nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of alfacalcidol and alendronate on lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporotic patients using proton pump inhibitors

It has been indicated that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use is associated with a loss of the anti-fracture efficacy of alendronate (AD). However, there are few prospective studies that have investigated the efficacy of AD on lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in osteoporotic patients who are using PPIs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of alfacalcidol (AC) and AD on lumbar BMD in osteoporotic patients using PPIs. A prospective, randomized, active control study enrolled such osteoporotic patients (age, ≥50 years). The patients were randomly assigned to receive AC (1 µg/day) or AD (35 mg/week) and were followed up for one year. Patient profiles were maintained, and lumbar BMD, bone-specific alkaline-phosphatase (BAP) and collagen type-I cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTX), upper gastrointestinal endoscopy results, and the frequency scale for the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (FSSG) were evaluated. Percentage changes in lumbar BMD, NTX, BAP, and change in FSSG score from baseline to the end of one year of treatment were investigated. Sixteen patients were eligible for analysis (eight assigned to receive AC, eight assigned to receive AD). The percentage change in lumbar BMD from baseline to the end of treatment was -0.4±4.0% for the AC group vs. 6.8±6.3% for the AD group (P=0.015). No significant percentage change of BAP and NTX between the two groups was observed. Subsequent to one year of treatment, the FSSG score did not change from the baseline values for either study group, and no new bone fractures or esophagitis were observed in either group of patients. The findings demonstrated that in osteoporotic patients using concomitant PPIs, there was a greater increase in lumbar BMD after one year of treatment with AD compared with AC. However, the number of study subjects was small; thus, further, large prospective studies are required to determine the effect of AD in osteoporotic patients using concomitant PPIs.
An Approach to Solve Winograd Schema Challenge Using Automatically Extracted Commonsense Knowledge

The Winograd Schema Challenge has recently been proposed as an alternative to the Turing test. A Winograd Schema consists of a sentence and question pair such that the answer to the question depends on the resolution of a definite pronoun in the sentence. The answer is fairly intuitive for humans but is difficult for machines because it requires commonsense knowledge about words or concepts in the sentence. In this paper we propose a novel technique which semantically parses the text, hunts for the needed commonsense knowledge and uses that knowledge to answer the given
Ticks infesting animals in the Sudan and Southern Sudan: past and current status.

In this review, we collate information about ticks identified in different parts of the Sudan and South Sudan since 1956 in order to identify gaps in tick prevalence and create a map of tick distribution. This will avail basic data for further research on ticks and policies for the control of tick-borne diseases. In this review, we discuss the situation in the Republic of South Sudan as well as Sudan. For this purpose we have divided Sudan into four regions, namely northern Sudan (Northern and River Nile states), central Sudan (Khartoum, Gazera, White Nile, Blue Nile and Sennar states), western Sudan (North and South Kordofan and North, South and West Darfour states) and eastern Sudan (Red Sea, Kassala and Gadarif states).
Enhanced Bilingual Evaluation Understudy

Our research extends the Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) evaluation technique for statistical machine translation to make it more adjustable and robust. We intend to adapt it to resemble human evaluation more. We perform experiments to evaluate the performance of our technique against the primary existing evaluation methods. We describe and show the improvements it makes over existing methods as well as correlation to them. When human translators translate a text, they often use synonyms, different word orders or style, and other similar variations. We propose an SMT evaluation technique that enhances the BLEU metric to consider variations such as those.
Training for computational thinking capability on programming language teaching

How to develop students' capacity for computational thinking during the teaching process of computer programming, is one of the basic goals of computer fundamental education. Using C program language as example, this paper discusses how to train thinking capability of students during the programming language teaching. Computer programming languages have the features of mass content and practical techniques, and it is difficult for students to master one in short period of time. We provide some advices about how to organize the teaching content and experiments are proposed for improving the teaching results, and human thinking characters are exploited for increasing creative capability. The teaching methods proposed have proved effective for training thinking capability of students.
Multipath Exploitation in Non-LOS Urban Synthetic Aperture Radar

