nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Distinguishers in Local Modular Control of Discrete-Event Systems

Local modular control (LMC) is an approach to the supervisory control theory (SCT) of discrete-event systems that exploits the modularity of plant and specifications. Recently, distinguishers and approximations have been associated with SCT to simplify modeling and reduce synthesis effort. This paper shows how advantages from LMC, distinguishers, and approximations can be combined. Sufficient conditions are presented to guarantee that local supervisors computed by our approach lead to the same global closed-loop behavior as the solution obtained with the original LMC, in which the modeling is entirely handled without distinguishers. A further contribution presents a modular way to design distinguishers and a straightforward way to construct approximations to be used in local synthesis. An example of manufacturing system illustrates our approach. Note to Practitioners—Distinguishers and approximations are alternatives to simplify modeling and reduce synthesis cost in SCT, grounded on the idea of event-refinements. However, this approach may entangle the modular structure of a plant, so that LMC does not keep the same efficiency. This paper shows how distinguishers and approximations can be locally combined such that synthesis cost is reduced and LMC advantages are preserved.
Construction of a Danish CDI short form for language screening at the age of 36 months: methodological considerations and results.

Several research groups have previously constructed short forms of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) for different languages. We consider the specific aim of constructing such a short form to be used for language screening in a specific age group. We present a novel strategy for the construction, which is applicable if results from a population-based study using the CDI long form are available for this age group. The basic approach is to select items in a manner implying a left-skewed distribution of the summary score and hence a reliable discrimination among children in the lower end of the distribution despite the measurement error of the instrument. We report on the application of the strategy in constructing a Danish CDI short form and present some results illustrating the validity of the short form. Finally we discuss the choice of the most appropriate age for language screening based on a vocabulary score.
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 30-2005. A 56-year-old man with fever and axillary lymphadenopathy.

2005;353:1387-94.  A 56-year-old man was referred to the transplantation infectious-disease clinic because of a low-grade fever and left axillary lymphadenopathy. The patient had received a cadaveric kidney transplant five years earlier for polycystic kidney disease. He had been in his usual state of health until three weeks before the referral to the infectious-disease clinic, when he discovered palpable, tender lymph nodes in the left epitrochlear region and axilla. Ten days later a low-grade fever, dry cough, nasal congestion, and night sweats developed, for which trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole was prescribed, without benefit. He was referred to a specialist in infectious diseases. The patient did not have headache, sore throat, chest or abdominal pain, dyspnea, diarrhea, or dysuria. He had hypertension, gout, nephrolithiasis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and prostate cancer, which had been treated with radiation therapy two years earlier. He was a policeman who worked in an office. He had not traveled outside of the United States recently. He had acquired a kitten several months earlier and recalled receiving multiple scratches on his hands when he played with it. His medications were cyclosporine (325 mg daily), mycophenolate mofetil (2 g daily), amlodipine, furosemide, colchicine, doxazosin, and pravastatin. Prednisone had been discontinued one year previously. He reported no allergies to medications. The temperature was 36.0°C and the blood pressure 105/75 mm Hg. On physical examination, the patient appeared well. The head, neck, lungs, heart, and abdomen were unremarkable. On the dorsum of the left hand was a single, violaceous nodule with a flat, necrotic eschar on top ; there was no erythema, fluctuance, pus, or other drainage, and there was no sinus tract. The patient said that this lesion had nearly healed, but that he had been scratching it and thought that this irritation prevented it from healing. There was a tender left epitrochlear lymph node, 2 cm by 2 cm, and a mass of matted, tender lymph nodes, 5 cm in diameter, in the left axilla. There was no lymphangitic streaking or cellulitis. The results of a complete blood count revealed no abnormalities (Table 1). Additional laboratory studies were obtained, and clarithromycin (500 mg, twice a day) was prescribed. Within a day of starting treatment, the patient’s temperature rose to 39.4°C, and the fever was accompanied by shaking chills. He was admitted to the hospital. The temperature was 38.6°C, the pulse was 78 beats per minute, and the blood pressure was 100/60 mm Hg. The results of a physical examination were unchanged presentation of case
Interval-based Queries over Multiple Streams with Missing Timestamps

