nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Pig castration: will the EU manage to ban pig castration by 2018?

In 2010, the 'European Declaration on alternatives to surgical castration of pigs' was agreed. The Declaration stipulates that from January 1, 2012, surgical castration of pigs shall only be performed with prolonged analgesia and/or anaesthesia and from 2018 surgical castration of pigs should be phased out altogether. The Federation of Veterinarians of Europe together with the European Commission carried out an online survey via SurveyMonkey© to investigate the progress made in different European countries. This study provides descriptive information on the practice of piglet castration across 24 European countries. It gives also an overview on published literature regarding the practicability and effectiveness of the alternatives to surgical castration without anaesthesia/analgesia.



Forty usable survey responses from 24 countries were received. Besides Ireland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom, who have of history in producing entire males, 18 countries surgically castrate 80% or more of their male pig population. Overall, in 5% of the male pigs surgically castrated across the 24 European countries surveyed, castration is performed with anaesthesia and analgesia and 41% with analgesia (alone). Meloxicam, ketoprofen and flunixin were the most frequently used drugs for analgesia. Procaine was the most frequent local anaesthetic. The sedative azaperone was frequently mentioned even though it does not have analgesic properties. Half of the countries surveyed believed that the method of anaesthesia/analgesia applied is not practicable and effective. However, countries that have experience in using both anaesthesia and post-operative analgesics, such as Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and The Netherlands, found this method practical and effective. The estimated average percentage of immunocastrated pigs in the countries surveyed was 2.7% (median = 0.2%), where Belgium presented the highest estimated percentage of immunocastrated pigs (18%).



The deadlines of January 1, 2012, and of 2018 are far from being met. The opinions on the animal-welfare-conformity and the practicability of the alternatives to surgical castration without analgesia/anaesthesia and the alternatives to surgical castration are widely dispersed. Although countries using analgesia/anaesthesia routinely found this method practical and effective, only few countries seem to aim at meeting the deadline to phase out surgical castration completely.
Maxillary sinus vascular anatomy and its relation to sinus lift surgery.

To investigate the prevalence, location, size and course of the anastomosis between the dental branch of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA), known as alveolar antral artery (AAA), and the infraorbital artery (IOA).



The first part of the study was performed on 30 maxillary sinuses deriving from 15 human cadaver heads. In order to visualize such anastomosis, the vascular network afferent to the sinus was injected with liquid latex mixed with green India ink through the external carotid artery. The second part of the study consisted of 100 CT scans from patients scheduled for sinus lift surgery.



An anastomosis between the AAA and the IOA was found by dissection in the context of the sinus anterolateral wall in 100% of cases, while a well-defined bony canal was detected radiographically in 94 out of 200 sinuses (47% of cases). The mean vertical distance from the lowest point of this bony canal to the alveolar crest was 11.25 ± 2.99 mm (SD) in maxillae examined by CT. The canal diameter was <1 mm in 55.3% of cases, 1-2 mm in 40.4% of cases and 2-3 mm in 4.3% of cases. In 100% of cases, the AAA was found to be partially intra-osseous, that is between the Schneiderian membrane and the lateral bony wall of the sinus, in the area selected for sinus antrostomy.



A sound knowledge of the maxillary sinus vascular anatomy and its careful analysis by CT scan is essential to prevent complications during surgical interventions involving this region.
Digital surgery: current trends and techniques.

Digital deformities continue to be a common ailment among many patients who present to foot and ankle specialists. When conservative treatment fails to eliminate patient complaints, surgical correction remains a viable treatment option. Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis remains the standard procedure among most foot and ankle surgeons. With continued advances in fixation technology and techniques, surgeons continue to have better options for the achievement of excellent digital surgery outcomes. This article reviews current trends in fixation of digital deformities while highlighting pertinent aspects of the physical examination, radiographic examination, and surgical technique.
Joint Learning for Attribute-Consistent Person Re-Identification

Person re-identification has recently attracted a lot of attention in the computer vision community. This is in part due to the challenging nature of matching people across cameras with different viewpoints and lighting conditions, as well as across human pose variations. The literature has since devised several approaches to tackle these challenges, but the vast majority of the work has been concerned with appearance-based methods. We propose an approach that goes beyond appearance by integrating a semantic aspect into the model. We jointly learn a discriminative projection to a joint appearance-attribute subspace, effectively leveraging the interaction between attributes and appearance for matching. Our experimental results support our model and demonstrate the performance gain yielded by coupling both tasks. Our results outperform several state-of-the-art methods on VIPeR, a standard re-identification dataset. Finally, we report similar results on a new large-scale dataset we collected and labeled for our task.
Reservoir oil bubblepoint pressures revisited ; solution gas – oil ratios and surface gas specific gravities

