nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Are Latent Sentence Vectors Cross-Linguistically Invariant ?

Previous work [Bowman et al., 2016] has shown that variational autoencoders (VAEs) can create distributed representations of natural language that capture different linguistic levels such as syntax, semantics, and style in a holistic manner. I investigate to what extent VAEs, when trained on different languages, result in comparable representations. To this end, I train VAEs for English and French, and then train a transformation between the resulting latent spaces on the task of machine translation. An analysis of the resulting mapping from French to English sentences shows that the latent representations represent the presence of words, phrases, and the general topic. However, I do not find evidence that they also encode syntax and semantics in a cross-linguistically invariant manner.
Multiclass Brain–Computer Interface Classification by Riemannian Geometry

This paper presents a new classification framework for brain-computer interface (BCI) based on motor imagery. This framework involves the concept of Riemannian geometry in the manifold of covariance matrices. The main idea is to use spatial covariance matrices as EEG signal descriptors and to rely on Riemannian geometry to directly classify these matrices using the topology of the manifold of symmetric and positive definite (SPD) matrices. This framework allows to extract the spatial information contained in EEG signals without using spatial filtering. Two methods are proposed and compared with a reference method [multiclass Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)] on the multiclass dataset IIa from the BCI Competition IV. The first method, named minimum distance to Riemannian mean (MDRM), is an implementation of the minimum distance to mean (MDM) classification algorithm using Riemannian distance and Riemannian mean. This simple method shows comparable results with the reference method. The second method, named tangent space LDA (TSLDA), maps the covariance matrices onto the Riemannian tangent space where matrices can be vectorized and treated as Euclidean objects. Then, a variable selection procedure is applied in order to decrease dimensionality and a classification by LDA is performed. This latter method outperforms the reference method increasing the mean classification accuracy from 65.1% to 70.2%.
Optic nerve sheath fenestration: indications, techniques, mechanisms and, results.

In the late 19th century, DeWecker initially described the use of optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF) in a case of neuroretinitis at a time when little was known about the pathophysiology of optic nerve swelling. The procedure lay relatively dormant until renewed interest arose from studies investigating the axonal basis of papilledema and its resolution with ONSF. This surgery has been utilized in a variety of other optic nerve conditions not related to papilledema, with largely disappointing results, including the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial. Although prospective clinical trials have not been performed to compare the efficacy of ONSF to other treatment modalities like shunting procedures, many studies have confirmed that ONSF can play a significant role in preventing vision loss in conditions where intracranial pressure (ICP) is elevated, like idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).
A longitudinal view of HTTP video streaming performance

This paper investigates HTTP streaming traffic from an ISP perspective. As streaming traffic now represents nearly half of the residential Internet traffic, understanding its characteristics is important. We focus on two major video sharing sites, YouTube and DailyMotion.
 We use ten packet traces from a residential ISP network, five for ADSL and five for FTTH customers, captured between 2008 and 2011. Covering a time span of four years allows us to identify changes in the service infrastructure of some providers.
 From the packet traces, we infer for each streaming flow the video characteristics, such as duration and encoding rate, as well as TCP flow characteristics. Using additional information from the BGP routing tables allows us to identify the originating Autonomous System (AS). With this data, we can uncover: the server side distribution policy, the impact of the serving AS on the flow characteristics and the impact of the reception quality on user behavior.
 A unique aspect of our work is how to measure the reception quality of the video and its impact on the viewing behavior. We see that not even half of the videos are fully downloaded. For short videos of 3 minutes or less, users stop downloading at any point, while for videos longer than 3 minutes, users either stop downloading early on or fully download the video. When the reception quality deteriorates, fewer videos are fully downloaded, and the decision to interrupt download is taken earlier.
 We conclude that (i) the video sharing sites have a major control over the delivery of the video and its reception quality through DNS resolution and server side streaming policy, and (ii) that only half of the videos are fully downloaded and that this fraction dramatically drops when the video reception quality is bad.
Multi-Inherited Search Tree for Dynamic IP Router-Tables

IP lookup and routing table update affect the speed at which a router forwards packets. This study proposes a new data structure for dynamic router tables used in IP lookup and update, called the Multi-inherited Search Tree (MIST). Partitioning each prefix according to an index value and removing the relationships among prefixes enables performing IP lookup operations efficiently. Because a prefix trie is used as a substructure, memory can be consumed and dynamic router-table operations can be performed efficiently. Experiments using real IPv4 routing databases indicated that the MIST uses memory efficiently and performs lookup, insert, and delete operations effectively.
Dynamic Region-biased Rapidly-exploring Random Trees