Recognising patterns that correlate multiple events over time becomes increasingly important in applications from urban transportation to surveillance monitoring. In many realworld scenarios, however, timestamps of events may be erroneously recorded and events may be dropped from a stream due to network failures or load shedding policies. In this work, we present SimpMatch, a novel simplex-based algorithm for probabilistic evaluation of event queries using constraints over event orderings in a stream. Our approach avoids learning probability distributions for time-points or occurrence intervals. Instead, we employ the abstraction of segmented intervals and compute the probability of a sequence of such segments using the principle of order statistics. The algorithm runs in linear time to the number of missed timestamps, and shows high accuracy, yielding exact results if event generation is based on a Poisson process and providing a good approximation otherwise. As we demonstrate empirically, SimpMatch enables efficient and effective reasoning over event streams, outperforming state-ofthe-art methods for probabilistic evaluation of event queries by up to two orders of magnitude.
Movement of the Shoulder Complex The development of a measurement technique based on proposed ISB standards

This paper introduces a protocol for the measuremen t of shoulder movement that uses a motion analysis ba sed technique and the proposed standards of the Interna tional Society of Biomechanics. The protocol demonstrates e ff ctive dynamic tracking of shoulder movements in 3D, inclu ding the movement of the thorax relative to the global coord inate system, the humerus relative to the thorax, the scapula rel ative to the thorax, the sternoclavicular joint, the acromioclavicular joint and the glenohumeral joint. This measurement protocol mu st be further tested for accuracy and repeatability using motion and imaging data from existing methods developed prior to the ISB recommendations. It is proposed to apply the valid ated model to assess pathological shoulder movement and function with the aim of developing a valuable clinical diagnostic tool t o aid surgeons in identifying optimum treatment strategies. Keywords-shoulder complex; measurement technique; motion analysis; ISB recommendations.
SURREAL: SecURe coveRt peEr communicAtion over BitTorrent protocoL

Today, peer-to-peer (p2p) networks have risen to the top echelon of information sharing on the Internet. It is a daunting task to prevent sharing of both legitimate and illegitimate information such as – music, movies, software, and child pornography – on p2p overt channels. Considering that, preventing covert channel information sharing is inconceivable given even its detection is near impossible. In this paper, we describe SURREAL – a technique for covert communication over the very popular p2p BitTorrent protocol. Standard BitTorrent protocol uses a 3-step handshake process and as such does not provide peer authentication service. In SURREAL, we have extended the standard handshake to a 6-step authenticated covert handshake to provide peer authentication service and robust peer anonymity with one way functions. After authenticating a potential covert partner, participating peers send data over an encrypted covert channel using one a standard BitTorrent message type. We have also SURREL’s security robustness to potential attacks. Finally, we have validated SURREAL’s performance and presented results comparing it with [4] and . Authentication, BitTorrent, covert channel, handshake, information hiding, p2p networks, security, steganography.
Developing Academic Language in English Language Learners Through Sheltered Instruction

This article describes a study examining the effects of Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) model instruction on the academic language performance of middle and high school English language learners. The SIOP model is an approach for teaching content curriculum to students learning through a new language. Teachers employ techniques that make the content concepts accessible and also develop students’ skills in the new language. Using a quasiexperimental design, the research was conducted in content area and English as a second language classes in two districts in northern New Jersey over 2 years. The analysis presents student achievement data from state-mandated language proficiency tests in the final year of the intervention, after most of the treatment teachers had completed their professional development in the SIOP model. There were statistically significant differences in the average mean scores in favor of the treatment student group on Writing, Oral Language, and Total English scores of the IDEA Language Proficiency Tests with small to medium effect sizes. The results from this study show that the SIOP model offers a promising approach to professional development that can improve the quality of instruction to English language learners and increase their English language achievement. doi: 10.1002/tesq.20
Bandwidth Enhancement of Novel Compact Single and Dual Band-Notched Printed Monopole Antenna With a Pair of L-Shaped Slots

A dual band-notched printed ultrawideband monopole antenna is presented, with a modified ground plane. By using this modified element including a pair of variable L-shaped slots, cut in the ground plane, additional resonances are excited and hence the bandwidth is increased up to 130%. To generate single and dual band-notched characteristics, we use inverted U- and fork-shaped parasitic structures, respectively, instead of changing the patch or feedline shapes. By properly adjusting the dimensions of these capacitive-coupled elements, not only one or two controllable notch resonances are achieved, but also the lower-edge frequency of the band is decreased. The measured results show that the proposed dual band-notched monopole antenna offers a very wide bandwidth from 2.2 to 13.4 GHz (143%), defined by 10-dB return loss, with two notched bands, covering all the 5.2/5.8-GHz WLAN, 3.5/5.5-GHz WiMax and 4-GHz C bands. Impedance, radiation, efficiency and gain characteristics of the antenna are also discussed.
A Review towards Evolutionary Multiobjective optimization Algorithms

