nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Corpus-Level Fine-Grained Entity Typing

Extracting information about entities remains an important research area. This paper addresses the problem of corpus-level entity typing, i.e., inferring from a large corpus that an entity is a member of a class, such as “food” or “artist”. The application of entity typing we are interested in is knowledge base completion, specifically, to learn which classes an entity is a member of. We propose FIGMENT to tackle this problem. FIGMENT is embedding-based and combines (i) a global model that computes scores based on global information of an entity and (ii) a context model that first evaluates the individual occurrences of an entity and then aggregates the scores. Each of the two proposed models has specific properties. For the global model, learning highquality entity representations is crucial because it is the only source used for the predictions. Therefore, we introduce representations using the name and contexts of entities on the three levels of entity, word, and character. We show that each level provides complementary information and a multi-level representation performs best. For the context model, we need to use distant supervision since there are no context-level labels available for entities. Distantly supervised labels are noisy and this harms the performance of models. Therefore, we introduce and apply new algorithms for noise mitigation using multi-instance learning. We show the effectiveness of our models on a large entity typing dataset built from Freebase.
Pulmonary embolism: pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment.

greatest cause of mortality from cardiovascular disease, after myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular stroke. From hospital epidemiological data it has been calculated that the incidence of PE in the USA is 1 per 1,000 annually. The real number is likely to be larger, since the condition goes unrecognised in many patients. Mortality due to PE has been estimated to exceed 15% in the first three months after diagnosis. PE is a dramatic and life-threatening complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). For this reason, the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of DVT is of special importance, since symptomatic PE occurs in 30% of those affected. If asymptomatic episodes are also included, it is estimated that 50-60% of DVT patients develop PE. DVT and PE are manifestations of the same entity, namely thromboembolic disease. If we extrapolate the epidemiological data from the USA to Greece, which has a population of about ten million, 20,000 new cases of thromboembolic disease may be expected annually. Of these patients, PE will occur in 10,000, of which 6,000 will have symptoms and 900 will die during the first trimester.
A partially parallel splitting method for multiple-block separable convex programming with applications to robust PCA

We consider a multiple-block separable convex programming problem, where the objective function is the sum of m individual convex functions without overlapping variables, and the constraints are linear, aside from side constraints. Based on the combination of the classical Gauss–Seidel and the Jacobian decompositions of the augmented Lagrangian function, we propose a partially parallel splitting method, which differs from existing augmented Lagrangian based splitting methods in the sense that such an approach simplifies the iterative scheme significantly by removing the potentially expensive correction step. Furthermore, a relaxation step, whose computational cost is negligible, can be incorporated into the proposed method to improve its practical performance. Theoretically, we establish global convergence of the new method in the framework of proximal point algorithm and worst-case nonasymptotic O(1/t) convergence rate results in both ergodic and nonergodic senses, where t counts the iteration. The efficiency of the proposed method is further demonstrated through numerical results on robust PCA, i.e., factorizing from incomplete information of an B Junfeng Yang jfyang@nju.edu.cn Liusheng Hou houlsheng@163.com Hongjin He hehjmath@hdu.edu.cn 1 School of Mathematics and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Trust Cloud Computing and Big Data Analysis, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China 2 Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China 3 Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
Day-Ahead Solar Forecasting Based on Multi-Level Solar Measurements

The growing proliferation in solar deployment, especially at distribution level, has made the case for power system operators to develop more accurate solar forecasting models. This paper proposes a solar photovoltaic (PV) generation forecasting model based on multi-level solar measurements and utilizing a nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) model to improve the training and achieve better forecasts. The proposed model consists of four stages of data preparation, establishment of fitting model, model training, and forecasting. The model is tested under different weather conditions. Numerical simulations exhibit the acceptable performance of the model when compared to forecasting results obtained from two-level and single-level studies.
LFADS - Latent Factor Analysis via Dynamical Systems

Neuroscience is experiencing a data revolution in which many hundreds or thousands of neurons are recorded simultaneously. Currently, there is little consensus on how such data should be analyzed. Here we introduce LFADS (Latent Factor Analysis via Dynamical Systems), a method to infer latent dynamics from simultaneously recorded, single-trial, high-dimensional neural spiking data. LFADS is a sequential model based on a variational auto-encoder. By making a dynamical systems hypothesis regarding the generation of the observed data, LFADS reduces observed spiking to a set of low-dimensional temporal factors, per-trial initial conditions, and inferred inputs. We compare LFADS to existing methods on synthetic data and show that it significantly out-performs them in inferring neural firing rates and latent dynamics.
Stabilization for a Class of Switched Nonlinear Systems With Novel Average Dwell Time Switching by T–S Fuzzy Modeling

