nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A double-sampled low-distortion cascade ΔΣ modulator with an adder/integrator for WLAN application

A cascade switched-capacitor ΔΣ analog-to-digital converter, suitable for WLANs, is presented. It uses a double-sampling scheme with single set of DAC capacitors, and an improved low-distortion architecture with an embedded-adder integrator. The proposed architecture eliminates one active stage, and reduces the output swings in the loop-filter and hence the non-linearity. It was fabricated with a 0.18um CMOS process. The prototype chip achieves 75.5 dB DR, 74 dB SNR, 73.8 dB SNDR, −88.1 dB THD, and 90.2 dB SFDR over a 10 MHz signal band with an FoM of 0.27 pJ/conv-step.
Security and privacy in mobile social networks: challenges and solutions

Mobile social networking is a pervasive communication platform where users with smartphones can search over the Internet and query neighboring peers to obtain the desired information. In this article, we examine the architecture, communication patterns, and especially the security and privacy of MSN. We first study three categories of mobile applications with a focus on two autonomous mobile applications, business card and service review. We then explore the possible methods to deal with the associated security and privacy challenges. By discussing the shortages of the methods, we finally provide several promising research directions.
Applications and societal benefits of plastics.

This article explains the history, from 1600 BC to 2008, of materials that are today termed 'plastics'. It includes production volumes and current consumption patterns of five main commodity plastics: polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate. The use of additives to modify the properties of these plastics and any associated safety, in use, issues for the resulting polymeric materials are described. A comparison is made with the thermal and barrier properties of other materials to demonstrate the versatility of plastics. Societal benefits for health, safety, energy saving and material conservation are described, and the particular advantages of plastics in society are outlined. Concerns relating to littering and trends in recycling of plastics are also described. Finally, we give predictions for some of the potential applications of plastic over the next 20 years.
Generic transposition from data source toward ontology

This paper presents a part of a generic approach for transposition models of any data source to the ontology and vice versa using Model Driven Architecture (MDA). We present the general process of our approach by focusing on the transposition from data source to ontology: Data source is based on a unique and single model also for ontology, the cooperation of software engineering and knowledge engineering is then reduced to the determination of transition between software model and ontology. Our approach is based on a transition managed by meta modeling: From any data source, we extract a model which will be transposed to an ontology model by a succession of treatment steps. Data source model is validating against a metamodel then it will undergo transformations to generate the model of ontology which is validating against another metamodel.
Emulating arbitrary antenna arrays with low-profile probe-fed cavity-excited omega-bianisotropic metasurface antennas

We present a methodology to design cavity-excited omega-bianisotropic metasurface (O-BMS) antennas capable of producing arbitrary radiation patterns, prescribed by antenna array theory. The method relies on previous work, in which we proved that utilizing the three O-BMS degrees of freedom, namely, electric and magnetic polarizabilities, and magnetoelectric coupling, any field transformation that obeys local power conservation can be implemented via passive lossless components. When the O-BMS acts as the top cover of a metallic cavity excited by a point source, this property allows optimization of the metasurface modal reflection coefficients to establish any desirable power profile on the aperture. Matching in this way the excitation profile to the target power profile corresponding to the desirable aperture fields allows emulation of arbitrary discrete antenna array radiation patterns. The resultant low-profile probed-fed cavity-excited O-BMS antennas offer a new means for meticulous pattern control, without requiring complex, expensive, and often lossy, feed networks.
A Novel Walking Detection and Step Counting Algorithm Using Unconstrained Smartphones

Recently, with the development of artificial intelligence technologies and the popularity of mobile devices, walking detection and step counting have gained much attention since they play an important role in the fields of equipment positioning, saving energy, behavior recognition, etc. In this paper, a novel algorithm is proposed to simultaneously detect walking motion and count steps through unconstrained smartphones in the sense that the smartphone placement is not only arbitrary but also alterable. On account of the periodicity of the walking motion and sensitivity of gyroscopes, the proposed algorithm extracts the frequency domain features from three-dimensional (3D) angular velocities of a smartphone through FFT (fast Fourier transform) and identifies whether its holder is walking or not irrespective of its placement. Furthermore, the corresponding step frequency is recursively updated to evaluate the step count in real time. Extensive experiments are conducted by involving eight subjects and different walking scenarios in a realistic environment. It is shown that the proposed method achieves the precision of 93.76 % and recall of 93.65 % for walking detection, and its overall performance is significantly better than other well-known methods. Moreover, the accuracy of step counting by the proposed method is 95.74 % , and is better than both of the several well-known counterparts and commercial products.
The novel stress simulation method for contemporary DRAM capacitor arrays

