nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-Localization Based on Visual Lane Marking Maps: An Accurate Low-Cost Approach for Autonomous Driving

Autonomous driving in public roads requires precise localization within the range of few centimeters. Even the best localization systems based on GNSS cannot always reach this level of precision, especially in an urban environment, where the signal is disturbed by surrounding buildings and artifacts. Recent works have shown the advantage of using maps as a precise, robust, and reliable way of localization. Typical approaches use the set of current readings from the vehicle sensors to estimate its position on the map. The approach presented in this paper exploits a short-range visual lane marking detector and a dead reckoning system to construct a registry of the detected back lane markings corresponding to the last 240 m driven. This information is used to search in the map the most similar section, to determine the vehicle localization in the map reference. Additional filtering is used to obtain a more robust estimation for the localization. The accuracy obtained is sufficiently high to allow autonomous driving in a narrow road. The system uses a low-cost architecture of sensors and the algorithm is light enough to run on low-power embedded architecture.
Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair

Geckos are exceptional in their ability to climb rapidly up smooth vertical surfaces. Microscopy has shown that a gecko's foot has nearly five hundred thousand keratinous hairs or setae. Each 30–130 µm long seta is only one-tenth the diameter of a human hair and contains hundreds of projections terminating in 0.2–0.5 µm spatula-shaped structures. After nearly a century of anatomical description, here we report the first direct measurements of single setal force by using a two-dimensional micro-electro-mechanical systems force sensor and a wire as a force gauge. Measurements revealed that a seta is ten times more effective at adhesion than predicted from maximal estimates on whole animals. Adhesive force values support the hypothesis that individual seta operate by van der Waals forces. The gecko's peculiar behaviour of toe uncurling and peeling led us to discover two aspects of setal function which increase their effectiveness. A unique macroscopic orientation and preloading of the seta increased attachment force 600-fold above that of frictional measurements of the material. Suitably orientated setae reduced the forces necessary to peel the toe by simply detaching above a critical angle with the substratum.
Using Bilingual Knowledge and Ensemble Techniques for Unsupervised Chinese Sentiment Analysis

It is a challenging task to identify sentiment polarity of Chinese reviews because the resources for Chinese sentiment analysis are limited. Instead of leveraging only monolingual Chinese knowledge, this study proposes a novel approach to leverage reliable English resources to improve Chinese sentiment analysis. Rather than simply projecting English resources onto Chinese resources, our approach first translates Chinese reviews into English reviews by machine translation services, and then identifies the sentiment polarity of English reviews by directly leveraging English resources. Furthermore, our approach performs sentiment analysis for both Chinese reviews and English reviews, and then uses ensemble methods to combine the individual analysis results. Experimental results on a dataset of 886 Chinese product reviews demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The individual analysis of the translated English reviews outperforms the individual analysis of the original Chinese reviews, and the combination of the individual analysis results further improves the performance.
Spoken and Written Language Resources for Vietnamese

This paper presents an overview of our activities for spoken and written language resources for Vietnamese implemented at CLIPSIMAG Laboratory and International Research Center MICA. A new methodology for fast text corpora acquisition for minority languages which has been applied to Vietnamese is proposed. The first results of a process of building a large Vietnamese speech database (VNSpeechCorpus) and a phonetic dictionary, which is used for automatic alignment process, are also presented.
Transition-Based Syntactic Linearization

Syntactic linearization algorithms take a bag of input words and a set of optional constraints, and construct an output sentence and its syntactic derivation simultaneously. The search problem is NP-hard, and the current best results are achieved by bottom-up bestfirst search. One drawback of the method is low efficiency; and there is no theoretical guarantee that a full sentence can be found within bounded time. We propose an alternative algorithm that constructs output structures from left to right using beam-search. The algorithm is based on incremental parsing algorithms. We extend the transition system so that word ordering is performed in addition to syntactic parsing, resulting in a linearization system that runs in guaranteed quadratic time. In standard evaluations, our system runs an order of magnitude faster than a state-of-the-art baseline using best-first search, with improved accuracies.
Fast localization of optic disc and fovea in retinal images for eye disease screening

