International Sentiment Analysis for News and Blogs

There is a growing interest in mining opinions using sentiment analysis methods from sources such as news, blogs and product reviews. Most of these methods have been developed for English and are difficult to generalize to other languages. We explore an approach utilizing state-of-the-art machine translation technology and perform sentiment analysis on the English translation of a foreign language text. Our experiments indicate that (a) entity sentiment scores obtained by our method are statistically significantly correlated across nine languages of news sources and five languages of a parallel corpus; (b) the quality of our sentiment analysis method is largely translator independent; (c) after applying certain normalization techniques, our entity sentiment scores can be used to perform meaningful cross-cultural comparisons.  There is considerable and rapidly-growing interest in using sentiment analysis methods to mine opinion from news and blogs (Yi et al. 2003; Pang, Lee, & Vaithyanathan 2002; Pang & Lee 2004; Wiebe 2000; Yi & Niblack 2005). Applications include product reviews, market research, public relations, and financial modeling. Almost all existing sentiment analysis systems are designed to work in a single language, usually English. But effectively mining international sentiment requires text analysis in a variety of local languages. Although in principle sentiment analysis systems specific to each language can be built, such approaches are inherently labor intensive and complicated by the lack of linguistic resources comparable to WordNet for many languages. An attractive alternative to this approach uses existing translation programs and simply translates source documents to English before passing them to a sentiment analysis system. The primary difficulty here concerns the loss of nuance incurred during the translation process. Even state-ofthe-art language translation programs fail to translate substantial amounts of text, make serious errors on what they do translate, and reduce well-formed texts to sentence fragments. Still, we believe that translated texts are sufficient to accurately capture sentiment, particularly in sentiment analyCopyright c  sis systems (such as ours) which aggregate sentiment from multiple documents. In particular, we have generalized the Lydia sentiment analysis system to monitor international opinion on a country-by-country basis by aggregating daily news data from roughly 200 international English-language papers and over 400 sources partitioned among eight other languages. Maps illustrating the results of our analysis are shown in Figure 1. From these maps we see that George Bush is mentioned the most positively in newspapers from Australia, France and Germany, and negatively in most other sources. Vladimir Putin, on the other hand, has positive sentiment in most countries, except Canada and Bolivia. Additional examples of such analysis appear on our website, www.textmap.com. Such maps are interesting to study and quite provocative, but beg the question of how meaningful the results are. Here we provide a rigorous and careful analysis of the extent to which sentiment survives the brutal process of automatic translation. Our assessment is complicated by the lack of a “gold standard” for international news sentiment. Instead, we rely on measuring theconsistencyof sentiment scores for given entities across different language sources. Previous work (Godbole, Srinivasaiah, & Skiena 2007) has demonstrated that the Lydia sentiment analysis system accurately captures notions of sentiment in English. The degree to which these judgments correlate with opinions originating from related foreign-language sources will either validate or reject our translation approach to sentiment analysis. In this paper we provide: • Cross-language analysis across news streams – We demonstrate that statistically significant entity sentiment analysis can be performed using as little as ten days of newspapers for each of the eight foreign languages we studied (Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, and Spanish). • Cross-language analysis across parallel corpora – Some of difference in observed entity sentiment across news sources reflect the effects of differing content and opinion instead of interpretation error. To isolate the effects of news source variance, we performed translation analysis of a parallel corpus of European Union law. As expected, these show greater entity frequency conservation