The increasing of aspect ratio in DRAM capacitors causes structural instabilities and device failures as the generation evolves. Conventionally, two-dimensional and three-dimensional models are used to solve these problems by optimizing thin film thickness, material properties and structure parameters; however, it is not enough to analyze the latest failures associated with large-scale DRAM capacitor arrays. Therefore, beam-shell model based on classical beam and shell theories is developed in this study to simulate diverse failures. It enables us to solve multiple failure modes concurrently such as supporter crack, capacitor bending, and storage-poly fracture.
A Computational Account of Syntactic, Semantic and Discourse Principles for Anaphora Resolution

We present a unified framework for the computational implementation of syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and even "stylistic" constraints on anaphora. We build on our BUILDRS implementation of Discourse Representation (DR) Theory and Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) discussed in Wada & Asher (1986). We develop and argue for a semantically based processing model for anaphora resolution that exploits a number of desirable features: (1) the partial semantics provided by the discourse representation structures (DRSs) of DR theory, (2) the use of syntactic and lexical features to filter out unacceptable potential anaphoric antecedents from the set of logically possible antecedents determined by the logical structure of the DRS, (3) the use of pragmatic or discourse constraints, noted by those working on focus, to impose a salience ordering on the set of grammatically acceptable potential antecedents. Only where there is a marked difference in the degree of salience among the possible antecedents does the salience ranking allow us to make predictions on preferred readings. In cases where the difference is extreme, we predict the discourse to be infelicitous if, because of other constraints, one of the markedly less salient antecedents must be linked with the pronoun. We also briefly consider the applications of our processing model to other definite noun phrases besides anaphoric pronouns.
Closed-loop simulation method for evaluation of static offset in discrete-time comparators

This paper presents a simulation-based method for evaluating the static offset in discrete-time comparators. The proposed procedure is based on a closed-loop algorithm which forces the input signal of the comparator to quickly converge to its effective threshold. From this value, the final offset is computed by subtracting the ideal reference. The proposal was validated using realistic behavioral models and transistor-level simulations in a 0.18μm CMOS technology. The application of the method reduces by several orders of magnitude the number of cycles needed to characterize the offset during design, drastically improving productivity.
An Efficient Signature Verification Method Based on an Interval Symbolic Representation and a Fuzzy Similarity Measure

In this paper, an efficient offline signature verification method based on an interval symbolic representation and a fuzzy similarity measure is proposed. In the feature extraction step, a set of local binary pattern-based features is computed from both the signature image and its under-sampled bitmap. Interval-valued symbolic data is then created for each feature in every signature class. As a result, a signature model composed of a set of interval values (corresponding to the number of features) is obtained for each individual’s handwritten signature class. A novel fuzzy similarity measure is further proposed to compute the similarity between a test sample signature and the corresponding interval-valued symbolic model for the verification of the test sample. To evaluate the proposed verification approach, a benchmark offline English signature data set (GPDS-300) and a large data set (BHSig260) composed of Bangla and Hindi offline signatures were used. A comparison of our results with some recent signature verification methods available in the literature was provided in terms of average error rate and we noted that the proposed method always outperforms when the number of training samples is eight or more.
Differences in predictors of traditional and cyber-bullying: a 2-year longitudinal study in Korean school children

Traditional bullying has received considerable research but the emerging phenomenon of cyber-bullying much less so. Our study aims to investigate environmental and psychological factors associated with traditional and cyber-bullying. In a school-based 2-year prospective survey, information was collected on 1,344 children aged 10 including bullying behavior/experience, depression, anxiety, coping strategies, self-esteem, and psychopathology. Parents reported demographic data, general health, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. These were investigated in relation to traditional and cyber-bullying perpetration and victimization at age 12. Male gender and depressive symptoms were associated with all types of bullying behavior and experience. Living with a single parent was associated with perpetration of traditional bullying while higher ADHD symptoms were associated with victimization from this. Lower academic achievement and lower self esteem were associated with cyber-bullying perpetration and victimization, and anxiety symptoms with cyber-bullying perpetration. After adjustment, previous bullying perpetration was associated with victimization from cyber-bullying but not other outcomes. Cyber-bullying has differences in predictors from traditional bullying and intervention programmes need to take these into consideration.
Flow cytometry: basic principles and applications.

