nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental modeling of a deoiling hydrocyclone system

Hydrocyclones used in offshore oil & gas industries utilizes pressure difference ratio (PDR) control to maintain efficient oil and water separation. This separation will reduce the concentration of oil in the effluent water to fulfill the environmental safety limits of low oil concentrations. This limitation causes the optimization of the separation process to be an important research. As oscillating flow affects the hydrocyclones performance, it is important to identify the dynamic model of the hydrocyclones to possibly optimize and improve the current PDR control solution. An in-house developed acrylic hydrocyclone was tested as proof of concept for obtaining its steady-state and dynamic performances. The steady-state performance is able to provide the proportional correlation between PDR and flow split which is essential for optimizing steady-state separation efficiency. By analyzing step responses of PDR via dedicated experiments a set of first-order-plus-dead-time (FOPDT) models that represent the main characteristics of the concerned hydrocyclone system is developed and analyzed for the entire operating range. The obtained multiple FOPDT models can illustrate the system performance in a quite reasonable manner. Second-order models were identified to represent the overshoot and oscillation properties of the hydrocyclone.
Automatic imitation in a strategic context: players of rock-paper-scissors imitate opponents' gestures.

A compelling body of evidence indicates that observing a task-irrelevant action makes the execution of that action more likely. However, it remains unclear whether this 'automatic imitation' effect is indeed automatic or whether the imitative action is voluntary. The present study tested the automaticity of automatic imitation by asking whether it occurs in a strategic context where it reduces payoffs. Participants were required to play rock-paper-scissors, with the aim of achieving as many wins as possible, while either one or both players were blindfolded. While the frequency of draws in the blind-blind condition was precisely that expected at chance, the frequency of draws in the blind-sighted condition was significantly elevated. Specifically, the execution of either a rock or scissors gesture by the blind player was predictive of an imitative response by the sighted player. That automatic imitation emerges in a context where imitation reduces payoffs accords with its 'automatic' description, and implies that these effects are more akin to involuntary than to voluntary actions. These data represent the first evidence of automatic imitation in a strategic context, and challenge the abstraction from physical aspects of social interaction typical in economic and game theory.
A Novel Low-Cost Circularly Polarized Rotated Stacked Dielectric Resonator Antenna

A novel low-cost method for generating circular polarization in a dielectric resonator antenna is proposed. The antenna comprises four rectangular dielectric layers, each one being rotated by an angle of 30 ° relative to its adjacent layers. Utilizing such an approach has provided a circular polarization over a bandwidth of 6% from 9.55 to 10.15 GHz. This has been achieved in conjunction with a 21% impedance-matching bandwidth over the same frequency range. Also, the radiation efficiency of the proposed circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna is 93% in this frequency band of operation
Recent pause in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 due to enhanced terrestrial carbon uptake

Terrestrial ecosystems play a significant role in the global carbon cycle and offset a large fraction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The terrestrial carbon sink is increasing, yet the mechanisms responsible for its enhancement, and implications for the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, remain unclear. Here using global carbon budget estimates, ground, atmospheric and satellite observations, and multiple global vegetation models, we report a recent pause in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, and a decline in the fraction of anthropogenic emissions that remain in the atmosphere, despite increasing anthropogenic emissions. We attribute the observed decline to increases in the terrestrial sink during the past decade, associated with the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 on vegetation and the slowdown in the rate of warming on global respiration. The pause in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate provides further evidence of the roles of CO2 fertilization and warming-induced respiration, and highlights the need to protect both existing carbon stocks and regions, where the sink is growing rapidly.
Scene-based automatic image annotation

Image search and retrieval systems depend heavily on availability of descriptive textual annotations with images, to match them with textual queries of users. In most cases, such systems have to rely on users to provide tags or keywords with images. Users may add insufficient or noisy tags. A system to automatically generate descriptive tags for images can be extremely helpful for search and retrieval systems. Automatic image annotation has been explored widely in both image and text processing research communities. In this paper, we present a novel approach to tackle this problem by incorporating contextual information provided by scene analysis of image. Image can be represented by features which indicate type of scene shown in the image, instead of representing individual objects or local characteristics of that image. We have used such features to provide context in the process of predicting tags for images.
Conditionally correct superoptimization

The aggressive optimization of heavily used kernels is an important problem in high-performance computing. However, both general purpose compilers and highly specialized tools such as superoptimizers often do not have sufficient static knowledge of restrictions on program inputs that could be exploited to produce the very best code. For many applications, the best possible code is conditionally correct: the optimized kernel is equal to the code that it replaces only under certain preconditions on the kernel's inputs. The main technical challenge in producing conditionally correct optimizations is in obtaining non-trivial and useful conditions and proving conditional equivalence formally in the presence of loops. We combine abstract interpretation, decision procedures, and testing to yield a verification strategy that can address both of these problems. This approach yields a superoptimizer for x86 that in our experiments produces binaries that are often multiple times faster than those produced by production compilers.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish from the Red Sea Coast of Yemen

