nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-label learning by exploiting label dependency

In multi-label learning, each training example is associated with a set of labels and the task is to predict the proper label set for the unseen example. Due to the tremendous (exponential) number of possible label sets, the task of learning from multi-label examples is rather challenging. Therefore, the key to successful multi-label learning is how to effectively exploit correlations between different labels to facilitate the learning process. In this paper, we propose to use a Bayesian network structure to efficiently encode the conditional dependencies of the labels as well as the feature set, with the feature set as the common parent of all labels. To make it practical, we give an approximate yet efficient procedure to find such a network structure. With the help of this network, multi-label learning is decomposed into a series of single-label classification problems, where a classifier is constructed for each label by incorporating its parental labels as additional features. Label sets of unseen examples are predicted recursively according to the label ordering given by the network. Extensive experiments on a broad range of data sets validate the effectiveness of our approach against other well-established methods.
Modulation of TRPV4 by diverse mechanisms.

Transient receptor potential ion channels (TRP) are a superfamily of non-selective ion channels which are opened in response to a diverse range of stimuli. The TRP vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) ion channel is opened in response to heat, mechanical stimuli, hypo-osmolarity and arachidonic acid metabolites. However, recently TRPV4 has been identified as an ion channel that is modulated by, and opened by intracellular signalling cascades from other receptors and signalling pathways. Although TRPV4 knockout mice show relatively mild phenotypes, some mutations in TRPV4 cause severe developmental abnormalities, such as the skeletal dyplasia and arthropathy. Regulated TRPV4 function is also essential for healthy cardiovascular system function as a potent agonist compromises endothelial cell function, leading to vascular collapse. A better understanding of the signalling mechanisms that modulate TRPV4 function is necessary to understand its physiological roles. Post translational modification of TRPV4 by kinases and other signalling molecules can modulate TRPV4 opening in response to stimuli such as mechanical and hyposmolarity and there is an emerging area of research implicating TRPV4 as a transducer of these signals as opposed to a direct sensor of the stimuli. Due to its wide expression profile, TRPV4 is implicated in multiple pathophysiological states. TRPV4 contributes to the sensation of pain due to hypo-osmotic stimuli and inflammatory mechanical hyperalsgesia, where TRPV4 sensitizaton by intracellular signalling leads to pain behaviors in mice. In the vasculature, TRPV4 is a regulator of vessel tone and is implicated in hypertension and diabetes due to endothelial dysfunction. TRPV4 is a key regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier function and signalling to and opening of TRPV4 can disrupt these critical protective barriers. In respiratory function, TRPV4 is involved in cystic fibrosis, cilary beat frequency, bronchoconstriction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and cough.In this review we highlight how modulation of TRPV4 opening is a vital signalling component in a range of tissues and why understanding of TRPV4 regulation in the body may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to treating a range of disease states.
Consumer participation and gender differences on companies' microblogs: A brand attachment process perspective

This paper presents a research model to explicate that the level of consumers’ participation on companies’ brand microblogs is influenced by their brand attachment process. That is, self-congruence and partner quality affect consumers’ trust and commitment toward companies’ brands, which in turn influence participation on brand microblogs. Further, we propose that gender has important moderating effects in our research model. We empirically test the research hypotheses through an online survey. The findings illustrate that self-congruence and partner quality have positive effects on trust and commitment. Trust affects commitment and participation, while participation is also influenced by commitment. More importantly, the effects of self-congruence on trust and commitment are found to be stronger for male consumers than females. In contrast, the effects of partner quality on trust and commitment are stronger for female consumers than males. Trust posits stronger effects on commitment and participation for males, while commitment has a stronger effect on participation for females. We believe that our findings contribute to the literature on consumer participation behavior and gender differences on brand microblogs. Companies can also apply our findings to strengthen their brand building and participation level of different consumers on their microblogs.
Real-Time Human Objects Tracking for Smart Surveillance at the Edge

Allowing computation to be performed at the edge of a network, edge computing has been recognized as a promising approach to address some challenges in the cloud computing paradigm, particularly to the delay-sensitive and mission-critical applications like real-time surveillance. Prevalence of networked cameras and smart mobile devices enable video analytics at the network edge. However, human objects detection and tracking are still conducted at cloud centers, as real-time, online tracking is computationally expensive. In this paper, we investigated the feasibility of processing surveillance video streaming at the network edge for real-time, uninterrupted moving human objects tracking. Moving human detection based on Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) is illustrated for features extraction, and an efficient multi-object tracking algorithm based on Kernelized Correlation Filters (KCF) is proposed. Implemented and tested on Raspberry Pi 3, our experimental results are very encouraging, which validated the feasibility of the proposed approach toward a real-time surveillance solution at the edge of networks.
Overcoming EGFR T790M and C797S resistance with mutant-selective allosteric inhibitors

