nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Random Forest and Adaboost tree-based ensemble classification and spectral band selection for ecotope mapping using airborne hyperspectral imagery

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Detailed land use/land cover classification at ecotope level is important for environmental evaluation. In this study, we investigate the possibility of using airborne hyperspectral imagery for the classification of ecotopes. In particular, we assess two tree-based ensemble classification algorithms: Adaboost and Random Forest, based on standard classification accuracy, training time and classification stability. Our results show that Adaboost and Random Forest attain almost the same overall accuracy (close to 70%) with less than 1% difference, and both outperform a neural network classifier (63.7%). Random Forest, however, is faster in training and more stable. Both ensemble classifiers are considered effective in dealing with hyperspectral data. Furthermore, two feature selection methods, the out-of-bag strategy and a wrapper approach feature subset selection using the best-first search method are applied. A majority of bands chosen by both methods concentrate between 1.4 and 1.8 μm at the early shortwave infrared region. Our band subset analyses also include the 22 optimal bands between 0.4 and 2.5 μm suggested in Thenkabail et al. (2004). Accuracy assessments of hyperspectral waveband performance for vegetation analysis applications. Remote Sensing of Environment, 91, 354–376.] due to similarity of the target classes. All of the three band subsets considered in this study work well with both classifiers as in most cases the overall accuracy dropped only by less than 1%. A subset of 53 bands is created by combining all feature subsets and comparing to using the entire set the overall accuracy is the same with Adaboost, and with Random Forest, a 0.2% improvement. The strategy to use a basket of band selection methods works better. Ecotopes belonging to the tree classes are in general classified better than the grass classes. Small adaptations of the classification scheme are recommended to improve the applicability of remote sensing method for detailed ecotope mapping. 1.  Land use/land cover classification is a generic tool for environmental monitoring. To measure subtle changes in the ecosystem, a land use/land cover classification at ecotope level with definitive biological and ecological characteristics is needed. Ecotopes are distinct ecological landscape features …
MISTRAL: Processing Relational Queries using a Multidimensional Access Technique

A multidimensional access method offering significant performance increases by intelligently partitioning the query space is applied to relational database management systems (RDBMS). We introduce a formal model for multidimensional partitioned relations and discuss several typical query patterns. The model identifies the significance of multidimensional range queries and sort operations. The discussion of current access methods gives rise to the need for a multidimensional partitioning of relations. A detailed analysis of space partitioning focussing especially on Z-ordering illustrates the principle benefits of multidimensional indexes. After describing the UB-Tree and its standard algorithms for insertion, deletion, point queries, and range queries, we introduce the spiral algorithm for nearest neighbor queries with UB-Trees and the Tetris algorithm for efficient access to a table in arbitrary sort order. We then describe the complexity of the involved algorithms and give solutions to selected algorithmic problems for a prototype implementation of UB-Trees on top of several RDBMSs. A cost model for sort operations with and without range restrictions is used both for analyzing our algorithms and for comparing UB-Trees with state-of-the-art query processing. Performance comparisons with traditional access methods practically confirm the theoretically expected superiority of UB-Trees and our algorithms over traditional access methods: Query processing in RDBMS is accelerated by several orders of magnitude, while the resource requirements in main memory space and disk space are substantially reduced. Benchmarks on some queries of the TPC-D benchmark as well as the data warehousing scenario of a fruit juice company illustrate the potential impact of our work on relational algebra, SQL, and commercial applications. The results of this thesis were developed by the author managing the MISTRAL project, a joint research and development project with SAP AG (Germany), Teijin Systems Technology Ltd. (Japan), NEC (Japan), Hitachi (Japan), Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung (Germany), and TransAction Software GmbH (Germany).
First aid for orthodontic retainers.

The need for long-term retention to prevent post-treatment tooth movement is now widely accepted by orthodontists. This may be achieved with removable retainers or permanent bonded retainers. This article aims to provide simple guidance for the dentist on how to maintain and repair both removable and fixed retainers.



