nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A hybrid machine translation architecture guided by syntax

This article presents a hybrid architecture which combines rule-based machine translation (RBMT) with phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT). The hybrid translation system is guided by the rule-based engine. Before the transfer step, a varied set of partial candidate translations is calculated with the SMT system and used to enrich the tree-based representation with more translation alternatives. The final translation is constructed by choosing the most probable combination among the available fragments using monotone statistical decoding following the order provided by the rule-based system. We apply the hybrid model to a pair of distantly related languages, Spanish and Basque, and perform extensive experimentation on two different corpora. According to our empirical evaluation, the hybrid approach outperforms the best individual system across a varied set of automatic translation evaluation metrics. Following some output analysis to better understand the behaviour of the hybrid system, we explore the possibility of adding alternative parse trees and extra features to the hybrid decoder. Finally, we present a twofold manual evaluation of the translation systems studied in this paper, consisting of (i) a pairwise output comparison and (ii) a individual task-oriented evaluation using HTER. Interestingly, the manual evaluation shows some contradictory results with respect to the automatic evaluation; humans tend to prefer the translations from the RBMT system over the statistical and hybrid translations.
Question Taxonomy and Implications for Automatic Question Generation

Many Automatic Question Generation (AQG) approaches have been proposed focusing on reading comprehension support; however, none of them addressed academic writing. We conducted a large-scale case study with 25 supervisors and 36 research students enroled in an Engineering Research Method course. We investigated trigger questions, as a form of feedback, produced by supervisors, and how they support these students’ literature review writing. In this paper, we identified the most frequent question types according to Graesser and Person’s Question Taxonomy and discussed how the human experts generate such questions from the source text. Finally, we proposed a more practical Automatic Question Generation Framework for supporting academic writing in engineering education.
Full-Time Supervision based Bidirectional RNN for Factoid Question Answering

Recently, bidirectional recurrent neural network (BRNN) has been widely used for question answering (QA) tasks with promising performance. However, most existing BRNN models extract the information of questions and answers by directly using a pooling operation to generate the representation for loss or similarity calculation. Hence, these existing models don’t put supervision (loss or similarity calculation) at every time step, which will lose some useful information. In this paper, we propose a novel BRNN model called full-time supervision based BRNN (FTS-BRNN), which can put supervision at every time step. Experiments on the factoid QA task show that our FTS-BRNN can outperform other baselines to achieve the state-of-the-art accuracy.
Model-based monitoring for early warning flood detection

Predictive environmental sensor networks provide complex engineering and systems challenges. These systems must withstand the event of interest, remain functional over long time periods when no events occur, cover large geographical regions of interest to the event, and support the variety of sensor types needed to detect the phenomenon. Prediction of the phenomenon on the network complicates the system further, requiring additional computation on themicrocontrollers and utilizing prediction models that are not typically designed for sensor networks. This paper describes a system architecture and deployment to meet the design requirements and to allow model-driven control, thereby optimizing the prediction capability of the system. We explore the application of river flood prediction using this architecture, describing our work on a centralized form of the prediction model, network implementation, component testing and infrastructure development in Honduras, deployment on a river in Massachusetts, and results of the field experiments. Our system uses only a small number of nodes to cover basins of 1000-10000 square km2 using an unique heterogeneous communication structure to provide real-time sensed data, incorporating self-monitoring for failure, and adapting measurement schedules to capture events of interest.
An Affine Invariant Interest Point Detector

This paper presents a novel approach for detecting affine invariant interest points. Our method can deal with significant affine transformations including large scale changes. Such transformations introduce significant changes in the point location as well as in the scale and the shape of the neighbourhood of an interest point. Our approach allows to solve for these problems simultaneously. It is based on three key ideas : 1) The second moment matrix computed in a point can be used to normalize a region in an affine invariant way (skew and stretch). 2) The scale of the local structure is indicated by local extrema of normalized derivatives over scale. 3) An affine-adapted Harris detector determines the location of interest points. A multi-scale version of this detector is used for initialization. An iterative algorithm then modifies location, scale and neighbourhood of each point and converges to affine invariant points. For matching and recognition, the image is characterized by a set of affine invariant points ; the affine transformation associated with each point allows the computation of an affine invariant descriptor which is also invariant to affine illumination changes. A quantitative comparison of our detector with existing ones shows a significant improvement in the presence of large affine deformations. Experimental results for wide baseline matching show an excellent performance in the presence of large perspective transformations including significant scale changes. Results for recognition are very good for a database with more than 5000 images.
Ethics and consciousness in artificial agents

In what ways should we include future humanoid robots, and other kinds of artificial agents, in our moral universe? We consider the Organic view, which maintains that artificial humanoid agents, based on current computational technologies, could not count as full-blooded moral agents, nor as appropriate targets of intrinsic moral concern. On this view, artificial humanoids lack certain key properties of biological organisms, which preclude them from having full moral status. Computationally controlled systems, however advanced in their cognitive or informational capacities, are, it is proposed, unlikely to possess sentience and hence will fail to be able to exercise the kind of empathic rationality that is a prerequisite for being a moral agent. The organic view also argues that sentience and teleology require biologically based forms of self-organization and autonomous self-maintenance. The organic view may not be correct, but at least it needs to be taken seriously in the future development of the field of Machine Ethics.
A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Honey-Impregnated Dressing for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcer.

