nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Low light image enhancement based on two-step noise suppression

In low light condition, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low and thus the captured images are seriously degraded by noise. Since low light images contain much noise in flat and dark regions, contrast enhancement without considering noise characteristics causes serious noise amplification. In this paper, we propose low light image enhancement based on two-step noise suppression. First, we perform noise aware contrast enhancement using noise level function (NLF). NLF is used to get a noise aware histogram which prevents noise amplification, and we use the noise aware histogram in contrast enhancement. However, the increase of intensity by contrast enhancement reduces the visibility threshold, which makes noise visible by human eyes. Second, we utilize a just noticeable difference (JND) model from luminance adaptation to suppress noise based on human visual perception. Experimental results show that the proposed method successfully enhances contrast in low light images while minimizing noise amplification.
Bitextor, a free/open-source software to harvest translation memories from multilingual websites

Bitextor is a free/open-source application for harvesting translation memories from multilingual websites. It downloads all the HTML files in a website, preprocesses them into a coherent format and, finally, applies a set of heuristics to select pairs of files which are candidates to contain the same text in two different languages (bitexts). From these parallel texts, translation memories are generated in TMX format using the library LibTagAligner, which uses the HTML tags and the length of text chunks to perform the alignment.
Investigations of roll-over shape: implications for design, alignment, and evaluation of ankle-foot prostheses and orthoses.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of our previous work on roll-over shapes, which are the effective rocker shapes that the lower limb systems conform to during walking.



This article is a summary of several recently published articles from the Northwestern University Prosthetics Research Laboratory and Rehabilitation Engineering Research Program on the topic of roll-over shapes. The roll-over shape is a measurement of centre of pressure of the ground reaction force in body-based coordinates. This measurement is interpreted as the effective rocker shape created by lower limb systems during walking.



Our studies have shown that roll-over shapes in able-bodied subjects do not change appreciably for conditions of level ground walking, including walking at different speeds, while carrying different amounts of weight, while wearing shoes of different heel heights, or when wearing shoes with different rocker radii. In fact, results suggest that able-bodied humans will actively change their ankle movements to maintain the same roll-over shapes.



The consistency of the roll-over shapes to level surface walking conditions has provided insight for design, alignment and evaluation of lower limb prostheses and orthoses. Changes to ankle-foot and knee-ankle-foot roll-over shapes for ramp walking conditions have suggested biomimetic (i.e. mimicking biology) strategies for adaptable ankle-foot prostheses and orthoses.
BELM: Bayesian Extreme Learning Machine

The theory of extreme learning machine (ELM) has become very popular on the last few years. ELM is a new approach for learning the parameters of the hidden layers of a multilayer neural network (as the multilayer perceptron or the radial basis function neural network). Its main advantage is the lower computational cost, which is especially relevant when dealing with many patterns defined in a high-dimensional space. This brief proposes a Bayesian approach to ELM, which presents some advantages over other approaches: it allows the introduction of a priori knowledge; obtains the confidence intervals (CIs) without the need of applying methods that are computationally intensive, e.g., bootstrap; and presents high generalization capabilities. Bayesian ELM is benchmarked against classical ELM in several artificial and real datasets that are widely used for the evaluation of machine learning algorithms. Achieved results show that the proposed approach produces a competitive accuracy with some additional advantages, namely, automatic production of CIs, reduction of probability of model overfitting, and use of a priori knowledge.
Datalog: Bag Semantics via Set Semantics

Duplicates in data management are common and problematic. In this work, we present a translation of Datalog under bag semantics into a well-behaved extension of Datalog, the so-called warded Datalog±, under set semantics. From a theoretical point of view, this allows us to reason on bag semantics by making use of the well-established theoretical foundations of set semantics. From a practical point of view, this allows us to handle the bag semantics of Datalog by powerful, existing query engines for the required extension of Datalog. This use of Datalog± is extended to give a set semantics to duplicates in Datalog± itself. We investigate the properties of the resulting Datalog± programs, the problem of deciding multiplicities, and expressibility of some bag operations. Moreover, the proposed translation has the potential for interesting applications such as to Multiset Relational Algebra and the semantic web query language SPARQL with bag semantics.
An Implementation of Matlab based Platform for the Evaluation of Modulation Techniques using Multiuser MIMO-OFDM for Visible Light Communications using Matlab

