nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypothyroidism: an update.

Hypothyroidism is a clinical disorder commonly encountered by the primary care physician. Untreated hypothyroidism can contribute to hypertension, dyslipidemia, infertility, cognitive impairment, and neuromuscular dysfunction. Data derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggest that about one in 300 persons in the United States has hypothyroidism. The prevalence increases with age, and is higher in females than in males. Hypothyroidism may occur as a result of primary gland failure or insufficient thyroid gland stimulation by the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. Autoimmune thyroid disease is the most common etiology of hypothyroidism in the United States. Clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism are nonspecific and may be subtle, especially in older persons. The best laboratory assessment of thyroid function is a serum thyroid-stimulating hormone test. There is no evidence that screening asymptomatic adults improves outcomes. In the majority of patients, alleviation of symptoms can be accomplished through oral administration of synthetic levothyroxine, and most patients will require lifelong therapy. Combination triiodothyronine/thyroxine therapy has no advantages over thyroxine monotherapy and is not recommended. Among patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, those at greater risk of progressing to clinical disease, and who may be considered for therapy, include patients with thyroid-stimulating hormone levels greater than 10 mIU per L and those who have elevated thyroid peroxidase antibody titers.
Failure Analysis of Pitting Problem on Microchip Al Bondpads in Wafer Fabrication

A bond pad failure mechanism of galvanic corrosion was studied. Analysis results showed that over-etch process, EKC and DI water over cleaning revealed more pitting with Cu seed due to galvanic corrosion. To control and eliminate galvanic corrosion, the etch recipe was optimized and etch time was reduced about 15% to prevent damaging the native oxide. EKC cleaning time was remaining unchanged in order to maintain bond pad F level at minimum level. In this study, the PRS process was also optimized and CF4 gas ratio was reduced about 45%. Moreover, 02 process was added after PRS process so as to increase the native oxide layer on Al bondpads to prevent galvanic corrosion.
The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a major crop plant and a model system for fruit development. Solanum is one of the largest angiosperm genera and includes annual and perennial plants from diverse habitats. Here we present a high-quality genome sequence of domesticated tomato, a draft sequence of its closest wild relative, Solanum pimpinellifolium, and compare them to each other and to the potato genome (Solanum tuberosum). The two tomato genomes show only 0.6% nucleotide divergence and signs of recent admixture, but show more than 8% divergence from potato, with nine large and several smaller inversions. In contrast to Arabidopsis, but similar to soybean, tomato and potato small RNAs map predominantly to gene-rich chromosomal regions, including gene promoters. The Solanum lineage has experienced two consecutive genome triplications: one that is ancient and shared with rosids, and a more recent one. These triplications set the stage for the neofunctionalization of genes controlling fruit characteristics, such as colour and fleshiness.
A System for Predicting ICD-10-PCS Codes from Electronic Health Records

Medical coding is a process of classifying health records according to standard code sets representing procedures and diagnoses. It is an integral part of health care in the U.S., and the high costs it incurs have prompted adoption of natural language processing techniques for automatic generation of these codes from the clinical narrative contained in electronic health records. The need for effective auto-coding methods becomes even greater with the impending adoption of ICD-10, a code inventory of greater complexity than the currently used code sets. This paper presents a system that predicts ICD-10 procedure codes from the clinical narrative using several levels of abstraction. First, partial hierarchical classification is used to identify potentially relevant concepts and codes. Then, for each of these concepts we estimate the confidence that it appears in a procedure code for that document. Finally, confidence values for the candidate codes are estimated using features derived from concept confidence scores. The concept models can be trained on data with ICD-9 codes to supplement sparse ICD-10 training resources. Evaluation on held-out data shows promising results.
Postmortem imaging: MDCT features of postmortem change and decomposition.

