nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of autoclave sterilization on the cyclic fatigue resistance of thermally treated Nickel-Titanium instruments.

To compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of HyFlex CM, Twisted Files (TF), K3XF, Race, and K3, and evaluate the effect of autoclave sterilization on the cyclic fatigue resistance of these instruments both before and after the files were cycled.



Five types of NiTi instruments with similar size 30, .06 taper were selected: HyFlex CM, TF, K3XF, Race and K3. Files were tested in a simulated canal with a curvature of 60° and a radius of 3 mm. The number of cycles to failure of each instrument was determined to evaluate cyclic fatigue resistance. Each type of instruments was randomly divided into four experimental groups: group 1 (n = 20), unsterilized instruments; group 2 (n = 20), pre-sterilized instruments subjected to 10 cycles of autoclave sterilization; group 3 (n = 20), instruments tested were sterilized at 25%, 50% and 75% of the mean cycles to failure as determined in group 1, and then cycled to failure; group 4 (n = 20), instruments cycled in the same manner as group 3 but without sterilization. The fracture surfaces of instruments were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).



HyFlex CM, TF and K3XF had significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance than Race and K3 in the unsterilized group 1 (P < 0.05). Autoclave sterilization significantly increased the MCF of HyFlex CM and K3XF (P < 0.05) both before and after the files were cycled. SEM examination revealed a typical pattern of cyclic fatigue fracture in all instruments.



HyFlex CM, TF and K3XF instruments composed of new thermal-treated alloy were more resistant to fatigue failure than Race and K3. Autoclaving extended the cyclic fatigue life of HyFlex CM and K3XF.
Flexible PQ control for single-phase grid-tied photovoltaic inverter

This paper presents a flexible control technique of active and reactive power for single phase grid-tied photovoltaic inverter, supplied from PV array, based on quarter cycle phase delay methodology to generate the fictitious quadrature signal in order to emulate the PQ theory of three-phase systems. The investigated scheme is characterized by independent control of active and reactive power owing to the independent PQ reference signals that can satisfy the features and new functions of modern grid-tied inverters fed from renewable energy resources. The study is conducted on 10 kW PV array using PSIM program. The obtained results demonstrate the high capability to provide quick and accurate control of the injected active and reactive power to the main grid. The harmonic spectra of power components and the resultant grid current indicate that the single-phase PQ control scheme guarantees and satisfies the power quality requirements and constrains, which permits application of such scheme on a wide scale integrated with other PV inverters where independent PQ reference signals would be generated locally by energy management unit in case of microgrid, or from remote data center in case of smart grid.
Hierarchical tucker tensor regression: Application to brain imaging data analysis

We present a novel generalized linear tensor regression model, which takes tensor-variate inputs as covariates and finds low-rank (almost) best approximation of regression coefficient arrays using hierarchical Tucker decomposition. With limited sample size, our model is highly compact and extremely efficient as it requires only O(dr3 + dpr) parameters for order d tensors of mode size p and rank r, which avoids the exponential growth in d, in contrast to O(rd + dpr) parameters of Tucker regression modeling. Our model also maintains the flexibility like classical Tucker regression by allowing distinct ranks on different modes according to a dimension tree structure. We evaluate our new model on both synthetic data and real-life MRI images to show its effectiveness.
Accuracy of smartphone apps for heart rate measurement.

Smartphone manufacturers offer mobile health monitoring technology to their customers, including apps using the built-in camera for heart rate assessment. This study aimed to test the diagnostic accuracy of such heart rate measuring apps in clinical practice.  The feasibility and accuracy of measuring heart rate was tested on four commercially available apps using both iPhone 4 and iPhone 5. 'Instant Heart Rate' (IHR) and 'Heart Fitness' (HF) work with contact photoplethysmography (contact of fingertip to built-in camera), while 'Whats My Heart Rate' (WMH) and 'Cardiio Version' (CAR) work with non-contact photoplethysmography. The measurements were compared to electrocardiogram and pulse oximetry-derived heart rate.  Heart rate measurement using app-based photoplethysmography was performed on 108 randomly selected patients. The electrocardiogram-derived heart rate correlated well with pulse oximetry ( r = 0.92), IHR ( r = 0.83) and HF ( r = 0.96), but somewhat less with WMH ( r = 0.62) and CAR ( r = 0.60). The accuracy of app-measured heart rate as compared to electrocardiogram, reported as mean absolute error (in bpm ± standard error) was 2 ± 0.35 (pulse oximetry), 4.5 ± 1.1 (IHR), 2 ± 0.5 (HF), 7.1 ± 1.4 (WMH) and 8.1 ± 1.4 (CAR).  We found substantial performance differences between the four studied heart rate measuring apps. The two contact photoplethysmography-based apps had higher feasibility and better accuracy for heart rate measurement than the two non-contact photoplethysmography-based apps.
A Metrics Framework for Quantifying Autonomy in Complex Systems

