nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Graph Connectivity

This work is mainly concerned with the strength of connections between vertices with respect to the number of vertexor edge-disjoint paths. As we shall see, this is equivalent to the question of how many nodes or edges must be removed from a graph to destroy all paths between two (arbitrary or specified) vertices. We review algorithms which • checkk-vertex (k-edge) connectivity, • compute the vertex (edge) connectivity, and • compute the maximal k-connected components of a given graph. After a few definitions we present some important theorems which summarize fundamental properties of connectivity and which provide a basis for understanding the algorithms in the subsequent sections. We give an introduction to minimum cuts and their properties, and discuss a structure for representing all minimum cuts, called cactus. Afterwards, we review connectivity algorithms that are based on network flow techniques. As examples for non-flow-based approaches, we summarize randomized connectivity algorithms and discuss a very simple algorithm for the (global) minimum capacity cut problem. The computation of biconnected, strongly connected, and triconnected components is considered in the penultimate section. The last section gives references for advanced topics and further reading. 1 Definitions An undirected graphG = (V, E) is connectedif for each pair of verticesv, w ∈ V there is a path from v to w. Graphs that are not connected are called disconnected . For a given undirected graph G = (V, E), a connected component of G is an induced subgraph G′ = (V ′, E ′) that is connected and maximal (i.e., there is no connected subgraph G′′ = (V ′′, E ′′) with V ′′ ⊃ V ′). Checking whether a graph is connected and finding all its connected components can be done in time O(n + m) using depth-first search (DFS) or breadth-first search (BFS).
An Optimal Control Approach to Sequential Machine Teaching

Given a sequential learning algorithm and a target model, sequential machine teaching aims to find the shortest training sequence to drive the learning algorithm to the target model. We present the first principled way to find such shortest training sequences. Our key insight is to formulate sequential machine teaching as a time-optimal control problem. This allows us to solve sequential teaching by leveraging key theoretical and computational tools developed over the past 60 years in the optimal control community. Specifically, we study the Pontryagin Maximum Principle, which yields a necessary condition for optimality of a training sequence. We present analytic, structural, and numerical implications of this approach on a case study with a least-squares loss function and gradient descent learner. We compute optimal training sequences for this problem, and although the sequences seem circuitous, we find that they can vastly outperform the best available heuristics for generating training sequences.
Inductive Discipline and Children's Prosocial Behavior: the Role of Parental Emotion Regulation Strategies

Although parental inductive discipline has significant influence in children’s prosocial behavior, there is less understanding of how parental emotion regulation strategies influence inductive discipline. This study examined the role of two parental emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) on parental inductive discipline and children’s prosocial behavior. I tested the hypotheses that parental cognitive reappraisal positively correlates with inductive discipline and children’s prosocial behavior whereas parental expressive suppression negatively correlates with inductive discipline in a sample of 59 parents of 3-to-5 year old children. I performed correlation and regression analyses to examine these relationships. Results indicated that expressive suppression was negatively associated with children’s prosocial behavior. In addition, the relationship between inductive discipline and children’s prosocial behavior was stronger when parental warmth was high. These findings provide empirical evidence for the influence of parental emotion regulation strategies on parenting behaviors and child outcome.
Corrected Gossip Algorithms for Fast Reliable Broadcast on Unreliable Systems

Large-scale parallel programming environments and algorithms require efficient group-communication on computing systems with failing nodes. Existing reliable broadcast algorithms either cannot guarantee that all nodes are reached or are very expensive in terms of the number of messages and latency. This paper proposes Corrected-Gossip, a method that combines Monte Carlo style gossiping with a deterministic correction phase, to construct a Las Vegas style reliable broadcast that guarantees reaching all the nodes at low cost. We analyze the performance of this method both analytically and by simulations and show how it reduces the latency and network load compared to existing algorithms. Our method improves the latency by 20% and the network load by 53% compared to the fastest known algorithm on 4,096 nodes. We believe that the principle of corrected-gossip opens an avenue for many other reliable group communication operations.
Understanding the Sources of Variation in Software Inspections

