nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The "Horse" Inside: Seeking Causes Behind the Behaviors of Music Content Analysis Systems

Building systems that possess the sensitivity and intelligence to identify and describe high-level attributes in music audio signals continues to be an elusive goal but one that surely has broad and deep implications for a wide variety of applications. Hundreds of articles have so far been published toward this goal, and great progress appears to have been made. Some systems produce remarkable accuracies at recognizing high-level semantic concepts, such as music style, genre, and mood. However, it might be that these numbers do not mean what they seem. In this article, we take a state-of-the-art music content analysis system and investigate what causes it to achieve exceptionally high performance in a benchmark music audio dataset. We dissect the system to understand its operation, determine its sensitivities and limitations, and predict the kinds of knowledge it could and could not possess about music. We perform a series of experiments to illuminate what the system has actually learned to do and to what extent it is performing the intended music listening task. Our results demonstrate how the initial manifestation of music intelligence in this state of the art can be deceptive. Our work provides constructive directions toward developing music content analysis systems that can address the music information and creation needs of real-world users.
Towards a Multi-hypothesis Road Representation for Automated Driving

The process of perception inevitably involves uncertainty. In the field of automated driving, however, uncertainty about the roadway - and especially about the understanding of the roadway - is yet mostly neglected. In this paper it is argued that this uncertainty should be represented and considered in the process of behavior generation. A road representation capable of representing multiple hypotheses about the roadway is presented. The representation language allows to express where and how hypotheses differ and to infer this information in an efficient way. The focus of this paper is on the qualitative representation of uncertainty.
Simplifying Datacenter Network Debugging with PathDump

Network debuggers are even more complex Ø Increasingly, network debugging functionality is pushed into the network due to improved switch programmability Ø Existing tools employ complex in-network techniques such as data plane snapshot, per-switch per-packet logs, packet mirroring/sampling, and dynamic rule updates --source: The Gigaspaces blog --source: TechRepublic.com Datacenter networks are complex
tDCS for Memory Enhancement: Analysis of the Speculative Aspects of Ethical Issues

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising technology to enhance cognitive and physical performance. One of the major areas of interest is the enhancement of memory function in healthy individuals. The early arrival of tDCS on the market for lifestyle uses and cognitive enhancement purposes lead to the voicing of some important ethical concerns, especially because, to date, there are no official guidelines or evaluation procedures to tackle these issues. The aim of this article is to review ethical issues related to uses of tDCS for memory enhancement found in the ethics and neuroscience literature and to evaluate how realistic and scientifically well-founded these concerns are? In order to evaluate how plausible or speculative each issue is, we applied the methodological framework described by Racine et al. (2014) for "informed and reflective" speculation in bioethics. This framework could be succinctly presented as requiring: (1) the explicit acknowledgment of factual assumptions and identification of the value attributed to them; (2) the validation of these assumptions with interdisciplinary literature; and (3) the adoption of a broad perspective to support more comprehensive reflection on normative issues. We identified four major considerations associated with the development of tDCS for memory enhancement: safety, autonomy, justice and authenticity. In order to assess the seriousness and likelihood of harm related to each of these concerns, we analyzed the assumptions underlying the ethical issues, and the level of evidence for each of them. We identified seven distinct assumptions: prevalence, social acceptance, efficacy, ideological stance (bioconservative vs. libertarian), potential for misuse, long term side effects, and the delivery of complete and clear information. We conclude that ethical discussion about memory enhancement via tDCS sometimes involves undue speculation, and closer attention to scientific and social facts would bring a more nuanced analysis. At this time, the most realistic concerns are related to safety and violation of users' autonomy by a breach of informed consent, as potential immediate and long-term health risks to private users remain unknown or not well defined. Clear and complete information about these risks must be provided to research participants and consumers of tDCS products or related services. Broader public education initiatives and warnings would also be worthwhile to reach those who are constructing their own tDCS devices.
Interactive whiteboards: Real beauty or just "lipstick"?

