nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Rare Intracardiac Tumor: Primary Cardiac Lymphoma Presenting as Atypical Angina

Primary lymphomas of the heart are extremely rare, accounting for 2% of all primary cardiac tumors. Due to the rare presentation, there is no proper consensus available on treatment strategy. Preoperative confirmation of the pathology is fundamental in guiding an early treatment plan, which allows for improved prognosis. Unfortunately, in most cases, primary cardiac lymphoma is only identified on postoperative histopathological analyses, which affect the treatment plan and outcome. Here, we report a unique case of primary cardiac lymphoma presented with dyspnea and reduced effort tolerance. Young age, rapid onset of symptom, and absence of cardiac risk factors prompted us towards further imaging and emergency resection. The patient received a course of postoperative chemotherapy and was disease-free on six months of follow-up.
The antiviral innate immune response in fish: evolution and conservation of the IFN system.

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of the host defense after pathogen invasion. Viruses trigger the expression of interferons (IFNs). These master antiviral cytokines induce in turn a large number of interferon-stimulated genes, which possess diverse effector and regulatory functions. The IFN system is conserved in all tetrapods as well as in fishes, but not in tunicates or in the lancelet, suggesting that it originated in early vertebrates. Viral diseases are an important concern of fish aquaculture, which is why fish viruses and antiviral responses have been studied mostly in species of commercial value, such as salmonids. More recently, there has been an interest in the use of more tractable model fish species, notably the zebrafish. Progress in genomics now makes it possible to get a relatively complete image of the genes involved in innate antiviral responses in fish. In this review, by comparing the IFN system between teleosts and mammals, we will focus on its evolution in vertebrates.
Exploring the performance of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) in a European emergency department.

Several triage systems have been developed for use in the emergency department (ED), however they are not designed to detect deterioration in patients. Deteriorating patients may be at risk of going undetected during their ED stay and are therefore vulnerable to develop serious adverse events (SAEs). The national early warning score (NEWS) has a good ability to discriminate ward patients at risk of SAEs. The utility of NEWS had not yet been studied in an ED.



To explore the performance of the NEWS in an ED with regard to predicting adverse outcomes.



A prospective observational study.  Eligible patients were those presenting to the ED during the 6 week study period with an Emergency Severity Index (ESI) of 2 and 3 not triaged to the resuscitation room.



NEWS was documented at three time points: on arrival (T0), hour after arrival (T1) and at transfer to the general ward/ICU (T2). The outcomes of interest were: hospital admission, ICU admission, length of stay and 30 day mortality.



A total of 300 patients were assessed for eligibility. Complete data was able to be collected for 274 patients on arrival at the ED. NEWS was significantly correlated with patient outcomes, including 30 day mortality, hospital admission, and length of stay at all-time points.



The NEWS measured at different time points was a good predictor of patient outcomes and can be of additional value in the ED to longitudinally monitor patients throughout their stay in the ED and in the hospital.
Low-Loss 3-D Multilayer Transmission Lines and Interconnects Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing Technologies

This paper presents low-loss 3-D transmission lines and vertical interconnects fabricated by aerosol jet printing (AJP) which is an additive manufacturing technology. AJP stacks up multiple layers with minimum feature size as small as 20 μm in the xy-direction and 0.7 μm in the z-direction. It also solves the problem of fabricating vias to realize the vertical transition by 3-D printing. The loss of the stripline is measured to be 0.53 dB/mm at 40 GHz. The vertical transition achieves a broadband bandwidth from 0.1 to 40 GHz. The results of this paper demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing 3-D printing for low-cost multilayer system-on-package RF/millimeter-wave front-ends.
Shared Autonomy via Hindsight Optimization for Teleoperation and Teaming

In shared autonomy, a user and autonomous system work together to achieve shared goals. To collaborate effectively, the autonomous system must know the user’s goal. As such, most prior works follow a predict-then-act model, first predicting the user’s goal with high confidence, then assisting given that goal. Unfortunately, confidently predicting the user’s goal may not be possible until they have nearly achieved it, causing predict-then-act methods to provide little assistance. However, the system can often provide useful assistance even when confidence for any single goal is low (e.g. move towards multiple goals). In this work, we formalize this insight by modeling shared autonomy as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), providing assistance that minimizes the expected cost-to-go with an unknown goal. As solving this POMDP optimally is intractable, we use hindsight optimization to approximate. We apply our framework to both shared-control teleoperation and human–robot teaming. Compared with predict-then-act methods, our method achieves goals faster, requires less user input, decreases user idling time, and results in fewer user–robot collisions.
Temperature and current effects on small-geometry-contact resistance

