nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning from Noisy Large-Scale Datasets with Minimal Supervision

We present an approach to effectively use millions of images with noisy annotations in conjunction with a small subset of cleanly-annotated images to learn powerful image representations. One common approach to combine clean and noisy data is to first pre-train a network using the large noisy dataset and then fine-tune with the clean dataset. We show this approach does not fully leverage the information contained in the clean set. Thus, we demonstrate how to use the clean annotations to reduce the noise in the large dataset before fine-tuning the network using both the clean set and the full set with reduced noise. The approach comprises a multi-task network that jointly learns to clean noisy annotations and to accurately classify images. We evaluate our approach on the recently released Open Images dataset, containing ~9 million images, multiple annotations per image and over 6000 unique classes. For the small clean set of annotations we use a quarter of the validation set with ~40k images. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach clearly outperforms direct fine-tuning across all major categories of classes in the Open Image dataset. Further, our approach is particularly effective for a large number of classes with wide range of noise in annotations (20-80% false positive annotations).
Foxp 3 programs the development and function of CD 4 + CD 25 + regulatory T cells

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are essential for the active suppression of autoimmunity. Here we report that the forkhead transcription factor Foxp3 is specifically expressed in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and is required for their development.The lethal autoimmune syndrome observed in Foxp3-mutant scurfy mice and Foxp3-null mice results from a CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell deficiency and not from a cell-intrinsic defect of CD4+CD25– T cells. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells rescue disease development and preferentially expand when transferred into neonatal Foxp3deficient mice. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Foxp3 confers suppressor function on peripheral CD4+CD25– T cells. Thus, Foxp3 is a critical regulator of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell development and function.
A conceptual framework linking learning design with learning analytics

In this paper we present a learning analytics conceptual framework that supports enquiry-based evaluation of learning designs. The dimensions of the proposed framework emerged from a review of existing analytics tools, the analysis of interviews with teachers, and user scenarios to understand what types of analytics would be useful in evaluating a learning activity in relation to pedagogical intent. The proposed framework incorporates various types of analytics, with the teacher playing a key role in bringing context to the analysis and making decisions on the feedback provided to students as well as the scaffolding and adaptation of the learning design. The framework consists of five dimensions: temporal analytics, tool-specific analytics, cohort dynamics, comparative analytics and contingency. Specific metrics and visualisations are defined for each dimension of the conceptual framework. Finally the development of a tool that partially implements the conceptual framework is discussed.
The Vertebral Column, Ribs, and Sternum of the African Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse)

Examined bones were obtained from eight adult African giant rats, Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse. Animals used had an average body mass of 730.00 ± 41.91 gm and body length of 67.20 ± 0.05 cm. The vertebral formula was found to be C7, T13, L6, S4, Ca31-36. The lowest and highest points of the cervicothoracic curvature were at C5 and T2, respectively. The spinous process of the axis was the largest in the cervical group while others were sharp and pointed. The greatest diameter of the vertebral canal was at the atlas (0.8 cm) and the lowest at the caudal sacral bones (2 mm). The diameter of the vertebral foramen was the largest at C1 and the smallest at the S4; the foramina were negligibly indistinct caudal to the sacral vertebrae. There were 13 pairs of ribs. The first seven pairs were sternal, and six pairs were asternal of which the last 2-3 pairs were floating ribs. The sternum was composed of deltoid-shaped manubrium sterni, four sternebrae, and a slender processus xiphoideus. No sex-related differences were observed. The vertebral column is adapted for strong muscular attachment and actions helping the rodent suited for speed, agility, dexterity, and strength which might enable it to overpower prey and escape predation.
AM/AM and AM/PM Distortion Generation Mechanisms in Si LDMOS and GaN HEMT Based RF Power Amplifiers

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the AM/AM and AM/PM nonlinear distortion generation mechanisms arising in the most common RF power amplifier (PA) technologies presently used in cellular infrastructures: the Si LDMOS and the GaN HEMT. Considering all the known nonlinear elements of both transistors' equivalent circuits, namely, the drain-source current and the gate-source, the gate-drain and the drain-source capacitances, semi-analytical expressions are derived for the PA's AM/AM and the AM/PM distortions. This model is shown to offer an accurate nonlinear distortion prediction across the whole range of operation classes (Class C, Class B, and Class AB) and signal ranges (from small-signal to power saturation), and a qualitative view of the physical distortion generation mechanisms, which is useful for nonlinear circuit design and performance optimization.
Measuring and analyzing the characteristics of Napster and Gnutella hosts