Visible light communication is innovative and active technique in modern digital wireless communication. In this paper, we describe a new innovative vlc system which having a better performance and efficiency to other previous system. Visible light communication (VLC) is an efficient technology in order to the improve the speed and the robustness of the communication link in indoor optical wireless communication system. In order to achieve high data rate in communication for VLC system, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) with OFDM is a feasible option. However, the contemporary MIMO with OFDM VLC system are lacks from the diversity and the experiences performance variation through different optical channels. This is mostly because of characteristics of optical elements used for making the receiver. In this paper, we analyze the imaging diversity in MIMO with OFDM VLC system. Simulation results are shown diversity achieved in the different cases.
A Detailed Evaluation of Neural Sequence-to-Sequence Models for In-domain and Cross-domain Text Simplification

We present a detailed evaluation and analysis of neural sequence-to-sequence models for text simplification on two distinct datasets: Wikipedia and Newsela. We employ both human and automatic evaluation to investigate the capacity of neural models to generalize across corpora, and we highlight challenges that these models face when tested on a different genre. Furthermore, we establish a strong baseline on the Newsela dataset and show that a simple neural architecture can be efficiently used for in-domain and cross-domain text
The 'invisible hand': regulation of RHO GTPases by RHOGDIs

The 'invisible hand' is a term originally coined by Adam Smith in The Theory of Moral Sentiments to describe the forces of self-interest, competition and supply and demand that regulate the resources in society. This metaphor continues to be used by economists to describe the self-regulating nature of a market economy. The same metaphor can be used to describe the RHO-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (RHOGDI) family, which operates in the background, as an invisible hand, using similar forces to regulate the RHO GTPase cycle.
POS-Tag Based Poetry Generation with WordNet

In this paper we present the preliminary work of a Basque poetry generation system. Basically, we have extracted the POS-tag sequences from some verse corpora and calculated the probability of each sequence. For the generation process we have defined 3 different experiments: Based on a strophe from the corpora, we (a) replace each word with other according to its POS-tag and suffixes, (b) replace each noun and adjective with another equally inflected word and (c) replace only nouns with semantically related ones (inflected). Finally we evaluate those strategies using a Turing Test-like evaluation.
Introduction to Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete on Engineering Performance of Concrete

Fiber reinforced concrete has been successfully used in slabs on grade, shotcrete, architectural panels, precast products , offshore structures, structures in seismic regions, thin and thick repairs, crash barriers, footings, hydraulic structures and many other applications. The usefulness of fiber reinforced concrete in various Civil Engineering applications is thus indisputable. This review study is a trial of giving some highlights for inclusion of steel fibers especially in terms of using them with new types of concrete.
Optical haze of transparent and conductive silver nanowire films

Contemporary nanostructured transparent electrodes for use in solar cells require high transmittance and high conductivity, dictating nanostructures with high aspect ratios. Optical haze is an equally important yet unstudied parameter in transparent electrodes for solar cells that is also determined by the geometry of the nanostructures that compose the electrode. In this work, the effect of the silver nanowire diameter on the optical haze values in the visible spectrum was investigated using films composed of wires with either small diameters (~60 nm) or large diameters (~150 nm). Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations and experimental transmittance data confirm that smaller diameter nanowires form higher performing transparent conducting electrode (TCE) films according to the current figure of merit. While maintaining near constant transmittance and conductivity for each film, however, it was observed experimentally that films composed of silver nanowires with larger diameters have a higher haze factor than films with smaller diameters. This confirms the FDTD simulations of the haze factor for single nanowires with similarly large and small diameters. This is the first record of haze properties for Ag NWs that have been simulated or experimentally measured, and also the first evidence that the current figure of merit for TCEs is insufficient to evaluate their performance in solar cell devices.
Choice Poetics by Example

Choice poetics is a formalist framework that seeks to concretely describe the impacts choices have on player experiences within narrative games. Developed in part to support algorithmic generation of narrative choices, the theory includes a detailed analytical framework for understanding the impressions choice structures make by analyzing the relationships among options, outcomes, and player goals. The theory also emphasizes the need to account for players’ various modes of engagement, which vary both during play and between players. In this work, we illustrate the non-computational application of choice poetics to the analysis of two different games to further develop the theory and make it more accessible to others. We focus first on using choice poetics to examine the central repeated choice in “Undertale,” and show how it can be used to contrast two different player types that will approach a choice differently. Finally, we give an example of fine-grained analysis using a choice from the game “Papers, Please,” which breaks down options and their outcomes to illustrate exactly how the choice pushes players towards complicity via the introduction of uncertainty. Through all of these examples, we hope to show the usefulness of choice poetics as a framework for understanding narrative choices, and to demonstrate concretely how one could productively apply it to choices “in the wild.”
Experimental and clinical results of breast cancer detection using UWB microwave radar

