nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Hysteroscopy- and laparoscopy-based diagnosis and treatment of girls with unbroken hymen with an obstructing uterine septum: two case reports

Obstructing uterine septum is a rare uterine malformation. Patients with obstructing uterine septum are usually treated with laparouterotomy, causing obvious injury to both the uterus and body of the patients. Therefore, using the natural channel of the vagina is undoubtedly the best way to carry out the surgery. However, obstructing uterine septum usually occurs in puberty in girls without a history of sexual intercourse, thus iatrogenic damage to the hymen during the diagnosis and treatment cannot probably be avoided. However, Chinese people traditionally tend to use hymen intactness as a standard to judge whether an unmarried woman is chaste. Therefore, in China, to protect the hymen from damage during hysteroscopic diagnosis and treatment is of special significance for girls and women with unbroken hymens. None of the previously reported cases were treated with electrosurgical obstructing uterine septum excision based on B-ultrasound-guided hymen-protecting hysteroscopy and laparoscopy.



Case 1 patient was a virgo intacta 13-year-old Chinese girl. She was admitted due to an 8-day post-menstruation lower abdominal pain. With the guidance of B-ultrasound, we observed a 30mm×20mm mixed echogenicity mass in her uterine cavity. Case 2 patient was a virgo intacta 14-year-old Chinese girl. She was admitted to our hospital more than 6 months after secondary dysmenorrhea and 6 days after B-ultrasound-diagnosed uterine malformations. We observed a 30mm×25mm mixed echoic area in her uterine cavity with the guidance of B-ultrasound.Both patients were surgically treated without hymen damage with B-ultrasound-guided combined therapy of hysteroscopy and laparoscopy. A needle electrode with an 8mm diameter was placed into their uterine cavities under hysteroscopy. After obstructing uterine septum removal, their uterine cavities showed normal morphology. To protect their hymens, misoprostol was placed into their rectums to soften their cervices, so that the hysteroscope could be inserted into their cavities without damaging their hymens.



Virgo intacta women with obstructing uterine septum could be treated with electrosurgical obstructing uterine septum excision based on B-ultrasound-guided hymen-protecting hysteroscopy and laparoscopy.
Microstrip-Ridge Gap Waveguide–Study of Losses, Bends, and Transition to WR-15

This paper presents the design of microstrip-ridge gap waveguide using via-holes in printed circuit boards, a solution for high-frequency circuits. The study includes how to define the numerical ports, pin sensitivity, losses, and also a comparison with performance of normal microstrip lines and inverted microstrip lines. The results are produced using commercially available electromagnetic simulators. A WR-15 to microstrip-ridge gap waveguide transition was also designed. The results are verified with measurements on microstrip-ridge gap waveguides with WR15 transitions at both ends.
Iterative Cross Learning on Noisy Labels

To address the problem of incorrect labels in training data for deep learning, we propose a novel and simple training strategy, Iterative Cross Learning (ICL), that significantly improves the classification accuracy of neural networks with training data that has noisy labels. We randomly partition the noisy training data into multiple separate subsets, each of which is used to train an independent network. After these independent networks predict labels for the original data, if the labels agree, we update the label with the predicted result for that data point, but otherwise we update the label with a random label, a key to the success of our proposed method. The process is repeated, possibly with several stages, to gradually improve the performance. Testing our method on MNIST and CIFAR-10 with partially shuffled labels, ICL significantly improves the classification accuracy of existing methods when the data labels have noise, especially in heavy noise situations. Moreover, the proposed method doesn't require any change to the underlying neural networks' structure or loss function, so it can also easily be combined with other existing methods that address noisy labels, improving their performance.
A Digital Forensic Readiness framework for South African SME's

In this digital age, most business is conducted electronically. This contemporary paradigm creates openings for potentially harmful unanticipated information security incidents of both a criminal or civil nature, with the potential to cause considerable direct and indirect damage to smaller businesses. Electronic evidence is fundamental to the successful handling of such incidents. If an organisation does not prepare proactively for such incidents it is highly likely that important relevant digital evidence will not be available. Not being able to respond effectively could be extremely damaging to smaller companies, as they are unable to absorb losses as easily as larger organisations. In order to prepare smaller businesses for incidents of this nature, the implementation of Digital Forensic Readiness policies and procedures is necessitated. Numerous varying factors such as the perceived high cost, as well as the current lack of forensic skills, make the implementation of Digital Forensic Readiness appear difficult if not infeasible for smaller organisations. In order to solve this problem it is necessary to develop a scalable and flexible framework for the implementation of Digital Forensic Readiness based on the individual risk profile of a small to medium enterprise (SME). This paper aims to determine, from literature, the concepts of Digital Forensic Readiness and how they apply to SMEs. Based on the findings, the aspects of Digital Forensics and organisational characteristics that should be included in such a framework is highlighted.
Assessment of Functional Status and Quality of Life in Children with Spina Bifida