The effects of temperature and current on the resistance of small geometry silicided contact structures have been characterized and modeled for the first time. Both, temperature and high current induced self heating have been shown to cause contact resistance lowering which can be significant in the performance of advanced ICs. It is demonstrated that contact-resistance sensitivity to temperature and current is controlled by the silicide thickness which influences the interface doping concentration, N. Behavior of W-plug and force-fill (FF) Al plug contacts have been investigated in detail. A simple model has been formulated which directly correlates contact resistance to temperature and N. Furthermore, thermal impedance of these contact structures have been extracted and a critical failure temperature demonstrated that can be used to design robust contact structures.
A linear 10 kV power amplifier for piezo actuators

Linear pulse amplifiers with current mode output are advantageous for driving high voltage capacitive loads like piezoelectric or electrorheological actuators. The new amplifier implements output voltages up to 10 kV with 2 kW peak power and 80 μs rise time. Low quiescent current of 0.6 mA minimizes static power losses. The structure consists of multiple stacked feedback loops in order to reach high transfer linearity and a symmetrical voltage division among the cascaded output power transistors. The linear approach eliminates the inherent ripple of switched mode power amplifiers and improves rise and fall times by at least one order of magnitude.
Gravity compensation mechanism for roll-pitch rotation of a robotic arm

In robotics, robotic arms should be smaller, less expensive, and able to demonstrate a better performance, in order to be utilized in various fields. However, expensive actuators and speed reducers are required to generate sufficient force at the end effector after overcoming the gravitational torque of robotic arm. Robotic arms become compact and cost effective if the gravitational torque can be passively compensated. Especially in the field of robotic laparoscopic surgery, the static equilibrium state of the robot arm in the entire workspace is essential to achieve both safety and ease of use. In this study, we propose a novel passive gravity compensation mechanism based on springs and wires. This mechanism utilizes a scotch yoke mechanism to compensate the gravitational torque changed by two rotational degrees of freedom (DOF). Furthermore, we applied to a surgical robotic arm which was constructed using a roll-pitch joint. According to the experiments, it was proved that the new mechanism effectively compensate the gravitational torque. As a result, compact and cost-effective robotic arms can be developed satisfying safety and ease of use.
Formalizing an Analytic Proof of the Prime Number Theorem

We describe the computer formalization of a complex-analytic proof of the Prime Number Theorem (PNT), a classic result from number theory characterizing the asymptotic density of the primes. The formalization, conducted using the HOL Light theorem prover, proceeds from the most basic axioms for mathematics yet builds from that foundation to develop the necessary analytic machinery including Cauchy’s integral formula, so that we are able to formalize a direct, modern and elegant proof instead of the more involved ‘elementary’ Erdös-Selberg argument. As well as setting the work in context and describing the highlights of the formalization, we analyze the relationship between the formal proof and its informal counterpart and so attempt to derive some general lessons about the formalization of mathematics.
DistBlockNet: A Distributed Blockchains-Based Secure SDN Architecture for IoT Networks

The rapid increase in the number and diversity of smart devices connected to the Internet has raised the issues of flexibility, efficiency, availability, security, and scalability within the current IoT network. These issues are caused by key mechanisms being distributed to the IoT network on a large scale, which is why a distributed secure SDN architecture for IoT using the blockchain technique (DistBlockNet) is proposed in this research. It follows the principles required for designing a secure, scalable, and efficient network architecture. The DistBlockNet model of IoT architecture combines the advantages of two emerging technologies: SDN and blockchains technology. In a verifiable manner, blockchains allow us to have a distributed peer-to-peer network where non-confident members can interact with each other without a trusted intermediary. A new scheme for updating a flow rule table using a blockchains technique is proposed to securely verify a version of the flow rule table, validate the flow rule table, and download the latest flow rules table for the IoT forwarding devices. In our proposed architecture, security must automatically adapt to the threat landscape, without administrator needs to review and apply thousands of recommendations and opinions manually. We have evaluated the performance of our proposed model architecture and compared it to the existing model with respect to various metrics. The results of our evaluation show that DistBlockNet is capable of detecting attacks in the IoT network in real time with low performance overheads and satisfying the design principles required for the future IoT network.
Adhesion to tooth structure: a critical review of "micro" bond strength test methods.

