nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Seatbelt detection based on cascade Adaboost classifier

Vehicle safety is increasingly becoming a concern. Whether the driver is wearing a seatbelt and whether the vehicle is speeding out or not become important indicators of the vehicle safety. However, manually searching, detecting, recording and other work will spend a lot of manpower and time inefficiently. This paper proposes a cascade Adaboost classifier based seatbelt detection system to detect the vehicle windows, to complete Canny edge detection on gradient map of vehicle window images, and to perform the probabilistic Hough transform to extract the straight-lines of seatbelts. The system achieves the goal of seatbelt detection intelligently.
Techniques of EMG signal analysis: detection, processing, classification and applications (Correction)

This paper was originally published in Biological Procedures Online (BPO) on March 23, 2006. It was brought to the attention of the journal and authors that reference 74 was incorrect. The original citation for reference 74, “Stanford V. Biosignals offer potential for direct interfaces and health monitoring. Pervasive Computing, IEEE 2004; 3(1):99–103.” should read “Costanza E, Inverso SA, Allen R. ‘Toward Subtle Intimate Interfaces for Mobile Devices Using an EMG Controller’ in Proc CHI2005, April 2005, Portland, OR, USA.”
SArF map: Visualizing software architecture from feature and layer viewpoints

To facilitate understanding the architecture of a software system, we developed SArF Map technique that visualizes software architecture from feature and layer viewpoints using a city metaphor. SArF Map visualizes implicit software features using our previous study, SArF dependency-based software clustering algorithm. Since features are high-level abstraction units of software, a generated map can be directly used for high-level decision making such as reuse and also for communications between developers and non-developer stakeholders. In SArF Map, each feature is visualized as a city block, and classes in the feature are laid out as buildings reflecting their software layer. Relevance between features is represented as streets. Dependency links are visualized lucidly. Through open source and industrial case studies, we show that the architecture of the target systems can be easily overviewed and that the quality of their packaging designs can be quickly assessed.
43 Visual Data-Mining Techniques*

Never before in history have data been generated at such high volumes as it is today. Exploring and analyzing the vast volumes of data has become increasingly difficult. Information visu-alization and visual data mining can help to deal with the flood of information. The advantage of visual data exploration is that the user is directly involved in the data-mining process. There are a large number of information visualization techniques that have been developed over the last few years to support the exploration of large datasets. In this chapter, we provide an overview of information visualization and visual data-mining techniques and illustrate them using a few examples. The progress made in hardware technology allows today's computer systems to store very large amounts of data. Researchers from the University of Berkeley estimate that every year about 1 exabyte (1 million terabytes) of data is generated, of which a large portion is available in digital form. This means that in the next three years more data will be generated than in all of human history to date. The data is often automatically recorded via sensors and monitoring systems. Even simple transactions of everyday life, such as paying by credit card or using the telephone, are typically recorded by computers. Usually many parameters are recorded, resulting in data with high dimensionality. The data is collected because people believe that it is a potential source of valuable information, providing a competitive advantage (at some point). Finding the valuable information hidden in the data, however, is a difficult task. With today's data-management systems, it is possible to view only small portions of the data. If the data is presented textually, the amount of data that can be displayed is in the range of some one hundred data items, but this is like a drop in the ocean when you are dealing with datasets containing millions of data items. Having no possibility to adequately explore the large amounts of data that have been collected because of their potential usefulness, the data becomes useless and the databases become data 'dumps.' Information visualization focuses on datasets lacking inherent 2D or 3D semantics and therefore also lacking a standard mapping of the abstract data onto the physical screen space. There are a number of well known techniques for visualizing such datasets, such as x-y plots, line plots, and histograms. These techniques are useful for data exploration but are limited to …
Real-time nonintrusive monitoring and detection of eye blinking in view of accident prevention due to drowsiness

Driver fatigue is the major cause of accidents in the world. Detecting the drowsiness of the driver is the surest ways of measuring the driver fatigue. The purpose of this paper is to develop a drowsiness detection system. This system works by analyzing the eye movement of the driver and alerting the driver by activating the buzzer when he/she is drowsy. The system so implemented is a nonintrusive real-time monitoring system for eye detection. During monitoring, the system is able to decide whether the eyes were opened or closed. When the eyes were detected closed for too long, a signal was issued to warn the driver. In addition, the system also have an option for making vibration when drowsiness was detected. The aim is on improving the safety of the driver without being obtrusive. Visual cues were obtained through eye blink rate by using a camera, which typically characterize the level of alertness of a person. These were extracted in real-time and systematically joined to check the fatigue level of the driver. The system can monitor the driver's eyes to detect short periods of sleep lasting 3 to 4 seconds. The system implemented in this approach runs at 8-15 frames per second. The application was implemented using Open CV in Raspberry Pi environment with a single camera view. This system was used to detect the drowsiness of the driver and thereby reducing the road accidents.
Region-Object Relevance-Guided Visual Relationship Detection