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has emerged as an effective imaging technique to augment forensic autopsy. Postmortem change and decomposition are always present at autopsy and on postmortem MDCT because they begin to occur immediately upon death. Consequently, postmortem change and decomposition on postmortem MDCT should be recognized and not mistaken for a pathologic process or injury. Livor mortis increases the attenuation of vasculature and dependent tissues on MDCT. It may also produce a hematocrit effect with fluid levels in the large caliber blood vessels and cardiac chambers from dependent layering erythrocytes. Rigor mortis and algor mortis have no specific MDCT features. In contrast, decomposition through autolysis, putrefaction, and insect and animal predation produce dramatic alterations in the appearance of the body on MDCT. Autolysis alters the attenuation of organs. The most dramatic autolytic changes on MDCT are seen in the brain where cerebral sulci and ventricles are effaced and gray-white matter differentiation is lost almost immediately after death. Putrefaction produces a pattern of gas that begins with intravascular gas and proceeds to gaseous distension of all anatomic spaces, organs, and soft tissues. Knowledge of the spectrum of postmortem change and decomposition is an important component of postmortem MDCT interpretation.
Speech enhancement using spectral subtraction and cascaded-median based noise estimation for hearing impaired listeners

A spectral subtraction technique is presented for real-time speech enhancement in the aids used by hearing impaired listeners. For reducing computational complexity and memory requirement, it uses a cascaded-median based estimation of the noise spectrum without voice activity detection. The technique is implemented and tested for satisfactory real-time operation, with sampling frequency of 12 kHz, processing using window length of 30 ms with 50% overlap, and noise estimation by 3-frame 4-stage cascaded-median, on a 16-bit fixed-point DSP processor with on-chip FFT hardware. Enhancement of speech with different types of additive stationary and non-stationary noise resulted in SNR advantage of 4 – 13 dB.
begell house, inc

Although surgical resection remains the gold standard for treatment of liver cancer, there is a growing need for alternative therapies. Microwave ablation (MWA) is an experimental procedure that has shown great promise for the treatment of unresectable tumors and exhibits many advantages over other alternatives to resection, such as radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation. However, the antennas used to deliver microwave power largely govern the effectiveness of MWA. Research has focused on coaxial-based interstitial antennas that can be classified as one of three types (dipole, slot, or monopole). Choked versions of these antennas have also been developed, which can produce localized power deposition in tissue and are ideal for the treatment of deepseated hepatic tumors.
Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Multicriteria Decision-Making Method Based on Generalized Prioritized Aggregation Operator

Based on linguistic term sets and hesitant fuzzy sets, the concept of hesitant fuzzy linguistic sets was introduced. The focus of this paper is the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problems in which the criteria are in different priority levels and the criteria values take the form of hesitant fuzzy linguistic numbers (HFLNs). A new approach to solving these problems is proposed, which is based on the generalized prioritized aggregation operator of HFLNs. Firstly, the new operations and comparison method for HFLNs are provided and some linguistic scale functions are applied. Subsequently, two prioritized aggregation operators and a generalized prioritized aggregation operator of HFLNs are developed and applied to MCDM problems. Finally, an illustrative example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method, which are then compared to the existing approach.
Designing Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Bayesian Approach

This paper proposes a model and an architecture for designing intelligent tutoring system using Bayesian Networks. The design model of an intelligent tutoring system is directed towards the separation between the domain knowledge and the tutor shell. The architecture is composed by a user model, a knowledge base, an adaptation module, a pedagogical module and a presentation module. Bayesian Networks are used to assess user’s state of knowledge and preferences, in order to suggest pedagogical options and recommend future steps in the tutor. The proposed architecture is implemented in the Internet, enabling its use as an e-learning tool. An example of an intelligent tutoring system is shown for illustration purposes.
Soft Switching Isolated Sepic Converter with the Buck-Boost Type of Active Clamp

A zero voltage switching (ZVS) isolated Sepic converter with active clamp topology is presented. The buck-boost type of active clamp is connected in parallel with the primary side of the transformer to absorb all the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance and to limit the peak voltage on the switching device. During the transition interval between the main and auxiliary switches, the resonance based on the output capacitor of switch and the transformer leakage inductor can achieve ZVS for both switches. The operational principle, steady state analysis and design consideration of the proposed converter are presented. Finally, the proposed converter is verified by the experimental results based on an 180 W prototype circuit.
Mammillenschatten im Röntgenbilde

