nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation tool for variably saturated flow with comprehensive geochemical reactions in two- and three-dimensional domains

1 We present a software tool for simulations of flow and multi‐component solute transport in 2 two and three‐dimensional domains in combination with comprehensive intra‐phase and 3 inter‐phase geochemistry. The software uses IPhreeqc as a reaction engine to the multi‐ 4 purpose, multidimensional finite element solver COMSOL Multiphysics® for flow and 5 transport simulations. Here we used COMSOL to solve Richards' equation for aqueous phase 6 flow in variably saturated porous media. The coupling procedure presented is in principle 7 applicable to any simulation of aqueous phase flow and solute transport in COMSOL. The 8 coupling with IPhreeqc gives major advantages over COMSOL's built‐in reaction capabilities, 9 i.e., the soil solution is speciated from its element composition according to thermodynamic 10 mass action equations with ion activity corrections. State‐of‐the‐art adsorption models such 11 as surface complexation with diffuse double layer calculations are accessible. In addition, 12 IPhreeqc provides a framework to integrate user‐defined kinetic reactions with possible 13 dependencies on solution speciation (i.e., pH, saturation indices, and ion activities), allowing 14 for modelling of microbially mediated reactions. Extensive compilations of geochemical 15 reactions and their parameterization are accessible through associated databases. Research highlights 20  Coupling of COMSOL and PHREEQC facilitates simulation of variably saturated flow 21 with comprehensive geochemical reactions. 22  The use of finite elements allows for the simulation of flow and solute transport in 23 complex 2 and 3D domains. 24  Geochemical reactions are coupled via sequential non‐iterative operator splitting. 25  The software tool provides novel capabilities for investigations of contaminant 26 behaviour in variably saturated porous media and agricultural management. 27 3 Software requirements 28 COMSOL Multiphysics® including Earth Science Module (tested version: 3.5a; due to a 29 memory leak in versions 4.0 and 4.0a, these are not suitable for the presented coupling) 30 Price for single user academic license including Earth Science Module ca. 2000 € 31 Matlab® (tested versions: 7.9, 7.10) 32 Price for single user academic license including Parallel Computing Toolbox ca. 650 € 33 IPhreeqc (COM‐version, available free of charge at 34 The coupling files together with animations of the presented simulations are available at 36
Attachment at (not to) work: applying attachment theory to explain individual behavior in organizations.

In this article, we report the results of 2 studies that were conducted to investigate whether adult attachment theory explains employee behavior at work. In the first study, we examined the structure of a measure of adult attachment and its relations with measures of trait affectivity and the Big Five. In the second study, we examined the relations between dimensions of attachment and emotion regulation behaviors, turnover intentions, and supervisory reports of counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Results showed that anxiety and avoidance represent 2 higher order dimensions of attachment that predicted these criteria (except for counterproductive work behavior) after controlling for individual difference variables and organizational commitment. The implications of these results for the study of attachment at work are discussed.
Quality factor and topology analysis of the series-parallel combined resonant circuit-based wireless power transfer system

In this work, we investigate the quality factor and topologies of the series-parallel combined resonant circuit-based wireless power transfer system (SPRC-WPT system) and discuss the optimum design method of the SPRC-WPT system. The quality factor characteristics of the series-parallel combined resonant circuit (SPRC) are clarified and the way of obtaining a high quality factor in the SPRC is presented. A new concept of effective quality factor of SPRC is presented, and the four topologies of SPRC-WPT system are compared in the aspect of system quality factor, and the optimum topology is explored. The deduced theory is verified by electric circuit simulations with Pspice software package.
"Thinking too much": A systematic review of a common idiom of distress.

Idioms of distress communicate suffering via reference to shared ethnopsychologies, and better understanding of idioms of distress can contribute to effective clinical and public health communication. This systematic review is a qualitative synthesis of "thinking too much" idioms globally, to determine their applicability and variability across cultures. We searched eight databases and retained publications if they included empirical quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods research regarding a "thinking too much" idiom and were in English. In total, 138 publications from 1979 to 2014 met inclusion criteria. We examined the descriptive epidemiology, phenomenology, etiology, and course of "thinking too much" idioms and compared them to psychiatric constructs. "Thinking too much" idioms typically reference ruminative, intrusive, and anxious thoughts and result in a range of perceived complications, physical and mental illnesses, or even death. These idioms appear to have variable overlap with common psychiatric constructs, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. However, "thinking too much" idioms reflect aspects of experience, distress, and social positioning not captured by psychiatric diagnoses and often show wide within-cultural variation, in addition to between-cultural differences. Taken together, these findings suggest that "thinking too much" should not be interpreted as a gloss for psychiatric disorder nor assumed to be a unitary symptom or syndrome within a culture. We suggest five key ways in which engagement with "thinking too much" idioms can improve global mental health research and interventions: it (1) incorporates a key idiom of distress into measurement and screening to improve validity of efforts at identifying those in need of services and tracking treatment outcomes; (2) facilitates exploration of ethnopsychology in order to bolster cultural appropriateness of interventions; (3) strengthens public health communication to encourage engagement in treatment; (4) reduces stigma by enhancing understanding, promoting treatment-seeking, and avoiding unintentionally contributing to stigmatization; and (5) identifies a key locally salient treatment target.
Understanding Adversarial Space Through the Lens of Attribution

