nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Analysis of Attacks on Next Generation Air Traffic Communication

This work studies the security of next generation air traffic surveillance technology based on Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B). ADS-B is already supported by a majority of international aircraft and will become mandatory in 2020 for most airspaces worldwide. While it is known that ADS-B might be susceptible to different spoofing attacks, the complexity and impact of launching these attacks has been debated controversially by the air traffic control community. Yet, the literature remains unclear on the requirements of launching ADS-B attacks in real-world environments, and on the constraints which affect their feasibility. In this paper, we take a scientific approach to systematically evaluate realistic ADS-B attacks. Our objective is to shed light on the practicability of different threats and to quantify the main factors that impact the success of such attacks. Our results reveal some bad news: attacks on ADS-B can be inexpensive and highly successful. Using a controlled experimental design, we offer insights from a real-world feasibility analysis that leads to the conclusion that any safety-critical air traffic decision process should not rely exclusively on
ASP: Learning to Forget With Adaptive Synaptic Plasticity in Spiking Neural Networks

A fundamental feature of learning in animals is the “ability to forget” that allows an organism to perceive, model, and make decisions from disparate streams of information and adapt to changing environments. Against this backdrop, we present a novel unsupervised learning mechanism adaptive synaptic plasticity (ASP) for improved recognition with spiking neural networks (SNNs) for real time online learning in a dynamic environment. We incorporate an adaptive weight decay mechanism with the traditional spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) learning to model adaptivity in SNNs. The leak rate of the synaptic weights is modulated based on the temporal correlation between the spiking patterns of the pre- and post-synaptic neurons. This mechanism helps in gradual forgetting of insignificant data while retaining significant, yet old, information. ASP, thus, maintains a balance between forgetting and immediate learning to construct a stable-plastic self-adaptive SNN for continuously changing inputs. We demonstrate that the proposed learning methodology addresses catastrophic forgetting, while yielding significantly improved accuracy over the conventional STDP learning method for digit recognition applications. In addition, we observe that the proposed learning model automatically encodes selective attention toward relevant features in the input data, while eliminating the influence of background noise (or denoising) further improving the robustness of the ASP learning.
Hand and foot gesture interaction for handheld devices

In this paper we present hand and foot based immersive multimodal interaction approach for handheld devices. A smart phone based immersive football game is designed as a proof of concept. Our proposed method combines input modalities (i.e. hand & foot) and provides a coordinated output to both modalities along with audio and video. In this work, human foot gesture is detected and tracked using template matching method and Tracking-Learning-Detection (TLD) framework. We evaluated our system's usability through a user study in which we asked participants to evaluate proposed interaction method. Our preliminary evaluation demonstrates the efficiency and ease of use of proposed multimodal interaction approach.
Comparative Study on Distributed Generator Sizing Using Three Types of Particle Swarm Optimization

Total power losses in a distribution network can be minimized by installing Distributed Generator (DG) with correct size. In line with this objective, most of the researchers have used multiple types of optimization technique to regulate the DG's output to compute its optimal size. In this paper, a comparative studies of a new proposed Rank Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (REPSO) method with Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) and Traditional Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is conducted. Both REPSO and EPSO are using the concept of Evolutionary Programming (EP) in Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) process. The implementation of EP in PSO allows the entire particles to move toward the optimal value faster. A test on determining optimum size of DGs in 69 bus radial distribution system reveals the superiority of REPSO over PSO and EPSO.
Detection and quantification of airborne inoculum of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici using quantitative PCR

In this study, a real-time PCR assay was established to quantify airborne inoculum of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), the causal agent of wheat powdery mildew. Burkard 7-day recording spore traps were used to collect Bgt spores in air in Langfang City, Hebei Province, China. A linear relationship between number of spores counted with a compound microscope and those determined with the real-time PCR assay was obtained in artificially inoculated spore trap tape sections. The dynamics of airborne conidia concentrations of Bgt were similar. There were significant correlations (P < 0.01) between spore concentrations by using a compound microscope and the real-time PCR assay in three growing seasons. The results demonstrated a potential method to quantitatively determine spore inoculum potential in wheat fields by using a real-time PCR assay.
A Biomechanically Motivated Two-Phase Strategy for Biped Upright Balance Control

Balance maintenance and upright posture recovery under unexpected environmental forces are key requirements for safe and successful co-existence of humanoid robots in normal human environments. In this paper we present a two-phase control strategy for robust balance maintenance under a force disturbance. The first phase, called the reflex phase, is designed to withstand the immediate effect of the force. The second phase is the recovery phase where the system is steered back to a statically stable “home” posture. The reflex control law employs angular momentum and is characterized by its counter-intuitive quality of “yielding” to the disturbance. The recovery control employs a general scheme of seeking to maximize the potential energy and is robust to local ground surface feature. Biomechanics literature indicates a similar strategy in play during human balance maintenance.
A Systematic Approach to Generate Inputs to Test UML Design Models

