nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 System Dynamics

System dynamics is an approach for thinking about and simulating situations and organisations of all kinds and sizes by visualising how the elements fit together, interact and change over time. This chapter, written by John Morecroft, describes modern system dynamics which retains the fundamentals developed in the 1950s by Jay W. Forrester of the MIT Sloan School of Management. It looks at feedback loops and time delays that affect system behaviour in a non-linear way, and illustrates how dynamic behaviour depends upon feedback loop structures. It also recognises improvements as part of the ongoing process of managing a situation in order to achieve goals. Significantly it recognises the importance of context, and practitioner skills. Feedback systems thinking views problems and solutions as being intertwined. The main concepts and tools: feedback structure and behaviour, causal loop diagrams, dynamics, are practically illustrated in a wide variety of contexts from a hot water shower through to a symphony orchestra and the practical application of the approach is described through several real examples of its use for strategic planning and evaluation.
Dynamic Non-Rigid Objects Reconstruction with a Single RGB-D Sensor

This paper deals with the 3D reconstruction problem for dynamic non-rigid objects with a single RGB-D sensor. It is a challenging task as we consider the almost inevitable accumulation error issue in some previous sequential fusion methods and also the possible failure of surface tracking in a long sequence. Therefore, we propose a global non-rigid registration framework and tackle the drifting problem via an explicit loop closure. Our novel scheme starts with a fusion step to get multiple partial scans from the input sequence, followed by a pairwise non-rigid registration and loop detection step to obtain correspondences between neighboring partial pieces and those pieces that form a loop. Then, we perform a global registration procedure to align all those pieces together into a consistent canonical space as guided by those matches that we have established. Finally, our proposed model-update step helps fixing potential misalignments that still exist after the global registration. Both geometric and appearance constraints are enforced during our alignment; therefore, we are able to get the recovered model with accurate geometry as well as high fidelity color maps for the mesh. Experiments on both synthetic and various real datasets have demonstrated the capability of our approach to reconstruct complete and watertight deformable objects.
Requirements Engineering in Scrum Framework

Requirement Engineering (RE) plays an important role in the success of software development life cycle. As RE is the starting point of the life cycle, any changes in requirements will be costly and time consuming. Failure in determining accurate requirements leads to errors in specifications and therefore to a mal system architecture. In addition, most of software development environments are characterized by user requests to change some requirements.Scrum as one of agile development methods that gained a great attention because of its ability to deal with the changing environments. This paper presents and discusses the current situation of RE activities in Scrum, how Scrum benefits from RE techniques and future challenges in this respect.
Tabu Search for the Flexible-Routing Job Shop Problem

In the classical job shop scheduling problem (JSSP), n jobs are processed to completion on m unrelated machines. Each job requires processing on each machine exactly once. For each job, technology constraints specify a complete, distinct routing which is fixed and known in advance. Processing times are sequence-independent, fixed, and known in advance. Each machine is continuously available from time zero, and operations are processed without preemption. The objective is to minimize the maximum completion time (makespan). The flexible-routing job shop (FRJS) scheduling problem, or job shop with multipurpose machines, extends JSSP by assuming that a machine may be capable of performing more than one type of operation. (For a given operation, there must exist at least one machine capable of performing it.) FRJS approximates a flexible manufacturing environment with numerically controlled work centers equipped with interchangeable tool magazines. This report extends a dynamic, adaptive tabu search (TS) strategy previously described for job shops with single and multiple instances of single-purpose machines, and applies it to FRJS. We present “proof-of-concept” results for three problems constructed from difficult JSSP instances.
Performance Analysis of FDA Based Face Recognition Using Correlation , ANN and SVM

Since last decade, face recognition has replaced almost all biometric authentication techniques available. Many algorithms are in existence today based on various features. In this paper, we have compared the performance of various classifiers like correlation, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for Face Recognition. We have proposed face recognition based on discriminative features. Holistic featuresbased methods Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA) usused to extract outdiscriminative features from the input face image respectively. These features are used to train classifiers like Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Results in the last section describe the accuracy of proposed scheme. Face Recognition, Fisher Discriminant Analysis, Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine.
Where Are We Heading in Nanotechnology Environmental Health and Safety and Materials Characterization?