In a previous experiment, we determined how various changes in three structural elements of the software inspection process (team size and the number and sequencing of sessions) altered effectiveness and interval. Our results showed that such changes did not significantly influence the defect detection rate, but that certain combinations of changes dramatically increased the inspection interval. We also observed a large amount of unexplained variance in the data, indicating that other factors must be affecting inspection performance. The nature and extent of these other factors now have to be determined to ensure that they had not biased our earlier results. Also, identifying these other factors might suggest additional ways to improve the efficiency of inspections. Acting on the hypothesis that the “inputs” into the inspection process (reviewers, authors, and code units) were significant sources of variation, we modeled their effects on inspection performance. We found that they were responsible for much more variation in detect detection than was process structure. This leads us to conclude that better defect detection techniques, not better process structures, are the key to improving inspection effectiveness. The combined effects of process inputs and process structure on the inspection interval accounted for only a small percentage of the variance in inspection interval. Therefore, there must be other factors which need to be identified.
An improved ant colony optimization for vehicle routing problem

The vehicle routing problem (VRP), a well-known combinatorial optimization problem, holds a central place in logistics management. This paper proposes an improved ant colony optimization (IACO), which possesses a new strategy to update the increased pheromone, called ant-weight strategy, and a mutation operation, to solve VRP. The computational results for fourteen benchmark problems are reported and compared to those of other metaheuristic approaches.
Generalized punctured convolutional codes

This letter introduces the class of generalized punctured convolutional codes (GPCCs), which is broader than and encompasses the class of the standard punctured convolutional codes (PCCs). A code in this class can be represented by a trellis module, the GPCC trellis module, whose topology resembles that of the minimal trellis module. he GPCC trellis module for a PCC is isomorphic to the minimal trellis module. A list containing GPCCs with better distance spectrum than the best known PCCs with same code rate and trellis complexity is presented.
Velocity Loss as a Variable for Monitoring Resistance Exercise.

This study aimed to analyze: 1) the pattern of repetition velocity decline during a single set to failure against different submaximal loads (50-85% 1RM) in the bench press exercise; and 2) the reliability of the percentage of performed repetitions, with respect to the maximum possible number that can be completed, when different magnitudes of velocity loss have been reached within each set. Twenty-two men performed 8 tests of maximum number of repetitions (MNR) against loads of 50-55-60-65-70-75-80-85% 1RM, in random order, every 6-7 days. Another 28 men performed 2 separate MNR tests against 60% 1RM. A very close relationship was found between the relative loss of velocity in a set and the percentage of performed repetitions. This relationship was very similar for all loads, but particularly for 50-70% 1RM, even though the number of repetitions completed at each load was significantly different. Moreover, the percentage of performed repetitions for a given velocity loss showed a high absolute reliability. Equations to predict the percentage of performed repetitions from relative velocity loss are provided. By monitoring repetition velocity and using these equations, one can estimate, with considerable precision, how many repetitions are left in reserve in a bench press exercise set.
Immunoparalysis in patients with severe trauma and the effect of inhaled interferon-gamma.

To evaluate the local immune status in patients with severe trauma and the influence of interferon-gamma on patients with immunoparalysis.



Fifty-two mechanically ventilated patients with severe multiple trauma.



A 14-bed polyvalent intensive care unit.



The local immune status was evaluated by examining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Subsequently, the patients were divided into two groups: immunoparalyzed (group 1) and nonimmunoparalyzed (group 2). Immunoparalysis was defined as a decreased level of human leukocyte antigen-DR expression of alveolar macrophages in <30%. Patients with immunoparalysis were treated with 100 microg of inhaled recombinant human interferon-gamma, three times daily (group 1a, 11 patients) or placebo (group 1b, ten patients). A second bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained 3 days after the initiation of therapy.



The alterations in human leukocyte antigen-DR expression, as well as in pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, such as platelet-aggregating factor, phospholipase A2, interleukin-1beta, platelet-aggregating factor acetylhydrolase, and interleukin-10, were evaluated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids.



In 21 of 52 (40%) patients, immunoparalysis was established. After interferon-gamma administration, the level of human leukocyte antigen-DR expression increased in group 1a from 17 +/- 5% to 46 +/- 9%. In parallel, platelet-aggregating factor and interleukin-1beta as well as the specific activities of phospholipase A2 and platelet-aggregating factor acetylhydrolase significantly increased. In contrast, interleukin-10 decreased after interferon-gamma therapy. In group 1b, no statistically significant changes appeared in the levels of human leukocyte antigen-DR expression or in the concentrations of inflammatory mediators. The incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was significantly lower in group 1a than in group 1b. The administration of interferon-gamma did not affect the outcome of the patients.



