nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Community Detection in Large Scale Big Data Networks

Many complex systems in the real world can be modeled as graphs or networks. One of the most relevant features of graphs representing real systems is community structure, or clustering. In this paper we propose a method to extract the community structure of large scale/Big data networks. Such communities appear to be connected with unique spectral property of the graph Laplacian of the adjacency matrix. In this paper, we develop and explore communities from structural parameters of the complex network such as node degree distribution, algebraic connectivity, clustering coefficient i.e. using node attributes and edge structure. New modified algorithm statistically models the interaction between the network structure and the node attributes which leads to more accurate community detection as well as helps for identifying robustness of the network structure. We also show that any community must contain a dense Erdos-Renyi (ER) subgraph. We carried out comparisons of the Chung and Lu (CL) and Block Two-Level Erdos-Renyi (BTER) models with two real-world data sets. Results demonstrate that it accurately captures the observable properties of many real-world networks. Modularity is a property of a network and a specific proposed division of that network into communities. In this paper we also propose modularity optimization based on a greedy agglomerative method. Our proposed modified algorithm is linearly scalable for efficient identification of communities in huge directed/undirected networks. The proposed algorithm shows great performance and scalability on benchmark networks in simulations and successfully recovers communities in real network applications.
FMCW radar implemented in SDR architecture using a USRP device

This paper presents an SDR (Software-Defined Radio) implementation of an FMCW (Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave) radar using a USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) device. The tools used in the project and the architecture of implementation with FPGA real-time processing and PC off-line processing are covered. This article shows the detailed implementation of an FMCW radar using a USRP device with no external analog devices except for one amplifier and two antennas. The FMCW radar demonstrator presented in the paper has been tested in the laboratory as well as in the real environment, where the ability to detect targets such as cars moving on the roads has been successfully shown.
Ensemble learning methods for pay-per-click campaign management

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.01.047 0957-4174/ 2015  Corresponding author at: Department of Business Information Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Tel.: +1 540 231 6596. E-mail addresses: michael.king@vt.edu (M.A. King), abra@vt.edu (A.S. Abrahams), cliff.ragsdale@vt.edu (C.T. Ragsdale). Michael A. King ⇑, Alan S. Abrahams, Cliff T. Ragsdale
A novel pilot scheme for 5G downlink transmission

The paper considers the structure of pilots for downlink transmission in a future 5G radio access system. Based on the OFDM signal parameters proposed for the 5G system by Mogensen et al., we suggest to apply a periodical filtered CAZAC sequence in the time domain. We demonstrate the low computational complexity of channel impulse response estimation and its better accuracy if it is based on our time domain pilot sequence as compared with the pilot sequence placed in the frequency domain and based on Zadoff-Chu sequences. The presented link level simulations show the superiority of our pilot design proposal with respect to frequency domain pilot sequences.
Robot navigation in dense human crowds: Statistical models and experimental studies of human-robot cooperation

This thesis explores the problem of mobile robot navigation in dense human crowds. We begin by considering a fundamental impediment to classical motion planning algorithms called the freezing robot problem: once the environment surpasses a certain level of complexity, the planner decides that all forward paths are unsafe, and the robot freezes in place (or performs unnecessary maneuvers) to avoid collisions. Since a feasible path typically exists, this behavior is suboptimal. Existing approaches have focused on reducing predictive uncertainty by employing higher fidelity individual dynamics models or heuristically limiting the individual predictive covariance to prevent overcautious navigation. We demonstrate that both the individual prediction and the individual predictive uncertainty have little to do with this undesirable navigation behavior. Additionally, we provide evidence that dynamic agents are able to navigate in dense crowds by engaging in joint collision avoidance, cooperatively making room to create feasible trajectories. We accordingly develop interacting Gaussian processes, a prediction density that captures cooperative collision avoidance, and a “multiple goal” extension that models the goal driven nature of human decision making. Navigation naturally emerges as a statistic of this distribution. Most importantly, we empirically validate our models in the Chandler dining hall at Caltech during peak hours, and in the process, carry out the first extensive quantitative study of robot navigation in dense human crowds (collecting data on 488 runs). The multiple goal interacting Gaussian processes algorithm performs comparably with human teleoperators in crowd densities nearing 1 person/m, while a state of the art noncooperative planner exhibits unsafe behavior more than 3 times as often as the multiple goal extension, and twice as often as the basic interacting Gaussian process approach. Furthermore, a reactive planner based on the widely used dynamic window approach proves insufficient for crowd densities above 0.55 people/m. We also show that our noncooperative planner or our reactive planner capture the salient characteristics of nearly any dynamic navigation algorithm. For inclusive validation purposes, we show that either our noninteracting planner or our reactive planner captures the salient characteristics of nearly any existing dynamic navigation algorithm. Based on these experimental results and theoretical observations, we conclude that a cooperation model is critical for safe and efficient robot navigation in dense human crowds. vi Finally, we produce a large database of ground truth pedestrian crowd data. We make this ground truth database publicly available for further scientific study of crowd prediction models, learning from demonstration algorithms, and human robot interaction models in general.
The impact of physical and mental activity on cognitive aging.