F a l l 1. Frau H., Hausfrau, 45 Jahre. Mutter yon 4 Kindern. Lungentuberkulose I. Grades; Tabes dorsalis. S t a t u s beim Eintr i t t : Kleine Frau yon mittlerem Ernii, hrungszustand. Der Thorax ist schleeht entwickelt; Supraund Infraklavikulargruben sind beiderseits tier eingesunken. Die Briiste sind klein, schlaff und h~ngen herunter. Die Mammillen sind sehr stark entwickelt. I. R i i n t g e n b i l d vom 15. 6. 1921. Dorso-ventrale Aufnahme. Es zeigt uns einen schmalen, schlecht entwickelten Thorax. Die I. C. R. sind auf der 1. Seite schm~ler als r. L i n k s : ])er Hilus zeigt einige kleine Schatten, yon denen aus feine Strange nach oben und nach unten verlaufen. Abw~rts neben dem Herzschatten zieht ein derberer Strang. Auf der V. Rippe vorn, ziemlich genau in der Mitre zwischen Wirbelsi~ule und lateraler Thoraxwand findet sich ein fast kreisAbb. 1. runder Schatten yon 1,1 cm Durchmesser. Der Schatten iiberragt die R/~nder der V. Rippe nicht. Um diesen Schatten herum verl~uft ein ca. 1 mm breiter hellerer ringfSrmiger Streifen, auf den nach aul~en der Rippenschatten folgt. Zwei Querfinger unterhalb dieses kleinen Schattens ist der untere Rand der Mamma deutlich sichtbar. ]:)as H e r z ist nach beiden Seiten verbreitert . R e c h t s : Die Spitze ist leicht abgeschattet, der YIilus ausgepr~gter als 1. Naeh unten ziehen einige feine Str/~nge. Im Schatten der V. Rippe vorn finder sieh wie 1. ungef~hr in dvr Mitre zwischen Wirbelsiiule und lateraler Thoraxwand ein dem linksseitigen Schatten entsprechender vollkommen kreisrunder Fleck mit dem ])urchmesser 1,2 cm, der die Rippenr/s nicht iiberragt. Um ihn herum zieht sich ein hellerer Ring, auf den nach aullen der Rippenschatten folgt. Der untere Rand der r. Mamma ist deutlich. W~hrend der 1. Schatten gleichm~flig erscheint, findet sich im Schatten r. in der Mitte eine etwas hellere Partie (.
A 80 nW, 32 kHz charge-pump based ultra low power oscillator with temperature compensation

This paper presents an area-efficient ultra-low-power 32 kHz clock source for low power wireless communication systems using a temperature-compensated charge-pump-based digitally controlled oscillator (DCO). A highly efficient digital calibration method is proposed to achieve frequency stability over process variation and temperature drifts. This calibration method locks the DCO's output frequency to the reference clock of the wireless communication system during its active state. The introduced calibration scheme offers high jitter immunity and short locking periods overcoming frequency calibration errors for typical ultra-low-power DCO's. The circuit area of the proposed ultra-low-power clock source is 100μm × 140μm in a 130nm RF CMOS technology. In measurements the proposed ultra-low-power clock source achieves a frequency stability of 10 ppm/°C from 10 °C to 100 °C for temperature drifts of less than 1 °C/s with 80nW power consumption.
Epidemiology of falls in residential aged care: analysis of more than 70,000 falls from residents of bavarian nursing homes.

Falls and fall-related injuries are leading problems in residential aged care facilities. The objective of this study was to provide descriptive data about falls in nursing homes.



Prospective recording of all falls over 1 year covering all residents from 528 nursing homes in Bavaria, Germany.