A significant proportion of multiply injured patients developed immunoparalysis. The administration of interferon-gamma resulted in the recovery of levels of human leukocyte antigen-DR expression in alveolar macrophages, influenced the inflammatory reaction, and decreased the incidence ventilator-associated pneumonia, without affecting the patients' outcome.
Secure embedded system hardware design - A flexible security and trust enhanced approach

Embedded systems have found a very strong foothold in global Information Technology (IT) market since they can provide very specialized and intricate functionality to a wide range of products. On the other hand, the migration of IT functionality to a plethora of new smart devices (like mobile phones, cars, aviation, game or households machines) has enabled the collection of a considerable number of data that can be characterized sensitive. Therefore, there is a need for protecting that data through IT security means. However, eare usually dployed in hostile environments where they can be easily subject of physical attacks. In this paper, we provide an overview from ES hardware perspective of methods and mechanisms for providing strong security and trust. The various categories of physical attacks on security related embedded systems are presented along with countermeasures to thwart them and the importance of reconfigurable logic flexibility, adaptability and scalability along with trust protection mechanisms is highlighted. We adopt those mechanisms in order to propose a FPGA based embedded system hardware architecture capable of providing security and trust along with physical attack protection using trust zone separation. The benefits of such approach are discussed and a subsystem of the proposed architecture is implemented in FPGA technology as a proof of concept case study. From the performed analysis and implementation, it is concluded that flexibility, security and trust are fully realistic options for embedded system security enhancement.
A ROADMAP TO SAFE AND RELIABLE ENGINEERED BIOLOGICAL NANO-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Synthetic biology has the potential to benefit society with novel applications that can improve soil quality, produce biofuels, grow customized biological tissue, and perform intelligent drug delivery, among many other possibilities. Engineers are creating techniques to program living cells, inserting new logic, and leveraging cell-to-cell communication, which result in changes to a cell's core functionality. Using these techniques, we can now create synthetic biological organisms (SBOs) with entirely new (potentially unseen) behaviors, which, similar to silicon devices, can sense, ac-tuate, perform computation, and interconnect with other networks at the nanoscale level. SBOs are programmable evolving entities, and can be likened to self-adaptive programs that read inputs, process them, and produce outputs, reacting differently to different environmental conditions. With the increasing complexity of potential programs for SBOs, as in any new technology, there will be both beneficial as well as malicious uses. Although there has been much discussion about the potential safety and security risks of SBOs, and some research on predicting whether engineered life will be harmful, there has been little research on how to validate or verify safety of SBOs. In this thesis, we lay a foundation for validating and verifying safety for SBOs. We first present two case studies where we give insight into the difficulties of determining whether novel SBOs will be harmful given the vast combinatorial search space available for their engineering. Second, we explain how the current U.S. regulatory environment is fragmented with respect to the multiple dimensions of SBOs. Finally, we present a way forward for formalizing the architecture of SBOs and present a case study to show how we might utilize assurance cases to reason about SBO safety. 3 Acknowledgments I would like to personally thank my parents, Mark and Sandy Firestone, for supporting my academic career and neverending pursuit of knowledge. I also thank my advisors, Dr. Myra Cohen and Dr. Massimiliano Pierobon for all of the helpful comments which made this thesis much more focused and coherent. I finally wish to thank Dr. Jitender Deogun for encouraging me to pursue graduate studies in Computer Science.  The emerging science of synthetic biology and the advent of synthetic biological organisms (SBOs) offer great hope for benefitting society through applications such as the enhancement of soil quality [9], the creation of new sources for biofuels [132], the development of engineered biological tissue [88, 104], and the synthesis of biocompatible intelligent drug delivery systems …
An 8Gb/s 1.5mW/Gb/s 8-tap 6b NRZ/PAM-4 Tomlinson-Harashima precoding transmitter for future memory-link applications in 22nm CMOS

Memory links use variable-impedance drivers, feed-forward equalization (FFE) , on-die termination (ODT) and slew-rate control to optimize the signal integrity (SI). An asymmetric DRAM link configuration exploits the availability of a fast CMOS technology on the memory controller side to implement powerful equalization, while keeping the circuit complexity on the DRAM side relatively simple. This paper proposes the use of Tomlinson Harashima precoding (THP) [2-4] in a memory controller as replacement of the afore-mentioned SI optimization techniques. THP is a transmitter equalization technique in which post-cursor inter-symbol interference (ISI) is cancelled by means of an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter with modulo-based amplitude limitation; similar to a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) on the receive side. However, in contrast to a DFE, THP does not suffer from error propagation.
Laboratory testing of the Pressio intracranial pressure monitor.

