nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Virtual Reprise of the Stanley Milgram Obedience Experiments

Stanley Milgram's 1960s experimental findings that people would administer apparently lethal electric shocks to a stranger at the behest of an authority figure remain critical for understanding obedience. Yet, due to the ethical controversy that his experiments ignited, it is nowadays impossible to carry out direct experimental studies in this area. In the study reported in this paper, we have used a similar paradigm to the one used by Milgram within an immersive virtual environment. Our objective has not been the study of obedience in itself, but of the extent to which participants would respond to such an extreme social situation as if it were real in spite of their knowledge that no real events were taking place.



Following the style of the original experiments, the participants were invited to administer a series of word association memory tests to the (female) virtual human representing the stranger. When she gave an incorrect answer, the participants were instructed to administer an 'electric shock' to her, increasing the voltage each time. She responded with increasing discomfort and protests, eventually demanding termination of the experiment. Of the 34 participants, 23 saw and heard the virtual human, and 11 communicated with her only through a text interface.



Our results show that in spite of the fact that all participants knew for sure that neither the stranger nor the shocks were real, the participants who saw and heard her tended to respond to the situation at the subjective, behavioural and physiological levels as if it were real. This result reopens the door to direct empirical studies of obedience and related extreme social situations, an area of research that is otherwise not open to experimental study for ethical reasons, through the employment of virtual environments.
Unsupervised sentiment classification of English movie reviews using automatic selection of positive and negative sentiment items

We consider the problem of classifying documents not by topic, but by overall sentiment. Previous approaches to sentiment classification have favored domain-specific, supervised machine learning (Naive Bayes, maximum entropy classification, and support vector machines). Inherent in these methodologies is the need for annotated training data. Building on previous work, we examine an unsupervised system of iteratively extracting positive and negative sentiment items which can be used to classify documents. Our method is completely unsupervised and only requires linguistic insight into the semantic orientation of sentiment.
Swing Up Control of Inverted Pendulum

Katsuhisa Furuta and Masaki Yamakita Department of Control Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2121 0 h-0 kayama, Meguroku Tokyo 152 Japan Seiichi Kobayashi Nippon Seiko Ltd. 78 Toriba-machi, Maebashi-shi Gunma 371 Japan Inverted pendulums have been used for the verification of designed control systems and control laboratory experiments in control theory education. In particular, the control of a double inverted pendulum has been known as a good example to show the power of the state space approach. The triple pendulum, however, has not been successfully stabilized at the upright position due to the inaccuracy of the modelling and error introduced by the computation. Instead of these stabilizing control, one of the authors has studied the swing-up of a pendulum from the stable hanging state to the upright position. However, the control input was designed a priori, so the transfer of the state of the pendulum was not assured. One of the reasons is due to unmodelled dynamics. This paper presents a new type of pendulum on a rotating arm fixed to a rotating shaft and a swing up control algorithm based on state space setting. The control input for swing up is restricted to a bang-bang type, which is determined from the phase plane trajectory. Such state feedback type control gives reliable control for the transfer of the state.
The Effects of Teaching Programming via Scratch on Problem Solving Skills: A Discussion from Learners' Perspective

Computer programming is perceived as an important competence for the development of problem solving skills in addition to logical reasoning. Hence, its integration throughout all educational levels, as well as the early ages, is considered valuable and research studies are carried out to explore the phenomenon in more detail. In light of these facts, this study is an exploratory effort to investigate the effect of Scratch programming on 5th grade primary school students’ prob� lem solving skills. Moreover, the researchers wondered what 5th grade primary school students think about programming. This study was carried out in an explanatory sequential mixed methods design with the participation of 49 primary school students. According to the quantitative results, programming in Scratch platform did not cause any significant differences in the problem solving skills of the primary school students. There is only a non-significant increase in the mean of the fac� tor of “selfconfidence in their problem solving ability”. When the thoughts of the primary students were considered, it can be clearly stated that all the students liked programming and wanted to improve their programming. Finally, most of the students found the Scratch platform easy to use.
A systematic review of provenance systems