E very chemist, material scientist, physicist, engineer, and commercial enterprise involved in the synthesis and/or production of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) or nanoenabled products aspires to develop safe materials. Nanotechnology environmental health and safety (nanoEHS) is a research discipline that involves the study of the possible adverse health and biological effects that nanomaterials may have on humans and environmental organisms and ecosystems. Recent nanoEHS research has provided a body of experimental evidence indicating the possibility of hazardous outcomes as a result of the interactions of unique ENM physicochemical properties with similar scale processes occurring at a wide range of nano/bio interfaces, including at the biomolecular, cellular, subcellular, organ, systemic, whole organism, or ecosystem levels. This projected hazard and risk potential warrants rigorous attention to safety assessment, safe use, safe implementation , benign design, regulatory oversight, governance, and public awareness to address the possibility and prevention of nanotoxicity, now and at any time in the future. 1 Thus, we must understand the properties of the ENMs that are responsible for the toxicological response, so that we can re-engineer their physicochemical characteristics for risk prevention and safer ENM design. 2 However, in spite of widespread use, no human toxicological disease or major environmental impact has been reported for ENMs. Thus, while " nanotoxicology " is a thriving subdiscipline of nanoEHS, the use of the " root " word toxicology may elicit a feeling that nanomaterials are inherently toxic despite the fact that toxicity has not thus far been established in real life. As a community, we may want to rename this subdiscipline as " nanosafety " since the objective is to use toxicology information to guide the design of safer nanomaterials for use in medicine, biology, electronics, lighting systems, and other areas. At ACS Nano, we publish articles and forward-looking Perspectives and reviews that determine and establish ENM physicochemical properties, structureÀactivity (SA) relationships , catalytic effects at the nano/bio interface, mechanistic injury responses, in vitro to in vivo prediction making, safer-by-design strategies, actionable screening and detection methods, hazard and risk ranking, fate and transport, ENM categorization, theory and modeling, societal implications, and regulatory/governance decisions. 3 Context is important in the immediate and long-range impact of this research, as we are interested in realistic nanoEHS exposure scenarios conducted with systematic variation of ENM physicochem-ical properties rather than investigations of a single or a limited number of materials in isolated in vitro studies that only …
Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets.

Graphene sheets offer extraordinary electronic, thermal and mechanical properties and are expected to find a variety of applications. A prerequisite for exploiting most proposed applications for graphene is the availability of processable graphene sheets in large quantities. The direct dispersion of hydrophobic graphite or graphene sheets in water without the assistance of dispersing agents has generally been considered to be an insurmountable challenge. Here we report that chemically converted graphene sheets obtained from graphite can readily form stable aqueous colloids through electrostatic stabilization. This discovery has enabled us to develop a facile approach to large-scale production of aqueous graphene dispersions without the need for polymeric or surfactant stabilizers. Our findings make it possible to process graphene materials using low-cost solution processing techniques, opening up enormous opportunities to use this unique carbon nanostructure for many technological applications.
MonetDB/XQuery: a fast XQuery processor powered by a relational engine

Relational XQuery systems try to re-use mature relational data management infrastructures to create fast and scalable XML database technology. This paper describes the main features, key contributions, and lessons learned while implementing such a system. Its architecture consists of (i) a range-based encoding of XML documents into relational tables, (ii) a compilation technique that translates XQuery into a basic relational algebra, (iii) a restricted (order) property-aware peephole relational query optimization strategy, and (iv) a mapping from XML update statements into relational updates. Thus, this system implements all essential XML database functionalities (rather than a single feature) such that we can learn from the full consequences of our architectural decisions. While implementing this system, we had to extend the state-of-the-art with a number of new technical contributions, such as loop-lifted staircase join and efficient relational query evaluation strategies for XQuery theta-joins with existential semantics. These contributions as well as the architectural lessons learned are also deemed valuable for other relational back-end engines. The performance and scalability of the resulting system is evaluated on the XMark benchmark up to data sizes of 11GB. The performance section also provides an extensive benchmark comparison of all major XMark results published previously, which confirm that the goal of purely relational XQuery processing, namely speed and scalability, was met.
2 Stein Learning of Variational Autoencoder ( Stein VAE ) 2

A new method for learning variational autoencoders (VAEs) is developed, based on Stein variational gradient descent. A key advantage of this approach is that one need not make parametric assumptions about the form of the encoder distribution. Performance is further enhanced by integrating the proposed encoder with importance sampling. Excellent performance is demonstrated across multiple unsupervised and semi-supervised problems, including semi-supervised analysis of the ImageNet data, demonstrating the scalability of the model to large datasets.
Climate change and evolutionary adaptation