Falls were reported on a standardized form that included a facility identification code, date, time of the day, sex, age, degree of care need, location of the fall, and activity leading to the fall. Data detailing homes' bed capacities and occupancy levels were used to estimate total person-years under exposure and to calculate fall rates. All analyses were stratified by residents' degree of care need.



More than 70,000 falls were recorded during 42,843 person-years. The fall rate was higher in men than in women (2.18 and 1.49 falls per person-year, respectively). Fall risk differed by degree of care need with lower fall risks both in the least and highest care categories. About 75% of all falls occurred in the residents' rooms or in the bathrooms and only 22% were reported within the common areas. Transfers and walking were responsible for 41% and 36% of all falls respectively. Fall risk varied during the day. Most falls were observed between 10 am and midday and between 2 pm and 8 pm.



The differing fall risk patterns in specific subgroups may help to target preventive measures.
A reliable and valid self-rating measure of the restorative quality of natural environments

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a self-rating restoration scale (RS) designed to measure the restorative quality of environments. Both the Kaplan and Kaplan [The Experience of  A Psychological Perspective,  and Ulrich [Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment, in: I. Altman, J.F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Behavior and Natural Environments, Plenum Press, New York] hypothesize that restorative environments are settings that facilitate the reduction of stress. Over the past decade, an increasing amount of empirical research has also shown that the restorative influences of environments manifest themselves in emotional, physiological, and cognitive responses of humans [ (1991) 201]. Thus, the RS should cover, at least, these three dimensions. Moreover, the dimension of intended behavior in environments was also included. This RS was examined and revised through a two-phased experimental design. Forty-eight color slides selected from thousands of slides were used as the stimuli and the surrogates for the actual environments in the experiments. These 48 strictly controlled slides represented a proper and comprehensive sample of the six major terrestrial biomes of the world: desert, tundra, grassland, coniferous forest, deciduous forest, and tropical forest [Ecology and Our Endangered Life-Support Systems, Sinauer Associates Publishers, Sunderland], and varied as a function of high and low levels of three physical variables: complexity, openness, and water features. Five experiments with five groups of undergraduate students at Texas A&M University as subjects (total n = 505) were conducted to test the RS. Results of exploratory, confirmatory, analysis of moment structures (AMOS), correlation, principal component, and reliability analyses indicated that internal validity, convergent and discriminant validity, convergent and divergent construct validity, and reliability of the RS were all adequate. Thus, the operational definition and the construct of restorativeness developed in this study can be applied to future research on recovery from stress. Hopefully, this theory-derived and data-oriented RS will be eventually applied to various environments by any concerned individuals to examine the result of planning and design practice in terms of a desired state of recovery from stress.
Split-beam mode four-arm slot sinuous antenna

A coplanar waveguide (CPW) center-fed four-arm slot sinuous antenna is introduced in this letter. The antenna demonstrates broadband characteristics in terms of its split-beam radiation pattern and angle of maximum gain as well as multiband characteristics in terms of axial ratio (AR), omnidirectionality, polarization, and return loss. It is observed experimentally and computationally that regions of low AR with alternating polarization handedness, good omnidirectionality, low return loss, and high antenna gain/efficiency appear in narrow frequency bands. Measured and simulated results are presented to discuss the principles behind the antenna operation and venues for future performance optimization.
CapCodes: Capacitive 3D Printable Identification and On-screen Tracking for Tangible Interaction

Electronic markers can be used to link physical representations and virtual content for tangible interaction, such as visual markers commonly used for tabletops. Another possibility is to leverage capacitive touch inputs of smartphones, tablets and notebooks. However, existing approaches either do not couple physical and virtual representations or require significant post-processing. This paper presents and evaluates a novel approach using a coding scheme for the automatic identification of tangibles by touch inputs when they are touched and shifted. The codes can be generated automatically and integrated into a great variety of existing 3D models from the internet. The resulting models can then be printed completely in one cycle by off-the-shelf 3D printers; post processing is not needed. Besides the identification, the object's position and orientation can be tracked by touch devices. Our evaluation examined multiple variables and showed that the CapCodes can be integrated into existing 3D models and the approach could also be applied to untouched use for larger tangibles.
MODELING THE DECAY IN AN HBIM STARTING FROM 3 D POINT CLOUDS . A FOLLOWED APPROACH FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE KNOWLEDGE

