nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
CORFU: A Shared Log Design for Flash Clusters

CORFU1 organizes a cluster of flash devices as a single, shared log that can be accessed concurrently by multiple clients over the network. The CORFU shared log makes it easy to build distributed applications that require strong consistency at high speeds, such as databases, transactional key-value stores, replicated state machines, and metadata services. CORFU can be viewed as a distributed SSD, providing advantages over conventional SSDs such as distributed wear-leveling, network locality, fault tolerance, incremental scalability and geodistribution. A single CORFU instance can support up to 200K appends/sec, while reads scale linearly with cluster size. Importantly, CORFU is designed to work directly over network-attached flash devices, slashing cost, power consumption and latency by eliminating storage servers.
Endo-lysosomal acidification in Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae. Effects of two endocytosis inhibitors: caffeine and cycloheximide.

Fluid-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis) is highly active in amoebae of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum as it provides an efficient entry of nutrients in axenic strains. Detailed kinetic analyses were conducted using fluorescein-labeled dextran (FITC-dextran) as fluid-phase marker and pH probe. Cells were first pulsed with FITC-dextran during a short period then chased by suspension in probe-free medium. Chase kinetics were characterized by a lag phase of about 40 min before pseudo-first order FITC-dextran efflux and thus reflected the progression of the probe cohort through the various endosomal compartments along the endosomal pathway. Temporal evolution of endo-lysosomal pH showed a rapid acidification (T1/2 approximately 10 min) to pH 5.0 followed by an increase up to pH 6.2 to 6.3. The effects of cycloheximide and caffeine, two inhibitors of endocytosis in Dictyostelium amoebae, on the evolution of endosomal pH during fluid-phase endocytosis, have been investigated. Cycloheximide fully blocked the cellular transit of FITC-dextran but acidification of endo-lysosomal compartments still took place. Caffeine increased endo-lysosomal pH, probably as a consequence of an elevation of cytosolic [Ca2+]. Furthermore, it allowed the functional identification of a caffeine-insensitive terminal segment of the endocytic pathway. It corresponded to a recycling, postlysosomal compartment at pH 6.2 to 6.3 with an apparent volume of 160 microns 3/amoebae.
A Near-optimal Regret Bounds for

Thompson Sampling (TS) is one of the oldest heuristics for multi-armed bandit problems. It is a randomized algorithm based on Bayesian ideas, and has recently generated significant interest after several studies demonstrated that it has favorable empirical performance compared to the state of the art methods. In this paper, a novel and almost tight martingale-based regret analysis for Thompson Sampling is presented. Our technique simultaneously yield both problem-dependent and problem-independent bounds: (1) The first near-optimal problem-independent bound of O( √ NT lnT ) on the expected regret. (2) The optimal problemdependent bound of (1 + ǫ) ∑
Real-time monocular ranging by Bayesian triangulation

A method for estimating the range between moving vehicles by using a monocular camera is proposed. Although most conventional methods use vertical triangulation, the proposed method uses both vertical and horizontal triangulation, which reduces errors due to vehicle's own pitching in the far distance. Unknown vehicle width is estimated by measuring three ranging parameters associated with an image captured by the camera, and the following distance is then computed by horizontal triangulation. Both vehicle width and following distance are dynamically updated during the vehicle-tracking process by single filtering. The proposed method runs in real time and can produce highly accurate estimation of following distance. The key contribution of this study is the coupled estimation of unknown vehicle width and following distance by sequential Bayesian estimation.
Business Model Innovation in China's Real Estate Industry: the Case of Shenzhen Vanke

According to the survey done by IBM business consulting services in 2006, global CEOs stated that business model innovation will have a greater impact on operating margin growth, than product or service innovation. We also noticed that some enterprises in China's real estate industry have improved their business models for sustainable competitive advantage and surplus profit in recently years. Based on the case studies of Shenzhen Vanke, as well as literature review, a framework for business model innovation has been developed. The framework provides an integrated means of making sense of new business model. These include critical dimensions of new customer value propositions, technological innovation, collaboration of the business infrastructure and the economic feasibility of a new business model.
Is That Dog a Pit Bull? A Cross-Country Comparison of Perceptions of Shelter Workers Regarding Breed Identification

Bull breeds are commonly kept as companion animals, but the pit bull terrier is restricted by breed-specific legislation (BSL) in parts of the United States and throughout the United Kingdom. Shelter workers must decide which breed(s) a dog is. This decision may influence the dog's fate, particularly in places with BSL. In this study, shelter workers in the United States and United Kingdom were shown pictures of 20 dogs and were asked what breed each dog was, how they determined each dog's breed, whether each dog was a pit bull, and what they expected the fate of each dog to be. There was much variation in responses both between and within the United States and United Kingdom. UK participants frequently labeled dogs commonly considered by U.S. participants to be pit bulls as Staffordshire bull terriers. UK participants were more likely to say their shelters would euthanize dogs deemed to be pit bulls. Most participants noted using dogs' physical features to determine breed, and 41% affected by BSL indicated they would knowingly mislabel a dog of a restricted breed, presumably to increase the dog's adoption chances.
Interrater Reliability in the Clinical Evaluation of Myofascial Trigger Points in Three Ankle Muscles.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate interrater reliability in the diagnosis of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the tibialis anterior, peroneus brevis, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.