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib are approved treatments for non-small cell lung cancers harbouring activating mutations in the EGFR kinase, but resistance arises rapidly, most frequently owing to the secondary T790M mutation within the ATP site of the receptor. Recently developed mutant-selective irreversible inhibitors are highly active against the T790M mutant, but their efficacy can be compromised by acquired mutation of C797, the cysteine residue with which they form a key covalent bond. All current EGFR TKIs target the ATP-site of the kinase, highlighting the need for therapeutic agents with alternative mechanisms of action. Here we describe the rational discovery of EAI045, an allosteric inhibitor that targets selected drug-resistant EGFR mutants but spares the wild-type receptor. The crystal structure shows that the compound binds an allosteric site created by the displacement of the regulatory C-helix in an inactive conformation of the kinase. The compound inhibits L858R/T790M-mutant EGFR with low-nanomolar potency in biochemical assays. However, as a single agent it is not effective in blocking EGFR-driven proliferation in cells owing to differential potency on the two subunits of the dimeric receptor, which interact in an asymmetric manner in the active state. We observe marked synergy of EAI045 with cetuximab, an antibody therapeutic that blocks EGFR dimerization, rendering the kinase uniformly susceptible to the allosteric agent. EAI045 in combination with cetuximab is effective in mouse models of lung cancer driven by EGFR(L858R/T790M) and by EGFR(L858R/T790M/C797S), a mutant that is resistant to all currently available EGFR TKIs. More generally, our findings illustrate the utility of purposefully targeting allosteric sites to obtain mutant-selective inhibitors.
Comprehensive lifetime prediction for intrinsic and extrinsic TDDB failures in Cu/Low-k interconnects

We present a comprehensive lifetime prediction methodology for both intrinsic and extrinsic Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) failures to provide adequate Design-for-Reliability. For intrinsic failures, we propose applying the √E model and estimating the Weibull slope using dedicated single-via test structures. This effectively prevents lifetime underestimation, and thus relaxes design restrictions. For extrinsic failures, we propose applying the thinning model and Critical Area Analysis (CAA). In the thinning model, random defects reduce effective spaces between interconnects, causing TDDB failures. We can quantify the failure probabilities by using CAA for any design layouts of various LSI products.
Software intelligence: the future of mining software engineering data

Mining software engineering data has emerged as a successful research direction over the past decade. In this position paper, we advocate Software Intelligence (SI) as the future of mining software engineering data, within modern software engineering research, practice, and education. We coin the name SI as an inspiration from the Business Intelligence (BI) field, which offers concepts and techniques to improve business decision making by using fact-based support systems. Similarly, SI offers software practitioners (not just developers) up-to-date and pertinent information to support their daily decision-making processes. SI should support decision-making processes throughout the lifetime of a software system not just during its development phase.
 The vision of SI has yet to become a reality that would enable software engineering research to have a strong impact on modern software practice. Nevertheless, recent advances in the Mining Software Repositories (MSR) field show great promise and provide strong support for realizing SI in the near future. This position paper summarizes the state of practice and research of SI, and lays out future research directions for mining software engineering data to enable SI.
Bell: bit-encoding online memory leak detection

Memory leaks compromise availability and security by crippling performance and crashing programs. Leaks are difficult to diagnose because they have no immediate symptoms. Online leak detection tools benefit from storing and reporting per-object sites (e.g., allocation sites) for potentially leaking objects. In programs with many small objects, per-object sites add high space overhead, limiting their use in production environments.This paper introduces Bit-Encoding Leak Location (Bell), a statistical approach that encodes per-object sites to a single bit per object. A bit loses information about a site, but given sufficient objects that use the site and a known, finite set of possible sites, Bell uses brute-force decoding to recover the site with high accuracy.We use this approach to encode object allocation and last-use sites in Sleigh, a new leak detection tool. Sleigh detects stale objects (objects unused for a long time) and uses Bell decoding to report their allocation and last-use sites. Our implementation steals four unused bits in the object header and thus incurs no per-object space overhead. Sleigh's instrumentation adds 29% execution time overhead, which adaptive profiling reduces to 11%. Sleigh's output is directly useful for finding and fixing leaks in SPEC JBB2000 and Eclipse, although sufficiently many objects must leak before Bell decoding can report sites with confidence. Bell is suitable for other leak detection approaches that store per-object sites, and for other problems amenable to statistical per-object metadata.
Detecting differences across multiple instances of code clones

