nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ringing suppressing method in 13.56MHz resonant inverter for wireless power transfer systems

This paper presents the ringing suppressing method in class D resonant inverter operating at 13.56MHz for wireless power transfer systems. The ringing loop in half-bridge topology inverter at 13.56MHz strongly effect to the stable, performance and efficiency of the inverter. Typically, this ringing can be damped by using a snubber circuit which is placed parallel to the MOSFETs or using a damping circuit which is place inside the ringing loop. But in the resonant inverter with high power and high frequency, the snubber circuit or general damping circuit may reduce performance and efficiency of inverter. A new damping circuit combining with drive circuit design solution is proposed in this paper. The simulation and experiment results showed that the proposed design significantly suppresses the ringing current and ringing voltage in the circuit. The power loss on the MOSFETs is reduced while the efficiency of inverter increases 2% to obtain 93.1% at 1.2kW output power. The inverter becomes more stable and compact.
Integrating National Culture into IS Research: The Need for Current Individual Level Measures

Cross-cultural IS research is beginning to mature; however, much is left to do. This article reviews the most popular conceptualization of National Culture and offers suggestions for improvements in measurement. While Hofstede’s culture dimensions ─ uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity/femininity, and individualism/collectivism ─ are still widely used in many disciplines, it is not guaranteed that the measures still hold after over 30 years. Empirical evidence is presented from two studies that indicate that shifts might have occurred. Because the usual national culture constructs are measured at the national level, they also should not be used in individual models of behavior or technology acceptance.
Deep learning: an overview and main paradigms

In the present paper, we examine and analyze main paradigms of learning of multilayer neural networks starting with a single layer perceptron and ending with deep neural networks, which are considered regarded as a breakthrough in the field of the intelligent data processing. The baselessness of some ideas about the capacity of multilayer neural networks is shown and transition to deep neural networks is justified. We discuss the principal learning models of deep neural networks based on the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), an autoassociative approach and a stochastic gradient method with a Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function of neural elements.
patient safety Improving Safety with Information Technology

From the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine (D.W.B.), and the Department of Surgery (A.A.G.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital; the Center for Applied Medical Information Systems, Partners HealthCare System (D.W.B.); and Harvard Medical School (D.W.B., A.A.G.) — all in Boston. Address reprint requests to Dr. Bates at the Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, or at dbates@ partners.org.
Continuous blood pressure measurement by using the pulse transit time: comparison to a cuff-based method

Pulse transit time (PTT) and pulse wave velocity (PWV), respectively, were shown to have a correlation with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and have been reported to be suitable for indirect BP measurements. The aim of this study was to create a function between SBP and PWV, and to test its reliability for the determination of absolute SBP using a non-linear algorithm and a one-point calibration. 63 volunteers performed exercise to induce rises in BP. Arterial PTT was measured between the R-spike of the ECG and the plethysmographic curve of finger pulse-oximetry. The reference BP was measured using a cuff-based sphygmomanometric aneroid device. Data from 13 of the 63 volunteers served for the detection of the PWV–BP relationship. The created non-linear function was used to calculate BP values after individual correction for the BP offset in a group of 50 volunteers. Individual correlation coefficients for SBP measured by PTT (SBPPTT) and by cuff (SBPCUFF) varied between r = 0.69 and r = 0.99. Taking all data together, we found r = 0.83 (276 measurements in 50 volunteers). In the Bland–Altman plot, the limits of agreement were $$ {\text{mean}}_{{{\text{SBP}}_{\text{PTT}} ,  }} $$ ± 19.8 mmHg. In conclusion, comparing SBP values using the PTT-based method and those measured by cuff resulted in a significant correlation. However, the Bland–Altman plot shows relevant differences between both methods, which are partly due to greater variability of the SBPPTT measurement during intensified exercise. Results suggest that PTT can be used for measuring absolute SBP when performing an individual correction for the offset of the BP–PWV relation.
Application of fuzzy control algorithms for electric vehicle antilock braking/traction control systems

The application of fuzzy-based control strategies has recently gained enormous recognition as an approach for the rapid development of effective controllers for nonlinear time-variant systems. This paper describes the preliminary research and implementation of a fuzzy logic based controller to control the wheel slip for electric vehicle antilock braking systems (ABSs). As the dynamics of the braking systems are highly nonlinear and time variant, fuzzy control offers potential as an important tool for development of robust traction control. Simulation studies are employed to derive an initial rule base that is then tested on an experimental test facility representing the dynamics of a braking system. The test facility is composed of an induction machine load operating in the generating region. It is shown that the torque-slip characteristics of an induction motor provides a convenient platform for simulating a variety of tire/road driving conditions, negating the initial requirement for skid-pan trials when developing algorithms. The fuzzy membership functions were subsequently refined by analysis of the data acquired from the test facility while simulating operation at a high coefficient of friction. The robustness of the fuzzy-logic slip regulator is further tested by applying the resulting controller over a wide range of operating conditions. The results indicate that ABS/traction control may substantially improve longitudinal performance and offer significant potential for optimal control of driven wheels, especially under icy conditions where classical ABS/traction control schemes are constrained to operate very conservatively.
Likelihood-based representation of epistemic uncertainty due to sparse point data and/or interval data

