nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Vectorization for MATLAB

Dynamic array-based languages such as MATLAB provide a wide range of built-in operations which can be efficiently applied to all elements of an array. Historically, MATLAB and Octave programmers have been advised to manually transform loops to equivalent “vectorized” computations in order to maximize performance. In this paper we present the techniques and tools to perform automatic vectorization, including handling for loops with calls to user-defined functions. We evaluate the technique on 9 benchmarks using two interpreters and two JIT-based platforms and show that automatic vectorization is extremely effective for the interpreters on most benchmarks, and moderately effective on some benchmarks in the JIT context.
Anchor Free Network for Multi-Scale Face Detection

Anchor-based deep methods are the most widely used methods for face detection and have reached the state-of-the-art result. Compared with anchor-based methods that estimates the bounding-box rely on some pre-defined anchor boxes, anchor-free methods perform the localization by predicting the offsets of a pixel inside a face to its outside boundaries whose accuracies are much more precise. However, anchor-free methods suffer the drawback of low recall-rate mainly because 1) only using single scale features lead to miss detection of small faces, 2) the highly intra-class imbalance problem among different size faces. In this paper, to address these problems, we propose a unified anchor-free network for detecting multi-scale faces by leveraging the local and global contextual information of multi-layer features. We also utilize a scale aware sampling strategy to mitigate the intra-class imbalance issue which can adaptivity select the positive samples. Furthermore, a revised focal loss function is adopted to deal with the foreground/background imbalance issue. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets demonstrate the effective of our proposed method.
Mechanical Self-Assembly of a Strain-Engineered Flexible Layer : Wrinkling , Rolling , and Twisting

Self-shaping of curved structures, especially those involving flexible thin layers, is attracting increasing attention because of their broad potential applications in, e.g., nanoelectromechanical andmicroelectromechanical systems, sensors, artificial skins, stretchable electronics, robotics, and drug delivery. Here, we provide an overview of recent experimental, theoretical, and computational studies on the mechanical selfassembly of strain-engineered thin layers, with an emphasis on systems in which the competition between bending and stretching energy gives rise to a variety of deformations, such as wrinkling, rolling, and twisting. We address the principle of mechanical instabilities, which is often manifested in wrinkling or multistability of strain-engineered thin layers. The principles of shape selection and transition in helical ribbons are also systematically examined. We hope that a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanical principles underlying these rich phenomena can foster the development of techniques for manufacturing functional three-dimensional structures on demand for a broad spectrum of engineering applications.
Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&D efficiency

The past 60 years have seen huge advances in many of the scientific, technological and managerial factors that should tend to raise the efficiency of commercial drug research and development (R&D). Yet the number of new drugs approved per billion US dollars spent on R&D has halved roughly every 9 years since 1950, falling around 80-fold in inflation-adjusted terms. There have been many proposed solutions to the problem of declining R&D efficiency. However, their apparent lack of impact so far and the contrast between improving inputs and declining output in terms of the number of new drugs make it sensible to ask whether the underlying problems have been correctly diagnosed. Here, we discuss four factors that we consider to be primary causes, which we call the 'better than the Beatles' problem; the 'cautious regulator' problem; the 'throw money at it' tendency; and the 'basic research–brute force' bias. Our aim is to provoke a more systematic analysis of the causes of the decline in R&D efficiency.
Performance analysis of 1 bit full adder using GDI logic

This paper focuses on the design of 1 bit full adder circuit using Gate Diffusion Input Logic. The proposed adder schematics are developed using DSCH2 CAD tool, and their layouts are generated with Microwind 3 VLSI CAD tool. A 1 bit adder circuits are analyzed using standard CMOS 120nm features with corresponding voltage of 1.2V. The Simulated results of the proposed adder is compared with those of Pass transistor, Transmission Function, and CMOS based adder circuits. The proposed adder dissipates low power and responds faster.
Fundamental limits of latency in a cache-aided 4×4 interference channel

Fundamental limits of communication is studied in a 4 × 4 interference network, in which the transmitters are equipped with cache memories. Each of the receivers requests one file from a library of N equal-size files. The caches at the transmitters are filled without the knowledge of the user demands, such that all possible demand combinations can be satisfied reliably over the interference channel. The achievable normalized delivery time (NDT) is studied under centralized cache placement. By combining the interference alignment (IA) and zero-forcing (ZF) techniques, a novel caching and transmission scheme is presented, and is shown to be optimal for all possible cache sizes; fully characterizing the NDT for the 4× 4 interference network with caches at the transmitter side.
Effect of emergency department crowding on outcomes of admitted patients.

