nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Physician-assisted deaths under the euthanasia law in Belgium: a population-based survey.

Legalization of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide has been heavily debated in many countries. To help inform this debate, we describe the practices of euthanasia and assisted suicide, and the use of life-ending drugs without an explicit request from the patient, in Flanders, Belgium, where euthanasia is legal.



We mailed a questionnaire regarding the use of life-ending drugs with or without explicit patient request to physicians who certified a representative sample (n = 6927) of death certificates of patients who died in Flanders between June and November 2007.



The response rate was 58.4%. Overall, 208 deaths involving the use of life-ending drugs were reported: 142 (weighted prevalence 2.0%) were with an explicit patient request (euthanasia or assisted suicide) and 66 (weighted prevalence 1.8%) were without an explicit request. Euthanasia and assisted suicide mostly involved patients less than 80 years of age, those with cancer and those dying at home. Use of life-ending drugs without an explicit request mostly involved patients 80 years of older, those with a disease other than cancer and those in hospital. Of the deaths without an explicit request, the decision was not discussed with the patient in 77.9% of cases. Compared with assisted deaths with the patient's explicit request, those without an explicit request were more likely to have a shorter length of treatment of the terminal illness, to have cure as a goal of treatment in the last week, to have a shorter estimated time by which life was shortened and to involve the administration of opioids.



Physician-assisted deaths with an explicit patient request (euthanasia and assisted suicide) and without an explicit request occurred in different patient groups and under different circumstances. Cases without an explicit request often involved patients whose diseases had unpredictable end-of-life trajectories. Although opioids were used in most of these cases, misconceptions seem to persist about their actual life-shortening effects.
Growing Neural Gas with Correntropy Induced Metric

This paper discusses the Correntropy Induced Metric (CIM) based Growing Neural Gas (GNG) architecture. CIM is a kernel method based similarity measurement from the information theoretic learning perspective, which quantifies the similarity between probability distributions of input and reference vectors. We apply CIM to find a maximum error region and node insert criterion, instead of euclidean distance based function in original GNG. Furthermore, we introduce the two types of Gaussian kernel bandwidth adaptation methods for CIM. The simulation experiments in terms of the affect of kernel bandwidth σ in CIM, the self-organizing ability, and the quantitative comparison show that proposed model has the superior abilities than original GNG.
Raphidiopsis mediterranea Skuja represents non-heterocytous life-cycle stages of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya et Subba Raju in Lake Kastoria (Greece), its type locality: Evidence by morphological and phylogenetic analysis

The taxonomical relationship of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Raphidiopsis mediterranea was studied by morphological and 16S rRNA gene diversity analyses of natural populations from Lake Kastoria, Greece. Samples were obtained during a bloom (23,830 trichomes mL ) in August 2003. A high diversity of apical cell, trichome, heterocyte and akinete morphology, trichome fragmentation and reproduction was observed. Trichomes were grouped into three dominant morphotypes: the typical and the non-heterocytous morphotype of C. raciborskii and the typical morphotype of R. mediterranea. A morphometric comparison of the dominant morphotypes showed significant differences in mean values of cell and trichome sizes despite the high overlap in the range of the respective size values. Additionally, two new morphotypes representing developmental stages of the species are described while a new mode of reproduction involving a structurally distinct reproductive cell is described for the first time in planktic Nostocales. A putative life-cycle, common for C. raciborskii and R. mediterranea is proposed revealing that trichome reproduction of R. mediterranea gives rise both to R. mediterranea and C. raciborskii non-heterocytous morphotypes. The phylogenetic analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene (ca. 920 bp) of the co-existing Cylindrospermopsis and Raphidiopsis morphotypes revealed only one phylotype which showed 99.54% similarity to R. mediterranea HB2 (China) and 99.19% similarity to C. raciborskii form 1 (Australia). We propose that all morphotypes comprised stages of the life cycle of C. raciborkii whereas R. mediterranea from Lake Kastoria (its type locality) represents non-heterocytous stages of Cylindrospermopsis complex life cycle.
CHRONIC COMPARTMENT SYNDROME OF LOWER LEG. AN UNUSUAL CASE IN NON ATHLETIC PATIENT

Chronic exertional anterior compartment syndrome is debilitating disease of the lower limb. Limited symptomology characterises the clinical picture at rest, pain during sporting activities, tumefaction, and contractures of the limb as well impotency by the pain of the entire forefoot and hypoesthesia. Usually, the most affected patients are athletes. We analyse a case of chronic post-traumatic compartment syndrome of the anterior tibial muscle in an unsportsmanlike patient.
A high power factor symmetrical switched-mode power supply