Provenance refers to the entire amount of information, comprising all the elements and their relationships, that contribute to the existence of a piece of data. The knowledge of provenance data allows a great number of benefits such as verifying a product, result reproductivity, sharing and reuse of knowledge, or assessing data quality and validity. With such tangible benefits, it is no wonder that in recent years, research on provenance has grown exponentially, and has been applied to a wide range of different scientific disciplines. Some years ago, managing and recording provenance information were performed manually. Given the huge volume of information available nowadays, the manual performance of such tasks is no longer an option. The problem of systematically performing tasks such as the understanding, capture and management of provenance has gained significant attention by the research community and industry over the past decades. As a consequence, there has been a huge amount of contributions and proposed provenance systems as solutions for performing such kinds of tasks. The overall objective of this paper is to plot the landscape of published systems in the field of provenance, with two main purposes. First, we seek to evaluate the desired characteristics that provenance systems are expected to have. Second, we aim at identifying a set of representative systems (both early and recent use) to be exhaustively analyzed according to such characteristics. In particular, we have performed a systematic literature review of studies, identifying a comprehensive set of 105 relevant resources in all. The results show that there are common aspects or characteristics of provenance systems thoroughly renowned throughout the literature on the topic. Based on these results, we have defined a six-dimensional taxonomy of provenance characteristics attending to: general aspects, data capture, data access, subject, storage, and non-functional aspects. Additionally, the study has found that there are 25 most referenced provenance systems within the provenance context. This study exhaustively analyzes and compares such systems attending to our taxonomy and pinpoints future directions.
Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research.

Research is fundamental to the advancement of medicine and critical to identifying the most optimal therapies unique to particular societies. This is easily observed through the dynamics associated with pharmacology, surgical technique and the medical equipment used today versus short years ago. Advancements in knowledge synthesis and reporting guidelines enhance the quality, scope and applicability of results; thus, improving health science and clinical practice and advancing health policy. While advancements are critical to the progression of optimal health care, the high cost associated with these endeavors cannot be ignored. Research fundamentally needs to be evaluated to identify the most efficient methods of evaluation. The primary objective of this paper is to look at a specific research methodology when applied to the area of clinical research, especially extracorporeal circulation and its prognosis for the future.
Wheelesley: A Robotic Wheelchair System: Indoor Navigation and User Interface

Many people who use wheelchairs are unable to control a powered wheelchair with the standard joystick interface. A robotic wheelchair can provide users with driving assistance, taking over low level navigation to allow its user to travel efficiently and with greater ease. Our robotic wheelchair system, Wheelesley, consists of a standard powered wheelchair with an on-board computer, sensors and a graphical user interface running on a notebook computer. This paper describes the indoor navigation system and a user interface that can be easily customized for
On the implementation of an efficient FPGA-based CFAR processor for target detection

Real-time performance of adaptive digital signal processing algorithms is required in many applications but it often means a high computational load for many conventional processors. In this paper, we present a configurable hardware architecture for adaptive processing of noisy signals for target detection based on Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) algorithms. The architecture has been designed to deal with parallel/pipeline processing and to be configured for three version of CFAR algorithms, the Cell-Average, the Max and the Min CFAR. The proposed architecture has been implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device providing good performance improvements over software implementations. FPGA implementation results are presented and discussed.
A Framework for Investigating the Impact of Information Systems Capability on Strategic Information Systems Planning Outcomes

The Strategic Information Systems Planning (SISP) process is critical for ensuring the effectiveness of the contribution of Information Technology (IT)/Information Systems (IS) to the organisation. A sophisticated SISP process can greatly increase the chances of positive planning outcomes. While effective IS capabilities are seen as crucial to an organisation’s ability to generate IT-enabled competitive advantages, there exists a gap in the understanding of the IS competencies which contribute to the forming of an effective SISP capability. In light of these gaps, this study investigates how do IS competencies impact the SISP process, and its outcomes? To address this question, a model for investigating the impact of IS collaboration and IS personnel competencies on the SISP process is proposed. Further research is planned to undertake a survey of top Australian organisations in industries characterised by high IT innovation and competition, to test the proposed model and hypotheses.
The clinical effectiveness of CBT-based guided self-help interventions for anxiety and depressive disorders: a systematic review.

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)-based guided self-help (GSH) has been suggested to be an effective intervention for mild to moderate anxiety and depression, yet the evidence seems inconclusive, with some studies reporting that GSH is effective and others finding that GSH is ineffective. GSH differs in important respects from other levels of self-help, yet the literature regarding exclusively guided self-help interventions for anxiety and depression has not been reviewed systematically.



