nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Preferences for Pink and Blue: The Development of Color Preferences as a Distinct Gender-Typed Behavior in Toddlers.

Many gender differences are thought to result from interactions between inborn factors and sociocognitive processes that occur after birth. There is controversy, however, over the causes of gender-typed preferences for the colors pink and blue, with some viewing these preferences as arising solely from sociocognitive processes of gender development. We evaluated preferences for gender-typed colors, and compared them to gender-typed toy and activity preferences in 126 toddlers on two occasions separated by 6-8 months (at Time 1, M = 29 months; range 20-40). Color preferences were assessed using color cards and neutral toys in gender-typed colors. Gender-typed toy and activity preferences were assessed using a parent-report questionnaire, the Preschool Activities Inventory. Color preferences were also assessed for the toddlers' parents using color cards. A gender difference in color preferences was present between 2 and 3 years of age and strengthened near the third birthday, at which time it was large (d > 1). In contrast to their parents, toddlers' gender-typed color preferences were stronger and unstable. Gender-typed color preferences also appeared to establish later and were less stable than gender-typed toy and activity preferences. Gender-typed color preferences were largely uncorrelated with gender-typed toy and activity preferences. These results suggest that the factors influencing gender-typed color preferences and gender-typed toy and activity preferences differ in some respects. Our findings suggest that sociocognitive influences and play with gender-typed toys that happen to be made in gender-typed colors contribute to toddlers' gender-typed color preferences.
Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerance of a New Injection Technique for High- and Low-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid Hybrid Complexes

Facial aging is characterized by skin laxity and loss of skin elasticity. Hyaluronic acid, a biological component of the extracellular matrix, whose level decreases during aging, plays structural, rheological, and physiological roles in the skin. Hyaluronic acid may possess different molecular weights: low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (from 50 kDa) and high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (just up to 2 million kDa). This monocentric, retrospective, observational study investigates the efficacy, security, and tolerability of a new injective low- and high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid for facial skin rejuvenation.



Eleven women received once a month, for 2 months, 2 mL of the product in the subcutaneous layer of the right and left malar/submalar areas. Facial skin echography, facial skin hydration, elasticity, and transepidermal water loss were assessed before (T 0), after 1 month (T 1), and after 3 months of treatment (T 2). The injective features of the product, physician subjective satisfaction, and patient satisfaction were also reported.



Facial face hydration, elasticity, and transepidermal water loss values significantly improved at T 1 and T 2 (P < .01). Patients were very satisfied at the end of the treatment, and the compound's profit evaluated by the physician was optimal in the absence of local side effects.



This treatment represents a good treatment option to restore vitality and turgidity of skin presenting the signs of aging in the absence of intolerance symptoms.
Polynomial Regression As an Alternative to Neural Nets

Despite the success of neural networks (NNs), there is still a concern among many over their “black box” nature. Why do they work? Yes, we have Universal Approximation Theorems, but these concern statistical consistency, a very weak property, not enough to explain the exceptionally strong performance reports of the method. Here we present a simple analytic argument that NNs are in fact essentially polynomial regression models, with the effective degree of the polynomial growing at each hidden layer. This view will have various implications for NNs, e.g. providing an explanation for why convergence problems arise in NNs, and it gives rough guidance on avoiding overfitting. In addition, we use this phenomenon to predict and confirm a multicollinearity property of NNs not previously reported in the literature. Most importantly, given this loose correspondence, one may choose to routinely use polynomial models instead of NNs, thus avoiding some major problems of the latter, such as having to set many tuning parameters and dealing with convergence issues. We present a number of empirical results; in each case, the accuracy of the polynomial approach matches or exceeds that of NN approaches. A many-featured, open-source software package, polyreg, is available. 1 ar X iv :1 80 6. 06 85 0v 2 [ cs .L G ] 2 9 Ju n 20 18 1 The Mystery of NNs Neural networks (NNs), especially in the currently popular form of many-layered deep learning networks (DNNs), have become many analysts’ go-to method for predictive analytics. Indeed, in the popular press, the term artificial intelligence has become virtually synonymous with NNs.1 Yet there is a feeling among many in the community that NNs are “black boxes”; just what is going on inside? Various explanations have been offered for the success of NNs, a prime example being [Shwartz-Ziv and Tishby(2017)]. However, the present paper will present significant new insights. 2 Contributions of This Paper The contribution of the present work will be as follows:2 (a) We will show that, at each layer of an NY, there is a rough correspondence to some fitted ordinary parametric polynomial regression (PR) model; in essence, NNs are a form of PR. We refer to this loose correspondence here as NNAEPR, Neural Nets Are Essentially Polynomial Models. (b) A very important aspect of NNAEPR is that the degree of the approximating polynomial increases with each hidden layer. In other words, our findings should not be interpreted as merely saying that the end result of an NN can be approximated by some polynomial.
Seborrheic Keratoses as the First Sign of Bladder Carcinoma: Case Report of Leser-Trélat Sign in a Rare Association with Urinary Tract Cancer

