nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Addition of low-dose valproic acid to saline resuscitation provides neuroprotection and improves long-term outcomes in a large animal model of combined traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock.

Combined traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS) is highly lethal. In a nonsurvival model of TBI + HS, addition of high-dose valproic acid (VPA) (300 mg/kg) to hetastarch reduced brain lesion size and associated swelling 6 hours after injury; whether this would have translated into better neurologic outcomes remains unknown. It is also unclear whether lower doses of VPA would be neuroprotective. We hypothesized that addition of low-dose VPA to normal saline (NS) resuscitation would result in improved long-term neurologic recovery and decreased brain lesion size.



TBI was created in anesthetized swine (40-43 kg) by controlled cortical impact, and volume-controlled hemorrhage (40% volume) was induced concurrently. After 2 hours of shock, animals were randomized (n = 5 per group) to NS (3× shed blood) or NS + VPA (150 mg/kg). Six hours after resuscitation, packed red blood cells were transfused, and animals were recovered. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed for acetylated histone-H3 at lysine-9. A Neurological Severity Score (NSS) was assessed daily for 30 days. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed on Days 3 and 10. Cognitive performance was assessed by training animals to retrieve food from color-coded boxes.



There was a significant increase in histone acetylation in the NS + VPA-treated animals compared with NS treatment. The NS + VPA group demonstrated significantly decreased neurologic impairment and faster speed of recovery as well as smaller brain lesion size compared with the NS group. Although the final cognitive function scores were similar between the groups, the VPA-treated animals reached the goal significantly faster than the NS controls.



In this long-term survival model of TBI + HS, addition of low-dose VPA to saline resuscitation resulted in attenuated neurologic impairment, faster neurologic recovery, smaller brain lesion size, and a quicker normalization of cognitive functions.
Fault Tolerant Control for a 4-Wheel Skid Steering Mobile Robot

This paper studies a fault tolerant control strategy for a four wheel skid steering mobile robot (SSMR). Through this work the fault diagnosis procedure is accomplished using structural analysis technique while fault accommodation is based on a Recursive Least Squares (RLS) approximation. The goal is to detect faults as early as possible and recalculate command inputs in order to achieve fault tolerance, which means that despites the faults occurrences the system is able to recover its original task with the same or degraded performance. Fault tolerance can be considered that it is constituted by two basic tasks, fault diagnosis and control redesign. In our research using the diagnosis approach presented in our previous work we addressed mainly to the second task proposing a framework for fault tolerant control, which allows retaining acceptable performance under systems faults. In order to prove the efficacy of the proposed method, an experimental procedure was carried out using a Pioneer 3-AT mobile robot.
The onset of reaching significantly impacts how infants explore both objects and their bodies.

The purpose of this study was to describe how reaching onset affects the way infants explore objects and their own bodies. We followed typically developing infants longitudinally from 2 through 5 months of age. At each visit we coded the behaviors infants performed with their hand when an object was attached to it versus when the hand was bare. We found increases in the performance of most exploratory behaviors after the emergence of reaching. These increases occurred both with objects and with bare hands. However, when interacting with objects, infants performed the same behaviors they performed on their bare hands but they performed them more often and in unique combinations. The results support the tenets that: (1) the development of object exploration begins in the first months of life as infants learn to selectively perform exploratory behaviors on their bodies and objects, (2) the onset of reaching is accompanied by significant increases in exploration of both objects and one's own body, (3) infants adapt their self-exploratory behaviors by amplifying their performance and combining them in unique ways to interact with objects.
Ultralong Rutile TiO2 Nanowire Arrays for Highly Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

Vertically aligned rutile TiO2 nanowire arrays (NWAs) with lengths of ∼44 μm have been successfully synthesized on transparent, conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass by a facile one-step solvothermal method. The length and wire-to-wire distance of NWAs can be controlled by adjusting the ethanol content in the reaction solution. By employing optimized rutile TiO2 NWAs for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.9% is achieved. Moreover, in combination with a light-scattering layer, the performance of a rutile TiO2 NWAs based DSC can be further enhanced, reaching an impressive PCE of 9.6%, which is the highest efficiency for rutile TiO2 NWA based DSCs so far.
The Cyberhand: on the design of a cybernetic prosthetic hand intended to be interfaced to the peripheral nervous system