Practical model validation techniques are needed for model driven development (MDD) techniques to succeed. This paper presents an approach to generating inputs to test UML design models that are produced in the detailed design phase of an MDD project. A symbolic execution based approach is used to derive test input constraints from the paths of a variable assignment graph, which integrates information from UML class and sequence diagrams. The constraints are solved using Alloy, a configuration constraint solver, to obtain the test inputs. The results of a pilot study carried out to explore the fault detection capability of the test inputs are reported
The cognitive neuroscience of visual attention

In current conceptualizations of visual attention, selection takes place through integrated competition between recurrently connected visual processing networks. Selection, which facilitates the emergence of a 'winner' from among many potential targets, can be associated with particular spatial locations or object properties, and it can be modulated by both stimulus-driven and goal-driven factors. Recent neurobiological data support this account, revealing the activation of striate and extrastriate brain regions during conditions of competition. In addition, parietal and temporal cortices play a role in selection, biasing the ultimate outcome of the competition.
No . 89 The Process of Innovation

The paper argues that innovation processes can be cognitive, organisational and/or economic. They happen in conditions of uncertainty and (in the capitalist system) of competition. Three broad, overlapping sub-processes of innovation are identified: the production of knowledge; the transformation of knowledge into products, systems, processes and services; and the continuous matching of the latter to market needs and demands. The paper identifies key trends in each of these areas: (1) increasing specialisation in knowledge production; (2) increasing complexity in physical artefacts, and in the knowledge bases underpinning them; and (3) the difficulties of matching technological opportunities with market needs and organisational practices. Despite advances in scientific theory and information and communication technologies (ICTs), innovation processes remain unpredictable and difficult to manage. They also vary widely according to the firm's sector and size. Only two innovation processes remain generic: coordinating and integrating specialised knowledge, and learning in conditions of uncertainty. The paper also touches on the key challenges now facing 'innovation managers' within modern industrial corporations, bearing in mind the highly contingent nature of innovation. 3 1.  This paper concerns the processes (or more accurately 'processes') of innovation within (mainly) large corporations with headquarters located in the advanced industrialised countries. 1 The aim is to provide an interpretation of how innovation processes have evolved historically and the key challenges now facing 'innovation managers' within modern industrial corporations. 2 In so far as it is possible, the paper draws lessons from studies of innovation processes within and between firms, bearing in mind the highly contingent nature of innovation. It examines many of the different problems facing innovation mangers within the modern corporation and shows how these have been, and are being, reacted to. The structure of the paper explains its logic and focus. Part 1 presents a short introduction to the many theories and empirical studies of innovation. This is used in
Statistical Diagnosis for Intermittent Scan Chain Hold-Time Fault

Intermittent scan chain hold-time fault is discussed in this paper and a method to diagnose the faulty site in a scan chain is proposed as well. Unlike the previous scan chain diagnosis methods that targeted permanent faults only, the proposed method targets both permanent faults and intermittent faults. Three ideas are presented in this paper. First an enhanced upper bound on the location of candidate faulty scan cells is obtained. Second a new method to determine a lower bound is proposed. Finally a statistical diagnosis algorithm is proposed to calculate the probabilities of the bounded set of candidate faulty scan cells. The proposed algorithm is shown to be efficient and effective for large industrial designs with multiple faulty scan chains.
The Prefrontal Cortex—An Update Time Is of the Essence