In this paper, the problem of switching stabilization for a class of switched nonlinear systems is studied by using average dwell time (ADT) switching, where the subsystems are possibly all unstable. First, a new concept of ADT is given, which is different from the traditional definition of ADT. Based on the new proposed switching signals, a sufficient condition of stabilization for switched nonlinear systems with unstable subsystems is derived. Then, the T-S fuzzy modeling approach is applied to represent the underlying nonlinear system to make the obtained condition easily verified. A novel multiple quadratic Lyapunov function approach is also proposed, by which some conditions are provided in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities to guarantee the derived T-S fuzzy system to be asymptotically stable. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of our developed results.
Observing Human Motion Using Far-Infrared (FLIR) Camera - Some Preliminary Studies

Far infrared imaging technology is becoming an interesting choice for many civilian uses. We explored the potential of using far infrared camera for human motion analysis, especially from the viewpoint of possible automated image and video analysis. In this article, we present the main characteristics of far infrared imagery that should be of interest to computer vision researchers and seek to eliminate some common misunderstandings about the far infrared imagery which may influence the choice of far infrared technology over other alternatives. We provide images that illustrate the problems and advances of using the far infrared imaging technology, especially for the purpose of observing humans.
Microgrid laboratory for educational and research purposes

The microgrid concept is widely adopted due to its facilities to mixt the renewable and conventional energy sources with loads and storage elements, in an intelligent energy management system. Though, before it can be fully implemented in a real system, the microgrid solutions must be studied and tested in various conditions. This paper presents a DC configurable microgrid laboratory which offers the possibility of implementing the behavior and the control of such systems, working grid-connected, or disconnected from the grid. The laboratory consists of three types of “hardware-in-the-loop” emulators which can simulate PV panels, wind and hydro energy generating systems. The conversion and storage elements are implemented with DC-DC and AC-DC-AC converters, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. The monitoring and control is ensured by digital programmable equipment, both for the components and the entire microgrid.
Detecting Mobile Application Spoofing Attacks by Leveraging User Visual Similarity Perception

Mobile application spoofing is an attack where a malicious mobile app mimics the visual appearance of another one. A common example of mobile application spoofing is a phishing attack where the adversary tricks the user into revealing her password to a malicious app that resembles the legitimate one. In this paper, we propose a novel spoofing detection approach, tailored to the protection of mobile app login screens, using screenshot extraction and visual similarity comparison. We use deception rate as a novel similarity metric for measuring how likely the user is to consider a potential spoofing app as one of the protected applications. We conducted a large-scale online study where participants evaluated spoofing samples of popular mobile app login screens, and used the study results to implement a detection system that accurately estimates deception rate. We show that efficient detection is possible with low overhead.
The Review and Analysis of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) Principles

The History of HCI is briefly reviewed together with three HCI models and structure including CSCW, CSCL and CSCR. It is shown that a number of authorities consider HCI to be a fragmented discipline with no agreed set of unifying design principles. An analysis of usability criteria based upon citation frequency of authors is performed in order to discover the eight most recognised HCI principles.
Volunteer computing: a model of the factors determining contribution to community-based scientific research

Volunteer computing is a powerful way to harness distributed resources to perform large-scale tasks, similarly to other types of community-based initiatives. Volunteer computing is based on two pillars: the first is computational - allocating and managing large computing tasks; the second is participative - making large numbers of individuals volunteer their computer resources to a project. While the computational aspects of volunteer computing received much research attention, the participative aspect remains largely unexplored. In this study we aim to address this gap: by drawing on social psychology and online communities research, we develop and test a three-dimensional model of the factors determining volunteer computing users' contribution. We investigate one of the largest volunteer computing projects - SETI@home - by linking survey data about contributors' motivations to their activity logs. Our findings highlight the differences between volunteer computing and other forms of community-based projects, and reveal the intricate relationship between individual motivations, social affiliation, tenure in the project, and resource contribution. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Unsupervised Detection and Promotion of Authoritative Domains for Medical Queries in Web Search

