nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Image Region Forgery Detection: A Deep Learning Approach

In digital forensics, the detection of the presence of tampered images is of significant importance. The problem with the existing literature is that majority of them identify certain features in images tampered by a specific tampering method (such as copy-move, splicing, etc). This means that the method does not work reliably across various tampering methods. In addition, in terms of tampered region localization, most of the work targets only JPEG images due to the exploitation of double compression artifacts left during the re-compression of the manipulated image. However, in reality, digital forensics tools should not be specific to any image format and should also be able to localize the region of the image that was modified. In this paper, we propose a two stage deep learning approach to learn features in order to detect tampered images in different image formats. For the first stage, we utilize a Stacked Autoencoder model to learn the complex feature for each individual patch. For the second stage, we integrate the contextual information of each patch so that the detection can be conducted more accurately. In our experiments, we were able to obtain an overall tampered region localization accuracy of 91.09% over both JPEG and TIFF images from CASIA dataset, with a fall-out of 4.31% and a precision of 57.67% respectively. The accuracy over the JPEG tampered images is 87.51%, which outperforms the 40.84% and 79.72% obtained from two state of the art tampering detection approaches.
The neutral theory of molecular evolution in the genomic era.

The neutral theory of molecular evolution has been widely accepted and is the guiding principle for studying evolutionary genomics and the molecular basis of phenotypic evolution. Recent data on genomic evolution are generally consistent with the neutral theory. However, many recently published papers claim the detection of positive Darwinian selection via the use of new statistical methods. Examination of these methods has shown that their theoretical bases are not well established and often result in high rates of false-positive and false-negative results. When the deficiencies of these statistical methods are rectified, the results become largely consistent with the neutral theory. At present, genome-wide analyses of natural selection consist of collections of single-locus analyses. However, because phenotypic evolution is controlled by the interaction of many genes, the study of natural selection ought to take such interactions into account. Experimental studies of evolution will also be crucial.
Asymmetric T lymphocyte division in the initiation of adaptive immune responses.

A hallmark of mammalian immunity is the heterogeneity of cell fate that exists among pathogen-experienced lymphocytes. We show that a dividing T lymphocyte initially responding to a microbe exhibits unequal partitioning of proteins that mediate signaling, cell fate specification, and asymmetric cell division. Asymmetric segregation of determinants appears to be coordinated by prolonged interaction between the T cell and its antigen-presenting cell before division. Additionally, the first two daughter T cells displayed phenotypic and functional indicators of being differentially fated toward effector and memory lineages. These results suggest a mechanism by which a single lymphocyte can apportion diverse cell fates necessary for adaptive immunity.
Structure-Guided Statistical Textural Distinctiveness for Salient Region Detection in Natural Images

We propose a simple yet effective structure-guided statistical textural distinctiveness approach to salient region detection. Our method uses a multilayer approach to analyze the structural and textural characteristics of natural images as important features for salient region detection from a scale point of view. To represent the structural characteristics, we abstract the image using structured image elements and extract rotational-invariant neighborhood-based textural representations to characterize each element by an individual texture pattern. We then learn a set of representative texture atoms for sparse texture modeling and construct a statistical textural distinctiveness matrix to determine the distinctiveness between all representative texture atom pairs in each layer. Finally, we determine saliency maps for each layer based on the occurrence probability of the texture atoms and their respective statistical textural distinctiveness and fuse them to compute a final saliency map. Experimental results using four public data sets and a variety of performance evaluation metrics show that our approach provides promising results when compared with existing salient region detection approaches.
The ADHD Concomitant Difficulties Scale (ADHD-CDS), a Brief Scale to Measure Comorbidity Associated to ADHD

Although the critical feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity behavior, the disorder is clinically heterogeneous, and concomitant difficulties are common. Children with ADHD are at increased risk for experiencing lifelong impairments in multiple domains of daily functioning. In the present study we aimed to build a brief ADHD impairment-related tool -ADHD concomitant difficulties scale (ADHD-CDS)- to assess the presence of some of the most important comorbidities that usually appear associated with ADHD such as emotional/motivational management, fine motor coordination, problem-solving/management of time, disruptive behavior, sleep habits, academic achievement and quality of life. The two main objectives of the study were (i) to discriminate those profiles with several and important ADHD functional difficulties and (ii) to create a brief clinical tool that fosters a comprehensive evaluation process and can be easily used by clinicians.



The total sample included 399 parents of children with ADHD aged 6-18 years (M = 11.65; SD = 3.1; 280 males) and 297 parents of children without a diagnosis of ADHD (M = 10.91; SD = 3.2; 149 male). The scale construction followed an item improved sequential process.