Skin disorders can be the first manifestation of occult diseases. The recognition of typical paraneoplastic dermatoses may anticipate the cancer diagnosis and improve its prognosis. Although rarely observed, the sudden appearance and/or rapid increase in number and size of seborrheic keratoses can be associated with malignant neoplasms, known as the sign of Leser-Trélat. The aim of this report is to unveil a case of a patient whose recently erupted seborrheic keratoses led to investigation and consequent diagnosis of bladder cancer.  A 67-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care unit due to an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). On physical examination, multiple seborrheic keratoses on the back of the hands, elbows, and trunk were observed; the patient had a 4-month history of these lesions yet was asymptomatic. The possibility of Leser-Trélat syndrome justified the investigation for neoplasia, and a bladder carcinoma was detected by CT-scan. The patient denied previous hematuria or any other related symptoms. Many of the lesions regressed during oncologic treatment.  Despite the critics on the validity of the sign of Leser-Trélat, our patient fulfills the description of the disease, though urinary malignancy is a rare association. That corroborates the need of further investigation when there is a possibility of paraneoplastic manifestation.
Pose estimation using line-based dynamic vision and inertial sensors

In this paper, an observer problem from a computer vision application is studied. Rigid body pose estimation using inertial sensors and a monocular camera is considered and it is shown how rotation estimation can be decoupled from position estimation. Orientation estimation is formulated as an observer problem with implicit output where the states evolve on (3). A careful observability study reveals interesting group theoretic structures tied to the underlying system structure. A locally convergent observer where the states evolve on (3) is proposed and numerical estimates of the domain of attraction is given. Further, it is shown that, given convergent orientation estimates, position estimation can be formulated as a linear implicit output problem. From an applications perspective, it is outlined how delayed low bandwidth visual observations and high bandwidth rate gyro measurements can provide high bandwidth estimates. This is consistent with real-time constraints due to the complementary characteristics of the sensors which are fused in a multirate way.
A Tree Structure For Dynamic Facility Location

We study the metric facility location problem with client insertions and deletions. This setting differs from the classic dynamic facility location problem, where the set of clients remains the same, but the metric space can change over time. We show a deterministic algorithm that maintains a constant factor approximation to the optimal solution in worst-case time Õ(2O(κ)) per client insertion or deletion in metric spaces while answering queries about the cost in O(1) time, where κ denotes the doubling dimension of the metric. For metric spaces with bounded doubling dimension, the update time is polylogarithmic in the parameters of the problem.
An Emergency-Demand-Response Based Under Speed Load Shedding Scheme to Improve Short-Term Voltage Stability

The dynamics of load, especially induction motors, are the driving force for short-term voltage stability (STVS) problems. In this paper, the equivalent rotation speed of motors is identified online and its recovery time is estimated next to realize an emergency-demand-response (EDR) based under speed load shedding (USLS) scheme to improve STVS. The proposed scheme consists of an EDR program and two regular stages (RSs). In the EDR program, contracted load is used as a fast-response resource rather than the last defense. The estimated recovery time (ERT) is used as the triggering signal for the EDR program. In the RSs, the amount of load to be shed at each bus is determined according to the assigned weights based on ERTs. Case studies on a practical power system in China Southern Power Grid have validated the performance of the proposed USLS scheme under various contingency scenarios. The utilization of EDR resources and the adaptive distribution of shedding amount in RSs guarantee faster voltage recovery. Therefore, USLS offers a new and more effective approach compared with existing under voltage load shedding to improve STVS.
Relative Age Effect in UEFA Championship Soccer Players

Relative Age Effect (RAE) is the breakdown by both age grouping and dates of birth of athletes. In the past 20 years the existence of this effect has been shown with higher or smaller impact in multiple sports, including soccer. The purpose of this study was to identify the existence of RAE in European soccer players. The sample included 841 elite soccer players who were participants in the UEFA European Soccer Championship in different categories. The professional category (n = 368), U-19 (n = 144) and U-17 (n = 145) were in 2012, and U-21 was in 2011 (n = 184). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Levene test recommended the use of nonparametric statistics. The results obtained by the square test ( the Kruskal-Wallis test and Cohen's effect sizes revealed the existence of RAE (χ(2) = 17.829, p < 0.001; d = 0.30), with the size of their different effects depending on their category or qualifying round achieved by the national team and the existence of significance in the observed differences by category. Therefore, we could continue examining RAE which is present in elite soccer, and could be considered a factor that influences performance of the national teams tested. RAE was not evident in the professional teams analysed, however it was present in the three lower categories analysed (youth categories), with its influence being greater on younger age categories (U-17).
Face Analysis in the Wild