A large number of recently published bubblepoint pressure correlations have been checked against a large, diverse set of service company fluid property data with worldwide origins. The accuracy of the correlations is dependent on the precision with which the data are measured. In this work a bubblepoint pressure correlation is proposed which is as accurate as the data permit. Certain correlations, for bubblepoint pressure and other fluid properties, require use of stock-tank gas rate and specific gravity. Since these data are seldom measured in the field, additional correlations are presented in this work, requiring only data usually available in field operations. These correlations could also have usefulness in estimating stock-tank vent gas rate and quality for compliance purposes. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Knowledge Extraction and Inference from Text: Shallow, Deep, and Everything in Between

Systems for structured knowledge extraction and inference have made giant strides in the last decade. Starting from shallow linguistic tagging and coarse-grained recognition of named entities at the resolution of people, places, organizations, and times, modern systems link billions of pages of unstructured text with knowledge graphs having hundreds of millions of entities belonging to tens of thousands of types, and related by tens of thousands of relations. Via deep learning, systems build continuous representations of words, entities, types, and relations, and use these to continually discover new facts to add to the knowledge graph, and support search systems that go far beyond page-level "ten blue links''. We will present a comprehensive catalog of the best practices in traditional and deep knowledge extraction, inference and search. We will trace the development of diverse families of techniques, explore their interrelationships, and point out various loose ends.
Identification and Rating of Developmental Dysgraphia by Handwriting Analysis

Developmental dysgraphia, being observed among 10–30% of school-aged children, is a disturbance or difficulty in the production of written language that has to do with the mechanics of writing. The objective of this study is to propose a method that can be used for automated diagnosis of this disorder, as well as for estimation of difficulty level as determined by the handwriting proficiency screening questionnaire. We used a digitizing tablet to acquire handwriting and consequently employed a complex parameterization in order to quantify its kinematic aspects and hidden complexities. We also introduced a simple intrawriter normalization that increased dysgraphia discrimination and HPSQ estimation accuracies. Using a random forest classifier, we reached 96% sensitivity and specificity, while in the case of automated rating by the HPSQ total score, we reached 10% estimation error. This study proves that digital parameterization of pressure and altitude/tilt patterns in children with dysgraphia can be used for preliminary diagnosis of this writing disorder.
Acoustical and environmental robustness in automatic speech recognition

This dissertation describes a number of algorithms developed to increase the robustness of automatic speech recognition systems with respect to changes in the environment. These algorithms attempt to improve the recognition accuracy of speech recognition systems when they are trained and tested in different acoustical environments, and when a desk-top microphone (rather than a close-talking microphone) is used for speech input. Without such processing, mismatches between training and testing conditions produce an unacceptable degradation in recognition accuracy. Two kinds of environmental variability are introduced by the use of desk-top microphones and different training and testing conditions: additive noise and spectral tilt introduced by linear filtering. An important attribute of the novel compensation algorithms described in this thesis is that they provide joint rather than independent compensation for these two types of degradation. Acoustical compensation is applied in our algorithms as an additive correction in the cepstral domain. This allows a higher degree of integration within SPHINX, the Carnegie Mellon speech recognition system, that uses the cepstrum as its feature vector. Therefore, these algorithms can be implemented very efficiently. Processing in many of these algorithms is based on instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), as the appropriate compensation represents a form of noise suppression at low SNRs and spectral equalization at high SNRs. The compensation vectors for additive noise and spectral transformations are estimated by minimizing the differences between speech feature vectors obtained from a "standard" training corpus of speech and feature vectors that represent the current acoustical environment. In our work this is accomplished by a minimizing the distortion of vector-quantized cepstra that are produced by the feature extraction module in SPHINX. In this dissertation we describe several algorithms including the SNR-Dependent Cepstral Normalization, (SDCN) and the Codeword-Dependent Cepstral Normalization (CDCN). With CDCN, the accuracy of SPHINX when trained on speech recorded with a close-talking microphone and tested on speech recorded with a desk-top microphone is essentially the same obtained when the system is trained and tested on speech from the desk-top microphone. An algorithm for frequency normalization has also been proposed in which the parameter of the bilinear transformation that is used by the signal-processing stage to produce frequency warping is adjusted for each new speaker and acoustical environment. The optimum value of this parameter is again chosen to minimize the vector-quantization distortion between the standard environment and the current one. In preliminary studies, use of this frequency normalization produced a moderate additional decrease in the observed error rate.
Defective fluid shear stress mechanotransduction mediates hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Morphogenesis of the vascular system is strongly modulated by mechanical forces from blood flow. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an inherited autosomal-dominant disease in which arteriovenous malformations and telangiectasias accumulate with age. Most cases are linked to heterozygous mutations in Alk1 or Endoglin, receptors for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 9 and 10. Evidence suggests that a second hit results in clonal expansion of endothelial cells to form lesions with poor mural cell coverage that spontaneously rupture and bleed. We now report that fluid shear stress potentiates BMPs to activate Alk1 signaling, which correlates with enhanced association of Alk1 and endoglin. Alk1 is required for BMP9 and flow responses, whereas endoglin is only required for enhancement by flow. This pathway mediates both inhibition of endothelial proliferation and recruitment of mural cells; thus, its loss blocks flow-induced vascular stabilization. Identification of Alk1 signaling as a convergence point for flow and soluble ligands provides a molecular mechanism for development of HHT lesions.
Chemoreception drives plastic consumption in a hard coral.