Neural networks have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. Although adversarially crafted examples look visually similar to the unaltered original image, neural networks behave abnormally on these modified images. Image attribution methods highlight regions of input image important for the model’s prediction. We believe that the domains of adversarial generation and attribution are closely related and we support this claim by carrying out various experiments. By using the attribution of images, we train a second neural network classifier as a detector for adversarial examples. Our method of detection differs from other works in the domain of adversarial detection [10, 13, 4, 3] in the sense that we don’t use adversarial examples during our training procedure. Our detection methodology thus is independent of the adversarial attack generation methods. We have validated our detection technique on MNIST and CIFAR-10, achieving a high success rate for various adversarial attacks including FGSM, DeepFool, CW, PGD. We also show that training the detector model with attribution of adversarial examples generated even from a simple attack like FGSM further increases the detection accuracy over several different attacks.
Question classification for medical domain Question Answering system

Question classification plays an important role in question answering system. It helps in finding or constructing accurate answers and hence improves the quality of Question Answering systems. The question classification approaches generally used are: Rule based, Machine learning and Hybrid. This paper presents our research work on question classification through rule based approach. The question processing module helps in assigning a suitable question category and identifying the keywords from the given input question. A prototype system based on the proposed method has been constructed and the experiment on 500 medical questions collected from patients and doctors has been carried out. Using the two layered taxonomy of 6 course grain and 50 fine grained categories developed by Li and Roth, we have classified the questions into various categories. We have also studied the syntactic structure of the question and suggest the syntactic patterns for particular category of questions. Using these question patterns we have classified the question into particular category. In this paper we have proposed a compact and effective method for question classification. The experimental output shows that even with small set of question categories we can classify the questions with more satisfactory and better result.
The environmental comparison of landfilling vs. incineration of MSW accounting for waste diversion.

This study evaluates the environmental performance and discounted costs of the incineration and landfilling of municipal solid waste that is ready for the final disposal while accounting for existing waste diversion initiatives, using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Parameters such as changing waste generation quantities, diversion rates and waste composition were also considered. Two scenarios were assessed in this study on how to treat the waste that remains after diversion. The first scenario is the status quo, where the entire residual waste was landfilled whereas in the second scenario approximately 50% of the residual waste was incinerated while the remainder is landfilled. Electricity was produced in each scenario. Data from the City of Toronto was used to undertake this study. Results showed that the waste diversion initiatives were more effective in reducing the organic portion of the waste, in turn, reducing the net electricity production of the landfill while increasing the net electricity production of the incinerator. Therefore, the scenario that incorporated incineration performed better environmentally and contributed overall to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions because of the displacement of power plant emissions; however, at a noticeably higher cost. Although landfilling proves to be the better financial option, it is for the shorter term. The landfill option would require the need of a replacement landfill much sooner. The financial and environmental effects of this expenditure have yet to be considered.
A PSO-inspired multi-robot search algorithm independent of global information

This paper presents an algorithm that coordinates mobile robots to find the desired targets without depending on precise global information. We compare the abstract solution space in PSO and physical environment that robots will explore. According to similarities and differences between them, we introduce a PSO-inspired search algorithm to guide robots to complete the search mission. Moreover, a novel method based on Cartesian geometry for unifying relative coordinate systems will be adopted to improve system's robustness and efficiency.
Memories of chronic pain and perceptions of relief