The Prefrontal Cortex— Time Is of the Essence many of the principles discussed below apply also to the PFC of nonprimate species. Anatomy and Connections The PFC is the association cortex of the frontal lobe. In Los Angeles, California 90095 primates, it comprises areas 8–13, 24, 32, 46, and 47 according to the cytoarchitectonic map of Brodmann The physiology of the cerebral cortex is organized in (1909), recently updated for the monkey by Petrides and hierarchical manner. At the bottom of the cortical organi-Pandya . Phylogenetically, it is one of the latest zation, sensory and motor areas support specific sen-cortices to develop, having attained maximum relative sory and motor functions. Progressively higher areas—of growth in the human brain (Brodmann, 1912; Jerison, later phylogenetic and ontogenetic development—support 1994), where it constitutes nearly one-third of the neocor-functions that are progressively more integrative. The tex. Furthermore, the PFC undergoes late development in prefrontal cortex (PFC) constitutes the highest level of the course of ontogeny. In the human, by myelogenic and the cortical hierarchy dedicated to the representation synaptogenic criteria, the PFC is clearly late-maturing and execution of actions. The PFC can be subdivided in three major regions: Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1997). In the monkey's orbital, medial, and lateral. The orbital and medial re-PFC, myelogenesis also seems to develop late (Gibson, gions are involved in emotional behavior. The lateral 1991). However, the assumption that the synaptic struc-region, which is maximally developed in the human, pro-ture of the PFC lags behind that of other neocortical vides the cognitive support to the temporal organization areas has been challenged with morphometric data of behavior, speech, and reasoning. This function of (Bourgeois et al., 1994). In any case, imaging studies temporal organization is served by several subordinate indicate that, in the human, prefrontal areas do not attain functions that are closely intertwined (e.g., temporal in-full maturity until adolescence (Chugani et al., 1987; tegration, working memory, set). Whatever areal special-Paus et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 1999). This conclusion ization can be discerned in the PFC is not so much is consistent with the behavioral evidence that these attributable to the topographical distribution of those areas are critical for those higher cognitive functions functions as to the nature of the cognitive information that develop late, such as propositional speech and with which they operate. Much of the prevalent confu-reasoning. sion in the PFC literature derives from …
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Spatiotemporal Crime Prediction

Crime, as a long-term global problem, has been showing the complex interactions with space, time and environments. Extracting effective features to reveal such entangled relationships to predict where and when crimes will occur, is becoming a hot topic and also a bottleneck for researchers. We, therefore, proposed a novel Spatiotemporal Crime Network (STCN), in an attempt to apply deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for automatically crime-referenced feature extraction. This model can forecast the crime risk of each region in the urban area for the next day from the retrospective volume of high-dimension data. We evaluated the STCN using felony and 311 datasets in New York City from 2010 to 2015. The results showed STCN achieved 88% and 92% on F1 and AUC respectively, confirming the performances of STCN exceeded those of four baselines. Finally, the predicted results was visualized to help people understanding its linking with the ground truth.
The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice

23% of the total global burden of disease is attributable to disorders in people aged 60 years and older. Although the proportion of the burden arising from older people (≥60 years) is highest in high-income regions, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per head are 40% higher in low-income and middle-income regions, accounted for by the increased burden per head of population arising from cardiovascular diseases, and sensory, respiratory, and infectious disorders. The leading contributors to disease burden in older people are cardiovascular diseases (30·3% of the total burden in people aged 60 years and older), malignant neoplasms (15·1%), chronic respiratory diseases (9·5%), musculoskeletal diseases (7·5%), and neurological and mental disorders (6·6%). A substantial and increased proportion of morbidity and mortality due to chronic disease occurs in older people. Primary prevention in adults aged younger than 60 years will improve health in successive cohorts of older people, but much of the potential to reduce disease burden will come from more effective primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention targeting older people. Obstacles include misplaced global health priorities, ageism, the poor preparedness of health systems to deliver age-appropriate care for chronic diseases, and the complexity of integrating care for complex multimorbidities. Although population ageing is driving the worldwide epidemic of chronic diseases, substantial untapped potential exists to modify the relation between chronological age and health. This objective is especially important for the most age-dependent disorders (ie, dementia, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and vision impairment), for which the burden of disease arises more from disability than from mortality, and for which long-term care costs outweigh health expenditure. The societal cost of these disorders is enormous.
Phase 3 randomized controlled study of gastroretentive gabapentin for the treatment of moderate-to-severe hot flashes in menopause.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of gastroretentive gabapentin (G-GR) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe menopausal hot flashes.



The primary endpoints of this randomized, placebo-controlled study of G-GR (600 mg am/1,200 mg pm) were the mean daily frequency and severity of hot flashes at weeks 4 and 12. Secondary endpoints included Patients' Global Impression of Change, Clinicians' Global Impression of Change, and daily sleep interference at week 24.



Six hundred women with 7 or more moderate-to-severe hot flashes/day enrolled; 66.2% completed 24 weeks of treatment. At weeks 4 and 12, G-GR-treated women experienced significantly greater reductions in mean hot flash frequency and severity than placebo-treated women (frequency: week 4, -1.7, P < 0.0001; week 12, -1.14, P = 0.0007; severity: week 4, -0.21, P < 0.0001; week 12, -0.19, P = 0.012). Similar reductions were maintained up to week 24. On the Patient Global Impression of Change, more women receiving G-GR than placebo were "much" or "very much" improved (week 12: 58% vs 44%, P = 0.0008; week 24: 76% vs 55%, P < 0.0001). G-GR significantly reduced sleep interference compared with placebo at week 12 (P = 0.0056) and week 24 (P = 0.0084). Approximately 5% more women taking G-GR withdrew because of adverse events (G-GR/placebo, 16.7%/11.5%). The most common adverse events were dizziness (12.7%/3.4%), headache (9.3%/8.1%), and somnolence (6.0%/2.7%); incidences dropped to sustained low levels after a few weeks.