This paper presented the clinical results of breast cancer detection using a radar-based UWB microwave system developed at the University of Bristol. Additionally, the system overview and some experimental laboratory results are presented as well. For the clinical result shown in this contribution, we compare images obtained using the standard X-ray mammography and the radar-based microwave system. The developed microwave system has apparently successfully detected the tumor in correct position, as confirmed on the X-ray image, although the compression suffered by the breast during X-ray makes a precise positional determination impossible.
On stable piecewise linearization and generalized algorithmic differentiation

It is shown how functions that are defined by evaluation programs involving the absolute value function abs() (besides smooth elementals), can be approximated locally by piecewise-linear models in the style of algorithmic, or automatic, differentiation (AD). The model can be generated by a minor modification of standard AD tools [GJU96b] and it is Lipschitz continuous with respect to the base point at which it is developed. The discrepancy between the original function, which is piecewise differentiable [RS97, ?], and the piecewise linear model is of second order in the distance to the base point. Consequently, successive piecewise linearization yields bundle type methods for unconstrained minimization and Newton type equation solvers. As a third fundamental numerical task we consider the integration of ordinary differential equations, for which we examine generalizations of the midpoint and the trapezoidal rule for the case of Lipschitz continuous right hand sides. As a by-product of piecewise linearization, we show how to compute at any base point some generalized Jacobians of the original function, namely those that are conically active as defined by Khan and Barton [KB12]. This subset of the Clarke Jacobian is never empty, independent of the particular function representation in terms of elementals, and also invariant with respect to linear transformations on domain and range. However, like all generalized derivatives the conically active Jacobians reduce almost everywhere to the singleton formed by the proper Jacobian, which may approximate the original function only in a miniscul neighborhood. Since the piecewise linearization always reflects kinks in the vicinity, we illustrate how it can be used to approximate generalized Jacobians at nearby points along a user specified preferred direction. ∗Our notion of linearity includes nonhomogeneous functions, where the adjective affine or perhaps polyhedral would be more precise. However, such mathematical terminology might be less appealing to computational practitioners and to the best of our knowledge there are no good nouns corresponding to linearity and linearization for the adjectives affine and polyhedral.
Is multibeam IMRT better than standard treatment for patients with left-sided breast cancer?

When treatment intent is to include breast and internal mammary lymph nodes (IMNs) in the clinical target volume (CTV), a significant volume of the heart may receive radiation, which may result in late morbidity. The value of conformal intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to avoid heart dose was studied.



Breast, IMNs, and normal tissues were contoured for 30 consecutive patients previously treated with RT after lumpectomy for left-sided breast cancer. Eleven-beam, conformal, inverse-planned IMRT plans were developed and compared with best standard plans. Conformity Index (CI), Homogeneity Index (HI), and doses to normal tissues were compared.



Intensity-modulated RT significantly improved (two-sided paired t test) HI (0.95 vs. 0.74), CI (0.91 vs. 0.48), volume of the heart receiving more than 30 Gy (V30-heart) (1.7% vs. 12.5%), and volume of lung receiving more than 20-Gy (V20-left lung) (17.1% vs. 26.6%), all p < 0.001. The mean Healthy Tissue Volume (HTV = CT set - PTV) dose was similar between IMRT and best standard plans (6.0 and 6.9 Gy, respectively), but IMRT increased the volume of normal tissues receiving low-dose RT: V5-right lung (13.7% vs. 2.0%), V5-right breast (29.2% vs. 7.9%), and V5-HTV (31.7% vs. 23.6%), all p < 0.001. IMRT plans were generated in less than 60 min and treatment delivered in approximately 20 min, suggesting that this technique is clinically applicable.



IMRT significantly improved conformity and homogeneity for plans when the breast + IMNs were in the CTV. Heart and lung volume receiving high doses were decreased, but more healthy tissue received low doses. A simple algorithm based on amount of heart included in the standard plan showed limited ability to predict the benefit from IMRT.
Multilayer interdigital ultra-wideband filter

A miniature ultra wideband (UWB) bandpass filter that uses a multilayer interdigital structure is presented in this paper. The quarter-wavelength resonators including microstrip line resonator and coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonator are vertically stacked to achieve a strong coupling for the designed UWB filter. By adopting multilayer configurations, a miniature footprint is achieved. A seven-pole UWB bandpass filter is designed and fabricated using the multilayer liquid crystal polymer (LCP) lamination process, and is measured by using a vector network analyzer. The measured and predicted results are presented with good agreements. The fabricated prototype has a 10 dB return loss bandwidth from 2.8 GHz to 11.0 GHz and a compact size of 9.3 mm by 3.6 mm (0.38 λg by 0.15 λg, where λg is the guided wavelength of 50 Ω microstrip line at centre frequency).
The effect of lumbar extension training with and without pelvic stabilization on lumbar strength and low back pain.

