persistent finding suggesting a male or female advantage in math performance overall, during any single year of the study, or in any one area of math or spatial skills. Growth rates for all skills, and early correlates of later math performance, were comparable for boys and girls. The findings fail to support either persistent or emerging sex differences on non-specialized math ability measures during the primary school age years.
Data, Design and Civics: An Exploratory Study of Civic Tech

Civic technology, or civic tech, encompasses a rich body of work, inside and outside HCI, around how we shape technology for, and in turn how technology shapes, how we govern, organize, serve, and identify matters of concern for communities. This study builds on previous work by investigating how civic leaders in a large US city conceptualize civic tech, in particular, how they approach the intersection of data, design and civics. We encountered a range of overlapping voices, from providers, to connectors, to volunteers of civic services and resources. Through this account, we identified different conceptions and expectation of data, design and civics, as well as several shared issues around pressing problems and strategic aspirations. Reflecting on this set of issues produced guiding questions, in particular about the current and possible roles for design, to advance civic tech.