Multi objective optimization is a promising field which is increasingly being encountered in many areas worldwide. Various metaheuristic techniques such as differential evolution (DE), genetic algorithm (GA), gravitational search algorithm (GSA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) have been used to solve Multi objective problems. Various multiobjective evolutionary algorithms have been developed. Their principal reason for development is their ability to find multiple Pareto optimal solution in single run. Their Basic motive of evolutionary multiobjective optimization in contrast to singleobjective optimization was optimality, decision making algorithm design (fitness, diversity, and elitism), constraints, and preference. The goal of this paper is to trace the genealogy & review the state of the art of evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithms.
Indoor positioning based on Wi-Fi Fingerprint Technique using Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor

Indoor positioning system based on Receive Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) from Wireless access equipment have become very popular in recent years. This system is very useful in many applications such as tracking service for older people, mobile robot localization and so on. While Outdoor environment using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and cellular [14] network works well and widespread for navigator. However, there was a problem with signal propagation from satellites. They cannot be used effectively inside the building areas until a urban environment. In this paper we propose the Wi-Fi Fingerprint Technique using Fuzzy set theory to adaptive Basic K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm to classify the labels of a database system. It was able to improve the accuracy and robustness. The performance of our simple algorithm is evaluated by the experimental results which show that our proposed scheme can achieve a certain level of positioning system accuracy.
State Authenticity as Fit to Environment: The Implications of Social Identity for Fit, Authenticity, and Self-Segregation.

People seek out situations that "fit," but the concept of fit is not well understood. We introduce State Authenticity as Fit to the Environment (SAFE), a conceptual framework for understanding how social identities motivate the situations that people approach or avoid. Drawing from but expanding the authenticity literature, we first outline three types of person-environment fit: self-concept fit, goal fit, and social fit. Each type of fit, we argue, facilitates cognitive fluency, motivational fluency, and social fluency that promote state authenticity and drive approach or avoidance behaviors. Using this model, we assert that contexts subtly signal social identities in ways that implicate each type of fit, eliciting state authenticity for advantaged groups but state inauthenticity for disadvantaged groups. Given that people strive to be authentic, these processes cascade down to self-segregation among social groups, reinforcing social inequalities. We conclude by mapping out directions for research on relevant mechanisms and boundary conditions.
Why Are the Unemployed So Unhappy ? Evidence from Panel Data

The growing concern about the extent of joblessness in advanced Western economies is fuelled by the perception that the social costs of unemployment substantially exceed the costs of an economy operating below its potential. Rather, it is suspected that unemployment imposes an additional burden on the individual, a burden that might be referred to as the non-pecuniary cost of unemployment. Those costs arise primarily since employment is not only a source of income but also a provider of social relationships, identity in society and individual self-esteem. Darity and Goldsmith (1996) provide a summary of the psychological literature on the link between loss of employment and reduced wellbeing. Substantial efforts have been made in the past to quantify these nonpecuniary costs of unemployment.  To begin with, one can think of costs directly in terms of decreased psychological wellbeing. Beyond that, decreased wellbeing may express itself through adverse individual outcomes such as increased mortality, suicide risk and crime rates, or decreased marital stability. These possibilities have been explored by previous research. The general finding is that unemployment is associated with substantial negative non-pecuniary effects (see e.g. Jensen and Smith 1990; Junankar 1991). The case seems particularly strong for the direct negative association between unemployment and psychological wellbeing. For instance, Clark and Oswald (1994), using the first wave of the British Household Panel Survey, report estimates from ordered probit models in which a mental distress score is regressed on a set of individual characteristics, unemployment being one of them. They find that the effect of unemployment is both statistically significant and large: being unemployed increases mental distress by more than does suffering impaired health. Other researchers have used different measures of psychological wellbeing and yet obtained the same basic result, a large negative effect of unemployment on well being. Björklund (1985) and Korpi (1997) construct wellbeing indicators from symptoms of sleeplessness, stomach pain, depression and the like, while Goldsmith et al.
Sensing nanosecond-scale voltage attacks and natural transients in FPGAs

Voltage noise not only detracts from reliability and performance, but has been used to attack system security. Most systems are completely unaware of fluctuations occurring on nanosecond time scales. This paper quantifies the threat to FPGA-based systems and presents a solution approach. Novel measurements of transients on 28nm FPGAs show that extreme activity in the fabric can cause enormous undershoot and overshoot, more than 10× larger than what is allowed by the specification. An existing voltage sensor is evaluated and shown to be insufficient. Lastly, a sensor design using reconfigurable logic is presented; its time-to-digital converter enables sample rates 500× faster than the 28nm Xilinx ADC. This enables quick characterization of transients that would normally go undetected, thereby providing potentially useful data for system optimization and helping to defend against supply voltage attacks.
Image-Based Modeling of the Human Eye