Factor analysis showed a 13-item single factor model with good fit indices. Higher scores on inattention predicted higher scores on ADHD-CDS for both the clinical sample (β = 0.50; p < 0.001) and the whole sample (β = 0.85; p < 0.001). The ROC curve for the ADHD-CDS (against the ADHD diagnostic status) gave an area under the curve (AUC) of.979 (95%, CI = [0.969, 0.990]).



The ADHD-CDS has shown preliminary adequate psychometric properties, with high convergent validity and good sensitivity for different ADHD profiles, which makes it a potentially appropriate and brief instrument that may be easily used by clinicians, researchers, and health professionals in dealing with ADHD.
Focus+Context Visualization with Distortion Minimization

The need to examine and manipulate large surface models is commonly found in many science, engineering, and medical applications. On a desktop monitor, however, seeing the whole model in detail is not possible. In this paper, we present a new, interactive Focus+Context method for visualizing large surface models. Our method, based on an energy optimization model, allows the user to magnify an area of interest to see it in detail while deforming the rest of the area without perceivable distortion. The rest of the surface area is essentially shrunk to use as little of the screen space as possible in order to keep the entire model displayed on screen. We demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of our method with a variety of models.
Plagiarism in Take-home Exams: Help-seeking, Collaboration, and Systematic Cheating

Due to the increased enrollments in Computer Science education programs, institutions have sought ways to automate and streamline parts of course assessment in order to be able to invest more time in guiding students' work.
 This article presents a study of plagiarism behavior in an introductory programming course, where a traditional pen-and-paper exam was replaced with multiple take-home exams. The students who took the take-home exam enabled a software plugin that recorded their programming process. During an analysis of the students' submissions, potential plagiarism cases were highlighted, and students were invited to interviews.
 The interviews with the candidates for plagiarism highlighted three types of plagiarism behaviors: help-seeking, collaboration, and systematic cheating. Analysis of programming process traces indicates that parts of such behavior are detectable directly from programming process data.
Breaking LTE on Layer Two

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest mobile communication standard and has a pivotal role in our information society: LTE combines performance goals with modern security mechanisms and serves casual use cases as well as critical infrastructure and public safety communications. Both scenarios are demanding towards a resilient and secure specification and implementation of LTE, as outages and open attack vectors potentially lead to severe risks. Previous work on LTE protocol security identified crucial attack vectors for both the physical (layer one) and network (layer three) layers. Data link layer (layer two) protocols, however, remain a blind spot in existing LTE security research. In this paper, we present a comprehensive layer two security analysis and identify three attack vectors. These attacks impair the confidentiality and/or privacy of LTE communication. More specifically, we first present a passive identity mapping attack that matches volatile radio identities to longer lasting network identities, enabling us to identify users within a cell and serving as a stepping stone for follow-up attacks. Second, we demonstrate how a passive attacker can abuse the resource allocation as a side channel to perform website fingerprinting that enables the attacker to learn the websites a user accessed. Finally, we present the ALTER attack that exploits the fact that LTE user data is encrypted in counter mode (AES-CTR) but not integrity protected, which allows us to modify the message payload. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we show how an active attacker can redirect DNS requests and then perform a DNS spoofing attack. As a result, the user is redirected to a malicious website. Our experimental analysis demonstrates the real-world applicability of all three attacks and emphasizes the threat of open attack vectors on LTE layer two protocols.
Energy Metabolism of the Brain, Including the Cooperation between Astrocytes and Neurons, Especially in the Context of Glycogen Metabolism

Glycogen metabolism has important implications for the functioning of the brain, especially the cooperation between astrocytes and neurons. According to various research data, in a glycogen deficiency (for example during hypoglycemia) glycogen supplies are used to generate lactate, which is then transported to neighboring neurons. Likewise, during periods of intense activity of the nervous system, when the energy demand exceeds supply, astrocyte glycogen is immediately converted to lactate, some of which is transported to the neurons. Thus, glycogen from astrocytes functions as a kind of protection against hypoglycemia, ensuring preservation of neuronal function. The neuroprotective effect of lactate during hypoglycemia or cerebral ischemia has been reported in literature. This review goes on to emphasize that while neurons and astrocytes differ in metabolic profile, they interact to form a common metabolic cooperation.
Global Scheduling Not Required: Simple, Near-Optimal Multiprocessor Real-Time Scheduling with Semi-Partitioned Reservations