Clinicians and researchers often ask patients to remember their past pain. They also use patient's reports of relief from pain as evidence of treatment efficacy, assuming that relief represents the difference between pretreatment pain and present pain. We have estimated the accuracy of remembering pain and described the relationship between remembered pain, changes in pain levels and reports of relief during treatment. During a 10-week randomized controlled clinical trial on the effectiveness of oral appliances for the management of chronic myalgia of the jaw muscles, subjects recalled their pretreatment pain and rated their present pain and perceived relief. Multiple regression analysis and repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used for data analysis. Memory of the pretreatment pain was inaccurate and the errors in recall got significantly worse with the passage of time (P < 0.001). Accuracy of recall for pretreatment pain depended on the level of pain before treatment (P < 0.001): subjects with low pretreatment pain exaggerated its intensity afterwards, while it was underestimated by those with the highest pretreatment pain. Memory of pretreatment pain was also dependent on the level of pain at the moment of recall (P < 0.001). Ratings of relief increased over time (P < 0.001), and were dependent on both present and remembered pain (Ps < 0.001). However, true changes in pain were not significantly related to relief scores (P = 0.41). Finally, almost all patients reported relief, even those whose pain had increased. These results suggest that reports of perceived relief do not necessarily reflect true changes in pain.
Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases.

The predominantly anaerobic microbiota of the distal ileum and colon contain an extraordinarily complex variety of metabolically active bacteria and fungi that intimately interact with the host's epithelial cells and mucosal immune system. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis are the result of continuous microbial antigenic stimulation of pathogenic immune responses as a consequence of host genetic defects in mucosal barrier function, innate bacterial killing, or immunoregulation. Altered microbial composition and function in inflammatory bowel diseases result in increased immune stimulation, epithelial dysfunction, or enhanced mucosal permeability. Although traditional pathogens probably are not responsible for these disorders, increased virulence of commensal bacterial species, particularly Escherichia coli, enhance their mucosal attachment, invasion, and intracellular persistence, thereby stimulating pathogenic immune responses. Host genetic polymorphisms most likely interact with functional bacterial changes to stimulate aggressive immune responses that lead to chronic tissue injury. Identification of these host and microbial alterations in individual patients should lead to selective targeted interventions that correct underlying abnormalities and induce sustained and predictable therapeutic responses.
Smart urban planning using big data analytics based internet of things

The extensive growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) is providing direction towards the smart urban. The smart urban is favored because it improves the standard of living of the citizens and provides excellence in the community services. The services may include but not limited to health, parking, transport, water, environment, power, and so forth. The diverse and heterogeneous environment of IoT and smart urban is challenged by real-time data processing and decision-making. In this research article, we propose IoT based smart urban architecture using Big Data analytics. The proposed architecture is divided into three different tiers: (1) data acquisition and aggregation, (2) data computation and processing, and (3) decision making and application. The proposed architecture is implemented and validated on Hadoop Ecosystem using reliable and authentic datasets. The research shows that the proposed system presents valuable imminent into the community development systems to get better the existing smart urban architecture.
Inbreeding depression on female fertility and calving ease in Spanish dairy cattle.

Inbreeding depression on female fertility and calving ease in Spanish dairy cattle was studied by the traditional inbreeding coefficient (F) and an alternative measurement indicating the inbreeding rate  for each animal. Data included records from 49,497 and 62,134 cows for fertility and calving ease, respectively. Both inbreeding measurements were included separately in the routine genetic evaluation models for number of insemination to conception (sequential threshold animal model) and calving ease (sire-maternal grandsire threshold model). The F was included in the model as a categorical effect, whereas DeltaF was included as a linear covariate. Inbred cows showed impaired fertility and tended to have more difficult calvings than low or noninbred cows. Pregnancy rate decreased by 1.68% on average for cows with F from 6.25 to 12.5%. This amount of inbreeding, however, did not seem to increase dystocia incidence. Inbreeding depression was larger for F greater than 12.5%. Cows with F greater than 25% had lower pregnancy rate and higher dystocia rate (-6.37 and 1.67%, respectively) than low or noninbred cows. The DeltaF had a significant effect on female fertility. A DeltaF = 0.01, corresponding to an inbreeding coefficient of 5.62% for the average equivalent generations in the data used (5.68), lowered pregnancy rate by 1.5%. However, the posterior estimate for the effect of DeltaF on calving ease was not significantly different from zero. Although similar patterns were found with both F and DeltaF, the latter detected a lowered pregnancy rate at an equivalent F, probably because it may consider the known depth of the pedigree. The inbreeding rate might be an alternative choice to measure inbreeding depression.
Dopaminergic modulation of basal ganglia output through coupled excitation-inhibition.