The objective of the project described in this paper is the development of a cybernetic prosthesis, replicating as much as possible the sensory-motor capabilities of the natural hand. The human hand is not only an effective tool but also an ideal instrument to acquire information from the external environment. The development of a truly human-like artificial hand is probably the most widely known paradigm of ”bionics”. The Cyberhand Project aims to obtain a cybernetic prosthetic hand interfaced to the peripheral nervous system. In particular this paper is focused on the hand mechanisms design and it presents preliminary results in developing the three fingered anthropomorphic hand prototype and its sensory system.
Educational use of Facebook by undergraduate students in Malaysia higher education : A case study of a private university

In the 21st century, social media has burgeoned into one of the most used channels of communication in the society. As social media becomes well recognised for its potential as a social communication channel, recent years have witnessed an increased interest of using social media in higher education (Alhazmi, & Abdul Rahman, 2013; Al-rahmi, Othman, & Musa, 2014; Al-rahmi, & Othman, 2013a; Chen, & Bryer, 2012; Selwyn, 2009, 2012 to name a few). A survey by Pearson (Seaman, & Tinti-kane, 2013), The Social Media Survey 2013 shows that 41% of higher education faculty in the U.S.A. population has use social media in teaching in 2013 compared to 34% of them using it in 2012. The survey results also show the increase use of social media for teaching by educators and faculty professionals has increase because they see the potential in applying and integrating social media technology to their teaching. Many higher education institutions and educators are now finding themselves expected to catch up with the world of social media applications and social media users. This creates a growing phenomenon for the educational use of social media to create, engage, and share existing or newly produced information between lecturers and students as well as among the students. Facebook has quickly become the social networking site of choice by university students due to its remarkable adoption rates of Facebook in universities (Muñoz, & Towner, 2009; Roblyer et al., 2010; Sánchez, Cortijo, & Javed, 2014). With this in mind, this paper aims to investigate the use of Facebook closed group by undergraduate students in a private university in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. It is also to analyse the interaction pattern among the students using the Facebook closed group pages.
TSum: fast, principled table summarization

Given a table where rows correspond to records and columns correspond to attributes, we want to find a small number of patterns that succinctly summarize the dataset. For example, given a set of patient records with several attributes each, how can we find (a) that the "most representative" pattern is, say, (male, adult, *), followed by (*, child, low-cholesterol), etc? We propose TSum, a method that provides a sequence of patterns ordered by their "representativeness." It can decide both which these patterns are, as well as how many are necessary to properly summarize the data. Our main contribution is formulating a general framework, TSum, using compression principles. TSum can easily accommodate different optimization strategies for selecting and refining patterns. The discovered patterns can be used to both represent the data efficiently, as well as interpret it quickly. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and intuitiveness of our discovered patterns.
Crohn's disease. Introduction.

Inflammatory bowel disease encompasses two idiopathic, chronic, inflammatory diseases: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are disorders of unknown cause, involving genetic and immunological influence on the gastrointestinal tract's ability to distinguish foreign from self-antigens. They share many overlapping epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic characteristics. In some patients it is not possible to distinguish which form of inflammatory bowel disease is present . Figure 2. Inflammatory bowel disease subsets. There are, however, important pathological and clinical differences that distinguish these inflammatory disease processes. Clinically, Crohn's disease tends to present more frequently with abdominal pain and perianal disease, whereas ulcerative colitis is more often characterized by gastrointestinal bleeding. Cobblestoning mucosa and aphthous or linear ulcers characterize the endoscopic appearance of Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis presents with diffuse continuous involvement of the mucosa. Radiographic studies of patients with Crohn's disease characteristically show fistulae, asymmetry, and ileal involvement. In contrast, radiographic studies of patients with ulcerative colitis show continuous disease without fistulizing or ileal disease. Pathologically, Crohn's disease features mucosal discontinuity, transmural involvement, and granulomas, whereas ulcerative colitis does not. Crypt abscesses and granulomas are present only in Crohn's disease.  3 compares the anatomic distribution of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.  Anatomic distribution of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease. The term Crohn's disease has replaced older terms, which included regional enteritis, regional or terminal ileitis, and granulomatous colitis. Although the terminal ileum and the right colon are the most commonly involved sites, a similar pathological and clinical disorder can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the perianal area. Only one third of patients with Crohn's disease have granulomatous inflammation. The broad term Crohn's disease does not imply any one cause, site, or pathological response. Crohn's is a chronic illness that requires expensive medications, often hospitalization and/or surgery, and results in a heavy social and economic toll.
Effectiveness of Junior Faculty Mentoring Relationships in the Colleges of Pharmacy in Metro Manila , Philippines