The aim of this study was to determine functional status and QoL of children with spina bifida (SB) by using the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) and the Child Health Questionnaire PF-50 (CHQPF-50) and to compare the functional status data of pediatric SB patients with those of healthy children.  Forty children with SB and 40 healthy children aged between 36 and 143 months were enrolled in the study. Both pediatric SB patients and healthy children were divided into three age groups: Group 1: 36-71 months, Group 2: 72-107 months, and Group 3: 108-143 months. The WeeFIM and CHQPF-50 were completed for children with SB, whereas the WeeFIM was completed only for healthy children.  In both assessments, the total score and subscale scores were lower than normal values in children with SB. However, improvement was found in self-care; communication; social, emotional, and mental status; and family factors with increasing age. On the other hand, there was no improvement in physical score, transfer, mobility, and sphincter control with increasing age. Functional status of children with SB was significantly lower compared to healthy children.  There was progress in self-care, communication, family factors, and social, emotional and mental status in children with SB with increasing age.
Coffee Crop Recognition Using Multi-scale Convolutional Neural Networks

Identifying crops from remote sensing images is a fundamental to know and monitor land-use. However, manual identification is expensive and maybe impracticable given the amount data. Automatic methods, although interesting, are highly dependent on the quality of extracted features, since encoding the spatial features in an efficient and robust fashion is the key to generating discriminatory models. Even though many visual descriptors have been proposed or successfully used to encode spatial features, in some cases, more specific description are needed. Deep learning has achieved very good results in some tasks, mainly boosted by the feature learning performed which allows the method to extract specific and adaptable visual features depending on the data In this paper, we propose two multi-scale methods, based on deep learning, to identify coffee crops. Specifically, we propose the Cascade Convolutional Neural Networks, or simply CCNN, that identifies crops considering a hierarchy of networks and, also, propose the Iterative Convolutional Neural Network, called ICNN, which feeds a same network with data several times. We conducted a systematic evaluation of the proposed algorithms using a remote sensing dataset. The experiments show that the proposed methods outperform the baseline consistent of state-of-the-art components by a factor that ranges from 3 to 6%, in terms of average accuracy.
Climate change impacts on global food security.

Climate change could potentially interrupt progress toward a world without hunger. A robust and coherent global pattern is discernible of the impacts of climate change on crop productivity that could have consequences for food availability. The stability of whole food systems may be at risk under climate change because of short-term variability in supply. However, the potential impact is less clear at regional scales, but it is likely that climate variability and change will exacerbate food insecurity in areas currently vulnerable to hunger and undernutrition. Likewise, it can be anticipated that food access and utilization will be affected indirectly via collateral effects on household and individual incomes, and food utilization could be impaired by loss of access to drinking water and damage to health. The evidence supports the need for considerable investment in adaptation and mitigation actions toward a "climate-smart food system" that is more resilient to climate change influences on food security.
The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing on cognition.

Ultradian rhythms of alternating cerebral dominance have been demonstrated in humans and other mammals during waking and sleep. Human studies have used the methods of psychological testing and electroencephalography (EEG) as measurements to identify the phase of this natural endogenous rhythm. The periodicity of this rhythm approximates 1.5-3 hours in awake humans. This cerebral rhythm is tightly coupled to another ultradian rhythm known as the nasal cycle, which is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, and is exhibited by greater airflow in one nostril, later switching to the other side. This paper correlates uninostril airflow with varying ratios of verbal/spatial performance in 23 right-handed males. Relatively greater cognitive ability in one hemisphere corresponds to unilateral forced nostril breathing in the contralateral nostril. Cognitive performance ratios can be influenced by forcibly altering the breathing pattern.
Density-based place clustering in geo-social networks