Clone detectors find similar code fragments (i.e., instances of code clones) and report large numbers of them for industrial systems. To maintain or manage code clones, developers often have to investigate differences of multiple cloned code fragments. However,existing program differencing techniques compare only two code fragments at a time. Developers then have to manually combine several pairwise differencing results. In this paper, we present an approach to automatically detecting differences across multiple clone instances. We have implemented our approach as an Eclipse plugin and evaluated its accuracy with three Java software systems. Our evaluation shows that our algorithm has precision over 97.66% and recall over 95.63% in three open source Java projects. We also conducted a user study of 18 developers to evaluate the usefulness of our approach for eight clone-related refactoring tasks. Our study shows that our approach can significantly improve developers’performance in refactoring decisions, refactoring details, and task completion time on clone-related refactoring tasks. Automatically detecting differences across multiple clone instances also opens opportunities for building practical applications of code clones in software maintenance, such as auto-generation of application skeleton, intelligent simultaneous code editing.
Effects of visual feedback therapy on postural control in bilateral standing after stroke: a systematic review.

To establish whether bilateral standing with visual feedback therapy after stroke improves postural control compared with conventional therapy and to evaluate the generalization of the effects of visual feedback therapy on gait and gait-related activities.



A systematic review.



A computer-aided literature search was performed. Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials, comparing visual feedback therapy with conventional balance treatments were included up to April 2005. The methodological quality of each study was assessed with the the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Depending on existing heterogeneity, studies with a common variable of outcome were pooled by calculating the summary effect-sizes using fixed or random effects models.



Eight out of 78 studies, presenting 214 subjects, were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The methodological quality ranged from 3 to 6 points. The meta-analysis demonstrated non-significant summary effect-sizes in favour of visual feedback therapy for weight distribution and postural sway, as well as balance and gait performance, and gait speed.



The additional value of visual feedback therapy in bilateral standing compared with conventional therapy shows no statistically significant effects on symmetry of weight distribution between paretic and non-paretic leg, postural sway in bilateral standing, gait and gait-related activities. Visual feedback therapy should not be favoured over conventional therapy. The question remains as to exactly how asymmetry in weight distribution while standing is related to balance control in patients with stroke.
Unobtrusive Vital Sign Monitoring in Automotive Environments—A Review

This review provides an overview of unobtrusive monitoring techniques that could be used to monitor some of the human vital signs (i.e., heart activity, breathing activity, temperature and potentially oxygen saturation) in a car seat. It will be shown that many techniques actually measure mechanical displacement, either on the body surface and/or inside the body. However, there are also techniques like capacitive electrocardiogram or bioimpedance that reflect electrical activity or passive electrical properties or thermal properties (infrared thermography). In addition, photopleythysmographic methods depend on optical properties (like scattering and absorption) of biological tissues and-mainly-blood. As all unobtrusive sensing modalities are always fragile and at risk of being contaminated by disturbances (like motion, rapidly changing environmental conditions, triboelectricity), the scope of the paper includes a survey on redundant sensor arrangements. Finally, this review also provides an overview of automotive demonstrators for vital sign monitoring.
Common skin disorders of the penis.