This paper presents a likelihood-based methodology for a probabilistic representation of a stochastic quantity for which only sparse point data and/or interval data may be available. The likelihood function is evaluated from the probability density function (PDF) for sparse point data and the cumulative distribution function for interval data. The full likelihood function is used in this paper to calculate the entire PDF of the distribution parameters. The uncertainty in the distribution parameters is integrated to calculate a single PDF for the quantity of interest. The approach is then extended to non-parametric PDFs, wherein the entire distribution can be discretized at a finite number of points and the probability density values at these points can be inferred using the principle of maximum likelihood, thus avoiding the assumption of any particular distribution. The proposed approach is demonstrated with challenge problems from the Sandia Epistemic Uncertainty Workshop and the results are compared with those of previous studies that pursued different approaches to represent and propagate interval description of
Scope of Artificial Intelligence in Law

Over the years, artificial intelligence (AI) is spreading its roots in different areas by utilizing the concept of making the computers learn and handle complex tasks that previously require substantial laborious tasks by human beings. With better accuracy and speed, AI is helping lawyers to streamline work processing. New legal AI software tools like Catalyst, Ross intelligence, and Matlab along with natural language processing provide effective quarrel resolution, better legal clearness, and superior admittance to justice and fresh challenges to conventional law firms providing legal services using leveraged cohort correlate model. This paper discusses current applications of legal AI and suggests deep learning and machine learning techniques that can be applied in future to simplify the cumbersome legal tasks.
Cooperative mapping of multiple PTZ cameras in automated surveillance systems

Due to the capacity of pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras to simultaneously cover a panoramic area and maintain high resolution imagery, researches in automated surveillance systems with multiple PTZ cameras have become increasingly important. Most existing algorithms require the prior knowledge of intrinsic parameters of the PTZ camera to infer the relative positioning and orientation among multiple PTZ cameras. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel mapping algorithm that derives the relative positioning and orientation between two PTZ cameras based on a unified polynomial model. This reduces the dependence on the knowledge of intrinsic parameters of PTZ camera and relative positions. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm presents substantially reduced computational complexity and improved flexibility at the cost of slightly decreased pixel accuracy, as compared with the work of Chen and Wang. This slightly decreased pixel accuracy can be compensated by consistent labeling approaches without added cost for the application of automated surveillance systems along with changing configurations and a larger number of PTZ cameras.
Chopper Stabilized Low Resistance Comparator

The paper describes an improvement of the chopper method for elimination of parasitic voltages in a low resistance comparison and measurement procedure. The basic circuit diagram along with a short description of the working principle are presented and the appropriate low resistance comparator prototype was designed and realized. Preliminary examinations confirm the possibility of measuring extremely low voltages. Very high accuracy in resistance comparison and measurement is achieved (0.08 ppm for 1,000 attempts). Some special critical features in the design are discussed and solutions for overcoming the problems are described.
The malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter is a member of the drug/metabolite transporter superfamily.

The malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter (CRT) is an integral membrane protein localized to the parasite's acidic digestive vacuole. The function of CRT is not known and the protein was originally described as a transporter simply because it possesses 10 transmembrane domains. In wild-type (chloroquine-sensitive) parasites, chloroquine accumulates to high concentrations within the digestive vacuole and it is through interactions in this compartment that it exerts its antimalarial effect. Mutations in CRT can cause a decreased intravacuolar concentration of chloroquine and thereby confer chloroquine resistance. However, the mechanism by which they do so is not understood. In this paper we present the results of a detailed bioinformatic analysis that reveals that CRT is a member of a previously undefined family of proteins, falling within the drug/metabolite transporter superfamily. Comparisons between CRT and other members of the superfamily provide insight into the possible role of the protein and into the significance of the mutations associated with the chloroquine resistance phenotype. The protein is predicted to function as a dimer and to be oriented with its termini in the parasite cytosol. The key chloroquine-resistance-conferring mutation (K76T) is localized in a region of the protein implicated in substrate selectivity. The mutation is predicted to alter the selectivity of the protein such that it is able to transport the cationic (protonated) form of chloroquine down its steep concentration gradient, out of the acidic vacuole, and therefore away from its site of action.
Estimation of V̇O2max from the ratio between HRmax and HRrest – the Heart Rate Ratio Method

