nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Software Reliability Model for Modular Program Structure

The paper treats a modular program in which transfers of control between modules follow a semi-Markov process. Each module is failure-prone, and the different failure processes are assumed to be Poisson. The transfers of control between modules (interfaces) are themselves subject to failure. The overall failure process of the program is described, and an asymptotic Poisson process approximation is given for the case when the individual modules and interfaces are very reliable. A simple formula gives the failure rate of the overall program (and hence mean time between failures) under this limiting condition. The remainder of the paper treats the consequences of failures. Each failure results in a cost, represented by a random variable with a distribution typical of the type of failure. The quantity of interest is the total cost of running the program for a time t, and a simple approximating distribution is given for large t. The parameters of this limiting distribution are functions only of the means and variances of the underlying distributions, and are thus readily estimable. A calculation of program availability is given as an example of the cost process. There follows a brief discussion of methods of estimating the parameters of the model, with suggestions of areas in which it might be used.
Control of Seed Germination by Abscisic Acid : III. Effect on Embryo Growth Potential (Minimum Turgor Pressure) and Growth Coefficient (Cell Wall Extensibility) in Brassica napus L.

The physical mechanism of seed germination and its inhibition by abscisic acid (ABA) in Brassica napus L. was investigated, using volumetric growth (= water uptake) rate (dV/dt), water conductance (L), cell wall extensibility coefficient (m), osmotic pressure ( product operator(i)), water potential (Psi(i)), turgor pressure (P), and minimum turgor for cell expansion (Y) of the intact embryo as experimental parameters. dV/dt, product operator(i), and Psi(i) were measured directly, while m, P, and Y were derived by calculation. Based on the general equation of hydraulic cell growth [dV/dt = Lm/(L + m) (Delta product operator - Y), where Delta product operator = product operator(i) - product operator of the external medium], the terms (Lm/(L + m) and product operator(i) - Y were defined as growth coefficient (k(G)) and growth potential (GP), respectively. Both k(G) and GP were estimated from curves relating dV/dt (steady state) to product operator of osmotic test solutions (polyethylene glycol 6000).During the imbibition phase (0-12 hours after sowing), k(G) remains very small while GP approaches a stable level of about 10 bar. During the subsequent growth phase of the embryo, k(G) increases about 10-fold. ABA, added before the onset of the growth phase, prevents the rise of k(G) and lowers GP. These effects are rapidly abolished when germination is induced by removal of ABA. Neither L (as judged from the kinetics of osmotic water efflux) nor the amount of extractable solutes are affected by these changes. product operator(i) and Psi(i) remain at a high level in the ABA-treated seed but drop upon induction of germination, and this adds up to a large decrease of P, indicating that water uptake of the germinating embryo is controlled by cell wall loosening rather than by changes of product operator(i) or L. ABA inhibits water uptake by preventing cell wall loosening. By calculating Y and m from the growth equation, it is further shown that cell wall loosening during germination comprises both a decrease of Y from about 10 to 0 bar and an at least 10-fold increase of m. ABA-mediated embryo dormancy is caused by a reversible inhibition of both of these changes in cell wall stability.
Generation IV Nuclear Systems : State of the Art and Current Trends with Emphasis on Safety and Security Features

Fifty years ago, on June 26, 1954, in the town of Obninsk, near Moscow in the former USSR, the first nuclear power plant was connected to an electricity grid to provide power. This was the world's first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a power grid, and produced around 5 MWe . This first nuclear reactor was built twelve years after the occurrence of the first controlled fission reaction on December 2, 1942, at the Manhattan Engineering Dis‐ trict, in Chicago, Illinois, US. In 1955 the USS Nautilus, the first nuclear propelled submar‐ ine, equipped with a pressurized water reactor (PWR), was launched. The race for nuclear technology spanned several countries and soon commercial reactors, called first generation nuclear reactors, were built in the US (Shippingport, a 60 MWe PWR, operated 1957-1982, Dresden, a boiling water reactor, BWR, operated 1960-1978, and Fermi I, a fast breeder reac‐ tor, operated 1957-1972) and the United Kingdom (Magnox, a pressurized, carbon dioxide cooled, graphite-moderated reactor using natural uranium).
A Virtual Blind Cane Using a Line Laser-Based Vision System and an Inertial Measurement Unit