Medical or Health related search queries constitute a significant portion of the total number of queries searched everyday on the web. For health queries, the authenticity or authoritativeness of search results is of utmost importance besides relevance. So far, research in automatic detection of authoritative sources on the web has mainly focused on a) link structure based approaches and b) supervised approaches for predicting trustworthiness. However, the aforementioned approaches have some inherent limitations. For example, several content farm and low quality sites artificially boost their link-based authority rankings by forming a syndicate of highly interlinked domains and content which is algorithmically hard to detect. Moreover, the number of positively labeled training samples available for learning trustworthiness is also limited when compared to the size of the web. In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised approach to detect and promote authoritative domains in health segment using click-through data. We argue that standard IR metrics such as NDCG are relevance-centric and hence are not suitable for evaluating authority. We propose a new authority-centric evaluation metric based on side-by-side judgment of results. Using real world search query sets, we evaluate our approach both quantitatively and qualitatively and show that it succeeds in significantly improving the authoritativeness of results when compared to a standard web ranking baseline.
Truth revelation in approximately efficient combinatorial auctions

Some important classical mechanisms considered in Microeconomics and Game Theory require the solution of a difficult optimization problem. This is true of mechanisms for combinatorial auctions, which have in recent years assumed practical importance, and in particular of the gold standard for combinatorial auctions, the Generalized Vickrey Auction (GVA). Traditional analysis of these mechanisms in particular, their truth revelation properties assumes that the optimization problems are solved precisely. In reality, these optimization problems can usually be solved only in an approximate fashion. We investigate the impact on such mechanisms of replacing exact solutions by approximate ones. Specifically, we look at a particular greedy optimization method, which has empirically been shown to perform well. We show that the GVA payment scheme does not provide for a truth revealing mechanism. We introduce another scheme that does guarantee truthfulness for a restricted class of players. We demonstrate the latter property by identifying sufficient conditions for a combinatorial auction to be truth-revealing, conditions which have applicability beyond the specific auction studied here.
Investigating the Role of Personality Traits and Influence Strategies on the Persuasive Effect of Personalized Recommendations

Recommender systems provide suggestions for products, services, or information that match users’ interests and/or needs. However, not all recommendations persuade users to select or use the recommended item. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) suggests that individuals with low motivation or ability to process the information provided with a recommended item could eventually get persuaded to select/use the item if appropriate peripheral cues enrich the recommendation. The purpose of this research is to investigate the persuasive effect of certain influence strategies and the role of personality in the acceptance of recommendations. In the present study, a movie Recommender System was developed in order to empirically investigate the aforementioned questions applying certain persuasive strategies in the form of textual messages alongside the recommended item. The statistical method of Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) was used for data analysis and the results revealed that motivating messages do change users’ acceptance of the recommender item but not unconditionally since user’s personality differentiates the effect of the persuasive strategies.
A Comparative Study of Piperidinium and Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquids: Thermal, Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies

Ionic liquids (ILs) comprise an extremely broad class of molten salts that are attractive for many practical applications because of their useful combinations of properties [1-3]. The ability to mix and match the cationic and anionic constituents of ILs and functionalize their side chains. These allow amazing tenability of IL properties, including conductivity, viscosi‐ ty, solubility of diverse solutes and miscibility/ immiscibility with a wide range of solvents.  Over the past several years, room temperature ILs (RTILs) has generated considerable excitement, as they consist entirely of ions, yet in liquid state and possess minimal vapour pressure. Consequently, ILs can be recycled, thus making synthetic processes less expensive and potentially more efficient and environmentally friendly. Considerable progress has been made using ILs as solvents in the areas of monophasic and biphasic catalysis (homoge‐ neus and heterogeneous).[5-6] The ILs investigated herein provides real practical advantag‐ es over earlier molten salt (high temperature) systems because of their relative insensitivity to air and water.  A great deal of progress has been made during last five years towards identifying the factors that cause these salts to have low melting points and other useful properties.[8] ILs are subject of intense current interest within the physical chemistry com‐ munity as well. There have been quite a lot of photophysical studies in ionic liquids.  The most important properties of ionic liquids are: thermal stability, low vapour pressure, elec‐ tric conductivity, liquid crystal structures, high electro-elasticity, high heat capacity and in‐ flammability properties enable the use of ionic liquids in a wide range of applications, as shown in Figure 1. It is also a suitable solvent for synthesis, [5, 8, 9-12] catalysis [6, 8, 13] and purification.  It is also used in electrochemical devices and processes, such as re‐ chargeable lithium batteries and electrochemical capacitors, etc.[19] Rechargeable Lithium
Semiconducting black phosphorus: synthesis, transport properties and electronic applications.