A detailed analytical study using combined normal phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish from the Red Sea was undertaken. This investigation involves a preliminary assessment of the sixteen parent compounds issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). The study revealed measurable levels of Σ PAHs (the sum of three to five or six ring parent compounds) (49.2 ng g−1 dry weight) and total PAHs (all PAH detected) (422.1 ng g−1 dry weight) in edible muscle of fishes collected from the Red Sea. These concentrations are within the range of values reported for other comparable regions of the world. Mean concentrations for individual parent PAH in fish muscles were; naphthalene 19.5, biphenyl 4.6, acenaphthylene 1.0, acenaphthene 1.2, fluorene 5.5, phenanthrene 14.0, anthracene 0.8, fluoranthene 1.5, pyrene 1.8, benz(a)anthracene 0.4, chrysene 1.9, benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.5, benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.5, benzo(e)pyrene 0.9, benzo(a)pyrene 0.5, perylene 0.2, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.1 ng g−1 dry weight respectively. The Red Sea fish extracts exhibit the low molecular weight aromatics as well as the discernible alkyl-substituted species of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene. Thus, it was suggested that the most probable source of PAHs is oil contamination originating from spillages and/or heavy ship traffic. It was concluded that the presence of PAHs in the fish muscles is not responsible for the reported fish kill phenomenon. However, the high concentrations of carcinogenic chrysene encountered in these fishes should be considered seriously as it is hazardous to human health. Based on fish consumption by Yemeni‘s population it was calculated that the daily intake of total carcinogens were 0.15 µg/person/day.
Transition Systems Reduction: Balancing between Precision and Simplicity

Transition systems are a powerful formalism, which is widely used for process model representation. A number of approaches were proposed in the process mining field to tackle the problem of constructing transition systems from event logs. Existing approaches discover transition systems that are either too large or too small. In this paper we propose an original approach to discover transition systems that perfectly fit event logs and whose size is adjustable depending on the user’s need. The proposed approach allows achieving a required balance between simple and precise models.
Petri Net Transformations for Business Processes - A Survey

InProcess-Aware Information Systems, business processes are often modeled in an explicit way. Roughly speaking, the available business processmodeling languages can bedivided into twogroups. Languages from the first group are preferred by academic people but shunned by business people, and include Petri nets and process algebras. These academic languages have a proper formal semantics, which allows the corresponding academic models to be verified in a formal way. Languages from the second group are preferred by business people but disliked by academic people, and include BPEL, BPMN, andEPCs. These business languages often lack any proper semantics, which often leads to debates on how to interpret certain business models. Nevertheless, business models are used in practice, whereas academic models are hardly used. To be able to use, for example, the abundance of Petri net verification techniques on business models, we need to be able to transform these models to Petri nets. In this paper, we investigate anumberofPetri net transformations that already exist.For every transformation, we investigate the transformation itself, the constructs in the business models that are problematic for the transformation and the main applications for the transformation.
2 Improving Russia ’ s Policy on Foreign Direct Investment *

All countries—developing and developed alike—find it difficult to stay competitive without inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI brings to host countries not only capital, productive facilities, and technology transfers, but also employment, new job skills and management expertise. These ingredients are particularly important in the case of Russia today, where the pressure for firms to compete with each other remains low. With blunted incentives to become efficient, due to interregional barriers to trade, weak exercise of creditor rights and administrative barriers to new entrants—including foreign invested firms—Russian enterprises are still in the early stages of restructuring. This paper argues that the policy regime governing FDI in the Russian Federation is still characterized by the old paradigm of FDI, established before the Second World War and seen all over the world during the 1950s and 1960s. In this paradigm there are essentially only two motivations for foreign direct investment: access to inputs for production, and access to markets for outputs. These kinds of FDI are useful, but often based either on exports that exploit cheap labor or natural resources, or else aimed at protected local markets and not necessarily at world standards for price and quality. The fact is that Russia is getting relatively small amounts of these types of FDI, and almost none of the newer, more efficient kind—characterized by state-of-the-art technology and world-class competitive production linked to dynamic global (or regional) markets. The paper notes that Russia should phase out the three core pillars of the current FDI policy regime-(i) all existing high tariffs and non-tariff protection for the domestic market; (ii) tax preferences for foreign investors (including those offered in Special Economic Zones), which bring few benefits (in terms of increased FDI) but engender costs (in terms of foregone fiscal revenue); and (iii) the substantial number of existing restrictions on FDI (make them applicable only to a limited number of sectors and activities). This set of reforms would allow Russia to switch to a modern approach towards FDI. The paper suggests the following specific policy recommendations: (i) amend the newly enacted FDI law so as to give " national treatment " for both right of establishment and for post-establishment operations; abolish conditions that are inconsistent with the agreement on trade-related investment measures (TRIMs) of the WTO (such as local content restrictions); and make investor-State dispute resolution mechanisms more efficient, including giving foreign investors the opportunity to …
A compact circularly-polarized square slot antenna with enhanced axial-ratio bandwidth using metasurface