A virtual blind cane system for indoor application, including a camera, a line laser and an inertial measurement unit (IMU), is proposed in this paper. Working as a blind cane, the proposed system helps a blind person find the type of obstacle and the distance to it. The distance from the user to the obstacle is estimated by extracting the laser coordinate points on the obstacle, as well as tracking the system pointing angle. The paper provides a simple method to classify the obstacle's type by analyzing the laser intersection histogram. Real experimental results are presented to show the validity and accuracy of the proposed system.
A revision of the species of Bothriocephalus Rudolphi, 1808 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) parasitic in American freshwater fishes

The species of the pseudophyllidean genus Bothriocephalus Rudolphi, 1808 parasitising freshwater fishes in America are revised, based on the examination of type and voucher specimens of seven taxa. There are five valid species: Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782), B. cuspidatus Cooper, 1917, B. formosus Mueller & Van Cleave, 1932, B. acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934, and B. pearsei Scholz, Vargas-Vázquez & Moravec, 1996. B. texomensis Self, 1954 from Hiodon alosoides in the USA, and B. musculosus Baer, 1937 from a cichlid Cichlasoma biocellatum (= C. octofasciatum) which died in an aquarium in Switzerland, are synonymised with B. cuspidatus. B. schilbeodis Cheng & James, 1960 from Schilbeodes insignis in the USA, B. speciosus (Leidy, 1858) Leidy, 1872 from Boleostoma olmstedi in the USA, and B. cestus Leidy, 1885 from Salvelinus sp. in Canada are considered to be species inquirendae until new material for the evaluation of their taxonomic status is available. B. cordiceps (Leidy, 1872) from Salmo (= Salvelinus) fontinalis in North America is in fact a larva (plerocercoid) of a Diphyllobothrium species. The study showed that there have been many misidentifications, mostly of B. cuspidatus erroneously designated as B. formosus or B. claviceps. The five valid species are redescribed and illustrated, with emphasis on scolex morphology. The distribution of individual taxa and the spectrum of their definitive hosts are briefly reviewed and a key facilitating identification of individual species is also provided.
THE PERCEPTION OF MAKASSAR ’ S TEENAGERS TOWARD KOREAN DRAMA AND MUSIC ( CASE STUDY ON MAKASSAR KOREAN LOVERS COMMUNITY )

This research analyzed the perception of Makassar’s teenagers toward Korean drama and music and their influences to them. Interviews and digital recorder were provided as instruments of the research to ten respondents who are members of Makassar Korean Lover Community. Then, in analyzing data the researchers used descriptive qualitative method that aimed to get deep information about Korean wave in Makassar. The Results of the study found that Makassar’s teenagers put enormous interest in Korean culture especially Korean drama and music. However, most respondents also realize that the presence of Korean culture has a great negative impact to them and their environments. Korean culture itself gives effect in several aspects such as the influence on behavior, Influence on the taste and Influence on the environment as well.
TV Viewing and Advertising Targeting Yiting

Television (TV), the predominant advertising medium, is being transformed by the micro-targeting capabilities of set-top boxes (STBs). By procuring impressions at the STB level (often denoted programmatic television), advertisers can now lower per-exposure costs and/or reach viewers most responsive to advertising creatives. Accordingly, this paper uses a proprietary, household-level, single-source data set to develop an instantaneous show and advertisement viewing model to forecast consumers’ exposure to advertising and the downstream consequences for impressions and sales. Viewing data suggest person-specific factors dwarf brandor show-specific factors in explaining advertising avoidance, thereby suggesting that device-level advertising targeting can be more effective than existing show-level targeting. Consistent with this observation, the model indicates that microtargeting lowers advertising costs and raises incremental profits considerably relative to show-level targeting. Further, these advantages are amplified when advertisers are allowed to buy real-time as opposed to up-front.
Convolutional neural network based solar photovoltaic panel detection in satellite photos