Optic disc (OD) and fovea locations are two important anatomical landmarks in automated analysis of retinal disease in color fundus photographs. This paper presents a new, fast, fully automatic optic disc and fovea localization algorithm developed for diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening. The optic disc localization methodology comprises of two steps. First, the OD location is identified using template matching and directional matched filter. To reduce false positives due to bright areas of pathology, we exploit vessel characteristics inside the optic disc. The location of the fovea is estimated as the point of lowest matched filter response within a search area determined by the optic disc location. Second, optic disc segmentation is performed. Based on the detected optic disc location, a fast hybrid level-set algorithm which combines the region information and edge gradient to drive the curve evolution is used to segment the optic disc boundary. Extensive evaluation was performed on 1200 images (Messidor) composed of 540 images of healthy retinas, 431 images with DR but no risk of macular edema (ME), and 229 images with DR and risk of ME. The OD location methodology obtained 98.3% success rate, while fovea location achieved 95% success rate. The average mean absolute distance (MAD) between the OD segmentation algorithm and “gold standard” is 10.5% of estimated OD radius. Qualitatively, 97% of the images achieved Excellent to Fair performance for OD segmentation. The segmentation algorithm performs well even on blurred images.
Using Learning Analytics to Predict (and Improve) Student Success: A Faculty Perspective

Learning analytics is receiving increased attention, in part because it offers to assist educational institutions in increasing student retention, improving student success, and easing the burden of accountability. Although these large-scale issues are worthy of consideration, faculty might also be interested in how they can use learning analytics in their own courses to help their students succeed. In this paper, we define learning analytics, how it has been used in educational institutions, what learning analytics tools are available, and how faculty can make use of data in their courses to monitor and predict student performance. Finally, we discuss several issues and concerns with the use of learning analytics in higher education. Have you ever had the sense at the start of a new course or even weeks into the semester that you could predict which students will drop the course or which students will succeed? Of course, the danger of this realization is that it may create a self-fulfilling prophecy or possibly be considered “profiling”. But it could also be that you have valuable data in your head, collected from semesters of experience, that can help you predict who will succeed and who will not based on certain variables. In short, you likely have hunches based on an accumulation of experience. The question is, what are those variables? What are those data? And how well will they help you predict student performance and retention? More importantly, how will those data help you to help your students succeed in your course? Such is the promise of learning analytics. Learning analytics is defined as “the measurement, collection, analysis, and reporting of data about learners and their contexts, for purposes of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs” (Long & Siemens, 2011, p. 32). Learning analytics offers promise for predicting and improving student success and retention (e.g., Olmos & Corrin, 2012; Smith, Lange, & Huston, 2012) in part because it allows faculty, institutions, and students to make data-driven decisions about student success and retention. Data-driven decision making involves making use of data, such as the sort provided in Learning Management Systems (LMS), to inform educator’s judgments (Jones, 2012; Long & Siemens, 2011; Picciano, 2012). For example, to argue for increased funding to support student preparation for a course or a set of courses, it would be helpful to have data showing that students who have certain skills or abilities or prior coursework perform better in the class or set of classes than those who do not. Journal of Interactive Online Learning Dietz-Uhler & Hurn
A Survey on Intrabody Communications for Body Area Network Applications

The rapid increase in healthcare demand has seen novel developments in health monitoring technologies, such as the body area networks (BAN) paradigm. BAN technology envisions a network of continuously operating sensors, which measure critical physical and physiological parameters e.g., mobility, heart rate, and glucose levels. Wireless connectivity in BAN technology is key to its success as it grants portability and flexibility to the user. While radio frequency (RF) wireless technology has been successfully deployed in most BAN implementations, they consume a lot of battery power, are susceptible to electromagnetic interference and have security issues. Intrabody communication (IBC) is an alternative wireless communication technology which uses the human body as the signal propagation medium. IBC has characteristics that could naturally address the issues with RF for BAN technology. This survey examines the on-going research in this area and highlights IBC core fundamentals, current mathematical models of the human body, IBC transceiver designs, and the remaining research challenges to be addressed. IBC has exciting prospects for making BAN technologies more practical in the future.
Single-Vertex Origami and Spherical Expansive Motions

We prove that all single-vertex origami shapes are reachable from the open flat state via simple, non-crossing motions. We also consider conical paper, where the total sum of the cone angles centered at the origami vertex is not 2π. For an angle sum less than 2π, the configuration space of origami shapes compatible with the given metric has two components, and within each component, a shape can always be reconfigured via simple (non-crossing) motions. Such a reconfiguration may not always be possible for an angle sum larger than 2π. The proofs rely on natural extensions to the sphere of planar Euclidean rigidity results regarding the existence and combinatorial characterization of expansive motions. In particular, we extend the concept of a pseudo-triangulation from the Euclidean to the spherical case. As a consequence, we formulate a set of necessary conditions that must be satisfied by three-dimensional generalizations of pointed pseudo-triangulations.
Broadband Quasi-Yagi Antenna for WiFi and WiMax Applications

In this paper, we present a broadband quasi-Yagi antenna. Good impedance matching is obtained by using parasitic elements. The antenna has been designed and successfully measured. Experimental results show that the 10 dB return loss bandwidth of this antenna is 50% operating from 2.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz. We obtain very flat gain (around 5 dB) over the entire bandwidth. For the design and optimization of antennas, we use HFSS CAD software from ANSOFT.
Disfluencies signal theee, um, new information.