The general dental practitioner is more likely to review patients over time and needs to be aware of the need for long-term retention and how to maintain and repair the retainers.
WatchConnect: A Toolkit for Prototyping Smartwatch-Centric Cross-Device Applications

People increasingly use smartwatches in tandem with other devices such as smartphones, laptops or tablets. This allows for novel cross-device applications that use the watch as both input device and output display. However, despite the increasing availability of smartwatches, prototyping cross-device watch-centric applications remains a challenging task. Developers are limited in the applications they can explore as available toolkits provide only limited access to different types of input sensors for cross-device interactions. To address this problem, we introduce WatchConnect, a toolkit for rapidly prototyping cross-device applications and interaction techniques with smartwatches. The toolkit provides developers with (i) an extendable hardware platform that emulates a smartwatch, (ii) a UI framework that integrates with an existing UI builder, and (iii) a rich set of input and output events using a range of built-in sensor mappings. We demonstrate the versatility and design space of the toolkit with five interaction techniques and applications.
QoS-aware Mesh based Multicast Routing Protocols in Ad-Hoc Networks: Concepts and Challenges

Multicast communication plays a crucial role in Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs). MANETs provide low cost, self configuring devices for multimedia data communication in military battlefield scenarios, disaster and public safety networks (PSN). Multicast communication improves the network performance in terms of bandwidth consumption, battery power and routing overhead as compared to unicast for same volume of data communication. In recent past, a number of multicast routing protocols (MRPs) have been proposed that tried to resolve issues and challenges in MRP. Multicast based group communication demands dynamic construction of efficient and reliable route for multimedia data communication during high node mobility, contention, routing and channel overhead. This paper gives an insight into the merits and demerits of the currently known research techniques and provides a better environment to make reliable MRP. It presents a ample study of various Quality of Service (QoS) techniques and existing enhancement in mesh based MRPs. Mesh topology based MRPs are classified according to their enhancement in routing mechanism and QoS modification on On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) protocol to improve performance metrics. This paper covers the most recent, robust and reliable QoS and Mesh based MRPs, classified based on their operational features, with their advantages and limitations, and provides comparison of their performance parameters.
A middle-1X nm NAND flash memory cell (M1X-NAND) with highly manufacturable integration technologies

A middle-1x nm design rule multi-level NAND flash memory cell (M1X-NAND) has been successfully developed for the first time. 1) QSPT (Quad Spacer Patterning Technology) of ArF immersion lithography is used for patterning mid-1x nm rule wordline (WL). In order to achieve high performance and reliability, several integration technologies are adopted, such as 2) advanced WL air-gap process, 3) floating gate slimming process, and 4) optimized junction formation scheme. And also, by using 5) new N±1 WL Vpass scheme during programming, charge loss and program speed are greatly improved. As a result, mid-1x nm design rule NAND flash memories has been successfully realized.
An Empirical Study on the Usage of the Swift Programming Language

Recently, Apple released Swift, a modern programming language built to be the successor of Objective-C. In less than a year and a half after its first release, Swift became one of the most popular programming languages in the world, considering different popularity measures. A significant part of this success is due to Apple's strict control over its ecosystem, and the clear message that it will replace Objective-C in a near future. According to Apple, "Swift is a powerful and intuitive programming language[...]. Writing Swift code is interactive and fun, the syntax is concise yet expressive." However, little is known about how Swift developers perceive these benefits. In this paper, we conducted two studies aimed at uncovering the questions and strains that arise from this early adoption. First, we perform a thorough analysis on 59,156 questions asked about Swift on StackOverflow. Second, we interviewed 12 Swift developers to cross-validate the initial results. Our study reveals that developers do seem to find the language easy to understand and adopt, although 17.5% of the questions are about basic elements of the language. Still, there are many questions about problems in the toolset (compiler, Xcode, libraries). Some of our interviewees reinforced these problems.
Clinical and microbiological features of vulvovaginitis in Mexican girls

To determine the prevalence of vulvovaginitis, predisposing factors, microbial etiology and therapy in patients treated at the Hospital del Niño DIF, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico.  This was an observational and descriptive study from 2006 to 2009.  Hospital del Niño DIF, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico.  Patients from 0 to 16 years, with vulvovaginitis and/or vaginal discharge were included.  None.  Demographic data, etiology, clinical features, risk factors and therapy were analyzed.  Four hundred twenty seven patients with diagnosis of vulvovaginitis were included. The average prevalence to 4 years in the study period was 0.19%. The age group most affected was schoolchildren (225 cases: 52.69%). The main signs and symptoms presented were leucorrhea (99.3%), vaginal hyperemia (32.6%), vulvar itching (32.1%) and erythema (28.8%). Identified risk factors were poor hygiene (15.7%), urinary tract infection (14.7%), intestinal parasites (5.6%) and obesity or overweight (3.3%). The main microorganisms found in vaginal cultures were enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Enterococcus faecalis), Staphylococcus spp, and Gardnerella vaginalis. Several inconsistent were found in the drug prescription of the patients.  Vulvovaginitis prevalence in Mexican girls is low and this was caused mainly by opportunist microorganisms. The initial treatment of vulvovaginitis must include hygienic measure and an antimicrobial according to the clinical features and microorganism found.
Virtual makeover: Selfie-taking and social media use increase selfie-editing frequency through social comparison

