nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Gradient Agreement as an Optimization Objective for Meta-Learning

This paper presents a novel optimization method for maximizing generalization over tasks in meta-learning. The goal of meta-learning is to learn a model for an agent adapting rapidly when presented with previously unseen tasks. Tasks are sampled from a specific distribution which is assumed to be similar for both seen and unseen tasks. We focus on a family of meta-learning methods learning initial parameters of a base model which can be fine-tuned quickly on a new task, by few gradient steps (MAML). Our approach is based on pushing the parameters of the model to a direction in which tasks have more agreement upon. If the gradients of a task agree with the parameters update vector, then their inner product will be a large positive value. As a result, given a batch of tasks to be optimized for, we associate a positive (negative) weight to the loss function of a task, if the inner product between its gradients and the average of the gradients of all tasks in the batch is a positive (negative) value. Therefore, the degree of the contribution of a task to the parameter updates is controlled by introducing a set of weights on the loss function of the tasks. Our method can be easily integrated with the current meta-learning algorithms for neural networks. Our experiments demonstrate that it yields models with better generalization compared to MAML and Reptile.
Natural Language Processing: State of The Art, Current Trends and Challenges

Natural language processing (NLP) has recently gained much attention for representing and analysing human language computationally. It has spread its applications in various fields such as machine translation, email spam detection, information extraction, summarization, medical, and question answering etc. The paper distinguishes four phases by discussing different levels of NLP and components of Natural Language Generation (NLG) followed by presenting the history and evolution of NLP, state of the art presenting the various applications of NLP and current trends and challenges.
Evaluation of Three Methods for MRI Brain Tumor Segmentation

Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis and treatment planning of brain tumor. An accurate segmentation is critical, especially when the tumor morphological changes remain subtle, irregular and difficult to assess by clinical examination. Traditionally, segmentation is performed manually in clinical environment that is operator dependent and very tedious and time consuming labor intensive work. However, automated tumor segmentation in MRI brain tumor poses many challenges with regard to characteristics of an image. A comparison of three different semi-automated methods, viz., modified gradient magnitude region growing technique (MGRRGT), level set and a marker controlled watershed method is undertaken here for evaluating their relative performance in the segmentation of tumor. A study on 9 samples using MGRRGT reveals that all the errors are within 6 to 23% in comparison to other two methods.
Associations among Wine Grape Microbiome, Metabolome, and Fermentation Behavior Suggest Microbial Contribution to Regional Wine Characteristics

Regionally distinct wine characteristics (terroir) are an important aspect of wine production and consumer appreciation. Microbial activity is an integral part of wine production, and grape and wine microbiota present regionally defined patterns associated with vineyard and climatic conditions, but the degree to which these microbial patterns associate with the chemical composition of wine is unclear. Through a longitudinal survey of over 200 commercial wine fermentations, we demonstrate that both grape microbiota and wine metabolite profiles distinguish viticultural area designations and individual vineyards within Napa and Sonoma Counties, California. Associations among wine microbiota and fermentation characteristics suggest new links between microbiota, fermentation performance, and wine properties. The bacterial and fungal consortia of wine fermentations, composed from vineyard and winery sources, correlate with the chemical composition of the finished wines and predict metabolite abundances in finished wines using machine learning models. The use of postharvest microbiota as an early predictor of wine chemical composition is unprecedented and potentially poses a new paradigm for quality control of agricultural products. These findings add further evidence that microbial activity is associated with wine terroir



Wine production is a multi-billion-dollar global industry for which microbial control and wine chemical composition are crucial aspects of quality. Terroir is an important feature of consumer appreciation and wine culture, but the many factors that contribute to terroir are nebulous. We show that grape and wine microbiota exhibit regional patterns that correlate with wine chemical composition, suggesting that the grape microbiome may influence terroir In addition to enriching our understanding of how growing region and wine properties interact, this may provide further economic incentive for agricultural and enological practices that maintain regional microbial biodiversity.
A Customer Loyalty Model for E-Service Context

While the importance of customer loyalty has been recognized in the marketing literature for at least three decades, the conceptualization and empirical validation of a customer loyalty model for e-service context has not been addressed. This paper describes a theoretical model for investigating the three main antecedent influences on loyalty (attitudinal commitment and behavioral loyalty) for e-service context: trust, customer satisfaction, and perceived value. Based on the theoretical model, a comprehensive set of hypotheses were formulated and a methodology for testing them was outlined. These hypotheses were tested empirically to demonstrate the applicability of the theoretical model. The results indicate that trust, customer satisfaction, perceived value, and commitment are separate constructs that combine to determine the loyalty, with commitment exerting a stronger influence than trust, customer satisfaction, and perceived value. Customer satisfaction and perceived value were also indirectly related to loyalty through commitment. Finally, the authors discuss the managerial and theoretical implications of these results.
Deriving common malware behavior through graph clustering