The Sophysa Pressio (Sophysa Ltd., Orsay, France) is a new intracranial pressure monitoring system. This study aimed to evaluate its accuracy and compare it with the popular Codman intracranial pressure transducer (Codman/Johnson & Johnson, Raynham, MA) in vitro.



A computerized rig was used to test the Pressio and Codman transducers simultaneously. Properties that were tested included drift over 7 days, the effect of temperature on drift, frequency response, the accuracy of measurement of static and pulsatile pressures, and connectivity of the system.



Long-term (7 d) relative zero drift was less than 0.05 mmHg. The temperature drift was low (0.3 mmHg/207C). Absolute static accuracy was better than 0.5 mmHg over the range of 0 to 100 mmHg. Pulse waveform accuracy, relative to the Codman transducer, was better than 0.2 mmHg over the range of 1 to 20 mmHg. The frequency bandwidth of the Pressio transducer was 22 Hz. The Pressio monitor can transmit data directly to an external computer without the use of a pressure bridge amplifier.



The new Pressio transducer proved to be accurate for measuring static and dynamic pressure during in vitro evaluation.
Choice and ego-depletion: the moderating role of autonomy.

The self-regulatory strength model maintains that all acts of self-regulation, self-control, and choice result in a state of fatigue called ego-depletion. Self-determination theory differentiates between autonomous regulation and controlled regulation. Because making decisions represents one instance of self-regulation, the authors also differentiate between autonomous choice and controlled choice. Three experiments support the hypothesis that whereas conditions representing controlled choice would be egodepleting, conditions that represented autonomous choice would not. In Experiment 3, the authors found significant mediation by perceived self-determination of the relation between the choice condition (autonomous vs. controlled) and ego-depletion as measured by performance.
Retinal Fluid Segmentation and Detection in Optical Coherence Tomography Images using Fully Convolutional Neural Network

As a non-invasive imaging modality, optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide micrometer-resolution 3D images of retinal structures. Therefore it is commonly used in the diagnosis of retinal diseases associated with edema in and under the retinal layers. In this paper, a new framework is proposed for the task of fluid segmentation and detection in retinal OCT images. Based on the raw images and layers segmented by a graph-cut algorithm, a fully convolutional neural network was trained to recognize and label the fluid pixels. Random forest classification was performed on the segmented fluid regions to detect and reject the falsely labeled fluid regions. The leave-one-out cross validation experiments on the RETOUCH database show that our method performs well in both segmentation (mean Dice: 0.7317) and detection (mean AUC: 0.985) tasks.
On energy efficiency of joint transmission coordinated multi-point in LTE-advanced

Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission by neighboring base stations to mobile users is recently considered for both the cell-edge and the overall system throughput enhancements in next-generation cellular systems. As one of the most promising CoMP techniques, Joint Transmission (JT)-CoMP achieves higher spectral efficiency by exploiting cooperative diversity gains and inter-cell interference mitigation by coordinated transmission of the same information from multiple transmitting points. In this paper, we investigate the throughput and energy benefits of JT-CoMP transmission (over the conventional single-point transmission) in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced homogeneous and heterogeneous network scenarios. For realistic rate/energy efficiency analysis, we propose a link-level modeling framework based on Finite State Markov Chain models for physical layer transport block transmission over the LTE radio access network. Results obtained show significant rate gains and energy savings using JT-CoMP (compared to the single-point transmission) especially for users in the cell-edge area.
Population and temperature effects on Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) body size and minimum development time.

Understanding how ecological conditions influence physiological responses is fundamental to forensic entomology. When determining the minimum postmortem interval with blow fly evidence in forensic investigations, using a reliable and accurate model of development is integral. Many published studies vary in results, source populations, and experimental designs. Accordingly, disentangling genetic causes of developmental variation from environmental causes is difficult. This study determined the minimum time of development and pupal sizes of three populations of Lucilia sericata Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae; from California, Michigan, and West Virginia) at two temperatures (20 degrees C and 33.5 degrees C). Development times differed significantly between strain and temperature. In addition, California pupae were the largest and fastest developing at 20 degrees C, but at 33.5 degrees C, though they still maintained their rank in size among the three populations, they were the slowest to develop. These results indicate a need to account for genetic differences in development, and genetic variation in environmental responses, when estimating a postmortem interval with entomological data.