Diseases of the male genitalia range from infectious lesions to inflammatory and neoplastic conditions, including many genital manifestations of more general skin diseases. This review highlights the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of the most common dermatoses of the male genitalia. Herpes genitalis and infections caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) are increasing, particularly in young sexually active people. Herpes simplex virus infection is the commonest infectious cause of genital ulceration, with evidence that many infections are asymptomatic. HPV infection may be latent, subclinical and clinical. The most common causal agents for condyloma acuminatum are low-risk HPV 6 and 11; high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 are associated with premalignant and malignant lesions. Treatment for genital warts remains unsatisfactory; recurrences are common. Imiquimod, a new topical immunotherapeutic agent, which induces interferon and other cytokines, has the potential to be a first-line therapy for genital warts. Scabies and pediculosis are transmitted by skin-to-skin contact and sexual transmission is common, with the penis and scrotum favourite locations for scabious lesions. Oral ivermectin, a highly active antiparasitic drug, is likely to be the treatment of choice, but until approval is granted it should be reserved for special forms of scabies. Common skin diseases, e.g. psoriasis and lichen planus, may have an atypical appearance in the genital area. The typical psoriatic scale is usually not apparent because of moisture and maceration. Allergic contact dermatitis of the genital area may result from condoms, lubricants, feminine hygiene deodorant spray and spermicides. More often, contact dermatitis is irritant, resulting from persistent moisture and maceration. Lichen sclerosus is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs as atrophic white patches on the glans penis and foreskin. The penile form is a common cause of phimosis in uncircumcised men; involvement of the urethral meatus may lead to progressive meatal stenosis. Plasma cell balanitis is a benign, idiopathic condition presenting as a solitary, smooth, shiny, red-orange plaque of the glans and prepuce of a middle-aged to older man. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ, e.g. erythroplasia of Queyrat and Bowen's disease, cannot be excluded clinically; their apparent clinical benignity may lead to lengthy periods of misdiagnosis and biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis. SCC is the most common malignancy of the penis and the role of oncogenic HPV-types has been also established in SCC of the penis. Prevention of SCC of the penis presupposes an identification of risk factors, early detection of all pre-cancerous lesions and treatment of phimosis.
ACME: adaptive compilation made efficient

Research over the past five years has shown significant performance improvements using a technique called adaptive compilation. An adaptive compiler uses a compile-execute-analyze feedback loop to find the combination of optimizations and parameters that minimizes some performance goal, such as code size or execution time.Despite its ability to improve performance, adaptive compilation has not seen widespread use because of two obstacles: the large amounts of time that such systems have used to perform the many compilations and executions prohibits most users from adopting these systems, and the complexity inherent in a feedback-driven adaptive system has made it difficult to build and hard to use.A significant portion of the adaptive compilation process is devoted to multiple executions of the code being compiled. We have developed a technique called virtual execution to address this problem. Virtual execution runs the program a single time and preserves information that allows us to accurately predict the performance of different optimization sequences without running the code again. Our prototype implementation of this technique significantly reduces the time required by our adaptive compiler.In conjunction with this performance boost, we have developed a graphical-user interface (GUI) that provides a controlled view of the compilation process. By providing appropriate defaults, the interface limits the amount of information that the user must provide to get started. At the same time, it lets the experienced user exert fine-grained control over the parameters that control the system.
On understanding data abstraction, revisited

In 1985 Luca Cardelli and Peter Wegner, my advisor, On understanding types, data abstraction, and polymorphism". Their work kicked off a flood of research on semantics and type theory for object-oriented programming, which continues to this day. Despite 25 years of research, there is still widespread confusion about the two forms of data abstraction, abstract data types and objects. This essay attempts to explain the differences and also why the differences matter.
Performance Analysis of Multi-Hop Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Systems (Extended Version)

In this paper, we evaluate the end-to-end bit error rate (BER) of point-to-point underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems with multi-hop transmission. To do so, we analytically derive the BER expression of a single-hop UWOC link as the building block for end-to-end BER evaluation. We also apply photon-counting method to evaluate the system BER in the presence of shot noise. Moreover, we use GaussHermite quadrature formula to obtain the closed-form solutions for the system BER in the case of log-normal underwater fading channels. Our analytical treatment involves all the impairing effects of the underwater optical channel, namely absorption, scattering and fading. Numerical results demonstrate that multihop transmission by alleviating the aforementioned impairing effects of the channel, can significantly improve the system performance and extend the viable end-to-end communication distance. For example, dual-hop transmission in 22.5 m and 45 m coastal water links can provide 17.5 dB and 39 dB performance enhancement at the BER of 10−6, respectively.
Enacted Routines in Agile and Waterfall Processes

Agile methods form an alternative to waterfall methodologies. Little is known about activity composition, the proportion of varying activities in agile processes and the extent to which the proportions of activities differ from "waterfall" processes. In the current study, we examine the variation in per formative routines in one large agile and traditional lifecycle project using an event sequencing method. Our analysis shows that the enactment of waterfall and agile routines differ significantly suggesting that agile process is composed of fewer activities which are repeated iteratively1.