There has been extensive investment by governments and individual schools in interactive whiteboard technology in developed countries premised on the assumption that their use in education will impact positively on learners’ achievements. Developing countries, such as South Africa, keen to raise attainment among their learners are following suit. While at least one of the nine provinces in South Africa had undertaken pilot roll-outs of interactive whiteboards (IWBs) in schools, the Eastern Cape Department of Education commissioned a feasibility study to determine teachers and learners perceptions of the potential benefits and drawbacks of using interactive pen technology, specifically the eBeam, in their teaching and learning environments, before embarking upon a large scale roll-out. This paper reports on a case study of three government schools and highlights the learners and teachers’ enthusiasm about the ‘‘big screen” and the multimedia options, but also raises concerns about the lack of ICT literacy displayed by teachers and learners and the cost of technology. As most of the benefits mentioned by the teachers and learners seemed to accrue to the use of the laptop and data projector combination and most of the drawbacks emanated from the use of the interactive pen technology itself, we suggest that it may not be expeditious to attempt to ‘‘leap-frog” the use of interactive technologies. Instead we suggest that an evolution of ICT related pedagogy is necessary to make optimal use of interactive pen technologies such as the eBeam and that teachers should be offered technologies, not have them imposed upon them.
Alcohol abuse as a risk factor for and consequence of child abuse.

The relationship between child abuse and the use or abuse of alcohol has two aspects. First, some findings have indicated that parental alcohol abuse may be associated with the physical or sexual abuse of children. Research findings in this area remain inconsistent, however. Second, the experience of being abused as a child may increase a person's risk for alcohol-related problems as an adult. This relationship has best been demonstrated in women who had been victims of childhood abuse. Several factors most likely contribute to or influence this relationship, including coping skills; antisocial behavior; and psychological problems, such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
Towards a Generalized Map Algebra: Principles and Data Types

Map Algebra is a collection of functions for handling continuous spatial data, which allows modeling of different problems and getting new information from the existing data. There is an established set of map algebra functions in the GIS literature, originally proposed by Dana Tomlin. However, the question whether his proposal is complete is still an open problem in GIScience. This paper describes the design of a map algebra that generalizes Tomlin’s map algebra by incorporating topological and directional spatial predicates. Our proposal enables operations that are not directly expressible by Tomlin’s proposal. One of the important results of our paper is to show that Tomlin’s Map Algebra can be defined as an application of topological predicates to coverages. This paper points to a convergence between these two approaches and shows that it is possible to develop a foundational theory for GIScience where topological predicates are the heart of both object-based algebras and field-based algebras.
Open issues in the sentiment analysis of Arabic social media: A case study

With the rapid increase in the volume of Arabic opinionated posts on different microblogging mediums comes an increasing demand for Arabic sentiment analysis tools. Yet, research in the area of Arabic sentiment analysis is progressing at a very slow pace compared to that being carried out in English and other languages. This paper highlights the major problems and open research issues that face sentiment analysis of Arabic social media. The paper also presents a case study the goal of which is to investigate the possibility of determining the semantic orientation of Arabic Egyptian tweets and comments given limited Arabic resources. One of the outcomes of the presented study, is an Egyptian dialect sentiment lexicon.
Framework of Urdu Nastalique Optical Character Recognition System

The development of Urdu Nastalique O Character Recognition (OCR) is a challenging task due to the cursive nature of Urdu, complexities of Nastalique writing style and layouts of Urdu document images. In this paper, the framework of Urdu Nastalique OCR is presented. The presented system supports the recognition of Urdu Nastalique document images having font size between 14 to 44. has 86.15% ligature recognition accuracy tested on 224 document images.
The Research of Parallel CRC Pipeline Algorithm Based on Matrix Transformation

According the universal serial cyclic redundancy check (CRC) technology, one of the new CRC algorithm based on matrix is referred, which describe an new parallel CRC coding circuit structure with r matrix transformation and pipeline technology. According to the method of parallel CRC coding in high-speed data transmitting, it requires a lot of artificial calculation. Due to the large amount of calculation, it is easy to produce some calculation error. According to the traditional thought of the serial CRC, the algorithm of parallel CRC based on the thought of matrix transformation and iterative has been deduced and expressed. The improved algorithm by pipeline technology has been applied in other systems which require high timing requirements of problem, The design has been implemented through Verilog hardware description language in FPGA device, which has achieved a good validation. It has become a very good method for high-speed CRC coding and decoding.
Protein structural dynamics revealed by time-resolved X-ray solution scattering.