The aim of the study was to describe mentoring profile, correlate mentoring profile with mentoring effectiveness and career related outcomes. Cross sectional descriptive research with key informant interviews and survey as data collection procedures of all colleges of pharmacy in the NCR were employed for the studies. There were 13 deans, 80 junior faculty members and 34 identified mentors that participated in the study at 89.4% total response rate. Majority of relationships were between a junior and senior faculty member occurring in an informal and unstructured way. The benefits of mentoring relationships were higher percentage of research involvement, higher frequency of administrative positions, and more career related outcomes. The regression equation created from the analysis are [mentoring effectiveness score = 6.16 + 0.45 (cultivation phase) + 0.48 (formal mentoring program)] and [career related outcomes = 0.31 (mentoring effectiveness) – 0.08.]. The author recommends the creation of institutionalized formal mentoring programs that include characteristics of the program correlated to positive results.
A W-Band Low-Loss and Wideband LTCC Transition From Waveguide to Microstrip

A broadband transition structure from rectangular waveguide (RWG) to microstrip line (MSL) is presented for the realization of the low-loss packaging module using Low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology at W-band. In this transition, a cavity structure is buried in LTCC layers, which provides the wide bandwidth, and a laminated waveguide (LWG) transition is designed, which provides the low-loss performance, as it reduces the radiation loss of conventional direct transition between RWG and MSL. The design procedure is also given. The measured results show that the insertion loss of better than 0.7 dB from 86 to 97 GHz can be achieved.
Cuckoo Search Algorithm using Lèvy Flight: A Review

─ Cuckoo Search (CS) is a new met heuristic algorithm. It is being used for solving optimization problem. It was developed in 2009 by XinShe Yang and Susah Deb. Uniqueness of this algorithm is the obligatory brood parasitism behavior of some cuckoo species along with the Levy Flight behavior of some birds and fruit flies. Cuckoo Hashing to Modified CS have also been discussed in this paper. CS is also validated using some test functions. After that CS performance is compared with those of GAs and PSO. It has been shown that CS is superior with respect to GAs and PSO. At last, the effect of the experimental results are discussed and proposed for future research. Index terms ─ Cuckoo search, Levy Flight, Obligatory brood parasitism, NP-hard problem, Markov Chain, Hill climbing, Heavy-tailed algorithm.
Anonymous communication and its importance in social networking

Digital information has become a social infrastructure and with the expansion of the Internet, network infrastructure has become an indispensable part of social life and industrial activity for mankind. For various reasons, however, today's networks are vulnerable to numerous risks, such as information leakage, privacy infringement and data corruption. Through this research, the authors tried to establish an in-depth understanding of the importance of anonymous communication in social networking which is mostly used by ordinary and non-technical people. It demonstrates how the commonly used non-anonymous communication scheme in social networking can turn the Internet into a very dangerous platform because of its built-in nature making its users' identity easily traceable. After providing some introductory information on internet protocol (IP), internal working mechanism of social networking and concept of anonymity on the Internet, Facebook is used as a case study in demonstrating how various network tracing tools and gimmicks could be used to reveal identity of its users and victimize many innocent people. It then demonstrates working mechanism of various tools that can turn the Facebook social networking site into a safe and anonymous platform. The paper concludes by summarizing pros and cons of various anonymous communication techniques and highlighting its importance for social networking platforms.
A Human in the Loop Approach to Historical Handwritten Documents Transcription

We propose a novel approach for helping content transcription of handwritten digital documents. The approach adopts a segmentation based keyword retrieval approach that follows query-by-string paradigm and exploits the user validation of the retrieved words to improve its performance during operation. Our approach starts with an initial training set, which contains only a few pages and a tentative list of words supposedly in the document, and iteratively interleaves a word retrieval step by the system with a validation step by the user. After each iteration, the system exploits the results of the validation to update its internal model, so as to use that evidence in further iterations of the search. Experimental results on the Bentham dataset show that the system may start with a few word images and their transcripts, exhibits an improvement of the performance during operation, and after a few iterations is able to correctly transcribe more than 68% of the word of the list.
Microgrids management

The environmental and economical benefits of the microgrid and consequently its acceptability and degree of proliferation in the utility power industry, are primarily determined by the envisioned controller capabilities and the operational features. Depending on the type and depth of penetration of distributed energy resource (DER) units, load characteristics and power quality constraints, and market participation strategies, the required control and operational strategies of a microgrid can be significantly, and even conceptually, different than those of the conventional power systems.
Ongoing investigation of the ways in which some of the problems encountered by some dyslexics can be alleviated using computer techniques

This paper describes the ongoing development of a highly configurable word processing environment developed using a pragmatic, obstacle-by-obstacle approach to alleviating some of the visual problems encountered by dyslexic computer users. The paper describes the current version of the software and the development methodology as well as the results of a pilot study which indicated that visual environment individually configured using the SeeWord software improved reading accuracy as well as subjectively rated reading comfort.
UA-DETRAC 2017 : Report of AVSS 2017 & IT 4 S Challenge on Advance Traffic Monitoring