A reliability research study was performed. Three physical therapists with clinical experience in myofascial pain functioned as raters and randomly and bilaterally evaluated the ankles of 40 subjects in the Madrid public health care system. The absence or presence of MTrPs, nodules in taut bands, patterns of referred pain, local twitch response (LTR), and jump-sign were evaluated.



We calculated the pairwise interrater agreement and κ-value concordance of the presence or absence of trigger points (55%-85%; κ = 0.12-0.60), palpable nodules in taut bands (63%-90%; κ = 0.24-0.60), referred pain (63%-85%; κ = 0.20-0.54), and jump sign (62%-89%; κ = 0.15-0.72) in the 3 studied muscles. The LTR could only be evaluated in the tibialis anterior (43%-70%; κ = 0.05-0.21), and evaluation was not possible for the other muscles.



Three blinded raters were able to reach acceptable pairwise interrater agreement (percentage of agreement value ≥70%) for the presence or absence of MTrPs and LTR in the tibialis anterior, as well as for nodules in taut bands, referred pain, and the jump sign for the extensor digitorum longus. The peroneus brevis showed a wide percentage of agreement value, ranging from 31% to 82%. The results of this study showed that expert raters can agree, with slight-to-moderate concordance, with regard to the clinical testing of muscle trigger points by direct palpation of the 3 muscles studied: the tibialis anterior, the extensor digitorum longus, and the peroneus brevis. Interrater reliability seems to be muscle dependent, especially with regard to the depth of the muscle.
Decoupled Learning for Conditional Adversarial Networks

Incorporating encoding-decoding nets with adversarial nets has been widely adopted in image generation tasks. We observe that the state-of-the-art achievements were obtained by carefully balancing the reconstruction loss and adversarial loss, and such balance shifts with different network structures, datasets, and training strategies. Empirical studies have demonstrated that an inappropriate weight between the two losses may cause instability, and it is tricky to search for the optimal setting, especially when lacking prior knowledge on the data and network. This paper gives the first attempt to relax the need of manual balancing by proposing the concept of decoupled learning, where a novel network structure is designed that explicitly disentangles the backpropagation paths of the two losses. In existing works, the encoding-decoding nets and GANs are integrated by sharing weights on the generator/decoder, thus the two losses are backpropagated to the generator/decoder simultaneously, where a weighting factor is needed to balance the interaction between the two losses. The decoupled learning avoids the interaction and thus removes the requirement of the weighting factor, essentially improving the generalization capacity of the designed model to different applications. The decoupled learning framework could be easily adapted to most existing encoding-decoding-based generative networks and achieve competitive performance without the need of weight adjustment. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, robustness, and generality of the proposed method. The other contribution of the paper is the design of a new evaluation metric to measure the image quality of generative models. We propose the so-called normalized relative discriminative score (NRDS), which introduces the idea of relative comparison, rather than providing absolute estimates like existing metrics.
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains virulence and genetic diversity. a first study in Argentina

Tomato bacterial wilt and canker, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is considered one of the most important bacterial diseases of tomato worldwide. During the last two decades, severe outbreaks have occurred in greenhouses in the horticultural belt of Buenos Aires-La Plata, Argentina. Cmm strains collected in this area over a period of 14 years (2000–2013) were characterized for genetic diversity by rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting and level of virulence in order to have a better understanding of the source of inoculum and virulence variability. Analyses of BOX-, ERIC- and REP-PCR fingerprints revealed that the strains were genetically diverse; the same three fingerprint types were obtained in all three cases. No relationship could be established between rep-PCR clustering and the year, location or greenhouse origin of isolates, which suggests different sources of inoculum. However, in a few cases, bacteria with identical fingerprint types were isolated from the same greenhouse in different years. Despite strains differing in virulence, particularly within BOX-PCR groups, putative virulence genes located in plasmids (celA, pat-1) or in a pathogenicity island in the chromosome (tomA, chpC, chpG and ppaA) were detected in all strains. Our results suggest that new strains introduced every year via seed importation might be coexisting with others persisting locally. This study highlights the importance of preventive measures to manage tomato bacterial wilt and canker.
Query Segmentation Based on Eigenspace Similarity