Prior work has identified several optimal algorithms for scheduling independent, implicit-deadline sporadic (or periodic) real-time tasks on identical multiprocessors. These algorithms, however, are subject to high conceptual complexity and typically incur considerable runtime overheads. This paper establishes that, empirically, near-optimal schedulability can also be achieved with a far simpler approach that combines three well-known techniques (reservations, semi-partitioned scheduling, and period transformation) with some novel task-placement heuristics.In large-scale schedulability experiments, the proposed approach is shown to achieve near-optimal hard real-time schedulability (99+% schedulable utilization) across a wide range of processor and task counts. With an implementation in LITMUSRT, the proposed approach is shown to be practical and to incur only low runtime overheads, comparable to a conventional partitioned scheduler. It is further shown that basic slack management techniques can help to avoid more than 50% of all migrations of semi-partitioned reservations if tasks execute on average for less than their provisioned worst-case execution time.Two main conclusions are drawn: pragmatically speaking, global scheduling is not required to support static workloads of independent, implicit-deadline sporadic (or periodic) tasks; and since such simple workloads are well supported, future research on multiprocessor real-time scheduling should consider more challenging workloads (e.g., adaptive workloads, dynamic task arrivals or mode changes, shared resources, precedence constraints, etc.).
Transperineal sonography of the anal sphincter complex in neonates and infants: differentiation of anteriorly displaced anus from low-type imperforate anus with perineal fistula.

To evaluate the usefulness of transperineal sonography of the anal sphincter complex for differentiating between an anteriorly displaced anus, which is a normal anatomical variant, and a low-type imperforate anus with perineal fistula, which is a pathological developmental abnormality requiring surgical repair.



Transperineal sonography was performed with a 13-MHz linear-array transducer on 8 infants (1 day-5.3 months old) who were considered on clinical grounds to have an anteriorly displaced anus and on 9 infants (0-8 months old) with a low-type imperforate anus and perineal fistula confirmed at surgery. The anal sphincter complex was identified and the relationship between the anal canal and the anal sphincter complex was evaluated.



Transperineal sonography was feasible for all children without any specific preparation. An anal canal running within an intact sphincter complex was identified in all infants with an anteriorly displaced anus (n = 8). In 8 of 9 infants with a low-type imperforate anus, a perineal fistula running outside the anal sphincter complex was correctly diagnosed by transperineal sonography. In one infant with a low-type imperforate anus, transperineal sonography revealed a deficient anal sphincter complex.



Transperineal sonography appears to be a useful non-invasive imaging technique for assessing congenital anorectal abnormalities in neonates and infants, allowing the surgeon to select infants who would benefit from surgical repair.
Wireless sensor networks : modeling and simulation 1 Wireless sensor networks : modeling and simulation

Although different modeling techniques have been proposed during the last 300 years, the differential equation formalism proposed by Newton and Leibniz has been the tool of choice for modeling and problem solving Taylor (1996); Wainer (2009). Differential equations provide a formal mathematical method (sometimes also called an analytical method) for studying the entity of interest. Computational methods based on differential equations could not be easily applied in studying human-made dynamic systems (e.g., traffic controllers, robotic arms, automated factories, production plants, computer networks, VLSI circuits). These systems are usually referred to as discrete event systems because their states do not change continuously but, rather, because of the occurrence of events. This makes them asynchronous, inherently concurrent, and highly nonlinear, rendering their modeling and simulation different from that used in traditional approaches. In order to improve the model definition for this class of systems, a number of techniques were introduced, including Petri Nets, Finite State Machines, min-max algebra, Timed Automata, etc. Banks & Nicol. (2005); Cassandras (1993); Cellier & Kofman. (2006); Fishwick (1995); Law & Kelton (2000); Toffoli & Margolus. (1987). Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a discrete event system which consists of a network of sensor nodes equipped with sensing, computing, power, and communication modules to monitor certain phenomenon such as environmental data or object tracking Zhao & Guibas (2004). Emerging applications of wireless sensor networks are comprised of asset and warehouse *madani@ciit.net.pk †jawhaikaz@ciit.net.pk ‡mahlknecht@ict.tuwien.ac.at 1
A Modified Method Combining Z-Epicanthoplasty and Blepharoplasty to Develop Out-Fold Type Double Eyelids