The rapid advances of transportation infrastructure have led to a dramatic increase in the demand for smart systems capable of monitoring traffic and street safety. Fundamental to these applications are a community-based evaluation platform and benchmark for object detection and multiobject tracking. To this end, we organize the AVSS2017 Challenge on Advance Traffic Monitoring, in conjunction with the International Workshop on Traffic and Street Surveillance for Safety and Security (IWT4S), to evaluate the state-of-the-art object detection and multi-object tracking algorithms in the relevance of traffic surveillance. Submitted algorithms are evaluated using the large-scale UA-DETRAC benchmark and evaluation protocol. The benchmark, the evaluation toolkit and the algorithm performance are publicly available from the website http: //detrac-db.rit.albany.edu.
Performance Modeling and Evaluation of Distributed Deep Learning Frameworks on GPUs

Deep learning frameworks have been widely deployed on GPU servers for deep learning applications in both academia and industry. In training deep neural networks (DNNs), there are many standard processes or algorithms, such as convolution and stochastic gradient descent (SGD), but the running performance of different frameworks might be different even running the same deep model on the same GPU hardware. In this study, we evaluate the running performance of four state-of-the-art distributed deep learning frameworks (i.e., Caffe-MPI, CNTK, MXNet, and TensorFlow) over single-GPU, multi-GPU, and multi-node environments. We first build performance models of standard processes in training DNNs with SGD, and then we benchmark the running performance of these frameworks with three popular convolutional neural networks (i.e., AlexNet, GoogleNet and ResNet-50), after that, we analyze what factors that result in the performance gap among these four frameworks. Through both analytical and experimental analysis, we identify bottlenecks and overheads which could be further optimized. The main contribution is that the proposed performance models and the analysis provide further optimization directions in both algorithmic design and system configuration.
[Teeth whitening with 6% hydrogen peroxide vs. 35% hydrogen peroxide, a comparative controlled study].

In light of the lately changes in regulations regarding teeth whitening in Europe, the use of 6% hydrogen peroxide using a dedicated device becomes the first choice treatment option. The purpose of this controlled, randomized, parallel, blinded six months prospective study was to compare this method of teeth whitening treatment with that of in-office method using 35% hydrogen peroxide.



75 healthy american individuals, ages 18-62, participated in this study. The participants were divided into 3 groups: a 6% hydrogenperoxide group, a 35% hydrogen peroxide group and a placebo control group. Whitening procedures were performed on intact frontal teeth with color shade of A3 or higher. A controlled color measurement was performed before, immediately after, three and six months post treatment. Clinical periodontal indices, oral mucosa changes, side effects and participant satisfaction, were recorded.



In the 6% group, the change in color shades immediately after treatment, three and six months after treatment were 2.37, 2.17 and 1.95, respectively. Tooth color changes in 35% group immediately after completion of treatment, three and six months after treatment were 3.68, 2.60 and 1.70, respectively. Statistical significant differences were found in both treatment groups between the baseline color shade and the post treatment color shade. The results were stable three and six months after treatment. Statistically significant difference between the groups immediately after treatment (p < 0.0001). No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups three and six months after treatment (p > 0.5000). Side effects such as oral mucosa irritation, burns or sensitive teeth were mild and resolved without intervention. A high satisfaction level was recorded.



Tooth color shade can be substantially improved using a dedicated device with 6% hydrogen peroxide only. This whitening method can be helpful for the dentist in: home continuing treatment post in- office whitening specially in case with severe staining, maintenance of in-office whitening treatment outcomes or as an OTC home whitening procedure for patients with limmited budget.
Integrating Product-Line Fault Tree Analysis into AADL Models

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a safety-analysis technique that has been extended recently to accommodate product-line engineering. This paper describes a tool-supported approach for integrating product-line FTA with the AADL (architecture analysis and design language) models and associated AADL Error Models for a product line. The AADL plug-in we have developed provides some automatic pruning and adaptation of the fault tree for a specific product from the product-line FTA. This work supports consistent reuse of the FTA across the systems in the product line and reduces the effort of maintaining traceability between the safety analysis and the architectural models. Incorporating the product-line FTA into the AADL models also allows derivation of basic quantitative and cut set analyses for each product-line member to help identify and eliminate design weaknesses. The tool-supported capabilities enable comparisons among candidate new members to assist in design decisions regarding redundancy, safety features, and the evaluation of alternative designs. Results from a small case study illustrate the approach.