The aim of this work is the detection of solar photovoltaic panels in low-quality satellite photos. It is important to receive the geospatial data (such as country, zip code, street and home number) of installed solar panels, because they are connected directly to the local power. It will be helpful to estimate a power capacity and an energy production using the satellite photos. For this purpose, a Convolutional Neural Network was used. For training and testing dataset consists of 3347 low-quality Google satellite images was used. The experimental results show a high rate accuracy of detection with low rate incorrect classifications of the proposed approach. The proposed approach has enormous implementation and can be improved in future.
Regulation of interleukin 7–dependent immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene rearrangements by transcription factor STAT5

Rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (VH) gene segments has been suggested to be regulated by interleukin 7 signaling in pro–B cells. However, the genetic evidence for this recombination pathway has been challenged. Furthermore, no molecular components that directly control VH gene rearrangement have been elucidated. Using mice deficient in the interleukin 7–activated transcription factor STAT5, we demonstrate here that STAT5 regulated germline transcription, histone acetylation and DNA recombination of distal VH gene segments. STAT5 associated with VH gene segments in vivo and was recruited as a coactivator with the transcription factor Oct-1. STAT5 did not affect the nuclear repositioning or compaction of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus. Therefore, STAT5 functions at a distinct step in regulating distal VH recombination in relation to the transcription factor Pax5 and histone methyltransferase Ezh2.
A-NICE-MC: Adversarial Training for MCMC

Existing Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are either based on generalpurpose and domain-agnostic schemes, which can lead to slow convergence, or problem-specific proposals hand-crafted by an expert. In this paper, we propose ANICE-MC, a novel method to automatically design efficient Markov chain kernels tailored for a specific domain. First, we propose an efficient likelihood-free adversarial training method to train a Markov chain and mimic a given data distribution. Then, we leverage flexible volume preserving flows to obtain parametric kernels for MCMC. Using a bootstrap approach, we show how to train efficient Markov chains to sample from a prescribed posterior distribution by iteratively improving the quality of both the model and the samples. Empirical results demonstrate that A-NICE-MC combines the strong guarantees of MCMC with the expressiveness of deep neural networks, and is able to significantly outperform competing methods such as Hamiltonian Monte Carlo.
From Benedict Cumberbatch to Sherlock Holmes: Character Identification in TV series without a Script

The goal of this paper is the automatic identification of characters in TV and feature film material. In contrast to standard approaches to this task, which rely on the weak supervision afforded by transcripts and subtitles, we propose a new method requiring only a cast list. This list is used to obtain images of actors from freely available sources on the web, providing a form of partial supervision for this task. In using images of actors to recognize characters, we make the following three contributions: (i) We demonstrate that an automated semi-supervised learning approach is able to adapt from the actor’s face to the character’s face, including the face context of the hair; (ii) By building voice models for every character, we provide a bridge between frontal faces (for which there is plenty of actor-level supervision) and profile (for which there is very little or none); and (iii) by combining face context and speaker identification, we are able to identify characters with partially occluded faces and extreme facial poses. Results are presented on the TV series ‘Sherlock’ and the feature film ‘Casablanca’. We achieve the state-of-the-art on the Casablanca benchmark, surpassing previous methods that have used the stronger supervision available from transcripts.
Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument.