Detection of malicious software (malware) continues to be a problem as hackers devise new ways to evade available methods. The proliferation of malware and malware variants requires methods that are both powerful, and fast to execute. This paper proposes a method to derive the common execution behavior of a family of malware instances. For each instance, a graph is constructed that represents kernel objects and their attributes, based on system call traces. The method combines these graphs to develop a supergraph for the family. This supergraph contains a subgraph, called the HotPath, which is observed during the execution of all the malware instances. The proposed method is scalable, identifies previously-unseen malware instances, shows high malware detection rates, and false positive rates close to 0%.
Games and Agents: Designing Intelligent Gameplay

There is an attention shift within the gaming industry toward more natural (long-term) behavior of nonplaying characters (NPCs). Multiagent system research offers a promising technology to implement cognitive intelligent NPCs. However, the technologies used in game engines and multiagent platforms are not readily compatible due to some inherent differences of concerns. Where game engines focus on real-time aspects and thus propagate efficiency and central control, multiagent platforms assume autonomy of the agents. Increased autonomy and intelligence may offer benefits for a more compelling gameplay and may even be necessary for serious games. However, it raises problems when current game design techniques are used to incorporate state-of-the-art multiagent system technology. In this paper, we will focus on three specific problem areas that arise from this difference of view: synchronization, information representation, and communication. We argue that the current attempts for integration still fall short on some of these aspects. We show that to fully integrate intelligent agents in games, one should not only use a technical solution, but also a design methodology that is amenable to agents. The game design should be adjusted to incorporate the possibilities of agents early on in the process.
Sparse Bayesian Extreme Learning Machine for Multi-classification

Extreme learning machine (ELM) has become a popular topic in machine learning in recent years. ELM is a new kind of single-hidden layer feedforward neural network with an extremely low computational cost. ELM, however, has two evident drawbacks: 1) the output weights solved by Moore-Penrose generalized inverse is a least squares minimization issue, which easily suffers from overfitting and 2) the accuracy of ELM is drastically sensitive to the number of hidden neurons so that a large model is usually generated. This brief presents a sparse Bayesian approach for learning the output weights of ELM in classification. The new model, called Sparse Bayesian ELM (SBELM), can resolve these two drawbacks by estimating the marginal likelihood of network outputs and automatically pruning most of the redundant hidden neurons during learning phase, which results in an accurate and compact model. The proposed SBELM is evaluated on wide types of benchmark classification problems, which verifies that the accuracy of SBELM model is relatively insensitive to the number of hidden neurons; and hence a much more compact model is always produced as compared with other state-of-the-art neural network classifiers.
High-PSR CMOS LDO with embedded ripple feedforward and energy-efficient bandwidth extension

A CMOS low-dropout regulator (LDO) with high power-supply ripple rejection (PSR) across a wide frequency range is presented and designed in 0.18-μm CMOS technology. Targeting for the application of energy-autonomous biomedical implants, it has a very simple structure and features low power consumption. The high PSR in low frequency range is realized by the proposed embedded supply ripple feed-forward technique. Moreover, the PSR bandwidth is improved up to several MHz by adopting an energy-efficient double zero compensation network. With a 4.7-μF ceramic output capacitor, in the maximum loading condition (i.e., 25 mA), the simulated PSR is no less than -86 dB from DC to 10 kHz, and better than -63 dB up to 10 MHz. The quiescent current is just 10 μA. The line and load regulations are 0.5 mV/V @ 25-mA loading and 0.14 mV/mA @ 1.3-V Vin, respectively. The overshoot and undershoot voltages are less than 2 mV when loading current changes between 0 and 25 mA.
Adapting game mechanics with Micro-Machinations

In early game development phases game designers adjust game rules in a rapid, iterative and flexible way. In later phases, when software prototypes are available, play testing provides more detailed feedback about player experience. More often than not, the realized and the intended gameplay emerging from game software differ. Unfortunately, adjusting it is hard because designers lack a means for efficiently defining, fine-tuning and balancing game mechanics. The language Machinations provides a graphical notation for expressing the rules of game economies that fits with a designer’s understanding and vocabulary, but is limited to design itself. Micro-Machinations (MM) formalizes the meaning of core language elements of Machinations enabling reasoning about alternative behaviors and assessing quality, making it also suitable for software development. We propose an approach for designing, embedding and adapting game mechanics iteratively in game software, and demonstrate how the game mechanics and the gameplay of a tower defense game can be easily changed and promptly play tested. The approach shows that MM enables the adaptability needed to reduce design iteration times, consequently increasing opportunities for quality improvements and reuse.
3Ds MAX to FEM for building thermal distribution: A case study