Studies have explored the predictors of selfie-posting, but rarely investigated selfie-editing, a virtual makeover for online self-presentation. This study, based on social comparison theory, examined a psychological pathway from individual characteristics to selfie-editing behavior through social comparison. It was hypothesized that selfie-taking, public self-consciousness, social media use, and satisfaction with facial appearance would indirectly influence selfie-editing through social comparison of appearance (with friends or social media influencers/celebrities). A two-wave longitudinal online survey was conducted in South Korea among female smartphone users aged 20 to 39 (N 1⁄4 1064 at Wave 1 and 782 at Wave 2). The results revealed that frequent selfie-taking, higher levels of public self-consciousness, and more use of social media at Wave 1 were associated with social comparison with friends at Wave 1, which increased selfie-editing behavior at Wave 2. However, those three independent variables did not have indirect effects on selfie-editing at Wave 2 through social comparison with influencers/celebrities. Also, satisfaction with facial appearance had neither direct nor indirect effect on selfie-editing at Wave 2. The findings suggest that individuals engage in social comparison and resulting selfie-editing not because of their dissatisfaction with appearance, but because of the desire for more ideal online self-
Aerobic glycolysis: meeting the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation.

Warburg's observation that cancer cells exhibit a high rate of glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis) sparked debate over the role of glycolysis in normal and cancer cells. Although it has been established that defects in mitochondrial respiration are not the cause of cancer or aerobic glycolysis, the advantages of enhanced glycolysis in cancer remain controversial. Many cells ranging from microbes to lymphocytes use aerobic glycolysis during rapid proliferation, which suggests it may play a fundamental role in supporting cell growth. Here, we review how glycolysis contributes to the metabolic processes of dividing cells. We provide a detailed accounting of the biosynthetic requirements to construct a new cell and illustrate the importance of glycolysis in providing carbons to generate biomass. We argue that the major function of aerobic glycolysis is to maintain high levels of glycolytic intermediates to support anabolic reactions in cells, thus providing an explanation for why increased glucose metabolism is selected for in proliferating cells throughout nature.
Aggressive language in an online hacking forum

We probe the heterogeneity in levels of abusive language in different sections of the Internet, using an annotated corpus of Wikipedia page edit comments to train a binary classifier for abuse detection. Our test data come from the CrimeBB Corpus of hacking-related forum posts and we find that (a) forum interactions are rarely abusive, (b) the abusive language which does exist tends to be relatively mild compared to that found in the Wikipedia comments domain, and tends to involve aggressive posturing rather than hate speech or threats of violence. We observe that the purpose of conversations in online forums tend to be more constructive and informative than those in Wikipedia page edit comments which are geared more towards adversarial interactions, and that this may explain the lower levels of abuse found in our forum data than in Wikipedia comments. Further work remains to be done to compare these results with other inter-domain classification experiments, and to understand the impact of aggressive language in forum conversations.
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus weakness in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis: strength assessment before and after restoration of scapular musculature balance.

A disturbance in scapulohumeral rhythm may cause negative biomechanic effects on rotator cuff (RC). Alteration in scapular motion and shoulder pain can influence RC strength. Purpose of this study was to assess supraspinatus and infraspinatus strength in 29 overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis, before and after 3 and 6 months of rehabilitation aimed to restore scapular musculature balance. A passive posterior soft tissues stretching was prescribed to balance shoulder mobility. Scapular dyskinesis patterns were evaluated according to Kibler et al. Clinical assessment was performed with the empty can (EC) test and infraspinatus strength test (IST). Strength values were recorded by a dynamometer; scores for pain were assessed with VAS scale. Changes of shoulder IR were measured. The force values increased at 3 months (P < 0.01) and at 6 months (P < 0.01). Changes of glenohumeral IR and decrease in pain scores were found at both follow-up. Outcomes registered on pain and strength confirm the role of a proper scapular position for an optimal length-tension relationship of the RC muscles. These data should encourage those caring for athletes to consider restoring of scapular musculature balance as essential part of the athletic training.
Mobile big data analysis with machine learning