The popularity of peer-to-peer multimedia file sharing applications such as Gnutella and Napster has created a flurry of recent research activity into peer-to-peer architectures. We believe that the proper evaluation of a peer-to-peer system must take into account the characteristics of the peers that choose to participate in it. Surprisingly, however, few of the peer-to-peer architectures currently being developed are evaluated with respect to such considerations. In this paper, we remedy this situation by performing a detailed measurement study of the two popular peer-to-peer file sharing systems, namely Napster and Gnutella. In particular, our measurement study seeks to characterize the population of end-user hosts that participate in these two systems. This characterization includes the bottleneck bandwidths between these hosts and the Internet at large, IP-level latencies to send packets to these hosts, how often hosts connect and disconnect from the system, how many files hosts share and download, the degree of cooperation between the hosts, and several correlations between these characteristics. Our measurements show that there is significant heterogeneity and lack of cooperation across peers participating in these systems.
Gynecologic emergencies.

Gynecologic emergencies are relatively common and include ectopic pregnancies, adnexal torsion, tubo-ovarian abscess, hemorrhagic ovarian cysts, gynecologic hemorrhage, and vulvovaginal trauma. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise review of these emergencies, focusing on the evaluation and treatment options for the patient. In many cases, other causes of an acute abdomen are in the differential diagnosis. Understanding the tenets of diagnosis helps the surgeon narrow the etiology and guide appropriate treatment.
Specific muscle stabilizing as home exercises for persistent pelvic girdle pain after pregnancy: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.

To investigate the efficacy of home-based specific stabilizing exercises focusing on the local stabilizing muscles as the only intervention in the treatment of persistent postpartum pelvic girdle pain.



A prospective, randomized, single-blinded, clinically controlled study.



Eighty-eight women with pelvic girdle pain were recruited 3 months after delivery.



The treatment consisted of specific stabilizing exercises targeting the local trunk muscles. The reference group had a single telephone contact with a physiotherapist. Primary outcome was disability measured with Oswestry Disability Index. Secondary outcomes were pain, health-related quality of life (EQ-5D), symptom satisfaction, and muscle function.



No significant differences between groups could be found at 3- or 6-month follow-up regarding primary outcome in disability. Within-group comparisons showed some improvement in both groups in terms of disability, pain, symptom satisfaction and muscle function compared with baseline, although the majority still experienced pelvic girdle pain.



Treatment with this home-training concept of specific stabilizing exercises targeting the local muscles was no more effective in improving consequences of persistent postpartum pelvic girdle pain than the clinically natural course. Regardless of whether treatment with specific stabilizing exercises was carried out, the majority of women still experienced some back pain almost one year after pregnancy.
Derivation of the correct waveform of the human electrocardiogram by Willem Einthoven, 1890-1895.

In the period 1890 to 1895, Willem Einthoven greatly improved the quality of tracings that could be directly obtained with the capillary electrometer. He then introduced an ingenious correction for the poor frequency response of these instruments, using differential equations. This method allowed him to predict the correct form of the human electrocardiogram, as subsequently revealed by the new string galvanometer that he introduced in 1902. For Einthoven, who won the Nobel Prize for the development of the electrocardiogram in 1924, one of the most rewarding aspects of the high fidelity recording of the human electrocardiogram was its validation of his earlier theoretical predictions regarding the electrical activity of the heart.
Ant Colony Technique for Optimizing the Order of Cascaded SVM Classifier for Sunflower Seed Classification

In Seed Testing Laboratory (STL), test for other distinguishable variety (ODV) is carried out for the seed sample received from the seed producer after harvesting. This is done to obtain foundation/certified tag from the seed certification department before marketing the product. This is currently done manually by observing the morphological characteristics of the seeds through the naked eye. This is a time-consuming process for the STL and there is a chance for human error in identifying ODV. Hence, there is the need for the machine vision technique to automate the process of identifying ODV in the seed testing laboratory. Various techniques for varietal identification of sunflower seeds are explored in this paper. Experiments are performed on a dataset that contains ten varieties of sunflower seeds and the success rate achieved using various techniques is reported in this paper. In cascaded support vector machine (SVM), the order in which the classifier blocks are arranged plays an important role in improving the classification rate. The main contribution of this paper lies in the manipulation of ant colony optimization technique for obtaining the order of cascaded SVM by maximizing the total probability of correct decision. When the SVM is cascaded in optimum order, classification rate has been increased from $88.32\%$  (obtained using the actual order) to $98.82\%$  for kernel linear discriminant analysis based boundary descriptors. The closed form expression for computing the total probability of correct detection of the constructed cascaded SVM classifier is also reported in this paper.
Quantum-assisted learning of graphical models with arbitrary pairwise connectivity