Emergency department (ED) crowding is a prevalent health delivery problem and may adversely affect the outcomes of patients requiring admission. We assess the association of ED crowding with subsequent outcomes in a general population of hospitalized patients.



We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of patients admitted in 2007 through the EDs of nonfederal, acute care hospitals in California. The primary outcome was inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay and costs. ED crowding was established by the proxy measure of ambulance diversion hours on the day of admission. To control for hospital-level confounders of ambulance diversion, we defined periods of high ED crowding as those days within the top quartile of diversion hours for a specific facility. Hierarchic regression models controlled for demographics, time variables, patient comorbidities, primary diagnosis, and hospital fixed effects. We used bootstrap sampling to estimate excess outcomes attributable to ED crowding.



We studied 995,379 ED visits resulting in admission to 187 hospitals. Patients who were admitted on days with high ED crowding experienced 5% greater odds of inpatient death (95% confidence interval [CI] 2% to 8%), 0.8% longer hospital length of stay (95% CI 0.5% to 1%), and 1% increased costs per admission (95% CI 0.7% to 2%). Excess outcomes attributable to periods of high ED crowding included 300 inpatient deaths (95% CI 200 to 500 inpatient deaths), 6,200 hospital days (95% CI 2,800 to 8,900 hospital days), and $17 million (95% CI $11 to $23 million) in costs.



Periods of high ED crowding were associated with increased inpatient mortality and modest increases in length of stay and costs for admitted patients.
Learning Document Similarity Using Natural Language Processing

The recent considerable growth in the amount of easily available on-line text has brought to the foreground the need for large-scale natural language processing tools for text data mining. In this paper we address the problem of organizing documents into meaningful groups according to their content and to visualize a text collection, providing an overview of the range of documents and of their relationships, so that they can be browsed more easily. We use SelfOrganizing Maps (SOMs) (Kohonen 1984). Great efficiency challenges arise in creating these maps. We study linguistically-motivated ways of reducing the representation of a document to increase efficiency and ways to disambiguate the words in the documents.
Robust MEMS Gyroscope Based on Thermal Principles

Two variants of a novel single-axis thermal gyroscope without seismic mass are designed, fabricated, and characterized in this paper. The operating principle of the device is differential temperature detection due to the Coriolis effect on an oscillatory gas stream created by alternating two resistive microheaters. The fabrication process is based on a bulk micromachining technology on a silicon substrate using platinum as the only conductor layer. The device structure consists of two resistive temperature detectors equally spaced from the two microheaters. The 170-nm-thick platinum heater and detector microstructures are freely suspended over a cavity etched into the substrate, with minimal structural support. A computer-controlled precision rotary stage is constructed to accurately measure the device performance. The devices demonstrate excellent linearity within the tested ±3.5 revolution per second angular rate of rotation and show sensitivities of 0.947 and 1.287 mV/ °/s at 20 mW heater powers. The robustness of the devices has been validated by the drop shocks of 2,722 to 16,398g (9.81 m/s2).
Integrating User and Agent Models: A Deep Task-Oriented Dialogue System

Task-oriented dialogue systems can efficiently serve a large number of customers and relieve people from tedious works. However, existing task-oriented dialogue systems depend on handcrafted actions and states or extra semantic labels, which sometimes degrades user experience despite the intensive human intervention. Moreover, current user simulators have limited expressive ability so that deep reinforcement Seq2Seq models have to rely on selfplay and only work in some special cases. To address those problems, we propose a uSer and Agent Model IntegrAtion (SAMIA) framework inspired by an observation that the roles of the user and agent models are asymmetric. Firstly, this SAMIA framework model the user model as a Seq2Seq learning problem instead of ranking or designing rules. Then the built user model is used as a leverage to train the agent model by deep reinforcement learning. In the test phase, the output of the agent model is filtered by the user model to enhance the stability and robustness. Experiments on a real-world coffee ordering dataset verify the effectiveness of the proposed SAMIA framework.
Combining cryptography and digital watermarking for secured transmission of medical images

Telemedicine has increased the number of ways in which healthcare can be delivered across places and countries instead of requiring the provider and the recipient to be present in the same place. One application of telemedicine is the exchange of medical images between remotely located healthcare entities. However, a major obstacle telemedicine faces is providing confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity to transmitted medical images. In this paper, we propose a hybrid algorithm which combines encryption and digital watermarking techniques in order to provide the required authenticity and integrity services. A cryptographic watermark and the patient's data are hidden in the cover image before being transmitted over vulnerable public networks. On the receiver's side, the watermarked image is handled by the extraction procedure in order to extract the cryptographic watermarks and the embedded medical data. The proposed algorithm was tested and evaluated using medical images of two different modalities. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Stability of endodontically treated teeth with differently invasive restorations: Adhesive vs. non-adhesive cusp stabilization.