This paper investigates to identify the requirement and the development of machine learning-based mobile big data analysis through discussing the insights of challenges in the mobile big data (MBD). Furthermore, it reviews the state-of-the-art applications of data analysis in the area of MBD. Firstly, we introduce the development of MBD. Secondly, the frequently adopted methods of data analysis are reviewed. Three typical applications of MBD analysis, namely wireless channel modeling, human online and offline behavior analysis, and speech recognition in the internet of vehicles, are introduced respectively. Finally, we summarize the main challenges and future development directions of mobile big data analysis.
An Emerging Circuit Pharmacology of GABAA Receptors.

In the past 20 years we have learned a great deal about GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subtypes, and which behaviors are regulated or which drug effects are mediated by each subtype. However, the question of where GABAARs involved in specific drug effects and behaviors are located in the brain remains largely unanswered. We review here recent studies taking a circuit pharmacology approach to investigate the functions of GABAAR subtypes in specific brain circuits controlling fear, anxiety, learning, memory, reward, addiction, and stress-related behaviors. The findings of these studies highlight the complexity of brain inhibitory systems and the importance of taking a subtype-, circuit-, and neuronal population-specific approach to develop future therapeutic strategies using cell type-specific drug delivery.
Automated detection of proliferative diabetic retinopathy using a modified line operator and dual classification

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a condition that carries a high risk of severe visual impairment. The hallmark of PDR is neovascularisation, the growth of abnormal new vessels. This paper describes an automated method for the detection of new vessels in retinal images. Two vessel segmentation approaches are applied, using the standard line operator and a novel modified line operator. The latter is designed to reduce false responses to non-vessel edges. Both generated binary vessel maps hold vital information which must be processed separately. This is achieved with a dual classification system. Local morphology features are measured from each binary vessel map to produce two separate feature sets. Independent classification is performed for each feature set using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The system then combines these individual classification outcomes to produce a final decision. Sensitivity and specificity results using a dataset of 60 images are 0.862 and 0.944 respectively on a per patch basis and 1.00 and 0.90 respectively on a per image basis.
An Exhaustive DPLL Algorithm for Model Counting

State-of-the-art model counters are based on exhaustive DPLL algorithms, and have been successfully used in probabilistic reasoning, one of the key problems in AI. In this article, we present a new exhaustive DPLL algorithm with a formal semantics, a proof of correctness, and a modular design. The modular design is based on the separation of the core model counting algorithm from SAT solving techniques. We also show that the trace of our algorithm belongs to the language of Sentential Decision Diagrams (SDDs), which is a subset of Decision-DNNFs, the trace of existing state-of-the-art model counters. Still, our experimental analysis shows comparable results against state-of-the-art model counters. Furthermore, we obtain the first top-down SDD compiler, and show orders-of-magnitude improvements in SDD construction time against the existing bottom-up SDD compiler.
GossipKit: A Unified ComponentFramework for Gossip

Although the principles of gossip protocols are relatively easy to grasp, their variety can make their design and evaluation highly time consuming. This problem is compounded by the lack of a unified programming framework for gossip, which means developers cannot easily reuse, compose, or adapt existing solutions to fit their needs, and have limited opportunities to share knowledge and ideas. In this paper, we consider how component frameworks, which have been widely applied to implement middleware solutions, can facilitate the development of gossip-based systems in a way that is both generic and simple. We show how such an approach can maximize code reuse, simplify the implementation of gossip protocols, and facilitate dynamic evolution and redeployment.Also known as “epidemic” protocols.
A Fully Tunable Two-Pole Bandpass Filter

In this letter, a two-pole tunable combline filter that allows for operational agility of the center frequency, passband bandwidth, and locations of upper and lower transmission zeros is proposed. To increase the tunable range of constant absolute-bandwidth for all frequency tuning states, a novel T-type bandwidth-control network was devised between resonators to flexibly tune the coupling coefficient without limitations imposed by the available varactor capacitance. By use of tunable source-load coupling, two tunable transmission zeros were produced on both sides of the passband to significantly improve filter selectivity and to dynamically afford interference suppression. A second-order 1.7-2.7 GHz filter with 1 dB constant bandwidth tuning from 50 to 110 MHz and transmission zero locations tuning from 300 to 700 MHz with respect to the passband was developed and fabricated. Good agreement was obtained between the simulated and experimental results.