Autonomous systems, often realized as multi-agent systems, are envisioned to deal with uncertain and dynamic environments. They are applied in dangerous situations, e.g. as rescue robots or to relieve humans from complex and tedious tasks like driving a car or infrastructure maintenance. But in order to further improve the technology a generic measurement and benchmarking of autonomy is required. Within this paper we present an improved understanding of autonomous systems. Based on this foundation we introduce our concept of a multi-dimensional autonomy metric framework that especially takes into account multisystem environments. Finally, our approach is illustrated by means of an example.
Synesketch: An Open Source Library for Sentence-Based Emotion Recognition

Online human textual interaction often carries important emotional meanings inaccessible to computers. We propose an approach to textual emotion recognition in the context of computer-mediated communication. The proposed recognition approach works at the sentence level and uses the standard Ekman emotion classification. It is grounded in a refined keyword-spotting method that employs: a WordNet-based word lexicon, a lexicon of emoticons, common abbreviations and colloquialisms, and a set of heuristic rules. The approach is implemented through the Synesketch software system. Synesketch is published as a free, open source software library. Several Synesketch-based applications presented in the paper, such as the the emotional visual chat, stress the practical value of the approach. Finally, the evaluation of the proposed emotion recognition algorithm shows high accuracy and promising results for future research and applications.
A survey of variants and extensions of the resource-constrained project scheduling problem

The resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) consists of activities that must be scheduled subject to precedence and resource constraints such that the makespan is minimized. It has become a well-known standard problem in the context of project scheduling which has attracted numerous researchers who developed both exact and heuristic scheduling procedures. However, it is a rather basic model with assumptions that are too restrictive for many practical applications. Consequently, various extensions of the basic RCPSP have been developed. This paper gives an overview over these extensions. The extensions are classified according to the structure of the RCPSP. We summarize generalizations of the activity concept, of the precedence relations and of the resource constraints. Alternative objectives and approaches for scheduling multiple projects are discussed as well. In addition to popular variants and extensions such as multiple modes, minimal and maximal time lags, and net present value-based objectives, the paper also provides a survey of many less known concepts.
Enhanced User Security and Privacy Protection in 4G LTE Network

Although the Evolved Packet System Authentication and Key Agreement (EPS-AKA) provides security and privacy enhancements in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is sent in clear text in order to obtain service. Various efforts to provide security mechanisms to protect this unique private identity have not resulted in methods implemented to protect the disclosure of the IMSI. The exposure of the IMSI brings risk to user privacy, and knowledge of it can lead to several passive and active attacks targeted at specific IMSI's and their respective users. Further, the Temporary Mobile Subscribers Identity (TMSI) generated by the Authentication Center (AuC) have been found to be prone to rainbow and brute force attacks, hence an attacker who gets hold of the TMSI can be able to perform social engineering in tracing the TMSI to the corresponding IMSI of a User Equipment (UE). This paper proposes a change to the EPS-AKA authentication process in 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network by including the use of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). The change would result in the IMSI never being released in the clear in an untrusted network.
A new typology of augmented reality applications

In recent years Augmented Reality (AR) has become more and more popular, especially since the availability of mobile devices, such as smartphones or tablets, brought AR into our everyday life. Although the AR community has not yet agreed on a formal definition of AR, some work focused on proposing classifications of existing AR methods or applications. Such applications cover a wide variety of technologies, devices and goals, consequently existing taxonomies rely on multiple classification criteria that try to take into account AR applications diversity. In this paper we review existing taxonomies of augmented reality applications and we propose our own, which is based on (1) the number of degrees of freedom required by the tracking of the application, as well as on (2) the visualization mode used, (3) the temporal base of the displayed content and (4) the rendering modalities used in the application. Our taxonomy covers location-based services as well as more traditional vision-based AR applications. Although AR is mainly based on the visual sense, other rendering modalities are also covered by the same degree-of-freedom criterion in our classification.
Visually Augmented Audio-Tactile Graphics for Visually Impaired People