A dynamometer employing a stabilization procedure (lumbar extension machine, MedX, Ocala, FL) is effective in improving strength and reducing symptoms of low back pain (LBP), and researchers have hypothesized that this effectiveness is due to the pelvic stabilization. However, effects of the dynamometer with and without pelvic stabilization on LBP have not been compared: This was the aim of the present study.



Forty-two chronic LBP patients were randomly assigned to a lumbar extension training with pelvic stabilization group (STAB; n=15), a lumbar extension without pelvic stabilization group (NO-STAB; n=15) and a control group (n=12). STAB and NO-STAB participants completed one weekly session of dynamic variable resistance exercise (one set of 8-12 repetitions to fatigue) on the lumbar extension machine (with or without pelvic stabilization) for 12 weeks. Pre- and post-test measures of self-reported LBP (101-point visual analog scale; pre-test mean of 25), related disability (Oswestry disability index; pre-test mean of 34) and lumbar strength were taken.



After the exercise program, the STAB group increased significantly in lumbar strength at all joint angles, and decreased significantly in visual analogue and Oswestry scores. However, there were no significant changes in these variables in the NO-STAB and control groups.



Isolated lumbar extension exercise is very effective in reducing LBP in chronic patients. However, when the pelvis is not stabilized, otherwise identical exercises appear ineffective in reducing LBP.
Adaptive traffic signal control system using camera sensor and embedded system

Adaptive traffic signal control system is needed to avoid traffic congestion that has many disadvantages. This paper presents an adaptive traffic signal control system using camera as an input sensor that providing real-time traffic data. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to analyze and to classify object on video frame for detecting vehicles. Distributed Constraint Satisfaction Problem (DCSP) method determine the duration of each traffic signal, based on counted number of vehicles at each lane. The system is implemented in embedded systems using BeagleBoard™.
Visual Query Systems: A Taxonomy

Visual Query Systems (VQS) are query systems using visual representations to denote the domain of interest and express related requests; they may be seen as an evolution of query languages adopted in database management systems. VQS are investigated to solve present day problems of conventional query systems. The most significant needs are: to provide a friendly man-machine interaction, to allow database search by non-technical users, to introduce a mechanism for comfortable navigation even in cases of incomplete and ambiguous queries. In order to explain, compare and evaluate the different features of the existing and suggested VQS, a taxonomy is proposed, based on expressive power, usability and classes of potential users. To clarify some taxonomic criteria, examples of representative VQS are given.
A Comparison of Blocking Methods for Record Linkage

Record linkage seeks to merge databases and to remove duplicates when unique identifiers are not available. Most approaches use blocking techniques to reduce the computational complexity associated with record linkage. We review traditional blocking techniques, which typically partition the records according to a set of field attributes, and consider two variants of a method known as locality sensitive hashing, sometimes referred to as “private blocking.” We compare these approaches in terms of their recall, reduction ratio, and computational complexity. We evaluate these methods using different synthetic datafiles and conclude with a discussion of privacy-related issues.
Neuroscience: Glia — more than just brain glue

neurons? The defining characteristic of a neuron is its ability to transmit rapid electrical signals in the form of action potentials. All other neural cells that lack this property are categorized into a broad class termed glia. Neurons are arranged in networks (circuits), and communicate with each other via specialized intercellular adhesion sites called synapses. Neuronal signalling involves the propagation of an action potential down a neuron’s axonal process to a presynaptic terminal; the depolarization of the terminal and release of neuro transmitters; binding of the released neurotransmitters to receptors on the post synaptic membrane of another neuron; and the sub sequent de polari zation of this second neuron, propagating the signal further. Glia do not fire action potentials, but instead surround and ensheath neuronal cell bodies, axons and synapses throughout the nervous system.
Bundled Super-Coiled Polymer Artificial Muscles: Design, Characterization, and Modeling

Super-coiled polymer (SCP) artificial muscles have many attractive properties, such as high energy density, large contractions, and good dynamic range. To fully utilize them for robotic applications, it is necessary to determine how to scale them up effectively. Bundling of SCP actuators, as though they are individual threads in woven textiles, can demonstrate the versatility of SCP actuators and artificial muscles in general. However, this versatility comes with a need to understand how different bundling techniques can be achieved with these actuators and how they may trade off in performance. This letter presents the first quantitative comparison, analysis, and modeling of bundled SCP actuators. By exploiting weaving and braiding techniques, three new types of bundled SCP actuators are created: woven bundles, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional braided bundles. The bundle performance is adjustable by employing different numbers of individual actuators. Experiments are conducted to characterize and compare the force, strain, and speed of different bundles, and a linear model is proposed to predict their performance. This work lays the foundation for model-based SCP-actuated textiles, and physically scaling robots that employ SCP actuators as the driving mechanism.