Query segmentation is essential to query processing. It aims to tokenize query words into several semantic segments and help the search engine to improve the precision of retrieval. In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised learning approach to query segmentation based on principal eigenspace similarity of queryword-frequency matrix derived from web statistics. Experimental results show that our approach could achieve superior performance of 35.8% and 17.7% in Fmeasure over the two baselines respectively, i.e. MI (Mutual Information) approach and EM optimization approach.
Biometrics Systems Under Spoofing Attack: An evaluation methodology and lessons learned

Biometrics already form a significant component of current and emerging identification technologies. Biometrics systems aim to determine or verify the identity of an individual from their behavioral and/or biological characteristics. Despite significant progress, some biometric systems fail to meet the multitude of stringent security and robustness requirements to support their deployment in some practical scenarios. Among current concerns are vulnerabilities to spoofing?persons who masquerade as others to gain illegitimate accesses to protected data, services, or facilities. While the study of spoofing, or rather antispoofing, has attracted growing interest in recent years, the problem is far from being solved and will require far greater attention in the coming years. This tutorial article presents an introduction to spoofing and antispoofing research. It describes the vulnerabilities, presents an evaluation methodology for the assessment of spoofing and countermeasures, and outlines research priorities for the future.
Genetic algorithm-based feature set partitioning for classification problems

Feature set partitioning generalizes the task of fe atur selection by partitioning the feature set int o subsets of features that are collectively useful, rather th an by finding a single useful subset of features. T his paper presents a novel feature set partitioning approach that is based on a genetic algorithm. As part of th is new approach a new encoding schema is also proposed and its properties are discussed. We examine the effectiveness of using a Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimens ion bound for evaluating the fitness function of multiple, oblivious tree classifiers. The new algor ithm was tested on various datasets and the results indicate the superiority of the proposed algorithm to other methods.
Immediate (overnight) switching from carbamazepine to oxcarbazepine monotherapy is equivalent to a progressive switch

This study compared immediate (overnight) and progressive switching to oxcarbazepine monotherapy in patients with partial seizures unsatisfactorily treated with carbamazepine monotherapy. Patients were randomised to either an overnight (n = 140) or a progressive switch (n = 146) from carbamazepine to oxcarbazepine monotherapy at a dose ratio of 1:1.5. The difference between the two switch groups in the mean monthly seizure frequency supported the equivalence of overnight and progressive switching (difference of 0.02 excluding outliers; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.74, 0.78). Following the switch from carbamazepine to oxcarbazepine, there was a reduction in median monthly seizure frequency in both the overnight group (from 1.5 to 0; P = 0.0005) and the progressive group (from 1.0 to 0.4; P = 0.003). The proportion of seizure-free patients increased from 38 to 51% (P = 0.002) and 39 to 49% (P = -0.01) in the overnight and progressive groups, respectively. In addition, the proportion of patients experiencing no clinically significant adverse events did not differ between the two switch methods (difference of 2.5; 95% CI -4.1, 9.0). For patients who are unsatisfactorily treated with carbamazepine monotherapy, overnight switch to oxcarbazepine monotherapy is as effective and well tolerated as a progressive switch, therefore allowing simple and flexible individualised treatment. Switching to oxcarbazepine monotherapy appears to be beneficial for patients who are unsatisfactorily treated with carbamazepine monotherapy, independently of the switch method used.
Is Accurate Perception of Body Image Associated with Appropriate Weight-Control Behavior among Adolescents of the Seychelles

We examined body image perception and its association with reported weight-control behavior among adolescents in the Seychelles.  We conducted a school-based survey of 1432 students aging 11-17 years in the Seychelles. Perception of body image was assessed using both a closed-ended question (CEQ) and Stunkard's pictorial silhouettes (SPS). Voluntary attempts to change weight were also assessed.  A substantial proportion of the overweight students did not consider themselves as overweight (SPS: 24%, CEQ: 34%), and a substantial proportion of the normal-weight students considered themselves as too thin (SPS: 29%, CEQ: 15%). Logistic regression analysis showed that students with an accurate weight perception were more likely to have appropriate weight-control behavior.  We found that substantial proportions of students had an inaccurate perception of their weight and that weight perception was associated with weight-control behavior. These findings point to forces that can drive the upwards overweight trends.
Planar series-fed antenna array for 77 GHz automotive radar

An antenna array with 3 transmit antennas and 4 receive antennas for the 77 GHz automotive radar is presented. Each antenna is a planar series-fed linear array. The Dolph-Chebyshev distribution is used to taper patch width for radiation pattern synthesis. The planar array is designed, fabricated, and its performance evaluated. Simulation results show that a 16-element series-fed microstrip linear array can achieve the sidelobe level (SLL) of −16.8 dB with half power beamwidth (HPBW) of 5.8°. The simulated and measured results show that a linear array in the planar array can realize the SLL of −15.5 dB with HPBW of 6.0° in simulation and the SLL of −10.5 dB with HPBW of 6.5° in measurement, respectively. And measured antenna gain is not less than 15.0 dBi.
A fuzzy logic approach to supplier evaluation for development