Evolutionary adaptation can be rapid and potentially help species counter stressful conditions or realize ecological opportunities arising from climate change. The challenges are to understand when evolution will occur and to identify potential evolutionary winners as well as losers, such as species lacking adaptive capacity living near physiological limits. Evolutionary processes also need to be incorporated into management programmes designed to minimize biodiversity loss under rapid climate change. These challenges can be met through realistic models of evolutionary change linked to experimental data across a range of taxa.
Uncover Topic-Sensitive Information Diffusion Networks

Analyzing the spreading patterns of memes with respect to their topic distributions and the underlying diffusion network structures is an important task in social network analysis. This task in many cases becomes very challenging since the underlying diffusion networks are often hidden, and the topic specific transmission rates are unknown either. In this paper, we propose a continuous time model, TOPICCASCADE, for topicsensitive information diffusion networks, and infer the hidden diffusion networks and the topic dependent transmission rates from the observed time stamps and contents of cascades. One attractive property of the model is that its parameters can be estimated via a convex optimization which we solve with an efficient proximal gradient based block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm. In both synthetic and real-world data, we show that our method significantly improves over the previous state-of-the-art models in terms of both recovering the hidden diffusion networks and predicting the transmission times of memes.
The Java Context Awareness Framework (JCAF) - A Service Infrastructure and Programming Framework for Context-Aware Applications

Context-awareness is a key concept in ubiquitous computing. But to avoid developing dedicated context-awareness sub-systems for specific application areas there is a need for more generic programming frameworks. Such frameworks can help the programmer to develop and deploy context-aware applications faster. This paper describes the Java Context-Awareness Framework – JCAF, which is a Java-based context-awareness infrastructure and programming API for creating context-aware computer applications. The paper presents the design principles behind JCAF, its runtime architecture, and its programming API. The paper presents some applications of using JCAF in three different applications and discusses lessons learned from using JCAF.
Quantum complexity theory

In this paper we study quantum computation from a complexity theoretic viewpoint. Our first result is the existence of an efficient universal quantum Turing machine in Deutsch’s model of a quantum Turing machine (QTM) . This construction is substantially more complicated than the corresponding construction for classical Turing machines (TMs); in fact, even simple primitives such as looping, branching, and composition are not straightforward in the context of quantum Turing machines. We establish how these familiar primitives can be implemented and introduce some new, purely quantum mechanical primitives, such as changing the computational basis and carrying out an arbitrary unitary transformation of polynomially bounded dimension. We also consider the precision to which the transition amplitudes of a quantum Turing machine need to be specified. We prove that O(log T ) bits of precision suffice to support a T step computation. This justifies the claim that the quantum Turing machine model should be regarded as a discrete model of computation and not an analog one. We give the first formal evidence that quantum Turing machines violate the modern (complexity theoretic) formulation of the Church–Turing thesis. We show the existence of a problem, relative to an oracle, that can be solved in polynomial time on a quantum Turing machine, but requires superpolynomial time on a bounded-error probabilistic Turing machine, and thus not in the class BPP. The class BQP of languages that are efficiently decidable (with small error-probability) on a quantum Turing machine satisfies BPP ⊆ BQP ⊆ P. Therefore, there is no possibility of giving a mathematical proof that quantum Turing machines are more powerful than classical probabilistic Turing machines (in the unrelativized setting) unless there is a major breakthrough in complexity theory.
Blockchain-inspired Event Recording System for Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous vehicles are capable of sensing their environment and navigating without any human inputs. However, when autonomous vehicles are involved in accidents between themselves or with human subjects, liability must be indubitably decided based on accident forensics. This paper proposes a blockchain-inspired event recording system for autonomous vehicles. Due to the inefficiency and limited usage of certain blockchain features designed for the traditional cryptocurrency applications, we design a new “proof of event” mechanism to achieve indisputable accident forensics by ensuring that event information is trustable and verifiable. Specifically, we propose a dynamic federation consensus scheme to verify and confirm the new block of event data in an efficient way without any central authority. The security capability of the proposed scheme is also analyzed against different threat and attack models.
Implementation Techniques for Main Memory Database Systems

With the availability of very large, relatively inexpensive main memories, it is becoming possible keep large databases resident in main memory In this paper we consider the changes necessary to permit a relational database system to take advantage of large amounts of main memory We evaluate AVL vs B+-tree access methods for main memory databases, hash-based query processing strategies vs sort-merge, and study recovery issues when most or all of the database fits in main memory As expected, B+-trees are the preferred storage mechanism unless more than 80--90% of the database fits in main memory A somewhat surprising result is that hash based query processing strategies are advantageous for large memory situations
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ( CSR ) AS A MODEL OF “ EXTENDED ” CORPORATE GOVERNANCE . AN EXPLANATION BASED ON THE ECONOMIC THEORIES OF SOCIAL CONTRACT , REPUTATION AND RECIPROCAL CONFORMISM ♦