Flow cytometry is a sophisticated instrument measuring multiple physical characteristics of a single cell such as size and granularity simultaneously as the cell flows in suspension through a measuring device. Its working depends on the light scattering features of the cells under investigation, which may be derived from dyes or monoclonal antibodies targeting either extracellular molecules located on the surface or intracellular molecules inside the cell. This approach makes flow cytometry a powerful tool for detailed analysis of complex populations in a short period of time. This review covers the general principles and selected applications of flow cytometry such as immunophenotyping of peripheral blood cells, analysis of apoptosis and detection of cytokines. Additionally, this report provides a basic understanding of flow cytometry technology essential for all users as well as the methods used to analyze and interpret the data. Moreover, recent progresses in flow cytometry have been discussed in order to give an opinion about the future importance of this technology.
FGFR3 targeting strategies for achondroplasia.

Mutations that exaggerate signalling of the receptor tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) give rise to achondroplasia, the most common form of dwarfism in humans. Here we review the clinical features, genetic aspects and molecular pathogenesis of achondroplasia and examine several therapeutic strategies designed to target the mutant receptor or its signalling pathways, including the use of kinase inhibitors, blocking antibodies, physiologic antagonists, RNAi and chaperone inhibitors. We conclude by discussing the challenges of treating growth plate disorders in children.
The MoveLab: Developing Congruence Between Students' Self-Concepts and Computing

The MoveLab was an educational research intervention centering on a community of African American and Hispanic girls as they began to transform their self-concept in relation to computing and dance while creating technology enhanced dance performances. Students within underrepresented populations in computing often do not perceive the identity of a computer scientist as aligning with their interests or value system, leading to rejection of opportunities to participate within the discipline. To engage diverse populations in computing, we need to better understand how to support students in navigating conflicts between identities with computing and their personal interest and values. Using the construct of self-concept, we observed students in the workshop creating both congruence and dissension between their self-concept and computing. We found that creating multiple roles for participation, fostering a socially supportive community, and integrating student values within the curriculum led to students forming congruence between their self-concept and the disciplines of computing and dance.
Popular Self-Help Books for Anxiety , Depression , and Trauma : How Scientifically Grounded and Useful are They ?

Self-help books for psychological disorders have become increasingly popular, yet there is surprisingly little research on their scientific status or overall utility. The authors identified 50 top-selling self-help books for anxiety, depressive, and trauma-related disorders. Using a scale derived from the literature on bibliotherapy, expert psychologists rated each book on overall usefulness, grounding in psychological science, the extent to which it offers reasonable expectations, the extent to which it offers specific guidance for implementing the self-help techniques and for monitoring treatment progress, and whether it offers potentially harmful advice. The results revealed strong intercorrelations among the scales, such that books scoring high along one dimension tended to score high along others. There was wide variability in the overall quality of the books, but several factors emerged as predictors of book quality. The most highly rated books tended to be those having a cognitive behavioral perspective, those written by mental health professionals, those written by authors holding a doctoral degree, and those focusing on specific problems. Implications of the findings, including specific recommendations for authors and consumers of self-help books, are discussed.
Vaginal lacerations from consensual intercourse in adolescents.

(1) To describe lacerations of the vaginal fornices, an injury known to be associated with consensual sexual intercourse, including known complications and treatment course, (2) to contrast these injuries with injuries sustained during sexual assault, and (3) to discuss the assessment of adolescent patients for sexual injuries.



We present a case series of 4 female adolescent patients seen at a children's hospital over a period of 6 months. Each patient developed significant vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse, and 3 of the patients presented to the emergency department with vital signs consistent with compensated shock.



Each patient was evaluated by pediatric surgery, and found to have a laceration of the vagina. Three of the patients described consensual intercourse prior to the onset of bleeding, and had lacerations of the vaginal fornices; these patients were determined to have injuries resulting from consensual sexual intercourse. The fourth patient reported sexual assault as the cause of her injuries, and was treated for longitudinal lacerations of the vaginal wall.



Lacerations of the upper vagina are not frequently reported in forced vaginal intercourse, but are occasionally reported as injuries sustained during consensual coitus. In the absence of reported sexual assault, a severe vaginal fornix laceration is consistent with the diagnosis of coital injury from consensual intercourse. Diagnosis and treatment of this injury can be delayed due to the sensitive nature of these injuries. Bleeding can be profuse, leading to hemorrhagic shock, and these injuries may require transfusion of blood products and surgical repair in some cases. Complications may include hemoperitoneum, pneumoperitoneum, or retroperitoneal hematoma, even in the absence of complete vaginal perforation.



