nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
GreeDi: An energy efficient routing algorithm for big data on cloud

The ever-increasing density in cloud computing parties, i.e. users, services, providers and data centres, has led to a significant exponential growth in: data produced and transferred among the cloud computing parties; network traffic; and the energy consumed by the cloud computing massive infrastructure, which is required to respond quickly and effectively to users requests. Transferring big data volume among the aforementioned parties requires a high bandwidth connection, which consumes larger amounts of energy than just processing and storing big data on cloud data centres, and hence producing high carbon dioxide emissions. This power consumption is highly significant when transferring big data into a data centre located relatively far from the users geographical location. Thus, it became high-necessity to locate the lowest energy consumption route between the user and the designated data centre, while making sure the users requirements, e.g. response time, are met. The main contribution of this paper is GreeDi, a network-based routing algorithm to find the most energy efficient path to the cloud data centre for processing and storing big data. The algorithm is, first, formalised by the situation calculus. The linear, goal and dynamic programming approaches used to model the algorithm. The algorithm is then evaluated against the baseline shortest path algorithm with minimum number of nodes traversed, using a real Italian ISP physical network topology.
Permanent magnet volume minimization of spoke type fractional slot synchronous motors

The combination of the spoke type interior permanent magnet synchronous motor together with the NdFeB is an effective solution when high torque density is required. On the other hand, in the last years, the instability and the high price of the rare earth make the magnet minimization and the optimization of the motor design critical and mandatory. This paper deals with the design criteria of a spoke type, fractional slot concentrated winding, interior permanent magnet motor, especially as regards the minimization of the magnet volume, maximization of the airgap flux density and optimization of the split ratio. An analytical procedure is presented and validated by means of finite element analysis. At last, the advantages and the differences among the solutions are highlighted.
User-mode memory scanning on 32-bit & 64-bit windows

Memory scanning is an essential component in detecting and deactivating malware while the malware is still active in memory. The content here is confined to user-mode memory scanning for malware on 32-bit and 64-bit Windows NT based systems that are memory resident and/or persistent over reboots. Malware targeting 32-bit Windows are being created and deployed at an alarming rate today. While there are not many malware targeting 64-bit Windows yet, many of the existing Win32 malware for 32-bit Windows will work fine on 64-bit Windows due to the underlying WoW64 subsystem. Here, we will present an approach to implement user-mode memory scanning for Windows. This essentially means scanning the virtual address space of all processes in memory. In case of an infection, while the malware is still active in memory, it can significantly limit detection and disinfection. The real challenge hence actually lies in fully disinfecting the machine and restoring back to its clean state. Today’s malware apply complex anti-disinfection techniques making the task of restoring the machine to a clean state extremely difficult. Here, we will discuss some of these techniques with examples from real-world malware scenarios. Practical approaches for user-mode disinfection will be presented. By leveraging the abundance of redundant information available via various Win32 and Native API from user-mode, certain techniques to detect hidden processes will also be presented. Certain challenges in porting the memory scanner to 64-bit Windows and Vista will be discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of implementing a memory scanner in user-mode (rather than kernel-mode) will also be discussed.
Are there optical communication channels in the brain?

Despite great progress in neuroscience, there are still fundamental unanswered questions about the brain, including the origin of subjective experience and consciousness. Some answers might rely on new physical mechanisms. Given that biophotons have been discovered in the brain, it is interesting to explore if neurons use photonic communication in addition to the well-studied electro-chemical signals. Such photonic communication in the brain would require waveguides. Here we review recent work (S. Kumar, K. Boone, J. Tuszynski, P. Barclay, and C. Simon,  (2016)) suggesting that myelinated axons could serve as photonic waveguides. The light transmission in the myelinated axon was modeled, taking into account its realistic imperfections, and experiments were proposed both in vivo and in vitro to test this hypothesis. Potential implications for quantum biology are discussed.
Visualization and Visual Modelling for Strategic Analysis and Problem-Solving

Strategic problem-solving is a complicated task that requires processing of large amount of information using theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Effective problem-solving requires fast and accurate comprehension and analysis of the issues surrounding the problem. There are several tools, techniques and frameworks that support strategic analysis and decision-making. This paper develops a framework to clarify the relationship between visualization and modelling, and offers a classification scheme for visualization and modelling tools and techniques with a perspective on strategic problem-solving.
Bioequivalence; Its History, Practice, and Future