Tactile graphics play an essential role in knowledge transfer for blind people. The tactile exploration of these graphics is often challenging because of the cognitive load caused by physiological constraints and their complexity. The coupling of physical tactile graphics with electronic devices offers to support the tactile exploration by auditory feedback. Often, these systems have strict constraints regarding their mobility or the process of coupling both components. Additionally, visually impaired people cannot appropriately benefit from their residual vision. This article presents a concept for 3D printed tactile graphics, which offers to use audio-tactile graphics with usual smartphones or tablet-computers. By using capacitive markers, the coupling of the tactile graphics with the mobile device is simplified. These tactile graphics integrating these markers can be printed in one turn by off-the-shelf 3D printers without any post-processing and allows us to use multiple elevation levels for graphical elements. Based on the developed generic concept on visually augmented audio-tactile graphics, we presented a case study for maps. A prototypical implementation was tested by a user study with visually impaired people. All the participants were able to interact with the 3D printed tactile maps using a standard tablet computer. To study the effect of visual augmentation of graphical elements, we conducted another comprehensive user study. We tested multiple types of graphics and obtained evidence that visual augmentation may offer clear advantages for the exploration of tactile graphics. Even participants with a minor residual vision could solve the tasks with visual augmentation more quickly and accurately.
Multitask Parsing Across Semantic Representations

The ability to consolidate information of different types is at the core of intelligence, and has tremendous practical value in allowing learning for one task to benefit from generalizations learned for others. In this paper we tackle the challenging task of improving semantic parsing performance, taking UCCA parsing as a test case, and AMR, SDP and Universal Dependencies (UD) parsing as auxiliary tasks. We experiment on three languages, using a uniform transition-based system and learning architecture for all parsing tasks. Despite notable conceptual, formal and domain differences, we show that multitask learning significantly improves UCCA parsing in both in-domain and out-of-domain settings. Our code is publicly available.
Urban building damage detection from very high resolution imagery using one-class SVM and spatial relations

In this paper, we propose a method for urban building damage detection from multitemporal high resolution images using spectral and spatial information combined. Given the spectral similarity between damaged and undamaged areas in the images, two spatial features are used in the damage detection, i.e. invariant moments and LISA (local indicator of spatial association) index. These two spatial features were computed for each image object, which is produced by image segmentation. The One-Class Support Vector Machine (OCSVM), a recently developed one-class classifier was used to classify the multitemporal data to obtain building damage information. The uses of spectral data alone and plus obtained spatial features for building damage detection were separately evaluated using bitemporal Quickbird images acquired in Dujiangyan area of China, which was heavily hit by the Wenchuan earthquake. The results show that the combined use of spectral and spatial features significantly improved the damage detection accuracy, compared to that of using spectral information alone.
Automatic Number Plate Recognition for Motorcyclists Riding Without Helmet

Motorcycles have always been the primary mode of transport in developing countries. In recent years, there has been a rise in motorcycle accidents. One of the major reasons for fatalities in accidents is the motorcyclist not wearing a protective helmet. The most prevalent method for ensuring that motorcyclists wear helmet is traffic police manually monitoring motorcyclists at road junctions or through CCTV footage and penalizing those without helmet. But, it requires human intervention and efforts. This paper proposes an automated system for detecting motorcyclists not wearing helmet and retrieving their motorcycle number plates from CCTV footage video. The proposed system first does background subtraction from video to get moving objects. Then, moving objects are classified as motorcyclist or non-motorcyclist. For classified motorcyclist, head portion is located and it is classified as helmet or non-helmet. Finally, for identified motorcyclist without helmet, number plate of motorcycle is detected and the characters on it are extracted. The proposed system uses Convolutional Neural Networks trained using transfer learning on top of pre-trained model for classification which has helped in achieving greater accuracy. Experimental results on traffic videos show an accuracy of 98.72% on detection of motorcyclists without helmet.
Photovoltaic supplied grid-connected modular multilevel converter with active power injection and reactive power compensation capability

This paper discusses the active and reactive power control method for a modular multilevel converter (MMC) based grid-connected PV system. The voltage vector space analysis is performed by using average value models for the feasibility analysis of reactive power compensation (RPC). The proposed double-loop control strategy enables the PV system to handle unidirectional active power flow and bidirectional reactive power flow. Experiments have been performed on a laboratory-scaled modular multilevel PV inverter. The experimental results verify the correctness and feasibility of the proposed strategy.
Aesthetic surgery of the face and neck.