Aim of the present study was to evaluate fracture strength of endodontically treated molars with different preparations/restorations after thermomechanical loading in vitro.



264 extracted human third molars were used. Beside the control group, 256 teeth in 32 test groups (n=8) received root canal treatment (MTwo #40/.6) and root canal obturation with AH Plus and Guttapercha. After postendodontic sealing and build-up (Syntac, SDR), specimens were additionally prepared MO or MOD. Postendodontic restorations were: Direct restorations (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill bonded with Syntac; as filling or direct partial crown (PC) after reducing the cusps 3mm; amalgam as filling or direct pin-retained partial crown (PC)), vs. indirect adhesive restorations (I: Inlay vs. PC; IPS Empress I/PC; Celtra Duo I/PC; e.max CAD I/PC; Lava Ultimate I/PC; Enamic I/PC - all inserted with Syntac/Variolink) vs. cemented cast gold I/PC. After 300,000 thermocycles (5/55°C) and 1.2 Mio. 100N load cycles, specimens were loaded until fracture.



Whereas IPS Empress showed no difference between I and PC (p>0.05), in all other groups PC were significantly more stable than fillings/inlays (p<0.05), this effect was more pronounced after MOD preparations. Cast gold PC exhibited the highest fracture strengths (p<0.05), inlays the lowest (p<0.05). IPS Empress was generally inferior to the other bonded materials under investigation (p<0.05) which as PC almost reached the level of control specimens. Amalgam fillings showed the worst outcome (p<0.05).



Less invasive preparation designs were not beneficial for the stability of postendodontic restorations. Except for IPS Empress, PC were generally more successful in restabilization of weakened cusps after endodontic treatment and preparation. Cast gold PC remain the ultimate stabilization tool for ETT in terms of fracture resistance.
"The unpredictable death"-The last year of life for patients with advanced COPD: Relatives' stories.

The end stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is described as prolonged, and the symptom burden for patients with COPD is often high. It progresses slowly over several years and can be punctuated by abrupt exacerbations that sometimes end in sudden death or a recovery of longer or shorter duration. This makes it difficult to identify the critical junctures in order to prognosticate the progress and time of death. Patients with COPD often express a fear that the dying process is going to be difficult. There is a fear that the dyspnea will worsen and lead to death by suffocation. The present article aimed to retrospectively describe the final year of life for patients with advanced COPD with a focus on death and dying from the perspective of relatives.



Interviews were conducted with the relatives of deceased family members who had advanced COPD. In total, 13 interviews were conducted and analyzed by means of content analysis.



All relatives described the patients as having had a peaceful death that did not correspond with the worry expressed earlier by both the patients and themselves. During the final week of life, two different patterns in the progress of the illness trajectory emerged: a temporary improvement where death was unexpected and a continued deterioration where death was inevitable.



The patients and their relatives lived with uncertainty up until the time of death. Little support for psychosocial and existential needs was available. It is essential for the nurse to create relationships with patients and relatives that enable them to talk about dying and death on their own terms.
Can Mobile Phone Apps Influence People’s Health Behavior Change? An Evidence Review

Globally, mobile phones have achieved wide reach at an unprecedented rate, and mobile phone apps have become increasingly prevalent among users. The number of health-related apps that were published on the two leading platforms (iOS and Android) reached more than 100,000 in 2014. However, there is a lack of synthesized evidence regarding the effectiveness of mobile phone apps in changing people's health-related behaviors.



The aim was to examine the effectiveness of mobile phone apps in achieving health-related behavior change in a broader range of interventions and the quality of the reported studies.



We conducted a comprehensive bibliographic search of articles on health behavior change using mobile phone apps in peer-reviewed journals published between January 1, 2010 and June 1, 2015. Databases searched included Medline, PreMedline, PsycINFO, Embase, Health Technology Assessment, Education Resource Information Center (ERIC), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). Articles published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research during that same period were hand-searched on the journal's website. Behavior change mechanisms were coded and analyzed. The quality of each included study was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool.



A total of 23 articles met the inclusion criteria, arranged under 11 themes according to their target behaviors. All studies were conducted in high-income countries. Of these, 17 studies reported statistically significant effects in the direction of targeted behavior change; 19 studies included in this analysis had a 65% or greater retention rate in the intervention group (range 60%-100%); 6 studies reported using behavior change theories with the theory of planned behavior being the most commonly used (in 3 studies). Self-monitoring was the most common behavior change technique applied (in 12 studies). The studies suggest that some features improve the effectiveness of apps, such as less time consumption, user-friendly design, real-time feedback, individualized elements, detailed information, and health professional involvement. All studies were assessed as having some risk of bias.