Phosphorus is one of the most abundant elements preserved in earth, and it comprises a fraction of ∼0.1% of the earth crust. In general, phosphorus has several allotropes, and the two most commonly seen allotropes, i.e. white and red phosphorus, are widely used in explosives and safety matches. In addition, black phosphorus, though rarely mentioned, is a layered semiconductor and has great potential in optical and electronic applications. Remarkably, this layered material can be reduced to one single atomic layer in the vertical direction owing to the van der Waals structure, and is known as phosphorene, in which the physical properties can be tremendously different from its bulk counterpart. In this review article, we trace back to the research history on black phosphorus of over 100 years from the synthesis to material properties, and extend the topic from black phosphorus to phosphorene. The physical and transport properties are highlighted for further applications in electronic and optoelectronics devices.
Iterated Register Coalescing

An important function of any register allocator is to target registers so as to eliminate copy instructions. Graph-coloring register allocation is an elegant approach to this problem. If the source and destination of a move instruction do not interfere, then their nodes can be coalesced in the interference graph. Chaitin's coalescing heuristic could make a graph uncolorable (i.e., introduce spills); Briggs et al. demonstrated a conservative coalescing heuristic that preserves colorability. But Briggs's algorithm is too conservative and leaves too many move instructions in our programs. We show how to interleave coloring reductions with Briggs's coalescing heuristic, leading to an algorithm that is safe but much more aggressive.
Aspect radiologique de l'hallux valgus

Le diagnostic de l'hallux valgus est clinique. Le bilan radiographique n'intervient qu'en seconde intention pour préciser les vices architecturaux primaires ou secondaires responsables des désaxations ostéo-musculotendineuses. Ce bilan sera toujours réalisé dans des conditions physiologiques, c'est-à-dire le pied en charge. La radiographie de face en charge apprécie la formule du pied (égyptien, grec, carré), le degré de luxation des sésamoïdes (stades 1, 2 ou 3), les valeurs angulaires (ouverture du pied, varus intermétatarsien, valgus interphalangien) et linéaires, tel l'étalement de l'avant-pied. La radiographie de profil en charge évalue la formule d'un pied creux, plat ou normo axé. L'incidence de Guntz Walter reflétant l'appui métatarsien décèle les zones d'hyperappui pathologique. En post-opératoire, ce même bilan permettra d'évaluer le geste chirurgical et de reconnaître une éventuelle hyper ou hypocorrection. The diagnosis of hallux valgus is a clinical one. Radiographic examination is involved only secondarily, to define the primary or secondary structural defects responsible for bony and musculotendinous malalignement. This examination should always be made under physiologic conditions, i.e., with the foot taking weight. The frontal radiograph in weight-bearing assesses the category of the foot (Egyptian, Greek, square), the degree of luxation of the sesamoids (stages 1, 2 or 3), the angular values (opening of the foot, intermetatarsal varus, interphalangeal valgus) and the linear values such as the spreading of the forefoot. The lateral radiograph in weight-bearing categorises the foot as cavus, flat or normally oriented. The Guntz Walter view indicates the thrust on the metatarsals and reveals zones of abnormal excessive thrust. Postoperatively, the same examination makes it possible to assess the outcome of the surgical procedure and to detect any over- or under-correction.
Extraction of 13 . 56 MHz NFC-Reader Antenna Parameters for Matching Circuit Design

The maximum operating distance and the optimum performance (good coupling, lower/moderate power consumption) of even the well-designed NFC-reader-antenna in an RFID system depend largely on the good matching circuit. With the aforementioned objective, the paper presents here a modeling and computer aided design and then parameter extraction technique of a NFC-Reader Antenna. The 3D geometry model of the antenna is then simulated in frequency domain using Comsol multiphysics tool in order to extract the Reader-Antenna parameters. The extracted parameters at 13.56 MHz frequency are required for further RFsimulation, based on which matching circuit components (damping resistance and series & parallel capacitances etc.) of the Reader-Antenna at above frequency have been selected to achieve the best performance of the antenna.
Emergency department overcrowding: the Emergency Department Cardiac Analogy Model (EDCAM).

Increasing patient numbers, changing demographics and altered patient expectations have all contributed to the current problem with 'overcrowding' in emergency departments (EDs). The problem has reached crisis level in a number of countries, with significant implications for patient safety, quality of care, staff 'burnout' and patient and staff satisfaction. There is no single, clear definition of the cause of overcrowding, nor a simple means of addressing the problem. For some hospitals, the option of ambulance diversion has become a necessity, as overcrowded waiting rooms and 'bed-block' force emergency staff to turn patients away. But what are the options when ambulance diversion is not possible? Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand is a tertiary level facility with an emergency department that sees on average 65,000 patients per year. There are no other EDs to whom patients can be diverted, and so despite admission rates from the ED of up to 48%, other options need to be examined. In order to develop a series of unified responses, which acknowledge the multifactorial nature of the problem, the Emergency Department Cardiac Analogy model of ED flow, was developed. This model highlights the need to intervene at each of three key points, in order to address the issue of overcrowding and its associated problems.