One of the most important questions in biological science is how a protein functions. When a protein performs its function, it undergoes regulated structural transitions. In this regard, to better understand the underlying principle of a protein function, it is desirable to monitor the dynamic evolution of the protein structure in real time. To probe fast and subtle motions of a protein in physiological conditions demands an experimental tool that is not only equipped with superb spatiotemporal resolution but also applicable to samples in solution phase. Time-resolved X-ray solution scattering (TRXSS), discussed in this Account, fits all of those requirements needed for probing the movements of proteins in aqueous solution. The technique utilizes a pump-probe scheme employing an optical pump pulse to initiate photoreactions of proteins and an X-ray probe pulse to monitor ensuing structural changes. The technical advances in ultrafast lasers and X-ray sources allow us to achieve superb temporal resolution down to femtoseconds. Because X-rays scatter off all atomic pairs in a protein, an X-ray scattering pattern provides information on the global structure of the protein with subangstrom spatial resolution. Importantly, TRXSS is readily applicable to aqueous solution samples of proteins with the aid of theoretical models and therefore is well suited for investigating structural dynamics of protein transitions in physiological conditions. In this Account, we demonstrate that TRXSS can be used to probe real-time structural dynamics of proteins in solution ranging from subtle helix movement to global conformational change. Specifically, we discuss the photoreactions of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) and homodimeric hemoglobin (HbI). For PYP, we revealed the kinetics of structural transitions among four transient intermediates comprising a photocycle and, by applying structural analysis based on ab initio shape reconstruction, showed that the signaling of PYP involves the protrusion of the N-terminus with significant increase of the overall protein size. For HbI, we elucidated the dynamics of complex allosteric transitions among transient intermediates. In particular, by applying structural refinement analysis based on rigid-body modeling, we found that the allosteric transition of HbI accompanies the rotation of quaternary structure and the contraction between two heme domains. By making use of the experimental and analysis methods presented in this Account, we envision that the TRXSS can be used to probe the structural dynamics of various proteins, allowing us to decipher the working mechanisms of their functions. Furthermore, when combined with femtosecond X-ray pulses generated from X-ray free electron lasers, TRXSS will gain access to ultrafast protein dynamics on sub-picosecond time scales.
Learning Mobile Security with Labware

As smart mobile devices become increasingly popular, so do the incentives for attackers. Mobile devices' prevalence and mobile threats' rapid growth have resulted in a shortage of mobile-security personnel. We need educational activities to promote mobile-security education and meet the emerging industry and education needs. However, mobile security is a relatively weak area in most schools' computing curriculum. To remedy this, educators are exploring an approach to mobile-security education that exploits the benefits of mobile devices and best practices in information security education. The approach aims to promote students' interests and increase their self-efficacy. To improve student learning, the educators developed a collection of labware using Android devices and tested it in classroom settings.
Inter-observer reliability assessment of the Schatzker, AO/OTA and three-column classification of tibial plateau fractures

The purpose of our study was to evaluate inter-observer reliability of the Three-Column classifications with conventional Schatzker and AO/OTA of Tibial Plateau Fractures.



50 cases involving all kinds of the fracture patterns were collected from 278 consecutive patients with tibial plateau fractures who were internal fixed in department of Orthopedics and Trauma III in Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital. The series were arranged randomly, numbered 1 to 50. Four observers were chosen to classify these cases. Before the research, a classification training session was held to each observer. They were given as much time as they required evaluating the radiographs accurately and independently. The classification choices made at the first viewing were not available during the second viewing. The observers were not provided with any feedback after the first viewing. The kappa statistic was used to analyze the inter-observer reliability of the three fracture classification made by the four observers.



The mean kappa values for inter-observer reliability regarding Schatzker classification was 0.567 (range: 0.513-0.589), representing "moderate agreement". The mean kappa values for inter-observer reliability regarding AO/ASIF classification systems was 0.623 (range: 0.510-0.710) representing "substantial agreement". The mean kappa values for inter-observer reliability regarding Three-Column classification systems was 0.766 (range: 0.706-0.890), representing "substantial agreement".