Our results provide a snapshot of the current evidence of effectiveness for a range of health-related apps. Large sample, high-quality, adequately powered, randomized controlled trials are required. In light of the bias evident in the included studies, better reporting of health-related app interventions is also required. The widespread adoption of mobile phones highlights a significant opportunity to impact health behaviors globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
Integrating the Smart Home into the Digital Calendar

With the growing adoption of smart home technologies, inhabitants are faced with the challenge of making sense of the data that their homes can collect to configure automated behaviors that benefit their routines. Current commercial smart home interfaces usually provide information on individual devices instead of a more comprehensive overview of a home's behavior. To reduce the complexity of smart home data and integrate it better into inhabitants' lives, we turned to the familiar metaphor of a calendar and developed our smart home interface Casalendar. In order to investigate the concept and evaluate our goals to facilitate the understanding of smart home data, we created a prototype that we installed in two commercial smart homes for a month. The results we present in this paper are based on our analysis of user data from questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, participant-driven audio and screenshot feedback as well as logged interactions with our system. Our findings exposed advantages and disadvantages of this metaphor, emerging usage patterns, privacy concerns and challenges for information visualization. We further report on implications for design and open challenges we revealed through this work.
Fronthaul evolution: From CPRI to Ethernet

It is proposed that using Ethernet in the fronthaul, between base station baseband unit (BBU) pools and remote radio heads (RRHs), can bring a number of advantages, from use of lower-cost equipment, shared use of infrastructure with fixed access networks, to obtaining statistical multiplexing and optimized performance through probe-based monitoring and software-defined networking. However, a number of challenges exist: ultra-high-bit-rate requirements from the transport of increased bandwidth radio streams for multiple antennas in future mobile networks, and low latency and jitter to meet delay requirements and the demands of joint processing. A new fronthaul functional division is proposed which can alleviate the most demanding bit-rate requirements by transport of baseband signals instead of sampled radio waveforms, and enable statistical multiplexing gains. Delay and synchronization issues remain to be solved.
Increased kyphosis by a combination of fractures of the sternum and thoracic spine

A 67-year-old patient suffered a fall and sustained injuries to the thorax, combined with fractures of the ribs, sternum and thoracic spine. Her pre-existing kyphosis (caused by osteoporotic vertebral collapse) increased in severity. There was a clear relationship between a sternal fracture, deterioration of thoracic kyphosis and a fracture of the thoracic spine.
Proteomic approach to address low seed germination in Cyclobalnopsis gilva

Seeds play essential roles in plant life cycle and germination is a complex process which is associated with different phases of water imbibition. Upon imbibition, seeds begin utilization of storage substances coupled with metabolic activity and biosynthesis of new proteins. Regeneration of organelles and emergence of radicals lead to the establishment of seedlings. All these activities are regulated in coordinated manners. Translation is the requirement of germination of seeds via involvements of several proteins like beta-amylase, starch phosphorylase. Some important proteins involved in seed germination are discussed in this review. In the past decade, several proteomic studies regarding seed germination of various species such as rice, Arabidopsis have been conducted. We face A paucity of proteomic data with respect to woody plants e.g. Fagus, Pheonix etc. With particular reference to Cyclobalnopsis gilva, a woody plant having low seed germination rate, no proteomic studies have been conducted. The review aims to reveal the complex seed germination mechanisms from woody and herbaceous plants that will help in understanding different seed germination phases and the involved proteins in C. gilva.
Development and verification of life-size humanoid with high-output actuation system

Life-size humanoids which have the same joint arrangement as humans are expected to help in the living environment. In this case, they require high load operations such as gripping and conveyance of heavy load, and holding people at the care spot. However, these operations are difficult for existing humanoids because of their low joint output. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop the highoutput life-size humanoid robot. We first designed a motor driver for humanoid with featuring small, water-cooled, and high output, and it performed higher joint output than existing humanoids utilizing. In this paper, we describe designed humanoid arm and leg with this motor driver. The arm is featuring the designed 2-axis unit and the leg is featuring the water-cooled double motor system. We demonstrated the arm's high torque and high velocity experiment and the leg's high performance experiment based on water-cooled double motor compared with air-cooled and single motor. Then we designed and developed a life-size humanoid with these arms and legs. We demonstrated some humanoid's experiment operating high load to find out the arm and leg's validity.