A low-profile single-fed, wideband, circularly-polarized slot antenna is proposed. The antenna comprises a square slot fed by a U-shaped microstrip line which provides a wide impedance bandwidth. Wideband circular polarization is obtained by incorporating a metasurface consisting of a 9 × 9 lattice of periodic metal plates. It is shown that this metasurface generates additional resonances, lowers the axial ratio (AR) of the radiating structure, and enhances the radiation pattern stability at higher frequencies. The overall size of the antenna is only 28 mm × 28 mm (0.3 λo × 0.3 λo). The proposed antenna shows an impedance bandwidth from 2.6 GHz to 9 GHz (110.3%) for |S11| > −10 dB, and axial ratio bandwidth from 3.5 GHz to 6.1 GHz (54.1%) for AR > 3 dB. The antenna has a stable radiation pattern and a gain of greater than 3 dBi over the entire frequency band.
A Tutorial on Hybrid Answer Set Solving with clingo

Answer Set Programming (ASP) has become an established paradigm for Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, in particular, when it comes to solving knowledge-intense combinatorial (optimization) problems. ASP’s unique pairing of a simple yet rich modeling language with highly performant solving technology has led to an increasing interest in ASP in academia as well as industry. To further boost this development and make ASP fit for real world applications it is indispensable to equip it with means for an easy integration into software environments and for adding complementary forms of reasoning. In this tutorial, we describe how both issues are addressed in the ASP system clingo. At first, we outline features of clingo’s application programming interface (API) that are essential for multi-shot ASP solving, a technique for dealing with continuously changing logic programs. This is illustrated by realizing two exemplary reasoning modes, namely branch-and-bound-based optimization and incremental ASP solving. We then switch to the design of the API for integrating complementary forms of reasoning and detail this in an extensive case study dealing with the integration of difference constraints. We show how the syntax of these constraints is added to the modeling language and seamlessly merged into the grounding process. We then develop in detail a corresponding theory propagator for difference constraints and present how it is integrated into clingo’s solving process.
Broadband design of a low-profile, circularly polarized crossed dipole antenna on an AMC surface

A crossed dipole antenna is incorporated with an AMC surface to achieve low-profile and broadband characteristics. Interactions between the crossed dipole and the AMC surface are meticulously considered for optimum design. The antenna yields an impedance bandwidth of 18.8% for |S11| <; -10 dB and a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 10.9%.
Nasal fracture management: minimizing secondary nasal deformities.

Current management techniques for acute nasal fractures result in a high incidence of posttraumatic nasal deformity (14 to 50 percent). Associated traumatic edema, preexisting nasal deformity, and occult septal injury account for most of these acute reduction failures. Working with a detailed patient history and a physical examination that included rigid nasal endoscopy, the authors formulated a clinical algorithm for acute nasal fracture management, the use of which can reduce the incidence of posttraumatic nasal deformity. In this article, the authors review the literature, then discuss their management techniques over the past 11 years in 110 cases with a 9 percent nasal revision rate. This low incidence of revision is attributed to complete nasal assessment (bony and septum), use of outpatient controlled general anesthesia, and primary septal reconstruction in cases with severe septal fracture dislocation.
Rotation Invariant Vortices for Flow Visualization

We propose a new class of vortex definitions for flows that are induced by rotating mechanical parts, such as stirring devices, helicopters, hydrocyclones, centrifugal pumps, or ventilators. Instead of a Galilean invariance, we enforce a rotation invariance, i.e., the invariance of a vortex under a uniform-speed rotation of the underlying coordinate system around a fixed axis. We provide a general approach to transform a Galilean invariant vortex concept to a rotation invariant one by simply adding a closed form matrix to the Jacobian. In particular, we present rotation invariant versions of the well-known Sujudi-Haimes, Lambda-2, and Q vortex criteria. We apply them to a number of artificial and real rotating flows, showing that for these cases rotation invariant vortices give better results than their Galilean invariant counterparts.
Analysis of Pressure Rise in a Closed Container Due to Internal Arcing