Spatial clustering deals with the unsupervised grouping of places into clusters and finds important applications in urban planning and marketing. Current spatial clustering models disregard information about the people who are related to the clustered places. In this paper, we show how the density-based clustering paradigm can be extended to apply on places which are visited by users of a geo-social network. Our model considers both spatial information and the social relationships between users who visit the clustered places. After formally defining the model and the distance measure it relies on, we present efficient algorithms for its implementation, based on spatial indexing. We evaluate the effectiveness of our model via a case study on real data; in addition, we design two quantitative measures, called social entropy and community score to evaluate the quality of the discovered clusters. The results show that geo-social clusters have special properties and cannot be found by applying simple spatial clustering approaches. The efficiency of our index-based implementation is also evaluated experimentally.
Voltage-Balancing Method for Modular Multilevel Converters Switched at Grid Frequency

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) becomes attractive for high-voltage and high-power applications due to its high modularity, availability, and power quality. The voltage balance issue of capacitors is very important in the MMC, and balancing of the capacitor voltage is increasingly difficult as the switching frequency is reduced. In this paper, a voltage-balancing method is proposed for the MMC switched at grid frequency with reduced losses and does not rely on the arm current. By assigning the low-frequency pulses with different pulsewidths, the capacitor charge transfer in the MMC can be controlled for keeping the capacitor voltage balancing in the MMC. Simulations and experimental studies of the MMC are conducted, and the results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed capacitor voltage-balancing method.
Application of the inner arm perforator flap in the management of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa.

Axillary hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic and debilitating disease that primarily affects the axillae, perineum, and inframammary areas. Surgical removal of all the diseased skin constitutes the only efficient treatment. Covering an axillary fossa defect is challenging, due to the range of shoulder movement required. Indeed, shoulder movement may be compromised by scar contraction after inadequate surgery. The present study is the first to apply an inner arm perforator flap to the treatment of twelve axillary skin defects in 10 patients. The defect originated from extensive excision of recurrent hidradenitis suppurativa in the axilla. The technique used to cover the defect is a V-Y advancement flap or a propeller flap from the inner arm based on one to three perforators arising from the brachial artery or the superior ulnar collateral artery. The flap provides a tensionless wound closure and a generally unremarkable postoperative course in a short hospital stay. No major complications occurred. Two patients had minor delayed wound healing. Outcomes (including donor site morbidity, function and the cosmetic outcome) were very satisfactory in all cases. We consider that the inner arm perforator flap is a valuable new option for the reconstruction of axillary defects.
Brown adipose tissue as a secretory organ

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site of adaptive thermogenesis and experimental studies have associated BAT activity with protection against obesity and metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. Active BAT is present in adult humans and its activity is impaired in patients with obesity. The ability of BAT to protect against chronic metabolic disease has traditionally been attributed to its capacity to utilize glucose and lipids for thermogenesis. However, BAT might also have a secretory role, which could contribute to the systemic consequences of BAT activity. Several BAT-derived molecules that act in a paracrine or autocrine manner have been identified. Most of these factors promote hypertrophy and hyperplasia of BAT, vascularization, innervation and blood flow, processes that are all associated with BAT recruitment when thermogenic activity is enhanced. Additionally, BAT can release regulatory molecules that act on other tissues and organs. This secretory capacity of BAT is thought to be involved in the beneficial effects of BAT transplantation in rodents. Fibroblast growth factor 21, IL-6 and neuregulin 4 are among the first BAT-derived endocrine factors to be identified. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of the regulatory molecules (the so-called brown adipokines or batokines) that are released by BAT that influence systemic metabolism and convey the beneficial metabolic effects of BAT activation. The identification of such adipokines might also direct drug discovery approaches for managing obesity and its associated chronic metabolic diseases.
A Projective Integration Method for Transient Stability Assessment of Power Systems With a High Penetration of Distributed Generation

The impact of numerous distributed generators (DGs) coupled with the implementation of virtual inertia on the transient stability of power systems has been studied extensively. Time-domain simulation is the most accurate and reliable approach to evaluate the dynamic behavior of power systems. However, the computational efficiency is restricted by their multi-time-scale property due to the combination of various DGs and synchronous generators. This paper presents a novel projective integration method (PIM) for the efficient transient stability simulation of power systems with high DG penetration. One procedure of the proposed PIM is decomposed into two stages, which adopt mixed explicit-implicit integration methods to achieve both efficiency and numerical stability. Moreover, the stability of the PIM is not affected by its parameter, which is related to the step size. Based on this property, an adaptive parameter scheme is developed based on error estimation to fit the time constants of the system dynamics and further increase the simulation speed. The presented approach is several times faster than the conventional integration methods with a similar level of accuracy. The proposed method is demonstrated using test systems with DGs and virtual synchronous generators, and the performance is verified against MATLAB/Simulink and DIgSILENT PowerFactory.
Fresnel diffraction and fractal patterns from polygonal apertures.