The objective of this paper is to critically review the literature regarding the mechanics, geometry, load application and other testing parameters of "micro" shear and tensile adhesion tests, and to outline their advantages and limitations. The testing of multiple specimens from a single tooth conserves teeth and allows research designs not possible using conventional 'macro' methods. Specimen fabrication, gripping and load application methods, in addition to material properties of the various components comprising the resin-tooth adhesive bond, will influence the stress distribution and consequently, the nominal bond strength and failure mode. These issues must be understood; as should the limitations inherent to strength-based testing of a complicated adhesive bond joining dissimilar substrates, for proper test selection, conduct and interpretation. Finite element analysis and comprehensive reporting of test conduct and results will further our efforts towards a standardization of test procedures. For the foreseeable future, both "micro" and "macro" bond strength tests will, as well as various morphological and spectroscopic investigative techniques, continue to be important tools for improving resin-tooth adhesion to increase the service life of dental resin-based composite restorations.
Emotional States Associated with Music: Classification, Prediction of Changes, and Consideration in Recommendation

We present several interrelated technical and empirical contributions to the problem of emotion-based music recommendation and show how they can be applied in a possible usage scenario. The contributions are (1) a new three-dimensional resonance-arousal-valence model for the representation of emotion expressed in music, together with methods for automatically classifying a piece of music in terms of this model, using robust regression methods applied to musical/acoustic features; (2) methods for predicting a listener’s emotional state on the assumption that the emotional state has been determined entirely by a sequence of pieces of music recently listened to, using conditional random fields and taking into account the decay of emotion intensity over time; and (3) a method for selecting a ranked list of pieces of music that match a particular emotional state, using a minimization iteration method. A series of experiments yield information about the validity of our operationalizations of these contributions. Throughout the article, we refer to an illustrative usage scenario in which all of these contributions can be exploited, where it is assumed that (1) a listener’s emotional state is being determined entirely by the music that he or she has been listening to and (2) the listener wants to hear additional music that matches his or her current emotional state. The contributions are intended to be useful in a variety of other scenarios as well.
Improved grayscale lithography

Commercially available laser lithography systems have been available for several years. One such system manufactured by Heidelberg Instruments can be used to produce masks for lithography or to directly pattern photoresist using either a 3 micron or 1 micron beam. These systems are designed to operate using computer aided design (CAD) mask files, but also have the capability of using images. In image mode, the power of the exposure is based on the intensity of each pixel in the image. This results in individual pixels that are the size of the beam, which establishes the smallest feature that can be patterned. When developed, this produces a range of heights within the photoresist which can then be transferred to the material beneath and used for a variety of applications. Previous research efforts have demonstrated that this process works well overall, but is limited in resolution and feature size due to the pixel approach of the exposure. However, if we modify the method used, much smaller features can be resolved, without the pixilation. This is achieved by utilizing multiple exposures of slightly different CAD type files in sequence. While the smallest beam width is approximately 1 micron, the beam positioning accuracy is much smaller, with 40 nm step changes in beam position based on the machine's servo gearing and optical design. When exposing in CAD mode, the beam travels along lines at constant power, so by automating multiple files in succession, and employing multiple smaller exposures of lower intensity, a similar result can be achieved. With this line exposure approach, pixilation can be greatly reduced. Due to the beam positioning accuracy of this mode, the effective resolution between lines is on the order of 40 nm steps, resulting in unexposed features of much smaller size and higher resolution.
A novel cosmetic approach to treat thinning hair.

Many of today's treatments associated with 'thinning hair', such as female pattern hair loss and telogen effluvium, are focused on two of the key aspects of the condition. Over-the-counter or prescription medications are often focused on improving scalp hair density while high-quality cosmetic products work to prevent further hair damage and minimize mid-fibre breakage. Fibre diameter is another key contributor to thinning hair, but it is less often the focus of medical or cosmetic treatments.



To examine the ability of a novel leave-on technology combination [caffeine, niacinamide, panthenol, dimethicone and an acrylate polymer (CNPDA)] to affect the diameter and behaviour of individual terminal scalp hair fibres as a new approach to counteract decreasing fibre diameters.



Testing methodology included fibre diameter measures via laser scan micrometer, assessment of fibre mechanical and behavioural properties via tensile break stress and torsion pendulum testing, and mechanistic studies including cryoscanning electron microscopy and autoradiographic analysis.



CNPDA significantly increased the diameter of individual, existing terminal scalp hair fibres by 2-5 μm, which yields an increase in the cross-sectional area of approximately 10%. Beyond the diameter increase, the CNPDA-thickened fibres demonstrated the altered mechanical properties characteristic of thicker fibres: increased suppleness/pliability (decreased shear modulus) and better ability to withstand force without breaking (increased break stress).



Although cosmetic treatments will not reverse the condition, this new approach may help to mitigate the effects of thinning hair.
Liver metastasis four years after Whipple's resection for solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas.

Solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare tumor which usually affects young females in their second and third decade of life. Metastasis is very rare after a resection of curative intent.



We report a case of a 65-year-old white female who presented with metastasis to the liver four years after Whipple's resection for a solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas.



Solid-pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas can present with metastasis a long time after resection of the primary tumor. Long term close follow up of these patients should be done. The survival rate even after liver metastasis is good.
Therapeutic use of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies.