The cost of healthcare has been escalating globally during the last two decades, and this has prompted efforts in most countries to reduce those costs. It is known that most of the interventions of healthcare are done through medication. Since the cost of medication has also been escalating through the years, the contribution of drug costs to the overall costs of healthcare has received considerable attention. A major strategy for lowering the cost of medication, and thereby reducing its contribution to total healthcare costs, has been the introduction in global markets of generic equivalents of brand-name drugs (innovator drugs). The strategy has been effective. The national average savings through the use of generic drugs from 1997–2000 was approximately 9 billion dollars or 11% of total prescription costs (1). At the same time, generic drugs have captured more than 65% of the global pharmaceutical market. Average prescription spending in the United States topped 286 billion in 2007, prompting calls for greater generic drug use to reduce costs without sacrificing quality. Generic drugs account for 66% of prescriptions filled in the US but less than 13% of the cost (2). Thus, because of the importance of generic drugs in healthcare, it is imperative that the pharmaceutical quality and in vivo performance of generic drugs be reliably assessed. Because generic drugs would be interchanged with innovator products in the market place, it must be demonstrated that the safety and efficacy of generics are comparable to the safety and efficacy of the corresponding innovator drugs. Assessment of “interchangeability” between the generic and the innovator product is carried out by a study of “in vivo equivalence” or “bioequivalence” (BE). The concept of BE has been accepted worldwide by the pharmaceutical industry and national regulatory authorities for over 20 years and is applied to new as well as generic products. As a result, thousands of high-quality generic drugs at reduced costs have become available in every corner of the globe. The assessment of BE is not a simple issue, however, and much of the research has been done in recent years to develop new and more effective approaches to the assessment of BE.
Tunneling nanotube (TNT)-mediated neuron-to neuron transfer of pathological Tau protein assemblies

A given cell makes exchanges with its neighbors through a variety of means ranging from diffusible factors to vesicles. Cells use also tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), filamentous-actin-containing membranous structures that bridge and connect cells. First described in immune cells, TNTs facilitate HIV-1 transfer and are found in various cell types, including neurons. We show that the microtubule-associated protein Tau, a key player in Alzheimer's disease, is a bona fide constituent of TNTs. This is important because Tau appears beside filamentous actin and myosin 10 as a specific marker of these fine protrusions of membranes and cytosol that are difficult to visualize. Furthermore, we observed that exogenous Tau species increase the number of TNTs established between primary neurons, thereby facilitating the intercellular transfer of Tau fibrils. In conclusion, Tau may contribute to the formation and function of the highly dynamic TNTs that may be involved in the prion-like propagation of Tau assemblies.
Analysing Business Models for Cross Border E-Services Provided by the Chambers of Commerce

The term “Business Model”started to gain momentum in the early rise of the new economy and it is currently used both in business practice and scientific research. Under a general point of view BMs are considered as a contact point among technology, organization and strategy used to describe how an organization gets value from technology and uses it as a source of competitive advantage. Recent contributions suggest to use ontologies to define a shareable conceptualization of BM. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of BM Ontologies as a conceptual tool for the cooperation of subjects interested in achieving a common goal and operating in complex and innovative environments. This is the case for example of those contexts characterized by the deployment of e-services from multiple service providers in cross border environments. Through an extensive literature review on BM we selected the most suitable conceptual tool and studied its application to the LD-CAST project during a participatory action research activity in order to analyse the BM design process of a new organisation based on the cooperation of service providers (the Chambers of Commerce from Italy, Romania, Poland and Bulgaria) with different needs, legal constraints and cultural background.
Position Control of Shape Memory Alloy Actuators by Using Self Tuning Fuzzy PID Controller

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators, which have ability to return to a predetermined shape when heated, have many potential applications in aeronautics, surgical tools, robotics and so on. Although the number of applications is increasing, there has been limited success in precise motion control since the systems are disturbed by unknown factors beside their inherent nonlinear hysteresis or the surrounding environment of the systems is changed. This paper presents a new development of SMA position control system by using self-tuning fuzzy PID controller. The use of this control algorithm is to tune the parameters of the PID controller by integrating fuzzy inference and producing a fuzzy adaptive PID controller that can be used to improve the control performance of nonlinear systems. The experimental results of position control of SMA actuators using conventional and self tuning fuzzy PID controller are both included in this paper
Traffic Signal Control Based on Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference

An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is developed and tested for traffic signal controlling. From a given input data set, the developed adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system can draw the membership functions and corresponding rules by its own, thus making the designing process easier and reliable compared to standard fuzzy logic controllers. Among useful inputs of fuzzy signal control systems, gap between two vehicles, delay at intersections, vehicle density, flow rate and queue length are often used. By considering the practical applicability, the average vehicle inflow rate of each lane is considered in this work as inputs to model the adaptive neuro-fuzzy signal control system. In order to define the desired objectives of reducing the waiting time of vehicles at the signal control, the combined delay of vehicles within one signal cycle is minimized using a simple mathematical optimization method The performance of the control system was tested further by developing an event driven traffic simulation program in Matlab under Windows environment. As expected, the neuro-fuzzy logic controller performed better than the fixed time controller due to its real time adaptability. The neuro-fuzzy controlling system allows more vehicles to pass the junction in congestion and less number of vehicles when the flow rate is low. In particular, the performance of the developed system was superior when there were abrupt changes in traffic flow rates.
COMPARISONS OF POSITIONAL GROUPS IN TERMS OF ANTHROPOMETRIC , RUGBY-SPECIFIC SKILLS , PHYSICAL AND MOTOR COMPONENTS AMONG U 13 , U 16 , U 18 AND U 19 ELITE RUGBY PLAYERS

Rugby is a very popular sport and is played from primary school to senior level in more than a hundred countries worldwide. Certain anthropometric, physical, motor abilities and game-specific variables can distinguish between talented and less talented rugby players. However, a void still exists as to how these abilities change in growing and developing rugby players. At present the positional selection of players is left to the coaches and teachers, who do not necessarily possess the experience or knowledge for proper positional selections. The possibility to identify positional requirements by using a scientifically compiled test battery for rugby players will assist coaches and teachers in the correct positional selection of players at specific ages. The aim of this study was to compare playing groups in terms of anthropometric, rugby-specific skills, physical and motor components among U 13 (n=21), U 16 (n=22), U 18 (n=18) and U 19 (n=19) elite rugby players. These age groups were divided in four positional groups: tight forwards (props, hooker, locks), loose forwards (flankers, eight-man), halves (scrumand fly half) and back-line (centres, wings and full back). Research on talent identification normally uses small groups because elite athletes represent only the talented or gifted players. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to establish any significant differences (d-value) between playing groups in terms of anthropometric, rugby-specific skills, physical and motor components. In conclusion it seems that forwards, and many coaches are of this opinion, develop much later in terms of anthropometric components. The back-line players reveal many more differences in terms of rugby-specific skills, physical and motor components. It is also interesting to note that the older the players, the fewer the differences that were apparent in terms of rugby-specific skills, physical and motor components. It thus seems that the positional requirements of adolescent rugby players differ among age groups, as well as among adult rugby players. Therefore it is necessary to compile scientific test batteries specifically for each age group. This might be due to better physical and motor conditioning as well as coaching of all players, irrelevant of positional groups.
Probiotics and the BSH-related cholesterol lowering mechanism: a Jekyll and Hyde scenario.

Probiotic microorganisms have been documented over the past two decades to play a role in cholesterol-lowering properties via various clinical trials. Several mechanisms have also been proposed and the ability of these microorganisms to deconjugate bile via production of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) has been widely associated with their cholesterol lowering potentials in prevention of hypercholesterolemia. Deconjugated bile salts are more hydrophobic than their conjugated counterparts, thus are less reabsorbed through the intestines resulting in higher excretion into the feces. Replacement of new bile salts from cholesterol as a precursor subsequently leads to decreased serum cholesterol levels. However, some controversies have risen attributed to the activities of deconjugated bile acids that repress the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol. Deconjugated bile acids have higher binding affinity towards some orphan nuclear receptors namely the farsenoid X receptor (FXR), leading to a suppressed transcription of the enzyme cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (7AH), which is responsible in bile acid synthesis from cholesterol. This notion was further corroborated by our current docking data, which indicated that deconjugated bile acids have higher propensities to bind with the FXR receptor as compared to conjugated bile acids. Bile acids-activated FXR also induces transcription of the IBABP gene, leading to enhanced recycling of bile acids from the intestine back to the liver, which subsequently reduces the need for new bile formation from cholesterol. Possible detrimental effects due to increased deconjugation of bile salts such as malabsorption of lipids, colon carcinogenesis, gallstones formation and altered gut microbial populations, which contribute to other varying gut diseases, were also included in this review. Our current findings and review substantiate the need to look beyond BSH deconjugation as a single factor/mechanism in strain selection for hypercholesterolemia, and/or as a sole mean to justify a cholesterol-lowering property of probiotic strains.
Automatic audiovisual behavior descriptors for psychological disorder analysis