In this paper, we address the problem of visual relationship detection, which requires joint image and language understanding to predict semantic connections between detected objects. Most of the previous works in this domain have applied visual classification methods based on extracted visual features to solve this problem. However, each type of relationship has various object combinations and each object pair has diverse interactions; thus, considering all possible relationships is difficult and expensive. In this paper, we mainly propose a region-object relevance-guided framework that identifies regions related to the labels of object pairs in images, thereby decreasing the number of possible relationships to be considered for efficiency. Furthermore, we construct a semantic space with an exploratory mechanism that weights informative regions as relevant. Our entire network is trained end-to-end using a multi-task loss function for estimating visual relationships. Finally, we evaluate our method on two public large-scale datasets. Our method achieves remarkably high performance levels on both datasets that are better than or comparable to those of state-of-the-art methods under conditions using only relationship annotations from the dataset. In addition, our proposed method facilitates prediction at speeds below 150 ms per image. Thus, our method is well-suited for real-time applications.
Aging and postural control. A comparison of spontaneous- and induced-sway balance tests.

Two different balance testing methods were compared: (1) measurement of spontaneous postural sway during quiet standing, and (2) measurement of induced postural sway in response to an applied postural perturbation. Eyes-open tests were performed in 64 healthy young and elderly adults and in five elderly subjects with a history of falling. In both balance tests, the sway was defined in terms of the displacement of the center of pressure on the feet. Spontaneous sway was quantified using a number of different amplitude- and frequency-based parameters. Induced sway was measured in response to anterior-posterior acceleration of a platform on which the subject stood. The induced-sway test was specially designed to be safe and nonthreatening for elderly subjects; thus, the platform perturbation was confined to small accelerations and a gentle pseudorandom motion was used. To derive a measure of postural stability, the data from this test were fitted with a model that was then used to predict the response to sudden (transient) perturbations, thereby simulating the response in actual falls. Although both induced- and spontaneous-sway measures demonstrated significant aging-related decreases in stability, the differences were more pronounced for the induced-sway data. Conversely, some of the spontaneous-sway measures were much more successful in distinguishing the fallers from the nonfallers. There was a significant correlation between induced-sway and certain spontaneous-sway measures in the normal young adults; however, in the elderly normals and fallers, the data from the two types of balance tests either showed no correlation or, for certain spontaneous-sway measures, tended to show an inverse relationship.
MOSFET-Based Pulse Power Supply for Bacterial Transformation

In this paper, a MOSFET-based pulsed power supply capable of supplying square pulses of up to 3000 V and widths from nanoseconds to milliseconds is presented and used for an investigation into electroporation-mediated delivery of a plasmid DNA molecule into the pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli O157:H7. It was concluded that increasing the electric field strength and pulse amplitude resulted in an increase in the number of transformants. However, increasing the number of pulses had the effect of reducing the number of transformants. In all the experiments, the number of cells that were inactivated by the exposure to the pulsed electric field were also measured.
Online Multi-Object Tracking with Historical Appearance Matching and Scene Adaptive Detection Filtering

In this paper, we propose the methods to handle temporal errors during multi-object tracking. Temporal error occurs when objects are occluded or noisy detections appear near the object. In those situations, tracking may fail and various errors like drift or ID-switching occur. It is hard to overcome temporal errors only by using motion and shape information. So, we propose the historical appearance matching method and joint-input siamese network which was trained by 2-step process. It can prevent tracking failures although objects are temporally occluded or last matching information is unreliable. We also provide useful technique to remove noisy detections effectively according to scene condition. Tracking performance, especially identity consistency, is highly improved by attaching our methods.
Patient safety and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report recommendation for an 80% BSN workforce by 2020.