Multipath is exploited to image targets that are hidden due to lack of line of sight (LOS) path in urban environments. Urban radar scenes include building walls, therefore creating reflections causing multipath returns. Conventional processing via synthetic aperture beamforming algorithms do not detect or localize the target at its true position. To remove these limitations, two multipath exploitation techniques to image a hidden target at its true location are presented under the assumptions that the locations of the reflecting walls are known and that the target multipath is resolvable and detectable. The first technique directly operates on the radar returns, whereas the second operates on the traditional beamformed image. Both these techniques mitigate the false alarms arising from the multipath while simultaneously permitting the shadowed target to be detected at its true location. While these techniques are general, they are examined for two important urban radar applications: detecting shadowed targets in an urban canyon, and detecting shadowed targets around corners.
Towards a General Framework for Evaluating Software Development Methodologies

It has become essential to scrutinize and evaluate software development methodologies, mainly because of their increasing number and variety. Evaluation is required to gain a better understanding of the features, strengths, and weaknesses of the methodologies. The results of such evaluations can be leveraged to identify the methodology most appropriate for a specific context. Moreover, methodology improvement and evolution can be accelerated using these results. However, despite extensive research, there is still a need for a feature/criterion set that is general enough to allow methodologies to be evaluated regardless of their types. We propose a general evaluation framework which addresses this requirement. In order to improve the applicability of the proposed framework, all the features – general and specific – are arranged in a hierarchy along with their corresponding criteria. Providing different levels of abstraction enables users to choose the suitable criteria based on the context. Major evaluation frameworks for object-oriented, agent-oriented, and aspect-oriented methodologies have been studied and assessed against the proposed framework to demonstrate its reliability and validity.
A survey on clustering methods in web service discovery

Several unclassified web services are available in the internet which is difficult for the user to choose the correct web services. This raises service discovery cost, transforming data time between services and service searching time. Adequate methods, tools, technologies for clustering the web services have been developed. The clustering of web services is done manually. This survey is organized based on clustering of web service discovery methods, tools and technologies constructed on following list of parameters. The parameters are clustering model, graphs and environment, different technologies, advantages and disadvantages, theory and proof of concepts. Based on the user requirements results are different and better than one another. If the web service clustering is done automatically that can create an impact in the service discovery and fulfills the user requirements. This article gives the overview of the significant issues of the different methods and discusses the lack of technologies and automatic tools of the web service discovery.
Analysis of satellite images for disaster detection

Analysis of satellite images plays an increasingly vital role in environment and climate monitoring, especially in detecting and managing natural disaster. In this paper, we proposed an automatic disaster detection system by implementing one of the advance deep learning techniques, convolutional neural network (CNN), to analysis satellite images. The neural network consists of 3 convolutional layers, followed by max-pooling layers after each convolutional layer, and 2 fully connected layers. We created our own disaster detection training data patches, which is currently focusing on 2 main disasters in Japan and Thailand: landslide and flood. Each disaster's training data set consists of 30000~40000 patches and all patches are trained automatically in CNN to extract region where disaster occurred instantaneously. The results reveal accuracy of 80%~90% for both disaster detection. The results presented here may facilitate improvements in detecting natural disaster efficiently by establishing automatic disaster detection system.
Fast ray-tracing of human eye optics on Graphics Processing Units