Mainstream machine learning techniques such as deep learning and probabilistic programming rely heavily on sampling from generally intractable probability distributions. There is increasing interest in the potential advantages of using quantum computing technologies as sampling engines to speed up these tasks. However, some pressing challenges in state-of-the-art quantum annealers have to be overcome before we can assess their actual performance. The sparse connectivity, resulting from the local interaction between quantum bits in physical hardware implementations, is considered the most severe limitation to the quality of constructing powerful machine learning models. Here we show how to surpass this bottleneck and illustrate our findings by training probabilistic generative models with arbitrary pairwise connectivity on a real dataset of handwritten digits and two synthetic datasets in experiments with up to 940 quantum bits. Our model can be trained in quantum hardware without full knowledge of the effective parameters specifying the corresponding quantum Boltzmann-like distribution. Therefore, the need to infer the effective temperature at each iteration is avoided, speeding up learning, and the effect of noise in the control parameters is mitigated, improving accuracy. Our approach demonstrates the feasibility of using quantum annealers for implementing generative models of real datasets and provides a suitable framework for benchmarking these quantum technologies on tasks qualitatively different from the traditional ones.
A novel CQI calculation scheme in LTE\LTE-A systems

We propose a novel Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) calculation scheme in LTE\LTE-A systems. SNR-CQI mapping scheme, as well as SINR-CQI mapping scheme, is extensively studied in previous works. However, these kinds of CQI mapping schemes always provide imprecise results in fading channels, since all of them ignore the channel quality degeneration caused by other factors. In this paper, we further improve CQI calculation by considering the impact of multipath delay spread. The calculation scheme is presented in details. In order to guarantee the converge of CQI calculation, a Block Error Ratio (BLER) based converge algorithm is proposed. Simulations show that our calculation scheme can select CQIs more precisely, and achieve better throughput performance than traditional schemes. Furthermore, our scheme converges much faster than previous schemes.
Acceleration of Macroscopic Particle to Hypervelocity by High-Intensity Beams

Hypervelocity (~1000-km/s) impact of a macroscopic particle (macron) has profound influences in high energy density physics and inertial fusion energy researches. As the charge-mass ratio of macrons is too low, the length of an electrostatic accelerator can reach hundreds to thousands of kilometers, rendering macron acceleration impractical. To reduce the accelerator length, a much higher electric field than what the most powerful klystrons can provide is desired. One practical choice may be the high-intensity charged particle beam ldquoblowing-piperdquo approach. In this approach, a high-intensity (~10-kA) medium-energy (0.5-2-MeV) long-pulse (10-1000-mus) positively charged ion beam shots to a heavily charged millimeter-size macron to create a local high-strength electric field (~1010 V/m), accelerating the macron efficiently. We will discuss the physics and challenges involved in this concept and give an illustrative simulation.
What online gamers really think of the Internet?

The Internet has provided a network infrastructure with global connectivity for the games industry to develop and deploy online games. However, unlike the document interface paradigm of the World Wide Web (WWW), these online games have more stringent requirements that are not fulfilled by the Internet's best effort service model.A key characteristic of online games is the possibility of having multiple participants share the same experience. Consequently, the volatile nature of the Internet can affect the enjoyment of all, or at the very least a few, of the users. To ameliorate the impact caused by network problems that may arise during game play, game developers have adopted adaptation techniques in the design and implementation of online games. However, little is known of how the user perceives these mechanisms.This paper presents the results of a questionnaire targeted at the online gaming community to provide insight into what users really think of the Internet and its impact on their playing experience. One of the main results is to demonstrate that the existing mechanisms fail to maintain the utility of the game at all times, leading to frustration on the part of the users. In spite of this, users are not willing to pay for any service guarantees.
A Core Complex of BBS Proteins Cooperates with the GTPase Rab8 to Promote Ciliary Membrane Biogenesis

Primary cilium dysfunction underlies the pathogenesis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), a genetic disorder whose symptoms include obesity, retinal degeneration, and nephropathy. However, despite the identification of 12 BBS genes, the molecular basis of BBS remains elusive. Here we identify a complex composed of seven highly conserved BBS proteins. This complex, the BBSome, localizes to nonmembranous centriolar satellites in the cytoplasm but also to the membrane of the cilium. Interestingly, the BBSome is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function. This ciliogenic function is mediated in part by the Rab8 GDP/GTP exchange factor, which localizes to the basal body and contacts the BBSome. Strikingly, Rab8(GTP) enters the primary cilium and promotes extension of the ciliary membrane. Conversely, preventing Rab8(GTP) production blocks ciliation in cells and yields characteristic BBS phenotypes in zebrafish. Our data reveal that BBS may be caused by defects in vesicular transport to the cilium.
Combinatorial nanodiamond in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