1. CSR: Much disorder under the sun For a long time corporate ethical and social responsibility has been a subject of analysis and concern for highly active and committed but not exactly majority groups of business ethics scholars, NGO's activists, and firms with forward-looking managers. Mo re recently, on the contrary, it seems that there is no trade or business association, local or national public authority, firm or university throughout Europe giving up the opportunity of organizing a conference or a meeting on the theme. Since the end of the last century, a variety of initiatives throughout Europe 1 and the US 2 have sought to formulate standards for management systems devoted to implementing corporate social responsibility (henceforth CSR) within corporations. These are initiatives which have sprung from joint projects amongst research centres and universities, business firms and the professions; and they involve cooperatives, non-governmental and ♦ I gratefully acknowledge the support obtained under the UE research project " developing a CSR framework to integrate Q-RES and other social and ethical standards ". 1 By way of example, in the UK the Accountability 1000 standard for ethical and social audit and reporting has been developed, followed by the Sigma Project supported by the Blair government. A Values Management System has been developed in Germany at the University of Konstanz (Wieland 2003), while CSR standards modelled on the example of quality management systems have been proposed by independent bodies of standardization in Spain (Aenor) and France (Afnor). 2 In 2000 the US Ethics Officer Association submitted to the US ISO Committee (BCMS) a proposal for starting the setting of a new standard for corporate ethics and social responsibility (see Wieland 2003).
Agent-Mediated Social Choice

Direct democracy is often proposed as a possible solution to the 21st-century problems of democracy. However, this suggestion clashes with the size and complexity of 21st-century societies, entailing an excessive cognitive burden on voters, who would have to submit informed opinions on an excessive number of issues. In this paper I argue for the development of “voting avatars”, autonomous agents debating and voting on behalf of each citizen. Theoretical research from artificial intelligence, and in particular multiagent systems and computational social choice, proposes 21st-century techniques for this purpose, from the compact representation of a voter’s preferences and values, to the development of voting procedures for autonomous agents use only.
2 cross-cultural psychology of consumer behavior

As new global markets emerge, and existing markets become increasingly segmented along ethnic or subcultural lines, the need to market effectively to consumers who have different cultural values has never been more important. Thus, it is no surprise that in the last several years, culture has rapidly emerged as a central focus of research in consumer behavior. This development followed on the heels of extensive social psychological research on culture, which provided a strong theoretical foundation for the consumer-behavior studies that followed.
A Robust and Scalable Algorithm for the Steiner Problem in Graphs

We present an effective heuristic for the Steiner Problem in Graphs. Its main elements are a multistart algorithm coupled with aggressive combination of elite solutions, both leveraging recently-proposed fast local searches. We also propose a fast implementation of a well-known dual ascent algorithm that not only makes our heuristics more robust (by quickly dealing with easier cases), but can also be used as a building block of an exact (branch-and-bound) algorithm that is quite effective for some inputs. On all graph classes we consider, our heuristic is competitive with (and sometimes more effective than) any previous approach with similar running times. It is also scalable: with long runs, we could improve or match the best published results for most open instances in the literature.
Sketch-based modeling: A survey

User interfaces in modeling have traditionally followed the WIMP (Window, Icon, Menu, Pointer) paradigm. Though functional and very powerful, they can also be cumbersome and daunting to a novice user, and creating a complex model requires considerable expertise and effort. A recent trend is toward more accessible and natural interfaces, which has lead to sketch-based interfaces for modeling (SBIM). The goal is to allow sketches—hasty freehand drawings—to be used in the modeling process, from rough model creation through to fine detail construction. Mapping a 2D sketch to a 3D modeling operation is a difficult task, rife with ambiguity. To wit, we present a categorization based on how a SBIM application chooses to interpret a sketch, of which there are three primary methods: to create a 3D model, to add details to an existing model, or to deform and manipulate a model. Additionally, in this paper we introduce a survey of sketch-based interfaces focused on 3D geometric modeling applications. The canonical and recent works are presented and classified, including techniques for sketch acquisition, filtering, and interpretation. The survey also provides an overview of some specific applications of SBIM and a discussion of important challenges and open problems for researchers to tackle in the coming years.