A literature search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining CBT-based GSH interventions for anxiety and depressive disorders was conducted. Multiple electronic databases were searched; several journals spanning key disciplines were hand-searched; reference lists of included review articles were scanned and relevant first authors were contacted.



Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis indicated the effectiveness of GSH at post-treatment, although GSH was found to have limited effectiveness at follow-up or among more clinically representative samples. Studies that reported greater effectiveness of GSH tended to be of lower methodological quality and generally involved participants who were self-selected rather than recruited through clinical referrals.



Although there is support for the effectiveness of CBT-based GSH among media-recruited individuals, the finding that the reviewed RCTs had limited effectiveness within routine clinical practice demonstrates that the evidence is not conclusive. Further rigorous evidence based on clinical populations that examines longer-term outcomes is required before CBT-based GSH interventions can be deemed effective for adults accessing primary care services for treatment of anxiety and depression.
Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals.

Bilingual advantages in executive control tasks are well documented, but it is not yet clear what degree or type of bilingualism leads to these advantages. To investigate this issue, we compared the performance of two bilingual groups and monolingual speakers in task-switching and language-switching paradigms. Spanish-English bilinguals, who reported switching between languages frequently in daily life, exhibited smaller task-switching costs than monolinguals after controlling for between-group differences in speed and parent education level. By contrast, Mandarin-English bilinguals, who reported switching languages less frequently than Spanish-English bilinguals, did not exhibit a task-switching advantage relative to monolinguals. Comparing the two bilingual groups in language-switching, Spanish-English bilinguals exhibited smaller costs than Mandarin-English bilinguals, even after matching for fluency in the non-dominant language. These results demonstrate an explicit link between language-switching and bilingual advantages in task-switching, while also illustrating some limitations on bilingual advantages.
Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal.

Since Darwin's seminal works, the universality of facial expressions of emotion has remained one of the longest standing debates in the biological and social sciences. Briefly stated, the universality hypothesis claims that all humans communicate six basic internal emotional states (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) using the same facial movements by virtue of their biological and evolutionary origins [Susskind JM, et al. (2008) ]. Here, we refute this assumed universality. Using a unique computer graphics platform that combines generative grammars [Chomsky N (1965) MIT Press, Cambridge, MA] with visual perception, we accessed the mind's eye of 30 Western and Eastern culture individuals and reconstructed their mental representations of the six basic facial expressions of emotion. Cross-cultural comparisons of the mental representations challenge universality on two separate counts. First, whereas Westerners represent each of the six basic emotions with a distinct set of facial movements common to the group, Easterners do not. Second, Easterners represent emotional intensity with distinctive dynamic eye activity. By refuting the long-standing universality hypothesis, our data highlight the powerful influence of culture on shaping basic behaviors once considered biologically hardwired. Consequently, our data open a unique nature-nurture debate across broad fields from evolutionary psychology and social neuroscience to social networking via digital avatars.
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance.

Emergence of resistance among the most important bacterial pathogens is recognized as a major public health threat affecting humans worldwide. Multidrug-resistant organisms have not only emerged in the hospital environment but are now often identified in community settings, suggesting that reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are present outside the hospital. The bacterial response to the antibiotic "attack" is the prime example of bacterial adaptation and the pinnacle of evolution. "Survival of the fittest" is a consequence of an immense genetic plasticity of bacterial pathogens that trigger specific responses that result in mutational adaptations, acquisition of genetic material, or alteration of gene expression producing resistance to virtually all antibiotics currently available in clinical practice. Therefore, understanding the biochemical and genetic basis of resistance is of paramount importance to design strategies to curtail the emergence and spread of resistance and to devise innovative therapeutic approaches against multidrug-resistant organisms. In this chapter, we will describe in detail the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance encountered in clinical practice, providing specific examples in relevant bacterial pathogens.
Auto Deep Compression by Reinforcement Learning Based Actor-Critic Structure

Model-based compression is an effective, facilitating, and expanded model of neural network models with limited computing and low power. However, conventional models of compression techniques utilize crafted features [2,3,12] and explore specialized areas for exploration and design of large spaces in terms of size, speed, and accuracy, which usually have returns Less and time is up. This paper will effectively analyze deep auto compression (ADC) and reinforcement learning strength in an effective sample and space design, and improve the compression quality of the model. The results of compression of the advanced model are obtained without any human effort and in a completely automated way. With a 4fold reduction in FLOP, the accuracy of 2.8% is higher than the manual compression model for VGG-16 in ImageNet.
CoUAV: a multi-UAV cooperative search path planning simulation environment