We present a new technique for simulating retinal image formation by tracing a large number of rays from objects in three dimensions as they pass through the optic apparatus of the eye to objects. Simulating human optics is useful for understanding basic questions of vision science and for studying vision defects and their corrections. Because of the complexity of computing such simulations accurately, most previous efforts used simplified analytical models of the normal eye. This makes them less effective in modeling vision disorders associated with abnormal shapes of the ocular structures which are hard to be precisely represented by analytical surfaces. We have developed a computer simulator that can simulate ocular structures of arbitrary shapes, for instance represented by polygon meshes. Topographic and geometric measurements of the cornea, lens, and retina from keratometer or medical imaging data can be integrated for individualized examination. We utilize parallel processing using modern Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to efficiently compute retinal images by tracing millions of rays. A stable retinal image can be generated within minutes. We simulated depth-of-field, accommodation, chromatic aberrations, as well as astigmatism and correction. We also show application of the technique in patient specific vision correction by incorporating geometric models of the orbit reconstructed from clinical medical images.
Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin Determination in Chili Pepper Genotypes Using Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography

Research was carried out to estimate the levels of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin that may be found in some heat tolerant chili pepper genotypes and to determine the degree of pungency as well as percentage capsaicin content of each of the analyzed peppers. A sensitive, precise, and specific ultra fast liquid chromatographic (UFLC) system was used for the separation, identification and quantitation of the capsaicinoids and the extraction solvent was acetonitrile. The method validation parameters, including linearity, precision, accuracy and recovery, yielded good results. Thus, the limit of detection was 0.045 µg/kg and 0.151 µg/kg for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, respectively, whereas the limit of quantitation was 0.11 µg/kg and 0.368 µg/kg for capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. The calibration graph was linear from 0.05 to 0.50 µg/g for UFLC analysis. The inter- and intra-day precisions (relative standard deviation) were <5.0% for capsaicin and <9.9% for dihydrocapsaicin while the average recoveries obtained were quantitative (89.4%-90.1% for capsaicin, 92.4%-95.2% for dihydrocapsaicin), indicating good accuracy of the UFLC method. AVPP0705, AVPP0506, AVPP0104, AVPP0002, C05573 and AVPP0805 showed the highest concentration of capsaicin (12,776, 5,828, 4,393, 4,760, 3,764 and 4,120 µg/kg) and the highest pungency level, whereas AVPP9703, AVPP0512, AVPP0307, AVPP0803 and AVPP0102 recorded no detection of capsaicin and hence were non-pungent. All chili peppers studied except AVPP9703, AVPP0512, AVPP0307, AVPP0803 and AVPP0102 could serve as potential sources of capsaicin. On the other hand, only genotypes AVPP0506, AVPP0104, AVPP0002, C05573 and AVPP0805 gave a % capsaicin content that falls within the pungency limit that could make them recommendable as potential sources of capsaicin for the pharmaceutical industry.
Olivine crystals align during diffusion creep of Earth’s upper mantle

The crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of olivine produced during dislocation creep is considered to be the primary cause of elastic anisotropy in Earth’s upper mantle and is often used to determine the direction of mantle flow. A fundamental question remains, however, as to whether the alignment of olivine crystals is uniquely produced by dislocation creep. Here we report the development of CPO in iron-free olivine (that is, forsterite) during diffusion creep; the intensity and pattern of CPO depend on temperature and the presence of melt, which control the appearance of crystallographic planes on grain boundaries. Grain boundary sliding on these crystallography-controlled boundaries accommodated by diffusion contributes to grain rotation, resulting in a CPO. We show that strong radial anisotropy is anticipated at temperatures corresponding to depths where melting initiates to depths where strongly anisotropic and low seismic velocities are detected. Conversely, weak anisotropy is anticipated at temperatures corresponding to depths where almost isotropic mantle is found. We propose diffusion creep to be the primary means of mantle flow.
Market Design for HCI: Successes and Failures of Peer-to-Peer Exchange Platforms

This paper explores an HCI approach to designing markets, with a primary focus on peer-to peer exchange platforms. We draw on recent work in economics that has documented how markets function, how they can be evaluated, and what can be done to fix them when they fail. We introduce five key concepts from market design: thickness, congestion, stability, safety, and repugnance. These lend HCI an analytic vocabulary for understanding why markets may succeed or struggle. Building on prior empirical work, we apply these concepts to compare two well-known network hospitality platforms, Couchsurfing and Airbnb. As a second illustrative case, we use market design to shed light on the challenges experienced by smaller-scale peer-to-peer marketplaces for lending, renting, and selling physical goods. To conclude, we discuss how this kind of analysis can make conceptual, evaluative, and generative contributions to the study and design of exchange platforms and other socio-technical systems.
Video on-demand streaming on the Internet — A survey