With the aging of the population, there is continued emphasis on finding interventions that prevent or delay onset of cognitive disorders of aging. Pharmacological interventions have proven less effective than hoped in this capacity and a greater emphasis has therefore been placed on understanding behavioral interventions that will positively impact dementia risk. Building on a robust animal literature, a substantial volume of research has emerged, particularly over the last 5 years, to suggest that modifiable behaviors impact brain plasticity in both humans and animals. This chapter aims to provide a critical summary of this ever growing body of research, focusing specifically on participation in physical and cognitive activities among older adults and their impact on cognition, the brain, and cognitive aging outcomes. The animal literature on activity and cognition provides a series of hypotheses as to how exercise exerts its cognitive and brain benefits. Research in animals is briefly reviewed in the context of these hypotheses as it provides the groundwork for investigations in humans. The literature on physical and cognitive activity benefits to brain and cognition in humans is reviewed in more detail. The largely positive impact of physical and cognitive activities on cognition and brain health documented in epidemiological, cross sectional, and prospective randomized controlled studies are summarized. While most studies have targeted older adults in general, the implications of exercise and cognitive interventions in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are also described as is the evidence supporting the ability for physical activity to modify genetic risk. The connection between activity levels and brain volume, white matter integrity, and improved functionality is reviewed. Practical recommendations regarding the nature, duration, intensity and age of onset of physical or mental activity necessary to reap cognitive and brain benefits are also detailed. Most studies have investigated a singular behavioral factor or intervention, but there is some research detailing the impact of combining both mental and physical activity to boost brain health; this emerging literature is also reviewed. Finally, we comment on the limitations of the extant literature and directions for future research, in particular the need for prospective trials of activity interventions in older adults.
Learning to Design Games: Strategic Environments in Reinforcement Learning

In typical reinforcement learning (RL), the environment is assumed given and the goal of the learning is to identify an optimal policy for the agent taking actions through its interactions with the environment. In this paper, we extend this setting by considering the environment is not given, but controllable and learnable through its interaction with the agent at the same time. This extension is motivated by environment design scenarios in the realworld, including game design, shopping space design and traffic signal design. Theoretically, we find a dual Markov decision process (MDP) w.r.t. the environment to that w.r.t. the agent, and derive a policy gradient solution to optimizing the parametrized environment. Furthermore, discontinuous environments are addressed by a proposed general generative framework. Our experiments on a Maze game design task show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in generating diverse and challenging Mazes against various agent settings.
Labial adhesion - diagnostics and treatment.

Labial adhesion is relatively common, but the condition is little known among doctors and parents. The article assesses treatment in the specialist health service.



The treatment and course are assessed in 105 girls in the age group 0 – 15 years who were referred to St. Olavs Hospital in the period 2004 – 14.



The majority of the girls (n = 63) were treated topically with oestrogen cream. In 26 of 51 girls (51 %) for whom the final result is known, the adhesion opened after one treatment. When 1 – 4 oestrogen treatments were administered, the introitus had opened completely in two out of three (65 %). Fewer than half of those who received supplementary surgical treatment achieved permanent opening.



Treatment for labial adhesion had a limited effect in this study. As the literature suggests that the condition results in few symptoms and resolves spontaneously in virtually all girls in puberty, no compelling medical reason exists for opening the adhesion in asymptomatic girls. It is important that doctors are aware of the condition in order to prevent misdiagnosis and to provide parents with adequate information. For parents it is important to know that spontaneous resolution may result in soreness and dysuria. Knowledge of the condition can most likely prevent unnecessary worry.
Partial glansectomy for invasive glans penis cancer and immediate reconstruction with preputial flap: preliminary results

1. Associate Professor of Oncology of the State University of Ceará; Clinical Director of the Cancer Hospital of Ceará 2. Resident in Urology of Urology Department of the Federal University of Ceará 3. Associate Professor of Urology of the State University of Ceará; Assistant of the Division of Uro-Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Ceará 4. Professor of Urology Department of the Federal University of Ceará; Chief of Division of Uro-Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Ceará
PCFTL: A Plane-Centric Flash Translation Layer Utilizing Copy-Back Operations