This paper proposes a pre-regulator boost converter applied to a dc/dc converter in order to provide power factor correction. The combination of both stages results in a symmetrical switched power supply, which is composed of two symmetrical stages that operate at 100 kHz, as the individual output voltages are equal to +200 V/sub dc/ and -200 V/sub dc/, the total output voltage is 400 Vdc and the total output power is 500 W. The power factor correction IC UC3854 is employed in the control strategy of the boost stage.
Performance Evaluation Criteria for Autonomous Cleaning Robots

This paper is a report on the initial trial for its kind in the development of the performance index of the autonomous mobile cleaning robot. The unique characteristic features of the cleaning robot have been identified as autonomous mobility, dust collection, and operation noise. Along with the identification of the performance indices the standardized performance-evaluation methods including the corresponding performance evaluation platform for each indices have been developed as well. The validity of the proposed performance evaluation methods has been demonstrated by applying the proposed evaluation methods on two commercial cleaning robots available in market. The proposed performance evaluation methods can be applied to general-purpose autonomous service robots which will be introduced in the consumer market in near future.
A Self-Adaptive Online Brain–Machine Interface of a Humanoid Robot Through a General Type-2 Fuzzy Inference System

This paper presents a self-adaptive autonomous online learning through a general type-2 fuzzy system (GT2 FS) for the motor imagery (MI) decoding of a brain-machine interface (BMI) and navigation of a bipedal humanoid robot in a real experiment, using electroencephalography (EEG) brain recordings only. GT2 FSs are applied to BMI for the first time in this study. We also account for several constraints commonly associated with BMI in real practice: 1) the maximum number of EEG channels is limited and fixed; 2) no possibility of performing repeated user training sessions; and 3) desirable use of unsupervised and low-complexity feature extraction methods. The novel online learning method presented in this paper consists of a self-adaptive GT2 FS that can autonomously self-adapt both its parameters and structure via creation, fusion, and scaling of the fuzzy system rules in an online BMI experiment with a real robot. The structure identification is based on an online GT2 Gath–Geva algorithm where every MI decoding class can be represented by multiple fuzzy rules (models), which are learnt in a continous (trial-by-trial) non-iterative basis. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated in a detailed BMI experiment, in which 15 untrained users were able to accurately interface with a humanoid robot, in a single session, using signals from six EEG electrodes only.
Red Phosphorus Nanodots on Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Flexible and Ultra-Fast Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries offer an attractive option for potential low cost and large scale energy storage due to the earth abundance of sodium. Red phosphorus is considered as a high capacity anode for sodium-ion batteries with a theoretical capacity of 2596 mAh/g. However, similar to silicon in lithium-ion batteries, several limitations, such as large volume expansion upon sodiation/desodiation and low electronic conductance, have severely limited the performance of red phosphorus anodes. In order to address the above challenges, we have developed a method to deposit red phosphorus nanodots densely and uniformly onto reduced graphene oxide sheets (P@RGO) to minimize the sodium ion diffusion length and the sodiation/desodiation stresses, and the RGO network also serves as electron pathway and creates free space to accommodate the volume variation of phosphorus particles. The resulted P@RGO flexible anode achieved 1165.4, 510.6, and 135.3 mAh/g specific charge capacity at 159.4, 31878.9, and 47818.3 mA/g charge/discharge current density in rate capability test, and a 914 mAh/g capacity after 300 deep cycles in cycling stability test at 1593.9 mA/g current density, which marks a significant performance improvement for red phosphorus anodes for sodium-ion chemistry and flexible power sources for wearable electronics.
Spatial data modelling for 3D GIS

Data Type (ADT), 45 abstraction mechanisms, 134 active sever pages, 252 affine transformation, 227 aggregation, 83, 125 anaglyphic stereo, 223 Apache HTTP, 250 ArcView 3D Analyst, 18 association, 84 ATKIS, 73 AutoCad, 2 AVS, 149 backward pass, 173 Bentley, 252 boolean, 199 Borgefors DT, 153 Boundary Representation (BR), 55 Boundary representation (B-rep), 17 CAD, 1, 4, 224 cartesian coordinate, 41 cell Complex, 66 CGI, 247 chamfer 3-4, 154 chamfer 3-4-5, 172 chamfer 5-7-11, 154 Classification, 82, 118, 135 Client-Server, 232 COBRA, 249 computer graphics, 224 conceptual data model, 45 conceptual design, 48 constrained triangulation, 94, 210 Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG), 13, 17, 55 Contouring, 190 contouring algorithm, 190 Cortona, 251 CSG, 34 DB2, 236 dBASE, 109 DBMS, 46, 228 Delaunay triangulation, 164 DEMViewer, 246 dependency diagram, 111 depth sorting algorithm, 224
Risk Management of Information Systems Development in Distributed Environment