Decision making techniques used to help evaluate current suppliers should aim at classifying performance of individual suppliers against desired levels of performance so as to devise suitable action plans to increase suppliers' performance and capabilities. Moreover, decision making related to what course of action to take for a particular supplier depends on the evaluation of short and long term factors of performance, as well as on the type of item to be supplied. However, most of the propositions found in the literature do not consider the type of supplied item and are more suitable for ordering suppliers rather than categorizing them. To deal with this limitation, this paper presents a new approach based on fuzzy inference combined with the simple fuzzy grid method to help decisionmaking in the supplier evaluation for development. This approach follows a procedure for pattern classification based on decision rules to categorize supplier performance according to the item category so as to indicate strengths and weaknesses of current suppliers, helping decision makers review supplier development action plans. Applying the method to a company in the automotive sector shows that it brings objectivity and consistency to supplier evaluation, supporting consensus building through the decision making process. Critical items can be identified which aim at proposing directives for managing and developing suppliers for leverage, bottleneck and strategic items. It also helps to identify suppliers in need of attention or suppliers that should be replaced. & 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A 1-V input, 0.2-V to 0.47-V output switched-capacitor DC-DC converter with pulse density and width modulation (PDWM) for 57% ripple reduction

To effectively reduce output ripple of switched-capacitor DC-DC converters which generate variable output voltages, a novel feedback control scheme is presented. The proposed scheme uses pulse density and width modulation (PDWM) to reduce the output ripple with low output voltage. The prototype chip was implemented using 65nm CMOS process. The switched-capacitor DC-DC converter has 0.2-V to 0.47-V output voltage and delivers 0.25-mA to 10-mA output current from a 1-V input supply with a peak efficiency of 87%. Compared with the conventional pulse density modulation (PDM), the proposed switched-capacitor DC-DC converter with PDWM reduces the output ripple by 57% in the low output voltage region with the efficiency penalty of 2%.
Folded Recurrent Neural Networks for Future Video Prediction

Future video prediction: •  Unsupervised learning scene structure and spatio-temporal relationships • Challenges: High variability and non-specificity of future frames We introduce double-mapping Gated Recurrent Units (dGRU). Standard GRUs update an output state given an input. We also consider the input as a recurrent state, using an extra set of logic gates to update it given the output, allowing for: • Lower memory and computational costs • Mitigation and recovery from temporal error propagation • An identity function during training, helping convergence • Model explainability/pruning through layer removal
Postnatal Lactate as an Early Predictor of Short-Term Outcome after Intrapartum Asphyxia

To compare the predictive value of pH, base deficit and lactate for the occurrence of moderate-to-severe hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and systemic complications of asphyxia in term infants with intrapartum asphyxia. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 61 full-term neonates (≥37 weeks gestation) suspected of having suffered from a significant degree of intrapartum asphyxia from a period of January 1997 to December 2001.The clinical signs of HIE, if any, were categorized using Sarnat and Sarnat classification as mild (stage 1), moderate (stage 2) or severe (stage 3). Base deficit, pH and plasma lactate levels were measured from indwelling arterial catheters within 1 hour after birth and thereafter alongwith every blood gas measurement. The results were correlated with the subsequent presence or absence of moderate-to-severe HIE by computing receiver operating characteristic curves. The initial lactate levels were significantly higher (p=0.001) in neonates with moderate-to-severe HIE (mean±SD=11.09±4.6) as compared to those with mild or no HIE (mean±SD=7.1±4.7). Also, the lactate levels took longer to normalize in these babies. A plasma lactate concentration >7.5±mmol/l was associated with moderate-or-severe HIE with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 67%. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of lactate was greater than that of the pH or base deficit. The highest recorded lactate level in the first hour of life and serial measurements of lactate are important predictors of moderate-to-severe HIE.
Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy in the treatment of chronic, unresponsive nodular scabies.

THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGE Nodular scabies (NS) can involve persistent intensely pruriginous nodules for months after specific treatment of scabies. This condition results from a hypersensitivity reaction to retained mite parts or antigens, which is commonly treated with topical or intralesional steroids. However, the response to this treatment is unsatisfactory in certain patients. The scrotum and the shaft of the penis are frequently affected anatomic locations. High-potency topical steroids, tacrolimus, short-course oral prednisolone , and even intralesional triamcinolone injections might show unsatisfactory responses in certain patients, and nodules often relapse or persist.