Speakers are often disfluent, for example, saying "theee uh candle" instead of "the candle." Production data show that disfluencies occur more often during references to things that are discourse-new, rather than given. An eyetracking experiment shows that this correlation between disfluency and discourse status affects speech comprehensions. Subjects viewed scenes containing four objects, including two cohort competitors (e.g., camel, candle), and followed spoken instructions to move the objects. The first instruction established one cohort as discourse-given; the other was discourse-new. The second instruction was either fluent or disfluent, and referred to either the given or new cohort. Fluent instructions led to more initial fixations on the given cohort object (replicating Dahan et al., 2002). By contrast, disfluent instructions resulted in more fixations on the new cohort. This shows that discourse-new information can be accessible under some circumstances. More generally, it suggests that disfluency affects core language comprehension processes.
Maté: a tiny virtual machine for sensor networks

Composed of tens of thousands of tiny devices with very limited resources ("motes"), sensor networks are subject to novel systems problems and constraints. The large number of motes in a sensor network means that there will often be some failing nodes; networks must be easy to repopulate. Often there is no feasible method to recharge motes, so energy is a precious resource. Once deployed, a network must be reprogrammable although physically unreachable, and this reprogramming can be a significant energy cost.We present Maté, a tiny communication-centric virtual machine designed for sensor networks. Maté's high-level interface allows complex programs to be very short (under 100 bytes), reducing the energy cost of transmitting new programs. Code is broken up into small capsules of 24 instructions, which can self-replicate through the network. Packet sending and reception capsules enable the deployment of ad-hoc routing and data aggregation algorithms. Maté's concise, high-level program representation simplifies programming and allows large networks to be frequently reprogrammed in an energy-efficient manner; in addition, its safe execution environment suggests a use of virtual machines to provide the user/kernel boundary on motes that have no hardware protection mechanisms.
Design methodology of Miller frequency compensation with current buffer/amplifier

Current buffers/amplifiers are used in series to the Miller compensation capacitor with the aim of eliminating the positive zero introduced by the forward path. They are increasingly adopted because of their low-voltage features, high-speed performance and, recently, for their suitability to be used with large capacitive loads (when a current gain is introduced). The authors propose a novel and simple design approach for the frequency compensation of a two-stage amplifier exploiting a current buffer/amplifier. The procedure has been profitably applied to a class-AB two-stage CMOS operational transconductance amplifier, having a 100 pF load. In particular, three compensation networks were designed using a 1.3 pF, 0.6 pF and 250 fF compensation capacitor alternatively. Moreover, the adopted compensation topology provides an improvement in terms of power supply rejection ratio, which was also analytically demonstrated. Simulations that are in very good agreement with theoretical results are also given.
The influence of Mozart’s music on brain activity in the process of learning

The study investigated the influence Mozart's music has on brain activity in the process of learning. A second objective was to test priming explanation of the Mozart effect.



In Experiment 1 individuals were first trained in how to solve spatial rotation tasks, and then solved similar tasks. Fifty-six students were divided into 4 groups: a control one--CG who prior to and after training relaxed, and three experimental groups: MM--who prior to and after training listened to music; MS--who prior to training listened to music and subsequently relaxed; and SM--who prior to training relaxed and afterward listened to music. The music used was the first movement of Mozart's sonata (K. 448). In Experiment 2, thirty-six respondents were divided into three groups: CG, MM (same procedure as in Experiment 1), and BM--who prior to and after training listened to Brahms' Hungarian dance No. 5. In both experiments the EEG data collected during problem solving were analyzed using the methods of event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) and approximated entropy (ApEn).



In the first experiment the respondents of the MM, MS, and SM groups showed a better task-performance than did the respondents of the CG group. Individuals of the MM group displayed less complex EEG patterns and more alpha band synchronization than did respondents of the other three groups. In Experiment 2 individuals who listened to Mozart showed a better task performance than did the respondents of the CG and BM groups. They displayed less complex EEG patterns and more lower-1 alpha and gamma band synchronization than did the respondents of the BM group.