Risk management has been recognized as an effective way to reduce system development failure. Information system development (ISD) is a highly complex and unpredictable activity associated with high risks. With more and more organizations outsource or offshore substantial resources in system development, organizations face up new challenges and risks not common to traditional development models. Classical risk management approaches have relied on tactical, bottomup analysis, which do not readily scale to distributed environment. Therefore, risk management in distributed environment is becoming a critical area of concern. This paper uses a systemic approach developed by Software Engineering Institute to identify risks of ISD in distributed environment. Four key risk factors were identified from prior literature: objective, preparation, execution, and environment. In addition, the impact of these four risk factors on the success of information system development will also be examined.
Assigning Personality/Profile to a Chatting Machine for Coherent Conversation Generation

Endowing a chatbot with personality is challenging but significant to deliver more realistic and natural conversations. In this paper, we address the issue of generating responses that are coherent to a pre-specified personality or profile. We present a method that uses generic conversation data from social media (without speaker identities) to generate profile-coherent responses. The central idea is to detect whether a profile should be used when responding to a user post (by a profile detector), and if necessary, select a key-value pair from the profile to generate a response forward and backward (by a bidirectional decoder) so that a personalitycoherent response can be generated. Furthermore, in order to train the bidirectional decoder with generic dialogue data, a position detector is designed to predict a word position from which decoding should start given a profile value. Manual and automatic evaluation shows that our model can deliver more coherent, natural, and diversified responses.
Extreme 3D Face Reconstruction: Seeing Through Occlusions

Existing single view, 3D face reconstruction methods can produce beautifully detailed 3D results, but typically only for near frontal, unobstructed viewpoints. We describe a system designed to provide detailed 3D reconstructions of faces viewed under extreme conditions, out of plane rotations, and occlusions. Motivated by the concept of bump mapping, we propose a layered approach which decouples estimation of a global shape from its mid-level details (e.g., wrinkles). We estimate a coarse 3D face shape which acts as a foundation and then separately layer this foundation with details represented by a bump map. We show how a deep convolutional encoder-decoder can be used to estimate such bump maps. We further show how this approach naturally extends to generate plausible details for occluded facial regions. We test our approach and its components extensively, quantitatively demonstrating the invariance of our estimated facial details. We further provide numerous qualitative examples showing that our method produces detailed 3D face shapes in viewing conditions where existing state of the art often break down.
Adaptive fuzzy controller with sliding surface for vehicle suspension control

Since the hydraulic actuating suspension system has nonlinear and time-varying behavior, it is difficult to establish an accurate model for designing a model-based controller. Here, an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller is proposed to suppress the sprung mass position oscillation due to road surface variation. This intelligent control strategy combines an adaptive rule with fuzzy and sliding mode control algorithms. It has online learning ability to deal with the system time-varying and nonlinear uncertainty behaviors, and adjust the control rules parameters. Only eleven fuzzy rules are required for this active suspension system and these fuzzy control rules can be established and modified continuously by online learning. The experimental results show that this intelligent control algorithm effectively suppresses the oscillation amplitude of the sprung mass with respect to various road surface disturbances.
An Evolutionary Approach to Tetris Niko Böhm

This paper describes the application of evolutionary algorithms to the popular game of Tetris. Tetris is a falling block game in which the player’s objective is to arrange a series of different shaped bricks seamlessly in order to survive and thus get as many points as possible (there is no way to win tetris). The computer chooses the best move by rating possible subsequent game boards based on a rating function. This function is primarily a weighted sum of several subratings. The evolutionary algorithm is used to find optimal weights for these. Our results compete pretty well compared to other documented tetris playing programs.
Thoracolumbar burst fractures: a systematic review of management.

The management of thoracolumbar burst fractures remains challenging. Ideally, it should effectively correct the deformity, induce neurological recovery, allow early mobilization and return to work, and be associated with minimal risk of complication. This article reviews the related studies reporting their clinical data for the management of thoracolumbar burst fractures, discusses the most suitable approach in cases such as these, highlights specific treatment recommendations, and proposes a treatment algorithm. Using PubMed and Scopus databases to search the term thoracolumbar burst fractures, abstracts and original articles in English investigating the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures were searched and analyzed.
Politics and health in eight European countries: a comparative study of mortality decline under social democracies and right-wing governments.