Two compact analytical descriptions of Fresnel diffraction patterns from polygonal apertures under uniform illumination are detailed. In particular, a simple expression for the diffracted field from constituent edges is derived. These results have fundamental importance as well as specific applications, and they promise new physical insights into diffraction-related phenomena. The usefulness of the formulations is illuminated in the context of a virtual source theory that accounts for two transverse dimensions. This application permits calculation of fractal unstable-resonator modes of arbitrary order and unprecedented accuracy.
An overview of cyber-attack vectors on SCADA systems

Most of the countries evaluate their energy networks in terms of national security and define as critical infrastructure. Monitoring and controlling of these systems are generally provided by Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) and/or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. Therefore, this study focuses on the cyber-attack vectors on SCADA systems to research the threats and risks targeting them. For this purpose, TCP/IP based protocols used in SCADA systems have been determined and analyzed at first. Then, the most common cyber-attacks are handled systematically considering hardware-side threats, software-side ones and the threats for communication infrastructures. Finally, some suggestions are given.
Investigation of read disturb error in 1Ynm NAND flash memories for system level solution

Read-disturb characteristics in 1Ynm NAND flash memories have been investigated. The error regularity among word-lines is observed in 1Ynm (2nd generation below 20nm) triple-level cell (TLC) NAND flash. Consequently, unreliable page which exceeds error-correcting code (ECC) capability is occurred. To optimize ECC capability, system level solution with Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) ECC is introduced. By adding parity bit to the unreliable pages for ECC calculation, a correctable bit-error rate (BER) can be increased by 1.3-times.
Phase-change memory: An architectural perspective

This article surveys the current state of phase-change memory (PCM) as a nonvolatile memory technology set to replace flash and DRAM in modern computerized systems. It has been researched and developed in the last decade, with researchers providing better architectural designs which address the technology's main challenges—its limited write endurance, potential long latency, high energy writes, power dissipation, and some concerns for memory privacy. Some physical properties of the technology are also discussed, providing a basis for architectural discussions. Also briefly shown are other architectural alternatives, such as FeRAM and MRAM. The designs surveyed in this article include read before write, wear leveling, write cancellation, write pausing, some encryption schemes, and buffer organizations. These allow PCM to stand on its own as a replacement for DRAM as main memory. Designs for hybrid memory systems with both PCM and DRAM are also shown and some designs for SSDs incorporating PCM.
Making the most of information technology & systems usage: A literature review, framework and future research agenda

This detailed literature review has considered a relatively large quantity (152 total) of scholarly empirical publications, conference proceedings, books and popular market reports published over the last 15 years, i.e., from January 2000 to December 2014, in the field of human continuous usage behavior and in the context of information technology/systems. Based on the search results, the literature was synthesized, segregated into four major domains according to the purpose, nature and usage of the information technology/systems. The authors believe that this segregation within the information technology & systems continuous usage literature provides greater scalability, flexibility and space for future research. Moreover, this proposed segregation allows for future research to include more ‘systems’ in each category depending on the usage, relevance and nature of the ‘systems’ that will evolve over the period of time. Scalability will provide more insights and ideas that will help future research investigate and propose domain-specific conceptual or business models that will help facilitate an understanding of information technology/systems continuous usage according to the nature of the ‘system.’ Conclusions and recommendations are drawn and priorities are proposed for continuing research.
Planting design for urban parks: Space syntax as a landscape design assessment tool

Trees are a major factor in defining the spatial qualities of outdoor spaces. This study investigates the influence of spatial configuration produced by the proposed tree planting design on the visual fields of an urban park using space syntax theory. Space syntax theory assumes that an urban area can be represented as a matrix of connected spaces. The quantitative properties of this matrix in the form of syntactic measures can be measured using computer simulations. This research investigates how space syntax techniques can help assess the effect of tree configurations on the social structure of a small-scale garden in an urban park. Such techniques are assumed useful in predicting the social structure of the proposed space and in assessing design alternatives. An experimental study using three different planting design proposals for an urban park is conducted. Data are analyzed using space syntax techniques. Results reveal a significant effect of planting configurations on syntactic measures across the three proposals. This study suggests that space syntax techniques may have a significant value in the assessment of schematic planting design, especially at the pedestrian movement level.