With the global demand for extra security systems, and the growing of human-machine interaction, facial analysis in unconstrained environments (in the wild) became a hot-topic in recent computer vision research.Unconstrained environments include surveillance footage, social media photos and live broadcasts.This type of images and videos include no control over illumination, position, size, occlusion, and facial expressions. Successful facial processing methods for controlled scenarios are unable to pledge with challenging circumstances. Consequently, methods tailored for handling those situations are indispensable for the face analysis research progress. This work presents a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art methods, drawing attention to the complications derived from in the wild scenarios and the behavior differences when applied to the controlled images.The main topics to be covered are: (1) face detection; (2) facial image quality; (3) head pose estimation; (4) face alignment; (5) 3D face reconstruction; (6) gender and age estimation; (7) facial expressions and emotions; and (8) face recognition. Finally, available code and applications for in the wild face analysis are presented,followed by a discussion on future directions.
Learning language from within: Children use semantic generalizations to infer word meanings

One reason that word learning presents a challenge for children is because pairings between word forms and meanings are arbitrary conventions that children must learn via observation - e.g., the fact that "shovel" labels shovels. The present studies explore cases in which children might bypass observational learning and spontaneously infer new word meanings: By exploiting the fact that many words are flexible and systematically encode multiple, related meanings. For example, words like shovel and hammer are nouns for instruments, and verbs for activities involving those instruments. The present studies explored whether 3- to 5-year-old children possess semantic generalizations about lexical flexibility, and can use these generalizations to infer new word meanings: Upon learning that dax labels an activity involving an instrument, do children spontaneously infer that dax can also label the instrument itself? Across four studies, we show that at least by age four, children spontaneously generalize instrument-activity flexibility to new words. Together, our findings point to a powerful way in which children may build their vocabulary, by leveraging the fact that words are linked to multiple meanings in systematic ways.
caTIES: a grid based system for coding and retrieval of surgical pathology reports and tissue specimens in support of translational research

The authors report on the development of the Cancer Tissue Information Extraction System (caTIES)--an application that supports collaborative tissue banking and text mining by leveraging existing natural language processing methods and algorithms, grid communication and security frameworks, and query visualization methods. The system fills an important need for text-derived clinical data in translational research such as tissue-banking and clinical trials. The design of caTIES addresses three critical issues for informatics support of translational research: (1) federation of research data sources derived from clinical systems; (2) expressive graphical interfaces for concept-based text mining; and (3) regulatory and security model for supporting multi-center collaborative research. Implementation of the system at several Cancer Centers across the country is creating a potential network of caTIES repositories that could provide millions of de-identified clinical reports to users. The system provides an end-to-end application of medical natural language processing to support multi-institutional translational research programs.
Media , Military and Masculinity A semiotic analysis of men , masculinities and the military in Egyptian online press

This study aims to investigate the connection between concepts of masculinity and militarism in Egyptian online press. In order to avoid reification of stereotypical, orientalist constructions of Arab men as villains or oppressors, this study does not look at men in the typical sense, either as individuals or as a group, but as gendered subjects, socially constructed through performativity. Furthermore, this study is grounded in material derived from four months of ethnographic field studies in Cairo, exploring the understanding of masculinities by Egyptian media audiences and media professionals. The purpose of this study, as such, is to locate ‘militarised masculinity’ within Egyptian online press; to explore how militarism and notions of masculinity become entangled and what role the media plays in perpetuating this entanglement. Seeing how the military is an institution of state-sanctioned violence, combined with a rigid, normative representation of men and a shunning of ‘deviant masculinities’ in media, it is possible that a celebration of (ideal) masculinity as militaristic is related to issues of violence against women, and persecution of non-heterosexual men. In a time when media personalities are actively working with the police to ‘hunt’ gay men, and publicly expose those seen as deviating from ‘traditional’ or ‘hegemonic’ masculinity, it is today even more important to examine Egyptian media, in regards to minority and gender representation as well as hegemonic discourse.
Optimisation of a green gas supply chain--a review.