G-GR is a modestly effective nonhormone therapy option for the treatment of moderate-to-severe hot flashes due to menopause and is well tolerated with titration.
Food and Drug Administration 21 Cfr Part 310 Safety and Effectiveness of Health Care Antiseptics; Topical Antimicrobial Drug Products for Over-the-counter Human Use; Proposed Amendment of the Tentative Final Monograph; Reopening of Administrative Record

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing this proposed rule to amend the 1994 tentative final monograph or proposed rule (the 1994 TFM) for over-the-counter (OTC) antiseptic drug products. In this proposed rule, we are proposing to establish conditions under which OTC antiseptic products intended for use by health care professionals in a hospital setting or other health care situations outside the hospital are generally recognized as safe and effective. In the 1994 TFM, certain antiseptic active ingredients were proposed as being generally recognized as safe for use in health care settings based on safety data evaluated by FDA as part of its ongoing review of OTC antiseptic drug products. However, in light of more recent scientific developments, we are now proposing that additional safety data are necessary to support the safety of antiseptic active ingredients for these uses. We also are proposing that all health care antiseptic active ingredients have in vitro data characterizing the ingredient's antimicrobial properties and in vivo clinical simulation studies showing that specified log reductions in the amount of certain bacteria are achieved using the ingredient.  Submit electronic or written comments by October 28, 2015. See section VIII of this document for the proposed effective date of a final rule based on this proposed rule. ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by any of the following methods: Electronic Submissions Submit electronic comments in the following way: • Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// www.regulations.gov. Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
Adult norms for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and for supplemental recognition and matching trials from the Extended Complex Figure Test.

The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test ("the Rey"; Osterrieth, 1944; Rey, 1941) has accumulated a considerable literature as a test of visual-spatial perception/construction and memory.  Test (ECFT; Fastenau, 1996a, in press-a; Fastenau & Manning, 1992) supplements the Rey with Recognition and Matching trials that follow Copy, Immediate Recall, and Delayed Recall. The Rey and ECFT were administered to 211 healthy adults. Age ranged from 30 years to 85 years (M = 62.9, SD = 14.2), education ranged from 12 years to 25 years (M = 14.9, SD = 2.6), 55% were women, and over 95% were Caucasian. Age and education effects were evident on all trials (Multiple R ranged .23 to .50, p < .05), but education explained minimal variance (usually 2-3%) on copy and memory trials. Gender effects were negligible, if present. Age-appropriate norms are presented using Osterrieth's 36-point scoring, overlapping cells, and convenient tables for converting raw scores to scaled scores.
Novelty-Driven Cooperative Coevolution

Cooperative coevolutionary algorithms (CCEAs) rely on multiple coevolving populations for the evolution of solutions composed of coadapted components. CCEAs enable, for instance, the evolution of cooperative multiagent systems composed of heterogeneous agents, where each agent is modelled as a component of the solution. Previous works have, however, shown that CCEAs are biased toward stability: the evolutionary process tends to converge prematurely to stable states instead of (near-)optimal solutions. In this study, we show how novelty search can be used to avoid the counterproductive attraction to stable states in coevolution. Novelty search is an evolutionary technique that drives evolution toward behavioural novelty and diversity rather than exclusively pursuing a static objective. We evaluate three novelty-based approaches that rely on, respectively (1) the novelty of the team as a whole, (2) the novelty of the agents’ individual behaviour, and (3) the combination of the two. We compare the proposed approaches with traditional fitness-driven cooperative coevolution in three simulated multirobot tasks. Our results show that team-level novelty scoring is the most effective approach, significantly outperforming fitness-driven coevolution at multiple levels. Novelty-driven cooperative coevolution can substantially increase the potential of CCEAs while maintaining a computational complexity that scales well with the number of populations.
NG-PON2 Technology and Standards

This paper provides a tutorial overview of the latest generation of passive optical network (PON) technology standards nearing completion in ITU-T. The system is termed NG-PON2 and offers a fiber capacity of 40 Gbit/s by exploiting multiple wavelengths at dense wavelength division multiplexing channel spacing and tunable transceiver technology in the subscriber terminals (ONUs). Here, the focus is on the requirements from network operators that are driving the standards developments and the technology selection prior to standardization. A prestandard view of the main physical layer optical specifications is also given, ahead of final ITU-T approval.