Current state-of-the-art motion planners rely on samplingbased planning to explore the problem space for a solution. However, sampling valid configurations in narrow or cluttered workspaces remains a challenge. If a valid path for the robot correlates to a path in the workspace, then the planning process can employ a representation of the workspace that captures its salient topological features. Prior approaches have investigated exploiting geometric decompositions of the workspace to bias sampling; while beneficial in some environments, complex narrow passages remain challenging to navigate. In this work, we present Dynamic Region-biased RRT, a novel samplingbased planner that guides the exploration of a Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) by moving sampling regions along an embedded graph that captures the workspace topology. These sampling regions are dynamically created, manipulated, and destroyed to greedily bias sampling through unexplored passages that lead to the goal. We show that our approach reduces online planning time compared with related methods on a set of maze-like problems.
A wearable ECG-recording system for continuous arrhythmia monitoring in a wireless tele-home-care situation

New wireless technology for tele-home-care purposes gives new possibilities for monitoring of vital parameters with wearable biomedical sensors, and will give the patient the freedom to be mobile and still be under continuously monitoring and thereby to better quality of patient care. This paper describes a new concept for wireless and wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor transmitting signals to a diagnostic station at the hospital, and this concept is intended for detecting rarely occurrences of cardiac arrhythmias and to follow up critical patients from their home while they are carrying out daily activities.
The smart house for older persons and persons with physical disabilities: structure, technology arrangements, and perspectives

Smart houses are considered a good alternative for the independent life of older persons and persons with disabilities. Numerous intelligent devices, embedded into the home environment, can provide the resident with both movement assistance and 24-h health monitoring. Modern home-installed systems tend to be not only physically versatile in functionality but also emotionally human-friendly, i.e., they may be able to perform their functions without disturbing the user and without causing him/her any pain, inconvenience, or movement restriction, instead possibly providing him/her with comfort and pleasure. Through an extensive survey, this paper analyzes the building blocks of smart houses, with particular attention paid to the health monitoring subsystem as an important component, by addressing the basic requirements of various sensors implemented from both research and clinical perspectives. The paper will then discuss some important issues of the future development of an intelligent residential space with a human-friendly health monitoring functional system.
Low histologic grade follicular lymphoma with high proliferation index: morphologic and clinical features.

Histologic grading has been used as a guide for clinical management in follicular lymphoma (FL). Proliferation index (PI) of FL generally correlates with tumor grade; however, in cases of discordance, it is not clear whether histologic grade or PI correlates with clinical aggressiveness. To objectively evaluate these cases, we determined PI by Ki-67 immunostaining in 142 cases of FL (48 grade 1, 71 grade 2, and 23 grade 3). A total of 24 cases FL with low histologic grade but high PI (LG-HPI) were identified, a frequency of 18%. On histologic examination, LG-HPI FL often exhibited blastoid features. Patients with LG-HPI FL had inferior disease-specific survival but a higher 5-year disease-free rate than low-grade FL with concordantly low PI (LG-LPI). However, transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was uncommon in LG-HPI cases (1 of 19; 5%) as compared with LG-LPI cases (27 of 74; 36%). In conclusion, LG-HPI FL appears to be a subgroup of FL with clinical behavior more akin to grade 3 FL. We propose that these LG-HPI FL cases should be classified separately from cases of low histologic grade FL with concordantly low PI.
Low side-lobe substrate integrated cavity antenna array using unequal microstrip-ridge gap waveguide feeding network at 94 GHz

In this paper, a 4×32 low side-lobe slot antenna array using unequal microstrip-ridge gap waveguide (GWG) feeding network at 94 GHz is presented. The slot antenna array is built by two double-sided printed circuit boards (PCBs). The top one employs SIW-based 2×2 subarrays and the bottom one is a broadband 2×16 way unequal GWG feeding network. Applying Taylor amplitude weighting in the 16 way GWG feeding network, low side-lobe performance is achieved. The unequal T-junction dividers with phase compensation are proposed and designed for various output ratios. Simulated results show that the antenna array achieves 5 GHz bandwidth with a peak gain of 26.3 dBi at 94 GHz. Across the entire band, low side lobe level (SLL) below −20 dB is realized.
Inverse molecular design using machine learning: Generative models for matter engineering

The discovery of new materials can bring enormous societal and technological progress. In this context, exploring completely the large space of potential materials is computationally intractable. Here, we review methods for achieving inverse design, which aims to discover tailored materials from the starting point of a particular desired functionality. Recent advances from the rapidly growing field of artificial intelligence, mostly from the subfield of machine learning, have resulted in a fertile exchange of ideas, where approaches to inverse molecular design are being proposed and employed at a rapid pace. Among these, deep generative models have been applied to numerous classes of materials: rational design of prospective drugs, synthetic routes to organic compounds, and optimization of photovoltaics and redox flow batteries, as well as a variety of other solid-state materials.
Where to Look: Focus Regions for Visual Question Answering