Video-on-demand (VoD) streaming applications have evolved into one of the most popular types of applications on the Internet over the past decade. A great amount of research has been conducted to address the high bandwidth and stringent delay requirements of VoD applications on the video servers and the Internet. In this paper, we provide a broad survey of existing schemes and classify them into four categories. We also discuss the trade-offs and examine representative schemes in each category. Finally, we highlight future directions.
Single-mode-dual-band to dual-mode-single-band bandpass filter with liquid metal

A mode-reconfigurable Butterworth bandpass filter, which can be switched between operating as a single-mode-dual-band (SMDB) and a dual-mode-single-band (DMSB) filter is presented. The filter is realized using a substrate integrated waveguide in a square cuboid geometry. Switching is enabled by using empty vias for the SMDB and liquid metal filled vias for the DMSB. The first two modes of the SMDB resonate 3 GHz apart, whereas the first two modes of the DMSB are degenerate and resonate only at the higher frequency. This is due to mode shifting of the first frequency band to the second frequency band. Measurements confirm the liquid-metal reconfiguration between the two operating modes.
Acute compartment syndrome. Who is at risk?

We have analysed associated factors in 164 patients with acute compartment syndrome whom we treated over an eight-year period. In 69% there was an associated fracture, about half of which were of the tibial shaft. Most patients were men, usually under 35 years of age. Acute compartment syndrome of the forearm, with associated fracture of the distal end of the radius, was again seen most commonly in young men. Injury to soft tissues, without fracture, was the second most common cause of the syndrome and one-tenth of the patients had a bleeding disorder or were taking anticoagulant drugs. We found that young patients, especially men, were at risk of acute compartment syndrome after injury. When treating such injured patients, the diagnosis should be made early, utilising measurements of tissue pressure.
The impact of ICT on an Intermodal Transportation System: an analysis by Petri Nets

Intermodal Transportation Systems (ITS) are logistics networks integrating different transportation services, designed to move goods from origin to destination in a timely manner and using intermodal transportation means. This paper addresses the problem of the modeling and management of ITS at the operational level considering the impact that the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) tools can have on management and control of these systems. An effective ITS model at the operational level should focus on evaluating performance indices describing activities, resources and concurrency, by integrating information and financial flows. To this aim, ITS are regarded as discrete event systems and are modeled in a Petri net framework. We consider as a case study the ferry terminal of Trieste (Italy) that is described and simulated in different operative conditions characterized by different types of ICT solutions and information. The simulation results show that ICT have a huge potential for efficient real time management and operation of ITS, as well as an effective impact on the infrastructures.
Set similarity search beyond MinHash