In this review the knowledge status of and future research options on a green gas supply based on biogas production by co-digestion is explored. Applications and developments of the (bio)gas supply in The Netherlands have been considered, whereafter literature research has been done into the several stages from production of dairy cattle manure and biomass to green gas injection into the gas grid. An overview of a green gas supply chain has not been made before. In this study it is concluded that on installation level (micro-level) much practical knowledge is available and on macro-level knowledge about availability of biomass. But on meso-level (operations level of a green gas supply) very little research has been done until now. Future research should include the modeling of a green gas supply chain on an operations level, i.e. questions must be answered as where to build digesters based on availability of biomass. Such a model should also advise on technology of upgrading depending on scale factors. Future research might also give insight in the usability of mixing (partly upgraded) biogas with natural gas. The preconditions for mixing would depend on composition of the gas, the ratio of gases to be mixed and the requirements on the mixture.
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital imperforate hymen with hydrocolpos.

of the thoracic spine revealed a 1.1 cm intradural extramedullary mass at the level of the T2 vertebral body (Figure 1a). Spinal neurosurgery was planned due to exacerbation of her chronic back pain and progressive weakness of the lower limbs at 28 weeks ’ gestation. Emergent spinal decompression surgery was performed with gross total excision of the tumour. Doppler fl ow of the umbilical artery was used preoperatively and postoperatively to monitor fetal wellbeing. Th e histological examination revealed HPC, World Health Organization (WHO) grade 2 (Figure 1b). Complete recovery was seen within 1 week of surgery. Follow-up MRI demonstrated complete removal of the tumour. We recommended adjuvant external radiotherapy to the patient in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy due to HPC ’ s high risk of recurrence. However, the patient declined radiotherapy. Routine weekly obstetric assessments were performed following surgery. At the 37th gestational week, a 2,850 g, Apgar score 7 – 8, healthy infant was delivered by caesarean section, without need of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Adjuvant radiotherapy was administered to the patient in the postpartum period.
Building extraction from high-resolution optical spaceborne images using the integration of support vector machine (SVM) classification, Hough transformation and perceptual grouping

This paper presents an integrated approach for the automatic extraction of rectangularand circularshape buildings from high-resolution optical spaceborne images using the integration of support vector machine (SVM) classification, Hough transformation and perceptual grouping. The building patches are detected from the image using the binary SVM classification. The generated normalized digital surface model (nDSM) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are incorporated in the classification process as additional bands. After detecting the building patches, the building boundaries are extracted through sequential processing of edge detection, Hough transformation and perceptual grouping. Those areas that are classified as building are masked and further processing operations are performed on the masked areas only. The edges of the buildings are detected through an edge detection algorithm that generates a binary edge image of the building patches. These edges are then converted into vector form through Hough transform and the buildings are constructed by means of perceptual grouping. To validate the developed method, experiments were conducted on pan-sharpened and panchromatic Ikonos imagery, covering the selected test areas in Batikent district of Ankara, Turkey. For the test areas that contain industrial buildings, the average building detection percentage (BDP) and quality percentage (QP) values were computed to be 93.45% and 79.51%, respectively. For the test areas that contain residential rectangular-shape buildings, the average BDP and QP values were computed to be 95.34% and 79.05%, respectively. For the test areas that contain residential circular-shape buildings, the average BDP and QP values were found to be 78.74% and 66.81%, respectively.
Development of a multi-linked tracked jack robot

This paper reports the development of a new jack robot. The jack robot consists of two crawler vehicles connected by 3-DOF joint mechanism which is capable of posture change, constructing a thin structure to enable it to enter narrow space, as well as high mobility in disaster sites and adaptability to irregular terrain. An electric jack mechanism and a multi-DOF manipulator are equipped in the front segment of the jack robot to accomplish jack-up operations. Adopted multiple layers screw sleeves structure, the jack mechanism can spread to the place which is almost six times the height of its own, making it possible to lift a gap up from 70 mm to 400 mm under 300 kg load driven by DC motor. With the help of the multi-DOF manipulator, precise operations to the jack mechanism can be realized. Experimental results of driving test and jack-up test validate the capability of the multi-linked tracked jack robot.
Influence of the jitter buffer on the quality of service VoIP

VoIP (Voice over IP) is a modern service with enormous potential for yet further growth. It uses the already available and universally implemented IP transport platform. One significant problem, however, is ensuring the Quality of Service, abbreviated QoS. This paper addresses exactly that issue. In an extensive investigation the influence of jitter buffers on QoS is being examined in depth. Two implementations, namely a passive FIFO buffer and an active PJSIP buffer are considered. The results obtained are presented in several diagrams and interpreted. They provide valuable insights and indications as to how procedures to ensure QoS in IP networks can be planned and implemented. The paper concludes with a summary and outlook on further work.