The drivers behind microplastic (up to 5mm in diameter) consumption by animals are uncertain and impacts on foundational species are poorly understood. We investigated consumption of weathered, unfouled, biofouled, pre-production and microbe-free National Institute of Standards plastic by a scleractinian coral that relies on chemosensory cues for feeding. Experiment one found that corals ingested many plastic types while mostly ignoring organic-free sand, suggesting that plastic contains phagostimulents. Experiment two found that corals ingested more plastic that wasn't covered in a microbial biofilm than plastics that were biofilmed. Additionally, corals retained ~8% of ingested plastic for 24h or more and retained particles appeared stuck in corals, with consequences for energetics, pollutant toxicity and trophic transfer. The potential for chemoreception to drive plastic consumption in marine taxa has implications for conservation.
Low-Energy Power-ON-Reset Circuit for Dual Supply SRAM

Design of a low-energy power-ON reset (POR) circuit is proposed to reduce the energy consumed by the stable supply of the dual supply static random access memory (SRAM), as the other supply is ramping up. The proposed POR circuit, when embedded inside dual supply SRAM, removes its ramp-up constraints related to voltage sequencing and pin states. The circuit consumes negligible energy during ramp-up, does not consume dynamic power during operations, and includes hysteresis to improve noise immunity against voltage fluctuations on the power supply. The POR circuit, designed in the 40-nm CMOS technology within 10.6-μm2 area, enabled 27× reduction in the energy consumed by the SRAM array supply during periphery power-up in typical conditions.
One-Dimensional Oxide Nanostructures as Gas-Sensing Materials: Review and Issues

In this article, we review gas sensor application of one-dimensional (1D) metal-oxide nanostructures with major emphases on the types of device structure and issues for realizing practical sensors. One of the most important steps in fabricating 1D-nanostructure devices is manipulation and making electrical contacts of the nanostructures. Gas sensors based on individual 1D nanostructure, which were usually fabricated using electron-beam lithography, have been a platform technology for fundamental research. Recently, gas sensors with practical applicability were proposed, which were fabricated with an array of 1D nanostructures using scalable micro-fabrication tools. In the second part of the paper, some critical issues are pointed out including long-term stability, gas selectivity, and room-temperature operation of 1D-nanostructure-based metal-oxide gas sensors.
A Look at Agenda-setting : past , present and future

Ten US presidential elections ago in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the agenda of issues that a small group of undecided voters regarded as the most important ones of the day was compared with the news coverage of public issues in the news media these voters used to follow the campaign (McCombs and Shaw, 1972). Since that election, the principal finding in Chapel Hill*/those aspects of public affairs that are prominent in the news become prominent among the public*/has been replicated in hundreds of studies worldwide. These replications include both election and non-election settings for a broad range of public issues and other aspects of political communication and extend beyond the United States to Europe, Asia, Latin America and Australia. Recently, as the news media have expanded to include online newspapers available on the Web, agenda-setting effects have been documented for these new media. All in all, this research has grown far beyond its original domain*/the transfer of salience from the media agenda to the public agenda*/and now encompasses five distinct stages of theoretical attention. Until very recently, the ideas and findings that detail these five stages of agenda-setting theory have been scattered in a wide variety of research journals, book chapters and books published in many different countries. As a result, knowledge of agenda setting has been very unevenly distributed. Scholars designing new studies often had incomplete knowledge of previous research, and graduate students entering the field of mass communication had difficulty learning in detail what we know about the agenda-setting role of the mass media. This situation was my incentive to write Setting the Agenda: the mass media and public opinion, which was published in England in late 2004 and in the United States early in 2005. My primary goal was to gather the principal ideas and empirical findings about agenda setting in one place. John Pavlik has described this integrated presentation as the Gray’s Anatomy of agenda setting (McCombs, 2004, p. xii). Shortly after the US publication of Setting the Agenda , I received an invitation from Journalism Studies to prepare an overview of agenda setting. The timing was wonderfully fortuitous because a book-length presentation of what we have learned in the years since Chapel Hill could be coupled with a detailed discussion in a major journal of current trends and future likely directions in agenda-setting research. Journals are the best venue for advancing the stepby-step accretion of knowledge because they typically reach larger audiences than books, generate more widespread discussion and offer more space for the focused presentation of a particular aspect of a research area. Books can then periodically distill this knowledge. Given the availability of a detailed overview in Setting the Agenda , the presentation here of the five stages of agenda-setting theory emphasizes current and near-future research questions in these areas. Moving beyond these specific Journalism Studies, Volume 6, Number 4, 2005, pp. 543 557
A chronic low dose of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) restores cognitive function in old mice