This study assessed the validity of the Balance Scale by examining: how Scale scores related to clinical judgements and self-perceptions of balance, laboratory measures of postural sway and external criteria reflecting balancing ability; if scores could predict falls in the elderly; and how they related to motor and functional performance in stroke patients. Elderly residents (N = 113) were assessed for functional performance and balance regularly over a nine-month period. Occurrence of falls was monitored for a year. Acute stroke patients (N = 70) were periodically rated for functional independence, motor performance and balance for over three months. Thirty-one elderly subjects were assessed by clinical and laboratory indicators reflecting balancing ability. The Scale correlated moderately with caregiver ratings, self-ratings and laboratory measures of sway. Differences in mean Scale scores were consistent with the use of mobility aids by elderly residents and differentiated stroke patients by location of follow-up. Balance scores predicted the occurrence of multiple falls among elderly residents and were strongly correlated with functional and motor performance in stroke patients.
Simultaneous reconstruction and segmentation with the Mumford-Shah functional for electron tomography

Electron micrography (EM) is an important method for determining the three-dimensional (3D) structure of macromolecular complexes and biological specimens. But there are several limitations such as poor signal-to-noise, limitation on range of tilt angles and sub-region subject to electron exposure, unintentional movements of the specimen, with EM systems that make the reconstruction procedure a severely ill-posed problem. A different choice of reconstruction method may lead to different results and create different additional artifacts in reconstructed images. In this paper, we combined the artifacts reduction strategy and the iterative reconstruction algorithm using a Mumford-Shah model. With the combined method, one can not only regularize the ill-posedness and provide segmentation simultaneously but also smooth additional artifacts due to the limited data. We applied the method to both simulated data from the Shepp-Logan phantom and cryo-specimen tomography. The results demonstrate the performance of the method in reducing the noise and artifacts while preserving and enhancing the edges in the reconstructed image.
Distraction-Based Neural Networks for Document Summarization

Distributed representation learned with neural networks has recently shown to be effective in modeling natural languages at fine granularities such as words, phrases, and even sentences. Whether and how such an approach can be extended to help model larger spans of text, e.g., documents, is intriguing, and further investigation would still be desirable. This paper aims to enhance neural network models for such a purpose. A typical problem of document-level modeling is automatic summarization, which aims to model documents in order to generate summaries. In this paper, we propose neural models to train computers not just to pay attention to specific regions and content of input documents with attention models, but also distract them to traverse between different content of a document so as to better grasp the overall meaning for summarization. Without engineering any features, we train the models on two large datasets. The models achieve the state-of-the-art performance, and they significantly benefit from the distraction modeling, particularly when input documents are long.
Stabilization of the quadruple inverted pendulum by variable universe adaptive fuzzy controller based on variable gain H ∞  regulator

In this paper, the variable universe adaptive fuzzy controller based on variable gain H∞ regulator (VGH∞R) is designed to stabilize a quadruple inverted pendulum. The VGH∞R is a novel robust gain-scheduling approach. By utilizing VGH∞R technique, a more precise real-time feedback gain matrix, which is changing with states, is obtained. Via the variable gain matrix 10 state variables of quadruple inverted pendulum are transformed into a kind of synthesis error (E) and synthesis rate of change of error (EC) at sampling time. Therefore, the dimension of the multivariable system is reduced and the variable universe adaptive fuzzy controller is built. Experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
A 6-Gbps/pin Half-Duplex LVDS I/O for High-Speed Mobile DRAM

This paper presents a high-speed LVDS I/O interface for mobile DRAMs. A data rate of 6Gbps/pin and a transmit-jitter of 57.31ps pk-pk were demonstrated, in which an 800MHz clock and a 200mV swing were used. The power consumption by I/O circuit is 6.2mW/pin when a 10pf load is connected to the I/O, and output supply voltage is 1.2V. The proposed mobile DRAM has 6 data pins and 4 address/command pins for a multi-chip package (MCP). The transmitter uses a feed-back LVDS output driver and a common-mode feed-back controller achieving the reduction of driver currents and the constant common-mode as half voltage level. To achieve a low-transmit jitter, we use a driver with a double step pre-emphasis. The receiver employs a shared preamplifier scheme, which ensures transmit power reduction. The proposed DRAM with LVDS I/O was fabricated using an 80-nm DRAM process. It exhibits 161.1mV times 150ps rms eye-windows on the given channel
High-Performance Compact Diplexers for Ku/K-Band Satellite Applications