One of the newly emerging carbon materials, nanodiamond (ND), has been exploited for use in traditional electric materials and this has extended into biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Recently, NDs have attained significant interests as a multifunctional and combinational drug delivery system. ND studies have provided insights into granting new potentials with their wide ranging surface chemistry, complex formation with biopolymers, and combination with biomolecules. The studies that have proved ND inertness, biocompatibility, and low toxicity have made NDs much more feasible for use in real in vivo applications. This review gives an understanding of NDs in biomedical engineering and pharmaceuticals, focusing on the classified introduction of ND/drug complexes. In addition, the diverse potential applications that can be obtained with chemical modification are presented.
Impacts of implementing Enterprise Content Management Systems

This paper presents the results of a case study on the impacts of implementing Enterprise Content Management Systems (ECMSs) in an organization. It investigates how these impacts are influenced by the functionalities of an ECMS and by the nature of the ECMS-supported processes. The results confirm that both factors do influence the impacts. Further, the results indicate that the implementation of an ECMS can change the nature of ECMS-supported processes. It is also demonstrated that the functionalities of an ECMS need to be aligned with the nature of the processes of the implementing organization. This finding confirms previous research from the Workflow Management domain and extends it to the ECM domain. Finally, the case study results show that implementing an ECMS to support rather ‘static’ processes can be expected to cause more and stronger impacts than the support of ‘flexible’ processes.
Hyaluronate Fragments Reverse Skin Atrophy by a CD44-Dependent Mechanism

Skin atrophy is a common manifestation of aging and is frequently accompanied by ulceration and delayed wound healing. With an increasingly aging patient population, management of skin atrophy is becoming a major challenge in the clinic, particularly in light of the fact that there are no effective therapeutic options at present.



Atrophic skin displays a decreased hyaluronate (HA) content and expression of the major cell-surface hyaluronate receptor, CD44. In an effort to develop a therapeutic strategy for skin atrophy, we addressed the effect of topical administration of defined-size HA fragments (HAF) on skin trophicity. Treatment of primary keratinocyte cultures with intermediate-size HAF (HAFi; 50,000-400,000 Da) but not with small-size HAF (HAFs; <50,000 Da) or large-size HAF (HAFl; >400,000 Da) induced wild-type (wt) but not CD44-deficient (CD44-/-) keratinocyte proliferation. Topical application of HAFi caused marked epidermal hyperplasia in wt but not in CD44-/- mice, and significant skin thickening in patients with age- or corticosteroid-related skin atrophy. The effect of HAFi on keratinocyte proliferation was abrogated by antibodies against heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) and its receptor, erbB1, which form a complex with a particular isoform of CD44 (CD44v3), and by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3).



Our observations provide a novel CD44-dependent mechanism for HA oligosaccharide-induced keratinocyte proliferation and suggest that topical HAFi application may provide an attractive therapeutic option in human skin atrophy.
R 16 Time Of Flight Image Sensors in 0 . 18 μ m CMOS Technology : a Comparative Overview of Different Approaches

Time of Flight (TOF) range cameras, besides being used in industrial metrology applications, have also a potential interest in consumer application such as ambient assisted living and gaming. In these fields, the information offered by the sensor can be used to efficiently track the position of objects and people in the camera field of view, thus overcoming many of the problems, which are present when analyzing conventional intensity images. The need of lowering the overall system cost and power consumption, while increasing the sensor resolution, has triggered the exploration of more advanced CMOS technologies to make sensors suitable for these applications. However, migration to new technologies is not straightforward, since the most mature commercial 3D sensors employ dedicated CCD-CMOS technologies, which cannot be translated to new processes without any process modification. In this contribution a comparative overview of three different pixel architectures aimed at TOF 3D imaging, and implemented in the same 0.18-μm CMOS technology, is given and the main advantages and drawbacks of each solution are analyzed.
CORRIDOR NAVIGATION OF A MOBILE ROBOT USING A CAMERA AND SENSORS — MULTI-AGENT APPROACH

SENSORS—MULTI-AGENT APPROACH by YUKI ONO (Under the Direction of Walter D. Potter)  This thesis addresses two issues in robotic application: an issue concerned with the verification of how well the existing heuristic methods compensate for uncertainty caused by sensing the unstructured environment, and an issue focusing on the design and implementation of a control system that is easily expandable and portable to another robotic platform aiming to future research and application. Using a robot equipped with a minimal set of sensors such as a camera and infrared sensors, our multi-agent based control system is built to tackle various problems encountered during corridor navigation. The control system consists of four agents: an agent responsible for handling sensors, an agent which identifies a corridor using machine vision techniques, an agent which avoids collisions applying fuzzy logic to proximity data, and an agent responsible for locomotion. In the experiments, the robot’s performance demonstrates the feasibility of a multi-agent approach.