We consider the problem of approximate set similarity search under Braun-Blanquet similarity <i>B</i>(<i>x</i>, <i>y</i>) = |<i>x</i> â© <i>y</i>| / max(|<i>x</i>|, |<i>y</i>|). The (<i>b</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>b</i><sub>2</sub>)-approximate Braun-Blanquet similarity search problem is to preprocess a collection of sets <i>P</i> such that, given a query set <i>q</i>, if there exists <i>x</i> â <i>P</i> with <i>B</i>(<i>q</i>, <i>x</i>) â¥ <i>b</i><sub>1</sub>, then we can efficiently return <i>x</i>â² â <i>P</i> with <i>B</i>(<i>q</i>, <i>x</i>â²) > <i>b</i><sub>2</sub>. 
We present a simple data structure that solves this problem with space usage <i>O</i>(<i>n</i><sup>1+Ï</sup>log<i>n</i> + â<sub><i>x</i> â <i>P</i></sub>|<i>x</i>|) and query time <i>O</i>(|<i>q</i>|<i>n</i><sup>Ï</sup> log<i>n</i>) where <i>n</i> = |<i>P</i>| and Ï = log(1/<i>b</i><sub>1</sub>)/log(1/<i>b</i><sub>2</sub>). Making use of existing lower bounds for locality-sensitive hashing by OâDonnell et al. (TOCT 2014) we show that this value of Ï is tight across the parameter space, i.e., for every choice of constants 0 < <i>b</i><sub>2</sub> < <i>b</i><sub>1</sub> < 1. 
In the case where all sets have the same size our solution strictly improves upon the value of Ï that can be obtained through the use of state-of-the-art data-independent techniques in the Indyk-Motwani locality-sensitive hashing framework  such as Broderâs MinHash (CCS 1997) for Jaccard similarity and Andoni et al.âs cross-polytope LSH (NIPS 2015) for cosine similarity. Surprisingly, even though our solution is data-independent, for a large part of the parameter space we outperform the currently best data-<em>dependent</em> method by Andoni and Razenshteyn
Optimal Design Strategy for Improved Operation of IPM BLDC Motors With Low-Resolution Hall Sensors

This study proposes an interior permanent magnet (IPM) brushless dc (BLDC) motor design strategy that utilizes BLDC control based on Hall sensor signals. The magnetic flux of IPM motors varies according to the rotor position and abnormal Hall sensor problems are related to magnetic flux. To find the cause of the abnormality in the Hall sensors, an analysis of the magnetic flux density at the Hall sensor position by finite element analysis is conducted. In addition, an IPM model with a notch structure is proposed to solve abnormal Hall sensor problems and its magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model is derived. Based on the MEC model, an optimal rotor design method is proposed and the final model is derived. However, the Hall sensor signal achieved from the optimal rotor is not perfect. To improve the accuracy of the BLDC motor control, a rotor position estimation method is proposed. Finally, experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed IPM-type BLDC motor and the Hall sensor compensation method.
Channel dispersion and moderate deviations limits for memoryless channels

Recently, Altug and Wagner  posed a question regarding the optimal behavior of the probability of error when channel coding rate converges to the capacity sufficiently slowly. They gave a sufficient condition for the discrete memoryless channel (DMC) to satisfy a moderate deviation property (MDP) with the constant equal to the channel dispersion. Their sufficient condition excludes some practically interesting channels, such as the binary erasure channel and the Z-channel. We extend their result in two directions. First, we show that a DMC satisfies MDP if and only if its channel dispersion is nonzero. Second, we prove that the AWGN channel also satisfies MDP with a constant equal to the channel dispersion. While the methods used by Altug and Wagner are based on the method of types and other DMC-specific ideas, our proofs (in both achievability and converse parts) rely on the tools from our recent work  on finite-blocklength regime that are equally applicable to non-discrete channels and channels with memory.
Matrix Computations and Optimization in Apache Spark

We describe matrix computations available in the cluster programming framework, Apache Spark. Out of the box, Spark provides abstractions and implementations for distributed matrices and optimization routines using these matrices. When translating single-node algorithms to run on a distributed cluster, we observe that often a simple idea is enough: separating matrix operations from vector operations and shipping the matrix operations to be ran on the cluster, while keeping vector operations local to the driver. In the case of the Singular Value Decomposition, by taking this idea to an extreme, we are able to exploit the computational power of a cluster, while running code written decades ago for a single core. Another example is our Spark port of the popular TFOCS optimization package, originally built for MATLAB, which allows for solving Linear programs as well as a variety of other convex programs. We conclude with a comprehensive set of benchmarks for hardware accelerated matrix computations from the JVM, which is interesting in its own right, as many cluster programming frameworks use the JVM. The contributions described in this paper are already merged into Apache Spark and available on Spark installations by default, and commercially supported by a slew of companies which provide further services.