☆ This paper has been recommended for acceptance by ⁎ Corresponding author at: University of Southern C Technologies 12015 Waterfront Dr. 90094, Playa Vista, CA E-mail addresses: scherer@ict.usc.edu (S. Scherer), Str Lucas@ict.usc.edu (G. Lucas), emmam3@cam.ac.uk (M. M (J. Boberg), gratch@ict.usc.edu (J. Gratch), rizzo@ict.usc.ed morency@ict.usc.edu (L.-P. Morency). 1 This work is an extension of the work in  originally the IEEE Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition Confere
Validation of the EORTC QLQ-GINET21 questionnaire for assessing quality of life of patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours

Quality of life is an important end point in clinical trials, yet there are few quality of life questionnaires for neuroendocrine tumours.This international multicentre validation study assesses the QLQ-GINET21 Quality of Life Questionnaire in 253 patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours. All patients were requested to complete two quality of life questionnaires – the EORTC Core Quality of Life questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and the QLQ-GINET21 – at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months post-baseline; the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were then analysed.Analysis of QLQ-GINET21 scales confirmed appropriate aggregation of the items, except for treatment-related symptoms, where weight gain showed low correlation with other questions in the scale; weight gain was therefore analysed as a single item. Internal consistency of scales using Cronbach’s α coefficient was >0.7 for all parts of the QLQ-GINET21 at 6 months. Intraclass correlation was >0.85 for all scales. Discriminant validity was confirmed, with values <0.70 for all scales compared with each other.Scores changed in accordance with alterations in performance status and in response to expected clinical changes after therapies. Mean scores were similar for pancreatic and other tumours.The QLQ-GINET21 is a valid and responsive tool for assessing quality of life in the gut, pancreas and liver neuroendocrine tumours.
WireWarping: A fast surface flattening approach with length-preserved feature curves

This paper presents a novel approach – WireWarping for computing a flattened planar piece with length-preserved feature curves from a 3D piecewise linear surface patch. The property of lengthpreservation on feature curves is very important to industrial applications for controlling the shape and dimension of products fabricated from planar pieces. WireWarping simulates warping a given 3D surface patch onto plane with the feature curves as tendon wires to preserve the length of their edges. During warping, the surface-angle variations between edges on wires are minimized so that the shape of a planar piece is similar to its corresponding 3D patch. Two schemes – the progressive warping and the global warping schemes are developed, where the progressive scheme is flexible for local shape control and the global scheme gives good performance on highly distorted patches. Experimental results show that WireWarping can successfully flatten surface patches into planar pieces while preserving the length of edges on feature curves.
Auto-zero amplifiers ease the design of high-precision circuits

A wide variety of electronic applications deal with the conditioning of small input signals. These systems require signal paths with very low offset voltage and low offset voltage drift over time and temperature. With standard linear components, the only way to achieve this is to use system-level auto-calibration. However, adding autocalibration requires more complicated hardware and software and can slow down time to market for new products. The alternative is to use components with low offset and low drift. The amplifiers with by far the lowest offset and drift available are the auto-zero amplifiers (AZAs). These amplifiers achieve high dc precision through a continuously running calibration mechanism that is implemented on-chip. With a typical input offset of 1 μV, a temperature-related drift of 20 nV/oC, and a long-term drift of 20 nV/month, these amplifiers satisfy even the highest requirements of dc accuracy. Today’s AZAs differ neither in form nor in the application from standard operational amplifiers. There is, however, some hesitation when it comes to using AZAs, as most engineers associate them with the older chopper amplifiers and chopper-stabilized amplifier designs. This stigma has been perpetuated either by engineers who worked with the older chopper amplifiers and remember the difficulties they had with them, or younger engineers who learned about chopper amplifiers in school but probably did not understand them very well. The original chopper amplifier heralded the beginning of the new era of self-calibrating amplifiers more than 50 years ago. This amplifier provided extreme low values for offset and drift, but its design was complicated and expensive. In addition, ac performance was limited to a few hertz of input bandwidth accompanied by a high level of output noise. Over the years, unfortunately, the term “chopper amplifier” became a synonym for any amplifier with internal calibration capability. Therefore, AZAs, often wrongly designated as chopper or chopper-stabilized amplifiers, are associated with the stigma of the older chopper technique. This article shows that the auto-zero calibration technique is very different from the chopper technique and is one that, when implemented through modern process technology, allows the economical manufacturing of wideband, high-precision amplifiers with low output noise. The following discussion presents the functional principles of the chopper amplifier, the chopper-stabilized amplifier, and the AZA. It then compares the efficiencies of low-frequency filtering when applied to AZAs and standard operational amplifiers. Finally, three application examples demonstrate the use of an AZA as a signal amplifier and as a calibrating amplifier in dc—and wideband ac—applications.