Sophisticated multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) simulation environments developed so far intrinsically paid significant attention on high-fidelity flight control system components to realistically account for low-level decision support. However, the use of these simulators often incurs a large overhead when focusing on cooperative high-level decision tasks, such as planning in mobile sensor networks. Therefore, a new discreteevent simulation environment, specially designed to investigate multi-agent search path planning coordination problems for surveillance and reconnaissance is proposed. Named CoUAV, the simulation capability gives the flexibility to capture and customize high-level abstract key components and stochastic events specifically aimed at exploring team coordination strategies for distributed information gathering, while abstracting costly lowlevel system specifications or huge infrastructure maintenance and operational costs. The environment provides the user with problem definition, visualization and post-simulation solution analysis capabilities. Simulation results are presented for a military multiUAV reconnaissance/target search mission comparing two solution designs. The versatility and flexibility of the environment is wellsuited to explore the strengths and weaknesses of new and existing coordination strategies through comparative performance analysis over a variety of resource-bounded search path planning problem conditions.
CREDIT RISK MODELS III: RECONCILIATION REDUCED – STRUCTURAL MODELS

In recent years, some papers have tried to bridge the gap between the two main approaches in credit risk modelling: structural and reduced form models. Based on incomplete information versions of standard structural models, they are able to obtain reduced form models in which the intensity of default is not given exogenously but determined endogenously within the model and it is a function of the firm’s characteristics and the level of information that investors posses. The key element to link both approaches lies in the model’s information assumptions. Using a specification of a structural model where investors do not have complete information about the dynamics of the processes which trigger the firm’s default, these models derive a cumulative rate of default consistent with a reduced form model. This paper pretends to be an introduction to this literature, providing some of the basic insights of the modelling structure and the main conclusion and results.
The Meaning of Types — From Intrinsic to Extrinsic Semantics ∗ †

A definition of a typed language is said to be “intrinsic” if it assigns meanings to typings rather than arbitrary phrases, so that ill-typed phrases are meaningless. In contrast, a definition is said to be “extrinsic” if all phrases have meanings that are independent of their typings, while typings represent properties of these meanings. For a simply typed lambda calculus, extended with recursion, subtypes, and named products, we give an intrinsic denotational semantics and a denotational semantics of the underlying untyped language. We then establish a logical relations theorem between these two semantics, and show that the logical relations can be “bracketed” by retractions between the domains of the two semantics. From these results, we derive an extrinsic semantics that uses partial equivalence relations. There are two very different ways of giving denotational semantics to a programming language (or other formal language) with a nontrivial type system. In an intrinsic semantics, only phrases that satisfy typing judgements have meanings. Indeed, meanings are assigned to the typing judgements, rather than to the phrases themselves, so that a phrase that satisfies several judgements will have several meanings. For example, consider λx. x (in a simply typed functional language). Corresponding to the typing judgement ` λx. x : int → int, its intrinsic meaning is the identity function on the integers, while corresponding to ∗This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant CCR9804014. Much of the research was carried out during two delightful and productive visits to BRICS (Basic Research in Computer Science, http://www.brics.dk/, Centre of the Danish National Research Foundation) in Aarhus, Denmark, September to November 1999 and May to June 2000. †A shorter and simpler version of this report, in which products and subtyping are omitted and there is only a single primitive type, will appear in “Essays on Programming Methodology”, edited by Annabelle McIver and Carroll Morgan (copyright 2001 SpringerVerlag, all rights reserved).
Cooperative autonomous driving: intelligent vehicles sharing city roads

The paper presents the Intelligent Control System Laboratory's (ICSL) Cooperative Autonomous Mobile Robot technologies and their application to intelligent vehicles for cities. The deployed decision and control algorithms made the road-scaled vehicles capable of undertaking cooperative autonomous maneuvers. Because the focus of ICSL's research is in decision and control algorithms, it is therefore reasonable to consider replacing or upgrading the sensors used with more recent road sensory concepts as produced by other research groups. While substantial progress has been made, there are still some issues that need to be addressed such as: decision and control algorithms for navigating roundabouts, real-time integration of all data, and decision-making algorithms to enable intelligent vehicles to choose the driving maneuver as they go. With continued research, it is feasible that cooperative autonomous vehicles will coexist alongside human drivers in the not-too-distant future.