The balance between detrimental, pro-aging, often stochastic processes and counteracting homeostatic mechanisms largely determines the progression of aging. There is substantial evidence suggesting that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is part of the latter system because it modulates the physiological processes underlying aging. The activity of the ECS declines during aging, as CB1 receptor expression and coupling to G proteins are reduced in the brain tissues of older animals and the levels of the major endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are lower. However, a direct link between endocannabinoid tone and aging symptoms has not been demonstrated. Here we show that a low dose of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) reversed the age-related decline in cognitive performance of mice aged 12 and 18 months. This behavioral effect was accompanied by enhanced expression of synaptic marker proteins and increased hippocampal spine density. THC treatment restored hippocampal gene transcription patterns such that the expression profiles of THC-treated mice aged 12 months closely resembled those of THC-free animals aged 2 months. The transcriptional effects of THC were critically dependent on glutamatergic CB1 receptors and histone acetylation, as their inhibition blocked the beneficial effects of THC. Thus, restoration of CB1 signaling in old individuals could be an effective strategy to treat age-related cognitive impairments.
Screening for psychologic distress in ambulatory cancer patients.

Based on evidence that psychologic distress often goes unrecognized although it is common among cancer patients, clinical practice guidelines recommend routine screening for distress. For this study, the authors sought to determine whether the single-item Distress Thermometer (DT) compared favorably with longer measures currently used to screen for distress.



Patients (n = 380) who were recruited from 5 sites completed the DT and identified the presence or absence of 34 problems using a standardized list. Participants also completed the 14-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and an 18-item version of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18), both of which have established cutoff scores for identifying clinically significant distress.



Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses of DT scores yielded area under the curve estimates relative to the HADS cutoff score (0.80) and the BSI-18 cutoff scores (0.78) indicative of good overall accuracy. ROC analyses also showed that a DT cutoff score of 4 had optimal sensitivity and specificity relative to both the HADS and BSI-18 cutoff scores. Additional analyses indicated that, compared with patients who had DT scores < 4, patients who had DT scores > or = 4 were more likely to be women, have a poorer performance status, and report practical, family, emotional, and physical problems (P < or = 0.05).



Findings confirm that the single-item DT compares favorably with longer measures used to screen for distress. A DT cutoff score of 4 yielded optimal sensitivity and specificity in a general cancer population relative to established cutoff scores on longer measures. The use of this cutoff score identified patients with a range of problems that were likely to reflect psychologic distress.
On exploiting cognitive radio to mitigate interference in macro/femto heterogeneous networks

To successfully deploy femtocells underlaying the macrocell as a heterogeneous network, which has been proven to greatly improve indoor coverage and system capacity, the cross-tier interference among the macrocell and femtocells as well as the intratier interference among femtocells must be mitigated. However, some unique features present a challenge in interference mitigation in a two-tier heterogeneous network such as random deployment for femtocells, nonexistence of macro-femto backhaul coordination, and mandates allowing no modifications of existing macrocells. Carefully examining the existing distributed information acquisition mechanisms, cognitive radio is the most promising solution for two-tier heterogeneous networks. We therefore study possible interference mitigation approaches, including orthogonal radio resource assignment in the time-frequency and antenna spatial domains, as well as interference cancellation via novel decoding techniques. According to the information acquired by cognitive radio technology, recent innovations such as game theory and the Gibbs sampler have been explored to mitigate both cross-tier and intratier interferences. Performance evaluations show that considerable performance improvement can be generally achieved, and thus demonstrate the potential of applying cognitive radio in mitigating interference.