In this paper, two novel compact diplexers for satellite applications are presented. The first covers the Ku-band with two closely spaced channels (Ku-transmission band: 10.7–13 GHz and Ku-reception band: 13.75–14.8 GHz). The second is wider than the first (overall bandwidth up to 50%) achieves the suppression of the higher order modes, and covers the Ku/K-band with a reception channel between 17.2 and 18.5 GHz. Both diplexers are composed of two novel bandpass filters, joined together with an E-plane T-junction. The bandpass filters are designed by combining a low-pass filtering function (based on  $\lambda $ /4-step-shaped band-stop elements separated by very short waveguide sections) and a high-pass filtering structure (based on the waveguide propagation cutoff effect). The novel diplexers show a very compact footprint and very relaxed fabrication tolerances, and are especially attractive for wideband applications. A prototype Ku/K-band diplexer has also been fabricated by milling. Measurements show a very good agreement with simulations, thereby demonstrating the validity and manufacturing robustness of the proposed topology.
Redundant Late Domain Functions of Tandem VP2 YPX3L Motifs in Nonlytic Cellular Egress of Quasi-enveloped Hepatitis A Virus.

The quasi-envelopment of hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsids in exosome-like virions (eHAV) is an important but incompletely understood aspect of the hepatovirus life cycle. This process is driven by recruitment of newly assembled capsids to endosomal vesicles into which they bud to form multivesicular bodies with intraluminal vesicles that are later released at the plasma membrane as eHAV. The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) are key to this process, as is the ESCRT-III-associated protein, ALIX, which also contributes to membrane budding of conventional enveloped viruses. YPX1or3L late domains in the structural proteins of these viruses mediate interactions with ALIX, and two such domains exist in the HAV VP2 capsid protein. Mutational studies of these domains are confounded by the fact that the Tyr residues (important for interactions of YPX1or3L peptides with ALIX) are required for efficient capsid assembly. However, single Leu-to-Ala substitutions within either VP2 YPX3L motif (L1-A and L2-A mutants) were well tolerated, albeit associated with significantly reduced eHAV release. In contrast, simultaneous substitutions in both motifs (L1,2-A) eliminated virus release but did not inhibit assembly of infectious intracellular particles. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that the loss of eHAV release was associated with a loss of ALIX recruitment. Collectively, these data indicate that HAV YPX3L motifs function as redundant late domains during quasi-envelopment and viral release. Since these motifs present little solvent-accessible area in the crystal structure of the naked extracellular capsid, the capsid structure may be substantially different during quasi-envelopment. Nonlytic release of hepatitis A virus (HAV) as exosome-like quasi-enveloped virions is a unique but incompletely understood aspect of the hepatovirus life cycle. Several lines of evidence indicate that the host protein ALIX is essential for this process. Tandem YPX3L "late domains" in the VP2 capsid protein could be sites of interaction with ALIX, but they are not accessible on the surface of an X-ray model of the extracellular capsid, raising doubts about this putative late domain function. Here, we describe YPX3L domain mutants that assemble capsids normally but fail to bind ALIX and be secreted as quasi-enveloped eHAV. Our data support late domain function for the VP2 YPX3L motifs and raise questions about the structure of the HAV capsid prior to and following quasi-envelopment.
Evolution of central pattern generators for bipedal walking in a real-time physics environment

We describe an evolutionary approach to the control problem of bipedal walking. Using a full rigid-body simulation of a biped, it was possible to evolve recurrent neural networks that controlled stable straight-line walking on a planar surface. No proprioceptive information was necessary to achieve this task. Furthermore, simple sensory input to locate a sound source was integrated to achieve directional walking. To our knowledge, this is the first work that demonstrates the application of evolutionary optimization to three-dimensional physically simulated biped locomotion.