Recent publications have argued that the welfare state is an important determinant of population health, and that social democracy in office and higher levels of health expenditure promote health progress. In the period 1950-2000, Greece, Portugal, and Spain were the poorest market economies in Europe, with a fragmented system of welfare provision, and many years of military or authoritarian right-wing regimes. In contrast, the five Nordic countries were the richest market economies in Europe, governed mostly by center or center-left coalitions often including the social democratic parties, and having a generous and universal welfare state. In spite of the socioeconomic and political differences, and a large gap between the five Nordic and the three southern nations in levels of health in 1950, population health indicators converged among these eight countries. Mean decadal gains in longevity of Portugal and Spain between 1950 and 2000 were almost three times greater than gains in Denmark, and about twice as great as those in Iceland, Norway and Sweden during the same period. All this raises serious doubts regarding the hypothesis that the political regime, the political party in office, the level of health care spending, and the type of welfare state exert major influences on population health. Either these factors are not major determinants of mortality decline, or their impact on population health in Nordic countries was more than offset by other health-promoting factors present in Southern Europe.
Hybrid Directional Discontinuous Reception (HD-DRX) for 5G Communication

For mmWave directional air interface expected in 5G communications, current discontinuous reception (DRX) mechanisms would be inadequate. Beam searching, for alignment of beams at User Equipment (UE) and 5G base station (NR nodeB), cannot be avoided in directional communication. We propose to exploit dual connectivity of UE, to both LTE eNB and NR nodeB, for effective 5G DRX. We present a novel hybrid directional-DRX (HD-DRX) mechanism, where beam searching is performed only when necessary. Probabilistic estimate of power saving and delay is conducted by capturing various states of UE through a semi-Markov process. Our numerical analysis achieves 13% improvement in power saving for HD-DRX compared with directional-DRX. We validate our numerical analysis with simulation studies on real traffic trace.
Adaptations of ROUGE and BLEU to Better Evaluate Machine Reading Comprehension Task

Current evaluation metrics to question answering based machine reading comprehension (MRC) systems generally focus on the lexical overlap between candidate and reference answers, such as ROUGE and BLEU. However, bias may appear when these metrics are used for specific question types, especially questions inquiring yes-no opinions and entity lists. In this paper, we make adaptations on the metrics to better correlate n-gram overlap with the human judgment for answers to these two question types. Statistical analysis proves the effectiveness of our approach. Our adaptations may provide positive guidance for the development of realscene MRC systems.
The role of body image in prenatal and postpartum depression: a critical review of the literature

Maternal depression increases risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, and recent evidence suggests that body image may play an important role in depression. This systematic review identifies studies of body image and perinatal depression with the goal of elucidating the complex role that body image plays in prenatal and postpartum depression, improving measurement, and informing next steps in research. We conducted a literature search of the PubMed database (1996–2014) for English language studies of (1) depression, (2) body image, and (3) pregnancy or postpartum. In total, 19 studies matched these criteria. Cross-sectional studies consistently found a positive association between body image dissatisfaction and perinatal depression. Prospective cohort studies found that body image dissatisfaction predicted incident prenatal and postpartum depression; findings were consistent across different aspects of body image and various pregnancy and postpartum time periods. Prospective studies that examined the reverse association found that depression influenced the onset of some aspects of body image dissatisfaction during pregnancy, but few evaluated the postpartum onset of body image dissatisfaction. The majority of studies found that body image dissatisfaction is consistently but weakly associated with the onset of prenatal and postpartum depression. Findings were less consistent for the association between perinatal depression and subsequent body image dissatisfaction. While published studies provide a foundation for understanding these issues, methodologically rigorous studies that capture the perinatal variation in depression and body image via instruments validated in pregnant women, consistently adjust for important confounders, and include ethnically diverse populations will further elucidate this association.
Phase distribution of software development effort

Effort distribution by phase or activity is an important but often overlooked aspect compared to other steps in the cost estimation process. Poor effort allocation is among the major root causes of rework due to insufficiently resourced early activities. This paper provides results of an empirical study on phase effort distribution data of 75 industry projects, from the China Software Benchmarking Standard Group (CSBSG) database. The phase effort distribution patterns and variation sources are presented, and analysis results show some consistency in effects of software size and team size on code and test phase distribution variations, and some considerable deviations in requirements, design, and transition phases, compared with recommendations in the COCOMO model. Finally, this paper discusses the major findings and threats to validity and presents general guidelines in directing effort allocation. Empirical findings from this study are beneficial for stimulating discussions and debates to improve cost estimation and benchmarking practices.
Investigating cyber-physical attacks against IEC 61850 photovoltaic inverter installations

Cyber-attacks against Smart Grids have been found in the real world. Malware such as Havex and BlackEnergy have been found targeting industrial control systems (ICS) and researchers have shown that cyber-attacks can exploit vulnerabilities in widely used Smart Grid communication standards. This paper addresses a deep investigation of attacks against the manufacturing message specification of IEC 61850, which is expected to become one of the most widely used communication services in Smart Grids. We investigate how an attacker can build a custom tool to execute man-in-the-middle attacks, manipulate data, and affect the physical system. Attack capabilities are demonstrated based on NESCOR scenarios to make it possible to thoroughly test these scenarios in a real system. The goal is to help understand the potential for such attacks, and to aid the development and testing of cyber security solutions. An attack use-case is presented that focuses on the standard for power utility automation, IEC 61850 in the context of inverter-based distributed energy resource devices; especially photovoltaics (PV) generators.