A software module named flash translation layer (FTL) running in the controller of a flash SSD exposes the linear flash memory to the system as a block storage device. The effectiveness of an FTL significantly impacts the performance and durability of a flash SSD. In this research, we propose a new FTL called PCFTL (Plane-Centric FTL), which fully exploits plane-level parallelism supported by modern flash SSDs. Its basic idea is to allocate updates onto the same plane where their associated original data resides on so that the write distribution among planes is balanced. Furthermore, it utilizes fast intra-plane copy-back operations to transfer valid pages of a victim block when a garbage collection occurs. We largely extend a validated simulation environment called SSDsim to implement PCFTL. Comprehensive experiments using realistic enterprise-scale workloads are performed to evaluate its performance with respect to mean response time and durability in terms of standard deviation of writes per plane. Experimental results demonstrate that compared with the well-known DFTL, PCFTL improves performance and durability by up to 47 and 80 percent, respectively. Compared with its earlier version (called DLOOP), PCFTL enhances durability by up to 74 percent while delivering a similar I/O performance.
High-resolution MRI (3T-MRI) in diagnosis of wrist pain: is diagnostic arthroscopy still necessary?

3T MRI has become increasingly available for better imaging of interosseous ligaments, TFCC, and avascular necrosis compared with 1.5T MRI. This study assesses the sensitivity and specificity of 3T MRI compared with arthroscopy as the gold standard. Eighteen patients were examined with 3T MRI using coronal T1-TSE; PD-FS; and coronal, sagittal, and axial contrast-enhanced T1-FFE-FS sequences. Two musculoskeletal radiologists evaluated the images independently. Patients underwent diagnostic arthroscopy. The classifications of the cartilage lesions showed good correlations with the arthroscopy findings (κ = 0.8–0.9). In contrast to the arthroscopy, cartilage of the distal carpal row was very good and could be evaluated in all patients on MRI. The sensitivity for the TFCC lesion was 83%, and the specificity was 42% (radiologist 1) and 63% (radiologist 2). For the ligament lesions, the sensitivity and specificity were 75 and 100%, respectively, with a high interobserver agreement (κ = 0.8–0.9). 3T MRI proved to be of good value in diagnosing cartilage lesions, especially in the distal carpal row, whereas wrist arthroscopy provided therapeutic options. When evaluating the surgical therapeutical options, 3T MRI is a good diagnostic tool for pre-operatively evaluating the cartilage of the distal carpal row.
Philippine Frogs of the Genus Leptobrachium (Anura; Megophryidae): Phylogeny-based Species Delimitation, Taxonomic Review, and Descriptions of Three New Species

We review the Philippine frogs of the genus Leptobrachuim. All previous treatments have referred Philippine populations to L. hasseltii, a species we restrict to Java and Bali, Indonesia. We use external morphology, body proportions, color pattern, advertisement calls, and phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data to show that Philippine populations of Leptobrachium represent three distinct and formerly unrecognized evolutionary lineages, and we describe each (populations on Mindoro, Palawan, and Mindanao Island groups) as new species. Our findings accentuate the degree to which the biodiversity of Philippine amphibians is currently underestimated and in need of comprehensive review with new and varied types of data.  Pinagbalik aralan namin ang mga palaka sa Pilipinas mula sa genus Leptobrachium. Ang nakaraang mga palathala ay tumutukoy sa populasyon ng L. hasseltii, ang uri ng palaka na aming tinakda lamang sa Java at Bali, Indonesia. Ginamit namin ang panglabas na morpolohiya, proporsiyon ng pangangatawan, kulay disenyo, pantawag pansin, at phylogenetic na pagsusuri ng molekular na pagkakasunod-sunod ng datos upang maipakita na ang populasyon sa Pilipinas ng Leptobrachium ay kumakatawan sa tatlong natatangi at dating hindi pa nakilalang ebolusyonaryong lipi. Inilalarawan din naming ang bawat isa (populasyon sa Mindoro, Palawan, at mga grupo ng isla sa Mindanao) na bagong uri ng palaka. Ang aming natuklasan ay nagpapatingkad sa antas kung saan ang biodibersidad ng amphibians sa Pilipinas sa kasalukuyan ay may mababang pagtatantya at nangangailangan ng malawakang pagbabalik-aral ng mga bago at iba’t ibang uri ng
Experiences with the management of paraurethral cysts in adult women

Paraurethral cysts may be acquired or congenital pathology, and are rarely encountered in urogynecologic practice. Therefore, no consensus on management of paraurethral cyst could be reached. We aimed to report our experience on the management of paraurethral cysts in adult women.