Three-Column classification, which is dependent on the understanding of the fractures using CT scans as well as the 3D reconstruction can identity the posterior column fracture or fragment. It showed "substantial agreement" in the assessment of inter-observer reliability, higher than the conventional Schatzker and AO/OTA classifications. We finally conclude that Three-Column classification provides a higher agreement among different surgeons and could be popularized and widely practiced in other clinical centers.
A Bridge from System to Software Development for Safety-Critical Automotive Embedded Systems

In this paper, we present a tool enhancement that allows an effective transition from the system level development phase to the software level development phase of a tool-supported safety engineering workflow aligned with the automotive functional safety standard ISO 26262. The tool enhancement has capabilities for model generation and code generation. Whereas the generation of Simulink models supports the development of application software, the configuration and generation of safety drivers supports the development of the basic software required for initialization, runtime fault detection and error handling. We describe the safety engineering workflow and its supporting tool chain including the tool enhancement. Moreover we demonstrate that the enhancement supports the transition from the system level development phase to the software level development phase using the case study of a hybrid electric vehicle development.
IEEE 802.11 ac based client centered indoor positioning system

As the number of indoor location based services increase in the mobile market, service providers demanding more accurate indoor positioning information. To improve the location estimation accuracy, this paper presents an enhanced client centered location prediction scheme and filtering algorithm based on IEEE 802.11 ac standard for indoor positioning system. We proposed error minimization filtering algorithm for accurate location prediction and also introduce IEEE 802.11 ac mobile client centered location correction scheme without modification of preinstalled infrastructure Access Point. Performance evaluation based on MATLAB simulation highlight the enhanced location prediction performance. We observe a significant error reduction of angle estimation.
Multitask Learning on Graph Neural Networks - Learning Multiple Graph Centrality Measures with a Unified Network

The application of deep learning to symbolic domains remains an active research endeavour. Graph neural networks (GNN), consisting of trained neural modules which can be arranged in different topologies at run time, are sound alternatives to tackle relational problems which lend themselves to graph representations. In this paper, we show that GNNs are capable of multitask learning, which can be naturally enforced by training the model to refine a single set of multidimensional embeddings ∈ R and decode them into multiple outputs by connecting MLPs at the end of the pipeline. We demonstrate the multitask learning capability of the model in the relevant relational problem of estimating network centrality measures, i.e. is vertex v1 more central than vertex v2 given centrality c?. We then show that a GNN can be trained to develop a lingua franca of vertex embeddings from which all relevant information about any of the trained centrality measures can be decoded. The proposed model achieves 89% accuracy on a test dataset of random instances with up to 128 vertices and is shown to generalise to larger problem sizes. The model is also shown to obtain reasonable accuracy on a dataset of real world instances with up to 4k vertices, vastly surpassing the sizes of the largest instances with which the model was trained (n = 128). Finally, we believe that our contributions attest to the potential of GNNs in symbolic domains in general and in relational learning in particular.
The split-heel technique in the management of chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis in children.

The split-heel technique has distinct advantages over the conventional medial or lateral approach in the operative debridement of extensive and predominantly plantar chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis in children above 5 years of age. We report three cases (age 5.5-11 years old) of chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis in children treated using the split-heel approach with 3-10 years follow-up showing excellent functional and cosmetic results.
Simulation study of Markov chain models with an application in Cognitive Radio

Spectrum management is a crucial task in wireless networks. The research in cognitive radio networks by applying Markov is highly significant suitable model for spectrum management. This research work is the simulation study of variants of basic Markov models with a specific application for channel allocation problem in cognitive radio networks by applying continuous Markov process. The Markov channel allocation model is designed and implemented in MATLAB environment, and simulation results are analyzed.
Applications of the JAVA Programming Language to Database Management

The Java programming language [1,3] from its inception has been publicized as a web programming language. Many programmers have developed simple applications such as games, clocks, news tickers and stock tickers in order to create informative, innovative web sites. However, it is important to note that the Java programming language possesses much more capability. The language components and constructs originally designed to enhance the functionality of Java as a web-based programming language can be utilized in a broader extent. Java provides a developer with the tools allowing for the creation of innovative network, database, and Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications. In fact, Java and its associated technologies such as JDBC API [11,5], JDBC drivers [2,12], threading [10], and AWT provide the programmer with the much-needed assistance for the development of platform-independent database-independent interfaces. Thus, it is possible to build a graphical database interface capable of connecting and querying distributed databases [13,14]. Here are components that are important for building the database interface we have in mind.