We present a method that learns to answer visual questions by selecting image regions relevant to the text-based query. Our method maps textual queries and visual features from various regions into a shared space where they are compared for relevance with an inner product. Our method exhibits significant improvements in answering questions such as "what color," where it is necessary to evaluate a specific location, and "what room," where it selectively identifies informative image regions. Our model is tested on the recently released VQA  dataset, which features free-form human-annotated questions and answers.
A boy with Prader-Willi syndrome: unmasking precocious puberty during growth hormone replacement therapy.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder frequently characterized by obesity, growth hormone deficiency, genital abnormalities, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Incomplete or delayed pubertal development as well as premature adrenarche are usually found in PWS, whereas central precocious puberty (CPP) is very rare. This study aimed to report the clinical and biochemical follow-up of a PWS boy with CPP and to discuss the management of pubertal growth. By the age of 6, he had obesity, short stature, and many clinical criteria of PWS diagnosis, which was confirmed by DNA methylation test. Therapy with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) replacement (0.15 IU/kg/day) was started. Later, he presented psychomotor agitation, aggressive behavior, and increased testicular volume. Laboratory analyses were consistent with the diagnosis of CPP (gonadorelin-stimulated LH peak 15.8 IU/L, testosterone 54.7 ng/dL). The patient was then treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa). Hypothalamic dysfunctions have been implicated in hormonal disturbances related to pubertal development, but no morphologic abnormalities were detected in the present case. Additional methylation analysis (MS-MLPA) of the chromosome 15q11 locus confirmed PWS diagnosis. We presented the fifth case of CPP in a genetically-confirmed PWS male. Combined therapy with GnRHa and rhGH may be beneficial in this rare condition of precocious pubertal development in PWS.
Health consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting in the Gambia, evidence into action

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a harmful traditional practice with severe health complications, deeply rooted in many Sub-Saharan African countries. In The Gambia, the prevalence of FGM/C is 78.3% in women aged between 15 and 49 years. The objective of this study is to perform a first evaluation of the magnitude of the health consequences of FGM/C in The Gambia.



Data were collected on types of FGM/C and health consequences of each type of FGM/C from 871 female patients who consulted for any problem requiring a medical gynaecologic examination and who had undergone FGM/C in The Gambia.



The prevalence of patients with different types of FGM/C were: type I, 66.2%; type II, 26.3%; and type III, 7.5%. Complications due to FGM/C were found in 299 of the 871 patients (34.3%). Even type I, the form of FGM/C of least anatomical extent, presented complications in 1 of 5 girls and women examined.



This study shows that FGM/C is still practiced in all the six regions of The Gambia, the most common form being type I, followed by type II. All forms of FGM/C, including type I, produce significantly high percentages of complications, especially infections.
Glyphosate has limited short-term effects on commensal bacterial community composition in the gut environment due to sufficient aromatic amino acid levels.

Recently, concerns have been raised that residues of glyphosate-based herbicides may interfere with the homeostasis of the intestinal bacterial community and thereby affect the health of humans or animals. The biochemical pathway for aromatic amino acid synthesis (Shikimate pathway), which is specifically inhibited by glyphosate, is shared by plants and numerous bacterial species. Several in vitro studies have shown that various groups of intestinal bacteria may be differently affected by glyphosate. Here, we present results from an animal exposure trial combining deep 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the bacterial community with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabolic profiling of aromatic amino acids and their downstream metabolites. We found that glyphosate as well as the commercial formulation Glyfonova®450 PLUS administered at up to fifty times the established European Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI = 0.5 mg/kg body weight) had very limited effects on bacterial community composition in Sprague Dawley rats during a two-week exposure trial. The effect of glyphosate on prototrophic bacterial growth was highly dependent on the availability of aromatic amino acids, suggesting that the observed limited effect on bacterial composition was due to the presence of sufficient amounts of aromatic amino acids in the intestinal environment. A strong correlation was observed between intestinal concentrations of glyphosate and intestinal pH, which may partly be explained by an observed reduction in acetic acid produced by the gut bacteria. We conclude that sufficient intestinal levels of aromatic amino acids provided by the diet alleviates the need for bacterial synthesis of aromatic amino acids and thus prevents an antimicrobial effect of glyphosate in vivo. It is however possible that the situation is different in cases of human malnutrition or in production animals.
Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour

About one million suicides and ten million suicide attempts occur worldwide each year. Suicide is not simply a response to stress, but generally a complication of a psychiatric disorder. A proposed stress–diathesis model is described in clinical and neurobiological terms. Neurobiological correlates of the diathesis for suicidal acts point to the involvement of the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Some treatments seem to reduce suicide risk independently of an effect on the primary psychiatric disorder, perhaps by reducing the diathesis.
The ventilatory stimulant doxapram inhibits TASK tandem pore (K2P) potassium channel function but does not affect minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration.