Targeting CTLA-4 represents a new type of immunotherapeutic approach, namely immune checkpoint inhibition. Blockade of CTLA-4 by ipilimumab was the first strategy to achieve a significant clinical benefit for late-stage melanoma patients in two phase 3 trials. These results fueled the notion of immunotherapy being the breakthrough strategy for oncology in 2013. Subsequently, many trials have been set up to test various immune checkpoint modulators in malignancies, not only in melanoma. In this review, recent new ideas about the mechanism of action of CTLA-4 blockade, its current and future therapeutic use, and the intensive search for biomarkers for response will be discussed. Immune checkpoint blockade, targeting CTLA-4 and/or PD-1/PD-L1, is currently the most promising systemic therapeutic approach to achieve long-lasting responses or even cure in many types of cancer, not just in patients with melanoma.
Challenges and Solutions for Latin Named Entity Recognition

Annotation Domain Genre Caesar De Bello Gallico (BG) ~59,000 wd Source Historiography Pliny Epistulae (Ep) ~18,500 wd Target-1 Letters Ovid Ars Amatoria (AA) ~17,500 wd Target-2 Elegiac Poetry • Active Learning • Maximize improvement rate per additional sentence annotated • Provide user with realistic expectations • Predict expected accuracy gain per sentence annotated • User input augments training data, improves domain coverage
A Direct Approach to Robust Deep Learning Using Adversarial Networks

Deep neural networks have been shown to perform well in many classical machine learning problems, especially in image classification tasks. However, researchers have found that neural networks can be easily fooled, and they are surprisingly sensitive to small perturbations imperceptible to humans. Carefully crafted input images (adversarial examples) can force a well-trained neural network to provide arbitrary outputs. Including adversarial examples during training is a popular defense mechanism against adversarial attacks. In this paper we propose a new defensive mechanism under the generative adversarial network (GAN) framework. We model the adversarial noise using a generative network, trained jointly with a classification discriminative network as a minimax game. We show empirically that our adversarial network approach works well against black box attacks, with performance on par with state-of-art methods such as ensemble adversarial training and adversarial training with projected gradient descent.
SignsWorld Facial Expression Recognition System (FERS)

Live facial expression recognition is an effective and essential research area in human computer interaction (HCI), and the automatic sign language recognition (ASLR) fields. This paper presents a fully automatic facial expression and direction of sight recognition system, that we called SignsWorld Facial Expression Recognition System (FERS). The SignsWorld FERS is divided into three main components: Face detection that is robust to occlusion, key facial features points extraction and facial expression with direction of sight recognition. We present a powerful multi-detector technique to localize the key facial feature points so that contours of the facial components such as the eyes, nostrils, chin, and mouth are sampled. Based on the extracted 66 facial features points, 20 geometric formulas (GFs), 15 ratios (Rs) are calculated, and the classifier based on rule-based reasoning approach are then formed for both of the gaze direction and the facial expression (Normal, Smiling, Sadness or Surprising). SignsWorld FERS is the person independent facial expression and achieved a recognition rate of 97%.
An Anti-Islanding Protection Method Based on Reactive Power Injection and ROCOF

All distributed-generation units need to be equipped with an anti-islanding protection (AIP) scheme in order to avoid unintentional islanding. Unfortunately, most AIP methods fail to detect islanding if the demand in the islanded circuit matches the production in the island. Another concern is that many active AIP schemes cause power-quality problems. This paper proposes an AIP method which is based on the combination of a reactive power versus frequency droop and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF). The method is designed so that the injection of reactive power is of minor scale during normal operating conditions. Yet, the method can rapidly detect islanding which is verified by PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.
Localization Using Visual Odometry and a Single Downward-Pointing Camera

Stereo imaging is a technique commonly employed for vision-based navigation. For such applications, two images are acquired from different vantage points and then compared using transformations to extract depth information. The technique is commonly used in robotics for obstacle avoidance or for Simultaneous Localization And Mapping, (SLAM). Yet, the process requires a number of image processing steps and therefore tends to be CPU-intensive, which limits the real-time data rate and use in power-limited applications. Evaluated here is a technique where a monocular camera is used for vision-based odometry. In this work, an optical flow technique with feature recognition is performed to generate odometry measurements. The visual odometry sensor measurements are intended to be used as control inputs or measurements in a sensor fusion algorithm using low-cost MEMS based inertial sensors to provide improved localization information. Presented here are visual odometry results which demonstrate the challenges associated with using ground-pointing cameras for visual odometry. The focus is for rover-based robotic applications for localization within GPS-denied environments.  Using Visual Odometry and a Single Downward-Pointing Camera Aaron J. Swank National Aeronautics and Space Administration Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135 NASA/TM—2012-216043 1