A retrospective chart review was conducted on adult women diagnosed with paraurethral cysts between 2011 and 2012. Patients' complaints, parity, physical signs, diagnostic tests and the obtained findings, surgical intervention, duration of follow-up period, complications, recurrence and histologic examination of the cysts wall were evaluated in the patients included.



Ten adult women, aged 23-48 years (mean: 41 years) with paraurethral cysts between 2011 and 2012 were identified. All patients were multiparous. The patients' complaints included palpable mass, dyspareunia, and dysuria. All patients underwent preoperative urethrocystoscopy. All the cysts were solitary and in dimension of 1 to 3.5 cm and localized in the distal urethra. All patients underwent surgical excision. The mean follow-up period was 8 months (range: 6-12 months). Neither complications nor recurrences were observed. Histopathological examination showed that 5 cysts were lined with squamous epithelium, 2 were lined with transitional epithelium, and 3 were lined with both types of epithelium.



Paraurethral cysts may be symptomatic and routine urological examinations are sufficient for diagnosis without using advanced imaging technique. In such symptomatic adult patients, partial surgical resection combined with fulguration can be performed effectively without complications. This treatment modality seems exceptional according to the literature.
The stressed brain of humans and rodents

After stress, the brain is exposed to waves of stress mediators, including corticosterone (in rodents) and cortisol (in humans). Corticosteroid hormones affect neuronal physiology in two time-domains: rapid, non-genomic actions primarily via mineralocorticoid receptors; and delayed genomic effects via glucocorticoid receptors. In parallel, cognitive processing is affected by stress hormones. Directly after stress, emotional behaviour involving the amygdala is strongly facilitated with cognitively a strong emphasis on the "now" and "self," at the cost of higher cognitive processing. This enables the organism to quickly and adequately respond to the situation at hand. Several hours later, emotional circuits are dampened while functions related to the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are promoted. This allows the individual to rationalize the stressful event and place it in the right context, which is beneficial in the long run. The brain's response to stress depends on an individual's genetic background in interaction with life events. Studies in rodents point to the possibility to prevent or reverse long-term consequences of early life adversity on cognitive processing, by normalizing the balance between the two receptor types for corticosteroid hormones at a critical moment just before the onset of puberty.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Presented to the Bahamas Association of Compliance Officers at their December , 2002 Luncheon – British Colonial

The following statement is intended to provide an understanding of the governance and legal structure of the University of Sheffield. The University is an independent corporation whose legal status derives from a Royal Charter granted in 1905. It is an educational charity, with exempt status, regulated by the Office for Students in its capacity as Principal Regulator. The University has charitable purposes and applies them for the public benefit. It must comply with the general law of charity. The University’s objectives, powers and governance framework are set out in its Charter and supporting Statutes and Regulations.
Coping and Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).

This study examined psychological well-being and coping in parents of children with ASD and parents of typically developing children. 73 parents of children with ASD and 63 parents of typically developing children completed a survey. Parents of children with ASD reported significantly more parenting stress symptoms (i.e., negative parental self-views, lower satisfaction with parent-child bond, and experiences of difficult child behaviors), more depression symptoms, and more frequent use of Active Avoidance coping, than parents of typically developing children. Parents of children with ASD did not differ significantly in psychological well-being and coping when compared as according to child's diagnosis. Study results reinforced the importance of addressing well-being and coping needs of parents of children with ASD.
In vitro culture of Drynaria fortunei, a fern species source of Chinese medicine “Gu-Sui-Bu”

This study reports spore germination, early gametophyte development and change in the reproductive phase of Drynaria fortunei, a medicinal fern, in response to changes in pH and light spectra. Germination of D. fortunei spores occurred on a wide range of pH from 3.7 to 9.7. The highest germination (63.3%) occurred on ½ strength Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 2% sucrose at pH 7.7 under white light condition. Among the different light spectra tested, red, far-red, blue, and white light resulted in 71.3, 42.3, 52.7, and 71.0% spore germination, respectively. There were no morphological differences among gametophytes grown under white and blue light. Elongated or filamentous but multiseriate gametophytes developed under red light, whereas under far-red light gametophytes grew as uniseriate filaments consisting of mostly elongated cells. Different light spectra influenced development of antheridia and archegonia in the gametophytes. Gametophytes gave rise to new gametophytes and developed antheridia and archegonia after they were transferred to culture flasks. After these gametophytes were transferred to plastic tray cells with potting mix of tree fern trunk fiber mix (TFTF mix) and peatmoss the highest number of sporophytes was found. Sporophytes grown in pots developed rhizomes.