The reader is presumed to have a basic understanding of facial anatomy and facial rejuvenation procedures. After reading this article, the reader should also be able to: 1. Identify the essential anatomy of the face as it relates to facelift surgery. 2. Describe the common types of facelift procedures, including their strengths and weaknesses. 3. Apply appropriate preoperative and postoperative management for facelift patients. 4. Describe common adjunctive procedures. Physicians may earn 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit by successfully completing the examination based on material covered in this article. This activity should take one hour to complete. The examination begins on page 464. As a measure of the success of the education we hope you will receive from this article, we encourage you to log on to the Aesthetic Society website and take the preexamination before reading this article. Once you have completed the article, you may then take the examination again for CME credit. The Aesthetic Society will be able to compare your answers and use these data for future reference as we attempt to continually improve the CME articles we offer. ASAPS members can complete this CME examination online by logging on to the ASAPS members-only website (http://www.surgery.org/members) and clicking on "Clinical Education" in the menu bar. Modern aesthetic surgery of the face began in the first part of the 20th century in the United States and Europe. Initial limited excisions gradually progressed to skin undermining and eventually to a variety of methods for contouring the subcutaneous facial tissue. This particular review focuses on the cheek and neck. While the lid-cheek junction, eyelids, and brow must also be considered to obtain a harmonious appearance, those elements are outside the scope of this article. Overall patient management, including patient selection, preoperative preparation, postoperative care, and potential complications are discussed.
Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency exceeding 1.

Photocatalytic water splitting using particulate semiconductors is a potentially scalable and economically feasible technology for converting solar energy into hydrogen. Z-scheme systems based on two-step photoexcitation of a hydrogen evolution photocatalyst (HEP) and an oxygen evolution photocatalyst (OEP) are suited to harvesting of sunlight because semiconductors with either water reduction or oxidation activity can be applied to the water splitting reaction. However, it is challenging to achieve efficient transfer of electrons between HEP and OEP particles. Here, we present photocatalyst sheets based on La- and Rh-codoped SrTiO3 (SrTiO3:La, Rh; ref. ) and Mo-doped BiVO4 (BiVO4:Mo) powders embedded into a gold (Au) layer. Enhancement of the electron relay by annealing and suppression of undesirable reactions through surface modification allow pure water (pH 6.8) splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of 1.1% and an apparent quantum yield of over 30% at 419 nm. The photocatalyst sheet design enables efficient and scalable water splitting using particulate semiconductors.
The Economy as a Complex Adaptive System

In this broad-ranging book, Eric Beinhocker defends a vision of the economy as a complex adaptive system. The theory that explains the operation of the economic system he calls Complexity Economics. The Origin of Wealth is a frontal attack on Neoclassical economic theory. Beinhocker recognizes the successes of this theory, but locates them in the past. The combined aridity of classical game theory, in which there have been no new insights for almost twenty years, and general equilibrium theory, which has produced nothing of general interest since the consolidation of existence theorems in the 1950’s, accounts for the current eclipse in the status of pure theory in the eyes of many contemporary economists. For such-minded individuals, Beinhocker has a message. “Economics can do better,” he says, “it’s time to move on.” (p. 23) Some will dismiss this book out of hand because Beinhocker does not provide a workable analytical alternative to the Neoclassical model. He should not be dismissed, since the market economy is, in fact, a complex adaptive system, a fact that materially alters the analytical tools best deployed to model economic behavior. Indeed, some of the appropriate tools remain to be invented. From its characterization as a complex adaptive system, it follows that the market economy follows an evolutionary dynamic. It is well known in evolutionary biology that one can treat genetic and cultural evolution using the same analytical tools (including the same set of differential equations, the so-called replicator equations), ∗Santa Fe Institute and Central European University. I would like to thank Samuel Bowles and Doyne Farmer for helpful comments, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for financial support.
Drift-free motion estimation from video images using phase correlation and linear optimization

Motion reconstruction from video images is known as an effective way in the autonomous robot guidance or teaching for a particular task. The authors' goal is to reconstruct motion from a video with the image-based visual servoing, and the main topic of this paper is to estimate camera motion on the image plane to make a reference. This paper focuses on a drift-free robust camera motion estimation by utilizing all relationships between every two frames. The proposed method in this paper does not use feature points like well-known bundle adjustment. It enables us to use a linear equation to solve its optimization. Then, brand new solution by using distance matrix is proposed so that it can save computation time and memory against a common pseudo inverse matrix based method. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative evaluations based on image mosaicing technique were achieved to confirm the effectiveness of proposed method.
Openmv: A Python powered, extensible machine vision camera

Advances in semiconductor manufacturing processes and large scale integration keep pushing demanding applications further away from centralized processing, and closer to the edges of the network (i.e. Edge Computing). It has become possible to perform complex in-network image processing using low-power embedded smart cameras, enabling a multitude of new collaborative image processing applications. This paper introduces OpenMV, a new low-power smart camera that lends itself naturally to wireless sensor networks and machine vision applications. The uniqueness of this platform lies in running an embedded Python3 interpreter, allowing its peripherals and machine vision library to be scripted in Python. In addition, its hardware is extensible via modules that augment the platform with new capabilities, such as thermal imaging and networking modules.