When an arc fault occurs in a medium-voltage (MV) metal enclosed switchgear, the arc heats the filling gas, resulting in a pressure rise, which may seriously damage the switchgear, the building it is contained in, or even endanger maintenance personnel. A pressure rise calculation method based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been put forward in this paper. The pressure rise was calculated and the arc tests between the copper electrodes were performed in the container under different gap lengths by the current source. The results show that the calculated pressure rise agrees well with the measurement, and the relative error of the average pressure rise is about 2%. Arc volume has less effect on the pressure distribution in the container. Arc voltage Root-Mean-Square (RMS) has significant randomness with the change of arc current, and increases with the increase of gap length. The average arc voltage gradients measure at about 26, 20 and 16 V/cm when the gap lengths are 5, 10 and 15 cm, respectively. The proportion (thermal transfer coefficient kp) of the arc energy leading to the pressure rise in the container is about 44.9%. The pressure is symmetrically distributed in the container before the pressure wave reaches the walls and the process of the energy release is similar to an explosion. The maximum overpressure in the corner is increased under the reflection and superimposition effects of the pressure wave, but the pressure waves will be of no importance any longer than a few milliseconds in the closed container.
A micro planar coil for local high resolution magnetic resonance imaging

This paper reports on a flexible micro planar coil for an MR (Magnetic Resonance) catheter. High resolution images can be obtained by using the MR catheter. Two types of coils of 5 mm and 20 mm in diameter were fabricated. Both of the coils were designed to have inductance of 1.0 muH at 8.5 MHz. The proto-type MR catheters were made by attaching the micro coils to the tip of acrylic pipes. In order to evaluate the MR catheters, the sensitive area and SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) were measured. SNRs of the MR catheters were about three to eight times higher than that of a standard medical coil. Furthermore, we demonstrated that high resolution MR images can be achieved by using the MR catheters. MR images of a gumbo (Abelmoschus esculentus) were acquired with 0.5 x 0.5 x 1.0 mm3 resolution. While clear MR images were not able to be taken by the standard medical coil due to its low SNR, we were able to observe the gumbo and distinguished its seeds one by one in the MR images taken by the MR catheters.
The Need to Feed Homeostatic and Hedonic Control of Eating

Feeding provides substrate for energy metabolism, which is vital to the survival of every living animal and therefore is subject to intense regulation by brain homeostatic and hedonic systems. Over the last decade, our understanding of the circuits and molecules involved in this process has changed dramatically, in large part due to the availability of animal models with genetic lesions. In this review, we examine the role played in homeostatic regulation of feeding by systemic mediators such as leptin and ghrelin, which act on brain systems utilizing neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, melanocortins, orexins, and melanin concentrating hormone, among other mediators. We also examine the mechanisms for taste and reward systems that provide food with its intrinsically reinforcing properties and explore the links between the homeostatic and hedonic systems that ensure intake of adequate nutrition.
Applications of machine learning in animal behaviour studies

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.12.005 0003-3472/ In many areas of animal behaviour research, improvements in our ability to collect large and detailed data sets are outstripping our ability to analyse them. These diverse, complex and often highdimensional data sets exhibit nonlinear dependencies and unknown interactions across multiple variables, and may fail to conform to the assumptions of many classical statistical methods. The field of machine learning provides methodologies that are ideally suited to the task of extracting knowledge from these data. In this review, we aim to introduce animal behaviourists unfamiliar with machine learning (ML) to the promise of these techniques for the analysis of complex behavioural data. We start by describing the rationale behind ML and review a number of animal behaviour studies where ML has been successfully deployed. The ML framework is then introduced by presenting several unsupervised and supervised learning methods. Following this overview, we illustrate key ML approaches by developing data analytical pipelines for three different case studies that exemplify the types of behavioural and ecological questions ML can address. The first uses a large number of spectral and morphological characteristics that describe the appearance of pheasant, Phasianus colchicus, eggs to assign them to putative clutches. The second takes a continuous data stream of feeder visits from PIT (passive integrated transponder)-tagged jackdaws, Corvus monedula, and extracts foraging events from it, which permits the construction of social networks. Our final example uses aerial images to train a classifier that detects the presence of wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus, to count individuals in a population. With the advent of cheaper sensing and tracking technologies an unprecedented amount of data on animal behaviour is becoming available. We believe that ML will play a central role in translating these data into scientific knowledge and become a useful addition to the animal behaviourist's analytical toolkit.