TWIK-related acid-sensitive K(+)-1 (TASK-1 [KCNK3]) and TASK-3 (KCNK9) are tandem pore (K(2P)) potassium (K) channel subunits expressed in carotid bodies and the brainstem. Acidic pH values and hypoxia inhibit TASK-1 and TASK-3 channel function, and halothane enhances this function. These channels have putative roles in ventilatory regulation and volatile anesthetic mechanisms. Doxapram stimulates ventilation through an effect on carotid bodies, and we hypothesized that stimulation might result from inhibition of TASK-1 or TASK-3 K channel function. To address this, we expressed TASK-1, TASK-3, TASK-1/TASK-3 heterodimeric, and TASK-1/TASK-3 chimeric K channels in Xenopus oocytes and studied the effects of doxapram on their function. Doxapram inhibited TASK-1 (half-maximal effective concentration [EC50], 410 nM), TASK-3 (EC50, 37 microM), and TASK-1/TASK-3 heterodimeric channel function (EC50, 9 microM). Chimera studies suggested that the carboxy terminus of TASK-1 is important for doxapram inhibition. Other K2P channels required significantly larger concentrations for inhibition. To test the role of TASK-1 and TASK-3 in halothane-induced immobility, the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration for halothane was determined and found unchanged in rats receiving doxapram by IV infusion. Our data indicate that TASK-1 and TASK-3 do not play a role in mediating the immobility produced by halothane, although they are plausible molecular targets for the ventilatory effects of doxapram.
Predictive Value of the New Zealand Secretion Scale (NZSS) for Pneumonia

Accumulated pharyngo-laryngeal secretions have been associated with aspiration and pneumonia. While traditional secretion scales evaluate location and amount, the eight-point New Zealand Secretion Scale (NZSS) uniquely encompasses a responsiveness subcomponent. This prospective observational study investigated the predictive value of NZSS for aspiration and pneumonia. Consecutive inpatients (N:180) referred for flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) were recruited (neurological 49%, critical care 31%, structural 15%, other 5% etiologies). Mean age was 63 years (range 18–95 years, S.D. 18). A standardized protocol was completed on 264 FEES (180 first FEES, 84 repeat FEES). Penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) (ICC = .89) and NZSS (ICC = .91) were independently scored by two raters. Aspiration of food and/or fluids occurred in 36% of FEES; 24% silently. Median NZSS was 3 (range 0–7); with silent aspiration of secretions in 33% of FEES. There was a significant correlation between NZSS and PAS (R = .37, p < .001). Incidence of pneumonia during admission was 46% and was significantly associated with PAS (p < .001), NZSS (p < .001), age (p < .001), and tracheostomy (p < .001). Of those who developed pneumonia, 33% had both high PAS (>5) and high NZSS (>4). Eleven percent of those who developed pneumonia had an elevated NZSS (>4) in the absence of aspiration (PAS < 6). This large study reports the significant relationship between accumulated secretions, airway responsiveness, and pneumonia. This comprehensive scale is a useful tool when carrying out endoscopic evaluation and has the potential to predict pneumonia in patients irrespective of their aspiration status.
The past and present of serum aminotransferases and the future of liver injury biomarkers

Laboratory testing is important in the diagnosis and monitoring of liver injury and disease. Current liver tests include plasma markers of injury (e.g. aminotransferases, γ-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase), markers of function (e.g. prothrombin time, bilirubin), viral hepatitis serologies, and markers of proliferation (e.g. α-fetoprotein). Among the injury markers, the alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST, respectively) are the most commonly used. However, interpretation of ALT and AST plasma levels can be complicated. Furthermore, both have poor prognostic utility in acute liver injury and liver failure. New biomarkers of liver injury are rapidly being developed, and the US Food and Drug Administration the European Medicines Agency have recently expressed support for use of some of these biomarkers in drug trials. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of liver biomarkers, to summarize mechanisms and interpretation of ALT and AST elevation in plasma in liver injury (particularly acute liver injury), and to discuss emerging liver injury biomarkers that may complement or even replace ALT and AST in the future.
Smart Contracts for Bribing Miners

We present three smart contracts that allow a briber to fairly exchange bribes to miners who pursue a mining strategy benefiting the briber. The first contract, CensorshipCon, highlights that Ethereum’s uncle block reward policy can directly subsidise the cost of bribing miners. The second contract, HistoryRevisionCon, rewards miners via an in-band payment for reversing transactions or enforcing a new state of another contract. The third contract, GoldfingerCon, rewards miners in one cryptocurrency for reducing the utility of another cryptocurrency. This work is motivated by the need to understand the extent to which smart contracts can impact the incentive mechanisms involved in Nakamoto-style consensus protocols.