The complication of building constructions, with irregular geometry, different building materials, variable morphology, alterations and damages, poses numerous challenges in the digital modeling and simulation of structural performances under different types of actions. Most of the research is focused on importing Three Dimension (3D) geometry data in a Finite Element Method (FEM) applications. This paper presents an innovative two-step methodology (3ds MAX-to-FEM) able to convert a Three Dimension Studio Modeling, Animation & Rendering Software/Autodesk (3ds MAX) file into a FEM for structural simulation. In this study, the 3ds MAX file is a large building, has been carried out with an accurate survey that integrates geometrical aspects, element interconnections, and architectural considerations. Then it is turned into COMSOL Multiphysics environment and tested thermal simulation with a geometric rationalization which preserves irregularities and anomalies, such as verticality deviation and variable thickness. After setting material properties, loads, and boundary conditions, the structural simulation is run with a detailed model that respects the uniqueness and authenticity of the building. A real case study is illustrated and discussed to prove that a rigorous 3ds MAX to FEM workflow allows the generation of an accurate practical methodology for 3D visualization and simulation for thermal distribution operation in COMSOL. Structural simulation was carried out with a 3D mesh derived from the 3ds MAX file in order to take into consideration the geometrical irregularity of a building. COMSOL Multiphysics is a software tool uses artificial intelligent and soft computing for doing computations with high speed and accuracy, and computes and shows different types of phenomenon together. In this study simulation results compare with the reality results. Here, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed approach are illustrated.
Short-term traffic flow forecasting with spatial-temporal correlation in a hybrid deep learning framework

Deep learning approaches have reached a celebrity status in artificial intelligence field, its success have mostly relied on Convolutional Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Networks. By exploiting fundamental spatial properties of images and videos, the CNN always achieves dominant performance on visual tasks. And the Recurrent Networks (RNN) especially long short-term memory methods (LSTM) can successfully characterize the temporal correlation, thus exhibits superior capability for time series tasks. Traffic flow data have plentiful characteristics on both time and space domain. However, applications of CNN and LSTM approaches on traffic flow are limited. In this paper, we propose a novel deep architecture combined CNN and LSTM to forecast future traffic flow (CLTFP). An 1-dimension CNN is exploited to capture spatial features of traffic flow, and two LSTMs are utilized to mine the short-term variability and periodicities of traffic flow. Given those meaningful features, the feature-level fusion is performed to achieve short-term traffic flow forecasting. The proposed CLTFP is compared with other popular forecasting methods on an open datasets. Experimental results indicate that the CLTFP has considerable advantages in traffic flow forecasting. in additional, the proposed CLTFP is analyzed from the view of Granger Causality, and several interesting properties of traffic flow and CLTFP are discovered and discussed . Traffic flow forecasting, Convolutional neural network, Long short-term memory, Feature-level fusion
OBST-based segmentation approach to financial time series

Financial time series data are large in size and dynamic and non-linear in nature. Segmentation is often performed as a pre-processing step for locating technical patterns in financial time series. In this paper, we propose a segmentation method based on Turning Points (TPs). The proposed method selects TPs from the financial time series in question based on their degree of importance. A TP's degree of importance is calculated on the basis of its contribution to the preservation of the trends and shape of the time series. Algorithms are also devised to store the selected TPs in an Optimal Binary Search Tree (OBST) and to reconstruct the reduced sample time series. Comparison with existing approaches show that the time series reconstructed by the proposed method is able to maintain the shape of the original time series very well and preserve more trends. Our approach also ensures that the average retrieval cost is kept at a minimum. & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
MAC level Throughput comparison: 802.11ax vs. 802.11ac

In this paper we compare between the maximum Throughputs received in IEEE 802.11ax and IEEE 802.11ac in a scenario where a single user continuously transmits to another one. The comparison is done as a function of the Modulation/Coding scheme in use. In IEEE 802.11ax we consider two modes of operation where in one Acknowledgment frame up to 64 or 256 frames are acknowledged respectively. IEEE 802.11ax outperforms IEEE 802.11ac by at most 48% and 29% in unreliable and reliable channels respectively.
Deep Generative Adversarial Networks for Compressed Sensing Automates MRI