Research, first published over a decade ago, has shown that every 10% increase in the number of registered nurses (RNs) educated with the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) in hospital staff is associated with a 4 % decrease in the risk of death for patients.' Nurse staffs with higher proportions of BSN and Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) prepared nurses demonstrate increased productivity and better patient outcomes.^-^''''^' ' Therefore, in 2008 the American Nurses Association (ANA) House of Delegates resolved to support initiatives that require new diploma and associate degree (AD) prepared RNs to complete the BSN within ten years after initial licensure, exempting those individuals who are already licensed or enrolled as students in diploma or AD programs when legislation is enacted.' The Ohio Nurses Association (ONA) adopted this resolution in 2009 and the Ohio State Nursing Students'Association (OSNA) has endorsed the BSN in Ten initiative.
Multi-Task Neural Models for Translating Between Styles Within and Across Languages

Generating natural language requires conveying content in an appropriate style. We explore two related tasks on generating text of varying formality: monolingual formality transfer and formality-sensitive machine translation. We propose to solve these tasks jointly using multi-task learning, and show that our models achieve state-of-the-art performance for formality transfer and are able to perform formality-sensitive translation without being explicitly trained on styleannotated translation examples.
Social desirability is the same in offline, online, and paper surveys: A meta-analysis

The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare social desirability scores between paper and computer surveys. Subgroup analyses were conducted with Internet connectivity, level of anonymity, individual or group test setting, possibility of skipping items, possibility of backtracking previous items, inclusion of questions of sensitive nature, and social desirability scale type as moderators. Subgroup analyses were also conducted for study characteristics, namely the randomisation of participants, sample type (students vs. other), and study design (betweenvs. within-subjects). Social desirability scores between the two administration modes were compared for 51 studies that included 62 independent samples and 16,700 unique participants. The overall effect of administration mode was close to zero (Cohen’s d = 0.00 for fixed-effect and d = −0.01 for random-effects meta-analysis). The majority of the effect sizes in the subgroup analyses were not significantly different from zero either. The effect sizes were close to zero for both Internet and offline surveys. In conclusion, the totality of evidence indicates that there is no difference in social desirability between paper-and-pencil surveys and computer surveys. Publication year and sample size were positively correlated (ρ = .64), which suggests that certain of the large effects that have been found in the past may have been due to sampling error.
Production, Composition, and Application of Coffee and Its Industrial Residues

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world and is the second largest traded commodity after petroleum. Due to the great demand of this product, large amounts of residues are generated in the coffee industry, which are toxic and represent serious environmental problems. Coffee silverskin and spent coffee grounds are the main coffee industry residues, obtained during the beans roasting, and the process to prepare “instant coffee”, respectively. Recently, some attempts have been made to use these residues for energy or value-added compounds production, as strategies to reduce their toxicity levels, while adding value to them. The present article provides an overview regarding coffee and its main industrial residues. In a first part, the composition of beans and their processing, as well as data about the coffee world production and exportation, are presented. In the sequence, the characteristics, chemical composition, and application of the main coffee industry residues are reviewed. Based on these data, it was concluded that coffee may be considered as one of the most valuable primary products in world trade, crucial to the economies and politics of many developing countries since its cultivation, processing, trading, transportation, and marketing provide employment for millions of people. As a consequence of this big market, the reuse of the main coffee industry residues is of large importance from environmental and economical viewpoints.
A Comparison Paper on Skew Detection of Scanned Document Images Based on Horizontal and Vertical Projection Profile Analysis

Skew detection has been an important part of the document recognition system. A lot of techniques already exists and has currently been developing for detection of skew of scanned document images. This paper describes the skew detection and correction of scanned document images written in Assamese language using the horizontal and vertical projection profile analysis and brings out the differences after implementation of both the techniques.
Filtering to remove cloud cover in satellite imagery

The possibility of filtering light cloud cover in satellite imagery to expose objects beneath the clouds is discussed. A model of the cloud distortion process is developed and a transformation is introduced which makes the signal and noise additive so that optimum linear filtering techniques can be applied. This homomorphic filtering can be done in the two-dimensional image plane, or it can be extended to include the spectral dimension on multispectral data. The three-dimensional filter is especially promising because clouds tend to follow a common spectral response. The noise statistics can be estimated directly from the noisy data. Results from a computer simulation and from Landsat data are shown.
A Transformation Algorithm of Ladder Diagram into Instruction List Based on AOV Digraph and Binary Tree

Ladder diagram (LD) and instruction list (IL) have been widely used in industries as programming languages for PLC (programmable logic controller). The LD is similar to the electrical schematic diagram, and can represent control logic explicitly. However, LD programs can not be executed directly by PLC. On the other hand the IL which is similar to the assemble language can be processed directly by PLC. Thus, it is necessary to study transformation algorithm from the LD to the IL. This paper proposes a transformation algorithm used to transform the LD into the IL for PLC systems. The transformation algorithm uses an AOV digraph to represent the LD program, and then realizes the transformation by postorder traversing binary trees built form the AOV digraph. In this paper, first some basic concepts and data structures in the algorithm are presented. Second, this paper describes main ideas and detailed steps of the transformation algorithm. A transformation example in this paper shows that the proposed algorithm is correct and has practicability
Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning

Considerable evidence indicates that domain specific knowledge in the form of schemes is the primary factor distinguishing experts from novices in problemsolving skill. Evidence that conventional problem-solving activity is not effective in schema acquisition is also accumulating. It is suggested that a major reason for the ineffectiveness of problem solving as a learning device, is that the cognitive processes required by the two activities overlap insufficiently, and that conventional problem solving in the form of means-ends analysis requires a relatively large amount of cognitive processing capacity which is consequently unavailable for schema acquisition. A computational model and experimental evidence provide support for this contention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
How Open Source Projects Use Static Code Analysis Tools in Continuous Integration Pipelines

Static analysis tools are often used by software developers to entail early detection of potential faults, vulnerabilities, code smells, or to assess the source code adherence to coding standards and guidelines. Also, their adoption within Continuous Integration (CI) pipelines has been advocated by researchers and practitioners. This paper studies the usage of static analysis tools in 20 Java open source projects hosted on GitHub and using Travis CI as continuous integration infrastructure. Specifically, we investigate (i) which tools are being used and how they are configured for the CI, (ii) what types of issues make the build fail or raise warnings, and (iii) whether, how, and after how long are broken builds and warnings resolved. Results indicate that in the analyzed projects build breakages due to static analysis tools are mainly related to adherence to coding standards, and there is also some attention to missing licenses. Build failures related to tools identifying potential bugs or vulnerabilities occur less frequently, and in some cases such tools are activated in a "softer" mode, without making the build fail. Also, the study reveals that build breakages due to static analysis tools are quickly fixed by actually solving the problem, rather than by disabling the warning, and are often properly documented.
Can mindfulness influence weight management related eating behaviors? If so, how?

Mindfulness is increasingly being used for weight management. However, the strength of the evidence for such an approach is unclear; although mindfulness-based weight management programs have had some success, it is difficult to conclude that the mindfulness components were responsible. Research in this area is further complicated by the fact that the term 'mindfulness' is used to refer to a range of different practices. Additionally, we have little understanding of the mechanisms by which mindfulness might exert its effects. This review addresses these issues by examining research that has looked at the independent effects of mindfulness and mindfulness-related strategies on weight loss and weight management related eating behaviors. As well as looking at evidence for effects, the review also considers whether effects may vary with different types of strategy, and the kinds of mechanisms that may be responsible for any change. It is concluded that there is some evidence to support the effects of (a) present moment awareness, when applied to the sensory properties of food, and (b) decentering. However, research in these areas has yet to be examined in a controlled manner in relation to weight management.
Metformin; a review of its history and future: from lilac to longevity.

Metformin is a widely prescribed medication that has been used to treat children with type 2 diabetes in the United States for the past 15 years. Metformin now has a variety of clinical applications in pediatrics, and its potential clinical uses continue to expand. In addition to reviewing the current understanding of its mechanisms of action including the newly discovered effects on the gastrointestinal tract, we will also discuss current clinical uses in pediatrics, including in type 1 diabetes. Finally, we examine the existing state of monitoring for metformin efficacy and side effects and discuss prospective future clinical uses.
Thermal Cycling Reliability of Lead-Free Solders (SAC305 and Sn3.5Ag) for High-Temperature Applications

Applications with temperatures higher than the melting point of eutectic tin-lead solder (183°C) require high-melting-point solders. However, they are expensive and not widely available. With the adoption of lead-free legislation, first in Europe and then in many other countries, the electronics industry has transitioned from eutectic tin-lead to lead-free solders that have higher melting points. This higher melting point presents an opportunity for the manufacturers of high-temperature electronics to shift to mainstream lead-free solders. In this paper, ball grid arrays (BGAs), quad flat packages, and surface mount resistors assembled with SAC305 (96.5%Sn+3.0%Ag+0.5Cu) and Sn3.5Ag (96.5%Sn+3.5%Ag) solder pastes were subjected to thermal cycling from -40°C to 185°C. Commercially available electroless nickel immersion gold board finish was compared to custom Sn-based board finish designed for high temperatures. The data analysis showed that the type of solder paste and board finish used did not have an impact on the reliability of BGA solder joints. The failure analysis revealed the failure site to be on the package side of the solder joint. The evolution of intermetallic compounds after thermal cycling was analyzed.