Rendering realistic organic materials is a challenging issue. The human eye is an important part of nonverbal communication which, consequently, requires specific modeling and rendering techniques to enhance the realism of virtual characters. We propose an image-based method for estimating both iris morphology and scattering features in order to generate convincing images of virtual eyes. In this regard, we develop a technique to unrefract iris photographs. We model the morphology of the human iris as an irregular multilayered tissue. We then approximate the scattering features of the captured iris. Finally, we propose a real-time rendering technique based on the subsurface texture mapping representation and introduce a precomputed refraction function as well as a caustic function, which accounts for the light interactions at the corneal interface.
An Architecture for Smart Health Monitoring System Based on Fog Computing

 In many countries, especially in under developed and developing countries proper health care service is a major concern. The health centers are far and even the medical personnel are deficient when compared to the requirement of the people. For this reason, health services for people who are unhealthy and need health monitoring on regular basis is like impossible. This makes the health monitoring of healthy people left far more behind. In order for citizens not to be deprived of the primary care it is always desirable to implement some system to solve this issue. The application of Internet of Things (IoT) is wide and has been implemented in various areas like security, intelligent transport system, smart cities, smart factories and health. This paper focuses on the application of IoT in health care system and proposes a novel architecture of making use of an IoT concept under fog computing. The proposed architecture can be used to acknowledge the underlying problem of deficient clinic-centric health system and change it to smart patientcentric health system.
Chemical chaperones reduce ER stress and restore glucose homeostasis in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key link between obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Here, we provide evidence that this mechanistic link can be exploited for therapeutic purposes with orally active chemical chaperones. 4-Phenyl butyric acid and taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid alleviated ER stress in cells and whole animals. Treatment of obese and diabetic mice with these compounds resulted in normalization of hyperglycemia, restoration of systemic insulin sensitivity, resolution of fatty liver disease, and enhancement of insulin action in liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. Our results demonstrate that chemical chaperones enhance the adaptive capacity of the ER and act as potent antidiabetic modalities with potential application in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Fuzzy Running Average and Fuzzy Background Subtraction : Concepts and Application

Running average method and its modified version are two simple and fast methods for background modeling. In this paper, some weaknesses of running average method and standard background subtraction are mentioned. Then, a fuzzy approach for background modeling and background subtraction is proposed. For fuzzy background modeling, fuzzy running average is suggested.  and background subtraction algorithms are very commonly used in vehicle detection systems. To demonstrate the advantages of fuzzy running average and fuzzy background subtraction, these methods and their standard versions are compared in vehicle detection application. Experimental results show that fuzzy approach is relatively more accurate than classical approach.
Performance and power profiling for emulated Android systems

Simulation is a common approach for assisting system design and optimization. For system-wide optimization, energy and computational resources are often the two most critical issues. Monitoring the energy state of each hardware component and measuring the time spent in each state is needed for accurate energy and performance prediction. For software optimization, it is important to profile the energy and the time consumed by each software construct in a realistic operating environment with a proper workload. However, the conventional approaches of simulation often fail to produce satisfying data. First, building a cycle-accurate simulation environment for a complex system, such as an Android smartphone, is difficult and can take a long time. Second, a slow simulation can significantly alter the behavior of multithreaded, I/O-intensive applications and can affect the accuracy of profiles. Third, existing software-based profilers generally do not work on simulators, which makes it difficult for performance analysis of complicated software, for example, Java applications executed by the Dalvik VM in an Android system.
 To address these aforementioned problems, we proposed and prototyped a framework, called virtual performance analyzer (VPA). VPA takes advantage of an existing emulator or virtual machine monitor to reduce the complexity of building a simulator. VPA allows the user to selectively and incrementally integrate timing models and power models into the emulator with our carefully designed performance/power monitors, tracing facility, and profiling tools to evaluate and analyze the emulated system. The emulated system can perform at different levels of speed to help verify if the profile data are impacted by the emulation speed. Finally, VPA supports existing software-based profiles and enables non-intrusive tracing/profiling by minimizing the probe effect. Our experimental results show that the VPA framework allows users to quickly establish a performance/power evaluation environment and gather useful information to support system design and software optimization for Android smartphones.