Mozart's music, by activating task-relevant brain areas, enhances the learning of spatio-temporal rotation tasks.



The results support priming explanation of the Mozart effect.
16-Channel Module Based on a Monolithic Array of Single-Photon Detectors and 10-ps Time-to-Digital Converters

We present a compact and high-performance time-correlated single-photon counting detection module, based on a monolithic CMOS chip with an array of 16 channels, each composed by a 20 μm diameter single-photon avalanche diode and a time-to-digital converter. All 16 channels are independent and provide single-photon sensitivity in the visible and NIR wavelength range, from 350 to 950 nm (with a peak 45% detection efficiency at 450 nm), 10 ps photon-timing resolution, 160 ns full-scale range, better than 70 ps (full-width at half maximum) precision, and a differential non-linearity better than 0.015 LSB [root mean square (rms)], i.e., 150 fs (rms). The module requires just an USB 2.0 link for data-communication to a remote computer and power-supply, and it proves to be the best candidate for a wide variety of multichannel, low-power, compact, photon-counting, and photon-timing applications.
Returns on Investments in Information Technology: A Research Synthesis

Understanding the return on investments in information technology (IT) is the focus of a large and growing body of research. The objective of this paper is to synthesize this research and develop a model to guide future research in the evaluation of information technology investments. We focus on archival studies that use accounting or market measures of firm performance. We emphasize those studies where accounting researchers with interest in market-level analyses of systems and technology issues may hold a competitive advantage over traditional information systems (IS) researchers. We propose numerous opportunities for future research. These include examining the relation between IT and business processes, and business processes and overall firm performance, understanding the effect of contextual factors on the IT-performance relation, examining the IT-performance relation in an international context, and examining the interactive effects of IT spending and IT management on firm performance.
Are these Ads Safe: Detecting Hidden Attacks through the Mobile App-Web Interfaces

Mobile users are increasingly becoming targets of malware infections and scams. Some platforms, such as Android, are more open than others and are therefore easier to exploit than other platforms. In order to curb such attacks it is important to know how these attacks originate. We take a previously unexplored step in this direction and look for the answer at the interface between mobile apps and the Web. Numerous inapp advertisements work at this interface: when the user taps on an advertisement, she is led to a web page which may further redirect until the user reaches the final destination. Similarly, applications also embed web links that again lead to the outside Web. Even though the original application may not be malicious, the Web destinations that the user visits could play an important role in propagating attacks. In order to study such attacks we develop a systematic methodology consisting of three components related to triggering web links and advertisements, detecting malware and scam campaigns, and determining the provenance of such campaigns reaching the user. We have realized this methodology through various techniques and contributions and have developed a robust, integrated system capable of running continuously without human intervention. We deployed this system for a two-month period and analyzed over 600,000 applications in the United States and in China while triggering a total of about 1.5 million links in applications to the Web. We gain a general understanding of attacks through the app-web interface as well as make several interesting findings, including a rogue antivirus scam, free iPad and iPhone scams, and advertisements propagating SMS trojans disguised as fake movie players. In broader terms, our system enables locating attacks and identifying the parties (such as specific ad networks, websites, and applications) that intentionally or unintentionally let them reach the end users and, thus, increasing accountability from these parties.
Dual-Band Spiral Patch-Slot Antenna With Omnidirectional CP and Unidirectional CP Properties

A novel dual-band microstrip antenna with omnidirectional circularly polarized (CP) and unidirectional CP characteristic for each band is proposed in this communication. Function of dual-band dual-mode is realized based on loading with metamaterial structure. Since the fields of the fundamental modes are most concentrated on the fringe of the radiating patch, modifying the geometry of the radiating patch has little effect on the radiation patterns of the two modes (<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$n = 0, + 1$</tex></formula> mode). CP property for the omnidirectional zeroth-order resonance (<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$n = 0$</tex> </formula> mode) is achieved by employing curved branches in the radiating patch. Then a 45<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex> </formula> inclined rectangular slot is etched in the center of the radiating patch to excite the CP property for the <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$n = + 1$</tex></formula> mode. A prototype is fabricated to verify the properties of the antenna. Both simulation and measurement results illustrate that this single-feed antenna is valuable in wireless communication for its low-profile, radiation pattern selectivity and CP characteristic.