Knowledge of the consensual sexual injuries that may occur in adolescent patients can guide diagnosis, treatment, and counseling for the patient and her family, preventing long-term medical complications and legal consequences.
The convergence of medicine and neurotoxins: a focus on botulinum toxin type A and its application in aesthetic medicine--a global, evidence-based botulinum toxin consensus education initiative: part II: incorporating botulinum toxin into aesthetic clinical practice.

The new world of safe aesthetic injectables has become increasingly popular with patients. Not only is there less risk than with surgery, but there is also significantly less downtime to interfere with patients' normal work and social schedules. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) type A (BoNTA) is an indispensable tool used in aesthetic medicine, and its broad appeal has made it a hallmark of modern culture. The key to using BoNTA to its best effect is to understand patient-specific factors that will determine the treatment plan and the physician's ability to personalize injection strategies.



To present international expert viewpoints and consensus on some of the contemporary best practices in aesthetic BoNTA, so that beginner and advanced injectors may find pearls that provide practical benefits.



Expert aesthetic physicians convened to discuss their approaches to treatment with BoNT. The discussions and consensus from this meeting were used to provide an up-to-date review of treatment strategies to improve patient results. Information is presented on patient management and assessment, documentation and consent, aesthetic scales, injection strategies, dilution, dosing, and adverse events.



A range of product- and patient-specific factors influence the treatment plan. Truly optimized outcomes are possible only when the treating physician has the requisite knowledge, experience, and vision to use BoNTA as part of a unique solution for each patient's specific needs.
The Morphospace of Consciousness

In this paper, we construct a complexity-based morphospace wherein one can study systems-level properties of conscious and intelligent systems based on information-theoretic measures. The axes of this space labels three distinct complexity types, necessary to classify conscious machines, namely, autonomous, cognitive and social complexity. In particular, we use this morphospace to compare biologically conscious agents ranging from bacteria, bees, C. elegans, primates and humans with artificially intelligence systems such as deep networks, multi-agent systems, social robots, AI applications such as Siri and computational systems as Watson. Given recent proposals to synthesize consciousness, a generic complexitybased conceptualization provides a useful framework for identifying defining features of distinct classes of conscious and synthetic systems. Based on current clinical scales of consciousness that measure cognitive awareness and wakefulness, this article takes a perspective on how contemporary artificially intelligent machines and synthetically engineered life forms would measure on these scales. It turns out that awareness and wakefulness can be associated to computational and autonomous complexity respectively. Subsequently, building on insights from cognitive robotics, we examine the function that consciousness serves, and argue the role of consciousness as an evolutionary game-theoretic strategy. This makes the case for a third type of complexity necessary for describing consciousness, namely, social complexity. Having identified these complexity types, allows for a representation of both, biological and synthetic systems in a common morphospace. A consequence of this classification is a taxonomy of possible conscious machines. In particular, we identify four types of consciousness, based on embodiment: (i) biological consciousness, (ii) synthetic consciousness, (iii) group consciousness (resulting from group interactions), and (iv) simulated consciousness (embodied by virtual agents within a simulated reality). This taxonomy helps in the investigation of comparative signatures of consciousness across domains, in order to highlight design principles necessary to engineer conscious machines. This is particularly relevant in the light of recent developments at the ar X iv :1 70 5. 11 19 0v 3 [ qbi o. N C ] 2 4 N ov 2 01 8 The Morphospace of Consciousness 2 crossroads of cognitive neuroscience, biomedical engineering, artificial intelligence and biomimetics.
Area Attention

Existing attention mechanisms are trained to attend to individual items in a collection (the memory) with a predefined, fixed granularity, e.g., a word token or an image grid. We propose area attention: a way to attend to areas in the memory, where each area contains a group of items that are structurally adjacent, e.g., spatially for a 2D memory such as images, or temporally for a 1D memory such as natural language sentences. Importantly, the shape and the size of an area are dynamically determined via learning, which enables a model to attend to information with varying granularity. Area attention can easily work with existing model architectures such as multi-head attention for simultaneously attending to multiple areas in the memory. We evaluate area attention on two tasks: neural machine translation (both character and token-level) and image captioning, and improve upon strong (state-of-the-art) baselines in all the cases. These improvements are obtainable with a basic form of area attention that is parameter free.