The effects of ṫ̇raining and/or ageing upon maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and heart rate values at rest (HRrest) and maximal exercise (HRmax), respectively, suggest a relationship between V̇O2max and the HRmax-to-HRrest ratio which may be of use for indirect testing of V̇O2max. Fick principle calculations supplemented by literature data on maximum-to-rest ratios for stroke volume and the arterio-venous O2 difference suggest that the conversion factor between mass-specific V̇O2max (ml·min−1·kg−1) and HRmax·HRrest −1 is ~15. In the study we experimentally examined this relationship and evaluated its potential for prediction of V̇O2max. V̇O2max was measured in 46 well-trained men (age 21–51 years) during a treadmill protocol. A subgroup (n=10) demonstrated that the proportionality factor between HRmax·HRrest −1 and mass-specific V̇O2max was 15.3 (0.7) ml·min−1·kg−1. Using this value, V̇O2max in the remaining 36 individuals could be estimated with an SEE of 0.21 l·min−1 or 2.7 ml·min−1·kg−1 (~4.5%). This compares favourably with other common indirect tests. When replacing measured HRmax with an age-predicted one, SEE was 0.37 l·min−1 and 4.7 ml·min−1·kg−1 (~7.8%), which is still comparable with other indirect tests. We conclude that the HRmax-to-HRrest ratio may provide a tool for estimation of V̇O2max in well-trained men. The applicability of the test principle in relation to other groups will have to await direct validation. V̇O2max can be estimated indirectly from the measured HRmax-to-HRrest ratio with an accuracy that compares favourably with that of other common indirect tests. The results also suggest that the test may be of use for V̇O2max estimation based on resting measurements alone.
Exemplar similarity and rule application

We report four experiments examining effects of instance similarity on the application of simple explicit rules. We found effects of similarity to illustrative exemplars in error patterns and reaction times. These effects arose even though participants were given perfectly predictive rules, the similarity manipulation depended entirely on rule-irrelevant features, and attention to exemplar similarity was detrimental to task performance. Comparison of results across studies suggests that the effects are mandatory, non-strategic and not subject to conscious control, and as a result, should be pervasive throughout categorization.
Application of Web usage mining and product taxonomy to collaborative recommendations in e-commerce

The rapid growth of e-commerce has caused product overload where customers on the Web are no longer able to effectively choose the products they are exposed to. To overcome the product overload of online shoppers, a variety of recommendation methods have been developed. Collaborative filtering (CF) is the most successful recommendation method, but its widespread use has exposed some well-known limitations, such as sparsity and scalability, which can lead to poor recommendations. This paper proposes a recommendation methodology based on Web usage mining, and product taxonomy to enhance the recommendation quality and the system performance of current CF-based recommender systems. Web usage mining populates the rating database by tracking customers’ shopping behaviors on the Web, thereby leading to better quality recommendations. The product taxonomy is used to improve the performance of searching for nearest neighbors through dimensionality reduction of the rating database. Several experiments on real e-commerce data show that the proposed methodology provides higher quality recommendations and better performance than other CF methodologies. q 2003
Lower versus higher dose of enteral caloric intake in adult critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

There is conflicting evidence about the relationship between the dose of enteral caloric intake and survival in critically ill patients. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the effect of lower versus higher dose of enteral caloric intake in adult critically ill patients on outcome.



We reviewed MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus from inception through November 2015. We included randomized and quasi-randomized studies in which there was a significant difference in the caloric intake in adult critically ill patients, including trials in which caloric restriction was the primary intervention (caloric restriction trials) and those with other interventions (non-caloric restriction trials). Two reviewers independently extracted data on study characteristics, caloric intake, and outcomes with hospital mortality being the primary outcome.



Twenty-one trials mostly with moderate bias risk were included (2365 patients in the lower caloric intake group and 2352 patients in the higher caloric group). Lower compared with higher caloric intake was not associated with difference in hospital mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.953; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.838-1.083), ICU mortality (RR 0.885; 95 % CI 0.751-1.042), total nosocomial infections (RR 0.982; 95 % CI 0.878-1.077), mechanical ventilation duration, or length of ICU or hospital stay. Blood stream infections (11 trials; RR 0.718; 95 % CI 0.519-0.994) and incident renal replacement therapy (five trials; RR 0.711; 95 % CI 0.545-0.928) were lower with lower caloric intake. The associations between lower compared with higher caloric intake and primary and secondary outcomes, including pneumonia, were not different between caloric restriction and non-caloric restriction trials, except for the hospital﻿ stay which was lo﻿nger with lower caloric intake in the c﻿aloric restriction trials.