The epicanthus can weaken the effect of blepharoplasty, which makes it difficult to form the out-fold type double eyelids preferred by Asian women. The integration of blepharoplasty and Z-epicanthoplasty has become increasingly popular. Although many techniques have been introduced to remove the epicanthus during blepharoplasty, there are still some surgical complications. This study aimed to evaluate the practicability and effectiveness of combining Z-epicanthoplasty and blepharoplasty. Removing a slice of skin from the upper eyelid to the inner canthus makes the epicanthus crease along the vertical axis of Z-plasty. The up-outward triangular flap points to the lower eyelid margin instead of the inner canthus. By cutting off the fibrous tissue and orbicularis oculi muscle, the tension that causes epicanthus is completely released; therefore, the inner canthus ligament anchor is unnecessary and avoids damage to the inner canthus. From January 2008 to June 2014, this modified surgical method was carried out on 1108 patients. One hundred and twelve patients were evaluated at a follow-up visit ranging from 6 to 72 months. In 2 cases, the double-eyelid fold developed into an in-fold type, while, in 110 cases, it developed into an out-fold type. The outlines of the upper eyelids were natural and symmetric, and the inner canthus and lacrimal caruncle were fully exposed with no visible scar. This modified method is simple in design and practice. The inner canthus and lacrimal caruncle can be fully exposed, giving a natural, smooth, Westernized, appealing look. This technique is suitable for all types of epicanthus in Asian women. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
A Long Term Review of Surgically Treated Enlarged Breasts

Breast hypertrophy (excessive enlargement of breast), a condition though rare, is well pronounced in some females. Surgery either by reduction mammaplasty or sub-cutaneous mastectomy is often employed in treatment of this condition.  This study seeks to find out the long term level of satisfaction of the surgery on these persons after about 10 12 years after treatment.  From January 1994 to December 2000, the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) carried out surgeries on 43 females who presented with several degrees of breast hypertrophy. Patients were asked to answer questionnaires on their condition pre-operatively and post-operatively during the long term review process.  Thirty-four (79.1%) patients out of the 43 were available for the review with the patients stating there was much (100%) improvement in terms of the pain they felt in the neck, upper and lower back regions. There was no re-occurrence of the condition in any of the patients; 29 (85.3%) stated they were satisfied and that their new breast size(s) was/were excellent for them.  The pre-operative complications experienced by these patients were resolved hence this surgical procedure was good and the quality of life of these persons had been improved.
Exposure to Internet Pornography among Children and Adolescents: A National Survey

Estimates suggest that up to 90% or more youth between 12 and 18 years have access to the Internet. Concern has been raised that this increased accessibility may lead to a rise in pornography seeking among children and adolescents, with potentially serious ramifications for child and adolescent sexual development. Using data from the Youth Internet Safety Survey, a nationally representative, cross-sectional telephone survey of 1501 children and adolescents (ages 10-17 years), characteristics associated with self-reported pornography seeking behavior, both on the Internet and using traditional methods (e.g., magazines), are identified. Seekers of pornography, both online and offline, are significantly more likely to be male, with only 5% of self-identified seekers being female. The vast majority (87%) of youth who report looking for sexual images online are 14 years of age or older, when it is developmentally appropriate to be sexually curious. Children under the age of 14 who have intentionally looked at pornography are more likely to report traditional exposures, such as magazines or movies. Concerns about a large group of young children exposing themselves to pornography on the Internet may be overstated. Those who report intentional exposure to pornography, irrespective of source, are significantly more likely to cross-sectionally report delinquent behavior and substance use in the previous year. Further, online seekers versus offline seekers are more likely to report clinical features associated with depression and lower levels of emotional bonding with their caregiver. Results of the current investigation raise important questions for further inquiry. Findings from these cross-sectional data provide justification for longitudinal studies aimed at parsing out temporal sequencing of psychosocial experiences.
How to Escape Saddle Points Efficiently

This paper shows that a perturbed form of gradient descent converges to a second-order stationary point in a number iterations which depends only poly-logarithmically on dimension (i.e., it is almost “dimension-free”). The convergence rate of this procedure matches the wellknown convergence rate of gradient descent to first-order stationary points, up to log factors. When all saddle points are non-degenerate, all second-order stationary points are local minima, and our result thus shows that perturbed gradient descent can escape saddle points almost for free. Our results can be directly applied to many machine learning applications, including deep learning. As a particular concrete example of such an application, we show that our results can be used directly to establish sharp global convergence rates for matrix factorization. Our results rely on a novel characterization of the geometry around saddle points, which may be of independent interest to the non-convex optimization community.
Agency theory and corporate governance: a review of the literature from a UK perspective By

This paper attempts to provide an overview of the major literature which has developed in the area of agency theory and corporate governance in the 25 years since Jensen and Meckling’s (1976) groundbreaking article proposing their theory of the firm. A discussion is provided as to why such problems arise within the ‘nexus of contracts’ that Jensen and Meckling describe as characterising the modern corporation and how managers and shareholders may act to control these costs to maximise firm value. The major articles covering areas where manager’s interests are likely to diverge from those of the shareholders who employ them are also reviewed. Papers which have both proposed and empirically tested means by which such conflicts can be resolved are also surveyed. This section also attempts to incorporate international comparisons, with particular reference to several recent published and unpublished academic research in the UK. Finally, some concluding remarks are offered along with some suggestions for future research in the area of corporate governance.