The recent trends in architectural data management imply the scientific and professional collaborations of several disciplines involved in the design, restoration and maintenance. It seems an achieved concept that, in the next future, all the information connected to new interventions or conservation activities on historical buildings will be managed by using a BIM platform. Nowadays the actual range or image based metric survey techniques (mainly produced by using Terrestrial Laser Scanner or photogrammetric platform today more based on projective geometry) allow to generate 3D point clouds, 3D models, orthophotos and other outputs with assessed accuracy. The subsequent conversion of 3D information into parametric components, especially in an historical environment, is not easy and has a lot of open issues. According to the actual BIM commercial software and to the embedded tools or plugin, the paper deals with the methodology followed for the realization of two parametric 3D models (Palazzo Sarmatoris and Smistamento RoundHouse, two historical building in the north-west part of Italy). The paper describes the proposed workflow according to the employed plug-in for automatic reconstruction and to the solution adopted for the well-known problems connected to the modeling phase such as the vaults realization or the 3D irregular surfaces modeling. Finally, the studied strategy for mapping the decay in a BIM environment and the connected results with the conclusions and future perspectives are critically discussed.
The DARPA COSMOS program: The convergence of InP and Silicon CMOS technologies for high-performance mixed-signal

The COmpound Semiconductor Materials On Silicon (COSMOS) program of the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) focuses on developing transistor-scale heterogeneous integration processes to intimately combine advanced compound semiconductor (CS) devices with high-density silicon circuits. The technical approaches being explored in this program include high-density micro assembly, monolithic epitaxial growth, and epitaxial layer printing processes. In Phase I of the program, performers successfully demonstrated world-record differential amplifiers through heterogeneous integration of InP HBTs with commercially fabricated CMOS circuits. In the current Phase II, complex wideband, large dynamic range, high-speed digital-to-analog convertors (DACs) are under development based on the above heterogeneous integration approaches. These DAC designs will utilize InP HBTs in the critical high-speed, high-voltage swing circuit blocks and will employ sophisticated in situ digital correction techniques enabled by CMOS transistors. This paper will also discuss the Phase III program plan as well as future directions for heterogeneous integration technology that will benefit mixed signal circuit applications.
Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford

To compare fracture rates in four diet groups (meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans) in the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford).Design:Prospective cohort study of self-reported fracture risk at follow-up.The United Kingdom.A total of 7947 men and 26 749 women aged 20–89 years, including 19 249 meat eaters, 4901 fish eaters, 9420 vegetarians and 1126 vegans, recruited by postal methods and through general practice surgeries.Cox regression.Over an average of 5.2 years of follow-up, 343 men and 1555 women reported one or more fractures. Compared with meat eaters, fracture incidence rate ratios in men and women combined adjusted for sex, age and non-dietary factors were 1.01 (95% CI 0.88–1.17) for fish eaters, 1.00 (0.89–1.13) for vegetarians and 1.30 (1.02–1.66) for vegans. After further adjustment for dietary energy and calcium intake the incidence rate ratio among vegans compared with meat eaters was 1.15 (0.89–1.49). Among subjects consuming at least 525 mg/day calcium the corresponding incidence rate ratios were 1.05 (0.90–1.21) for fish eaters, 1.02 (0.90–1.15) for vegetarians and 1.00 (0.69–1.44) for vegans.In this population, fracture risk was similar for meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians. The higher fracture risk in the vegans appeared to be a consequence of their considerably lower mean calcium intake. An adequate calcium intake is essential for bone health, irrespective of dietary preferences.The EPIC-Oxford study is supported by The Medical Research Council and Cancer Research UK.