We found no association between the dose of caloric intake in adult critically ill patients and hospital mortality. Lower caloric intake was associated with lower risk of blood stream infections and incident renal replacement therapy (five trials only). The heterogeneity in the design, feeding route and timing and caloric dose among the included trials could limit our interpretation. Further studies are needed to clarify our findings.
Cross-sectional study of prescribing errors in patients admitted to nine hospitals across North West England

To evaluate the prevalence, type and severity of prescribing errors observed between grades of prescriber, ward area, admission or discharge and type of medication prescribed.



Ward-based clinical pharmacists prospectively documented prescribing errors at the point of clinically checking admission or discharge prescriptions. Error categories and severities were assigned at the point of data collection, and verified independently by the study team.



Prospective study of nine diverse National Health Service hospitals in North West England, including teaching hospitals, district hospitals and specialist services for paediatrics, women and mental health.



Of 4238 prescriptions evaluated, one or more error was observed in 1857 (43.8%) prescriptions, with a total of 3011 errors observed. Of these, 1264 (41.9%) were minor, 1629 (54.1%) were significant, 109 (3.6%) were serious and 9 (0.30%) were potentially life threatening. The majority of errors considered to be potentially lethal (n=9) were dosing errors (n=8), mostly relating to overdose (n=7). The rate of error was not significantly different between newly qualified doctors compared with junior, middle grade or senior doctors. Multivariable analyses revealed the strongest predictor of error was the number of items on a prescription (risk of error increased 14% for each additional item). We observed a high rate of error from medication omission, particularly among patients admitted acutely into hospital. Electronic prescribing systems could potentially have prevented up to a quarter of (but not all) errors.



In contrast to other studies, prescriber experience did not impact on overall error rate (although there were qualitative differences in error category). Given that multiple drug therapies are now the norm for many medical conditions, health systems should introduce and retain safeguards which detect and prevent error, in addition to continuing training and education, and migration to electronic prescribing systems.
A diagnostic tool for analyzing the current-voltage characteristics in a-Si/c-Si heterojunction solar cells

Understanding the effects of device parameters on carrier transport is essential for the design of high efficiency aSi/c-Si heterojunction solar cells. It is well known that the dark current-voltage (I-V) characteristics are correlated to fundamental PV parameters that dictate cell performance, and therefore an analysis of dark I-V may be a useful diagnostic tool to monitor changes in the device parameters (indirectly correlated to solar cell efficiency). In this paper, we first measure and then interpret the forward bias dark I-V characteristics of a-Si/c-Si solar cells by numerical and analytical models. Several well-known (but poorly understood) features of dark I-V characteristics are shown to be correlated to parameters of fundamental interest to solar cell design and can therefore be used as important markers of device parameter variation during the development process.
Analysis of Possible Clinical Risk Factors Contributing to Postsurgical Gastroparesis Syndrom (PGS) after Subtotal Gastrectomy.

To investigate the possible clinical risk factors contributing to PGS after subtotal gastrectomy.



The clinical data of 422 patients administering subtotal gastrectomy in our hospital were reviewed retrospectively from Jan, 1, 2005 to May, 1, 2012.



The higher morbility of PGS were found in the patients whose age were over 65 years, combining with anxiety disorder or diabetes mellitus, with low-albuminemia in perioperative period or having pyloric obstruction in preoperative period, administering Billroth II gastroenterostomy, whose operation time over 4 hours, using patient-controlled analgesia, injecting liquid per day over 3500 ml.



The clinical factors referred previously maybe the identified risk factors of PGS after subtotal gastrectomy, avoiding these clinical factors in perioperative period would reduce the occurrences of PGS after subtotal gastrectomy.
Diagnosis and management of osteomyelitis.

The incidence of chronic osteomyelitis is increasing because of the prevalence of predisposing conditions such as diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease. The increased availability of sensitive imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy, has improved diagnostic accuracy and the ability to characterize the infection. Plain radiography is a useful initial investigation to identify alternative diagnoses and potential complications. Direct sampling of the wound for culture and antimicrobial sensitivity is essential to target treatment. The increased incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis complicates antibiotic selection. Surgical debridement is usually necessary in chronic cases. The recurrence rate remains high despite surgical intervention and long-term antibiotic therapy. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children typically can be treated with a four-week course of antibiotics. In adults, the duration of antibiotic treatment for chronic osteomyelitis is typically several weeks longer. In both situations, however, empiric antibiotic coverage for S. aureus is indicated.