Learning and maintenance of skilled movements require exploration of motor space and selection of appropriate actions. Vocal learning and social context-dependent plasticity in songbirds depend on a basal ganglia circuit, which actively generates vocal variability. Dopamine in the basal ganglia reduces trial-to-trial neural variability when the bird engages in courtship song. Here, we present evidence for a unique, tonically active, excitatory interneuron in the songbird basal ganglia that makes strong synaptic connections onto output pallidal neurons, often linked in time with inhibitory events. Dopamine receptor activity modulates the coupling of these excitatory and inhibitory events in vitro, which results in a dynamic change in the synchrony of a modeled population of basal ganglia output neurons receiving excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The excitatory interneuron thus serves as one biophysical mechanism for the introduction or modulation of neural variability in this circuit.
Classification Experiments for Number Plate Recognition Data Set Using Weka

the Paper presents the comparison of different classification techniques for the task of classifying Number plate image data set. The comparison was conducted using WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) open source which mainly consists the collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining purpose. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate efficiency of different classification methods by applying on the Number Plate Image data set. Which will further used in Number Plate Recognition process. The methods or algorithms performed are J48 (Decision Tree), MLP (Multilayer Perceptron), Naïve Bayes, K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbors) and the result of MLP was better than others received in range of 78% 96% as compared to other techniques.  J48(Decision Tree), MLP, Naïve Bayes, K-NN.
A review energy-efficient task scheduling algorithms in cloud computing

Cloud computing is a model for delivering information technology services, wherein resources are retrieved from the Internet through web-based tools and applications instead of a direct connection to a server. The capability to provision and release cloud computing resources with minimal management effort or service provider interaction led to the rapid increase of the use of cloud computing. Therefore, balancing cloud computing resources to provide better performance and services to end users is important. Load balancing in cloud computing means balancing three important stages through which a request is processed. The three stages are data center selection, virtual machine scheduling, and task scheduling at a selected data center. User task scheduling plays a significant role in improving the performance of cloud services. This paper presents a review of various energy-efficient task scheduling methods in a cloud environment. A brief analysis of various scheduling parameters considered in these methods is also presented. The results show that the best power-saving percentage level can be achieved by using both DVFS and DNS.
Hardware Trojan by Hot Carrier Injection

This paper discusses how hot carrier injection (HCI) can be exploited to create a trojan that will cause hardware failures. The trojan is produced not via additional logic circuitry but by controlled scenarios that maximize and accelerate the HCI effect in transistors. These scenarios range from manipulating the manufacturing process to varying the internal voltage distribution. This new type of trojan is difficult to test due to its gradual hardware degradation mechanism. This paper describes the HCI effect, detection techniques and discusses the possibility for maliciously induced HCI trojans.
Design and Experimental Analysis of AC Linear Generator With Halbach PM Arrays for Direct-Drive Wave Energy Conversion

To convert wave energy into more suitable forms efficiently, a single-phase permanent magnet (PM) ac linear generator directly coupled to wave energy conversion is presented in this paper. Magnetic field performance of Halbach PM arrays is compared with that of radially magnetized structure. Then, the change of parameters in the geometry of slot and Halbach PM arrays' effect on the electromagnetic properties of the generator are investigated, and the optimization design guides are established for key design parameters. Finally, the simulation results are compared with test results of the prototype in wave energy conversion experimental system. Due to test and theory analysis results of prototype concordant with the finite-element analysis results, the proposed model and analysis method are correct and meet the requirements of direct-drive wave energy conversion system.
A 25 Gb/s, 4.4 V-Swing, AC-Coupled Ring Modulator-Based WDM Transmitter with Wavelength Stabilization in 65 nm CMOS

Silicon photonics devices offer promising solution to meet the growing bandwidth demands of next-generation interconnects. This paper presents a 5 × 25 Gb/s carrier-depletion microring-based wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmitter in 65 nm CMOS. An AC-coupled differential driver is proposed to realize 4 × VDD output swing as well as tunable DC-biasing. The proposed transmitter incorporates 2-tap asymmetric pre-emphasis to effectively cancel the optical nonlinearity of the ring modulator. An average-power-based dynamic wavelength stabilization loop is also demonstrated to compensate for thermal induced resonant wavelength drift. At 25 Gb/s operation, each transmitter channel consumes 113.5 mW and maintains 7 dB extinction ratio with a 4.4 V pp-diff output swing in the presence of thermal fluctuations.
Wiretap Channel with Correlated Sources

This paper studies the problem of secret-message transmission over a wiretap channel with correlated sources in the presence of an eavesdropper who has no source observation. A coding scheme is proposed based on a careful combination of 1) Wyner-Ziv's source coding to generate secret key from correlated sources based on a certain cost on the channel, 2) one-time pad to secure messages without additional cost, and 3) Wyner's secrecy coding to achieve secrecy based on the advantage of legitimate receiver's channel over the eavesdropper's. The work sheds light on optimal strategies for practical code design for secure communication/storage systems.