Magnetic resonance image (MRI) reconstruction is a severely ill-posed linear inverse task demanding time and resource intensive computations that can substantially trade off accuracy for speed in real-time imaging. In addition, state-of-the-art compressed sensing (CS) analytics are not cognizant of the image diagnostic quality. To cope with these challenges we put forth a novel CS framework that permeates benefits from generative adversarial networks (GAN) to train a (low-dimensional) manifold of diagnostic-quality MR images from historical patients. Leveraging a mixture of least-squares (LS) GANs and pixel-wise `1 cost, a deep residual network with skip connections is trained as the generator that learns to remove the aliasing artifacts by projecting onto the manifold. LSGAN learns the texture details, while `1 controls the high-frequency noise. A multilayer convolutional neural network is then jointly trained based on diagnostic quality images to discriminate the projection quality. The test phase performs feed-forward propagation over the generator network that demands a very low computational overhead. Extensive evaluations are performed on a large contrast-enhanced MR dataset of pediatric patients. In particular, images rated based on expert radiologists corroborate that GANCS retrieves high contrast images with detailed texture relative to conventional CS, and pixel-wise schemes. In addition, it offers reconstruction under a few milliseconds, two orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art CS-MRI schemes.
A 64-core platform for biomedical signal processing

This paper presents a programmable many-core platform containing 64 cores routed in a hierarchical network for biomedical signal processing applications. Individual core processors are based on a RISC architecture with DSP enhancement blocks. Given the number of conditional program loops in DSP applications such as FFT, additional hardware blocks are added that operate in parallel to each core processor. The two blocks calculate the FFT input addresses and determine if a conditional loop is necessary. Performing these operations in parallel to the main processor greatly reduces the time to completion for a DSP application. Each processor is implemented in 65 nm CMOS using standard cell libraries. The 64-core platform occupies 19.51 mm2 and runs at 1.18 GHz at 1 V. For demonstration, Electroencephalogram (EEG) seizure detection and analysis and ultrasound spectral doppler are mapped onto the cores. The seizure detection and analysis algorithm utilizes 60 processors and takes 890 ns to execute. Spectral doppler utilizes 29 processors and takes 715 ns to run.
Comparing performances of logistic regression, decision trees, and neural networks for classifying heart disease patients

In this study, performances of classification techniques were compared in order to predict the presence of the patients getting a heart disease. A retrospective analysis was performed in 303 subjects. We compared the performance of logistic regression(LR), decision trees(DTs), and Artificial neural networks (ANNs). The variables were medical profiles are age, Sex, Chest Pain Type, Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, Fasting Blood Sugar, Resting ECG, Maximum Heart Rate, Induced Angina, Ole Peak, Slope, Number Colored Vessels, Thal and Concept Class. We have created the model using logistic regression classifiers, artificial neural networks and decision trees that they are often used for classification problems. Performances of classification techniques were compared using lift chart and error rates. In the result, artificial neural networks have the greatest area between the model curve and the baseline curve. The error rates are 0.22, 0.198, 0.21, respectively for logistic regression, artificial neural networks and decision trees. The neural networks exhibited sensitivity of 81.1%, specificity of 78.7% and accuracy of 80.2%, while the decision tree provided the prediction performance with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 81.7%, 76.0% and 79.3%. And the logistic regression provided the prediction performance with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 81.2%,73.1% and 77.7% Artificial neural networks have the least of error rate and has the highest accuracy, therefore Artificial neural networks is the best technique to classify in this data set.
Real-Time Deep Learning Method for Abandoned Luggage Detection in Video

Recent terrorist attacks in major cities around the world have brought many casualties among innocent citizens. One potential threat is represented by abandoned luggage items (that could contain bombs or biological warfare) in public areas. In this paper, we describe an approach for real-time automatic detection of abandoned luggage in video captured by surveillance cameras. The approach is comprised of two stages: (i) static object detection based on background subtraction and motion estimation and (ii) abandoned luggage recognition based on a cascade of convolutional neural networks (CNN). To train our neural networks we provide two types of examples: images collected from the Internet and realistic examples generated by imposing various suitcases and bags over the scene's background. We present empirical results demonstrating that our approach yields better performance than a strong CNN baseline method.
Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor

Microglia, the resident inflammatory cells of the CNS, are the only CNS cells that express the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1). Using three different in vivo models, we show that CX3CR1 deficiency dysregulates microglial responses, resulting in neurotoxicity. Following peripheral lipopolysaccharide injections, Cx3cr1−/− mice showed cell-autonomous microglial neurotoxicity. In a toxic model of Parkinson disease and a transgenic model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Cx3cr1−/− mice showed more extensive neuronal cell loss than Cx3cr1+ littermate controls. Augmenting CX3CR1 signaling may protect against microglial neurotoxicity, whereas CNS penetration by pharmaceutical CX3CR1 antagonists could increase neuronal vulnerability.