To investigate the effect of Beri-honey-impregnated dressing on diabetic foot ulcer and compare it with normal saline dressing.



A randomized, controlled trial.


PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY
Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal, Pakistan and Bhatti International Trust (BIT) Hospital, Affiliated with Central Park Medical College, Lahore, from February 2006 to February 2010.



Patients with Wagner's grade 1 and 2 ulcers were enrolled. Those patients were divided in two groups; group A (n=179) treated with honey dressing and group B (n=169) treated with normal saline dressing. Outcome measures were calculated in terms of proportion of wounds completely healed (primary outcome), wound healing time, and deterioration of wounds. Patients were followed-up for a maximum of 120 days.



One hundred and thirty six wounds (75.97%) out of 179 were completely healed with honey dressing and 97 (57.39%) out of 169 wtih saline dressing (p=0.001). The median wound healing time was 18.00 (6 - 120) days (Median with IQR) in group A and 29.00 (7 - 120) days (Median with IQR) in group B (p < 0.001).



The present results showed that honey is an effective dressing agent instead of conventional dressings, in treating patients of diabetic foot ulcer.
Evolution of ventral hernia repair.

The aim of this review was to look at relevant data and research on the evolution of ventral hernia repair.



Resources including books, research, guidelines, and online articles were reviewed to provide a concise history of and data on the evolution of ventral hernia repair.



The evolution of ventral hernia repair has a very long history, from the recognition of ventral hernias to its current management, with significant contributions from different authors. Advances in surgery have led to more cases of ventral hernia formation, and this has required the development of new techniques and new materials for ventral hernia management. The biocompatibility of prosthetic materials has been important in mesh development. The functional anatomy and physiology of the abdominal wall has become important in ventral hernia management. New techniques in abdominal wall closure may prevent or reduce the incidence of ventral hernia in the future.



The management of ventral hernia is continuously evolving as it responds to new demands and new technology in surgery.
Online engagement factors on Facebook brand pages

Social networks have become an additional marketing channel that could be integrated with the traditional ones as a part of the marketing mix. The change in the dynamics of the marketing interchange between companies and consumers as introduced by social networks has placed a focus on the non-transactional customer behavior. In this new marketing era, the terms engagement and participation became the central non-transactional constructs, used to describe the nature of participants’ specific interactions and/or interactive experiences. These changes imposed challenges to the traditional one-way marketing, resulting in companies experimenting with many different approaches, thus shaping a successful social media approach based on the trial-and-error experiences. To provide insights to practitioners willing to utilize social networks for marketing purposes, our study analyzes the influencing factors in terms of characteristics of the content communicated by the company, such as media type, content type, posting day and time, over the level of online customer engagement measured by number of likes, comments and shares, and interaction duration for the domain of a Facebook brand page. Our results show that there is a different effect of the analyzed factors over individual engagement measures. We discuss the implications of our findings for social media marketing.
Straddle Injury in Girls. A Pilot Study Testing Potential for an InjurySurveillance Registry

Straddle injury represents a rare and complex injury to the female genito urinary tract (GUT). Overall prevention would be the ultimate goal, but due to persistent inhomogenity and inconsistency in definitions and guidelines, or suboptimal coding, the optimal study design for a prevention programme is still missing. Thus, medical records data were tested for their potential use for an injury surveillance registry and their impact on future prevention programmes.  Retrospective record analysis out of a 3 year period.  All patients were treated exclusively by the first author.  Six girls, median age 7 years, range 3.5 to 12 years with classical straddle injury.  Medical treatment and recording according to National and International Standards.  All records were analyzed for accuracy in diagnosis and coding, surgical procedure, time and location of incident and examination findings.  All registration data sets were complete. A specific code for “straddle injury” in International Classification of Diseases (ICD) did not exist. Coding followed mainly reimbursement issues and specific information about the injury was usually expressed in an individual style.  As demonstrated in this pilot, population based medical record data collection can play a substantial part in local injury surveillance registry and prevention initiatives planning.
A Cognitive Adopted Framework for IoT Big-Data Management and Knowledge Discovery Prospective

In future IoT big-data management and knowledge discovery for large scale industrial automation application, the importance of industrial internet is increasing day by day. Several diversified technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things), computational intelligence, machine type communication, big-data, and sensor technology can be incorporated together to improve the data management and knowledge discovery efficiency of large scale automation applications. So in this work, we need to propose a Cognitive Oriented IoT Big-data Framework (COIB-framework) along with implementation architecture, IoT big-data layering architecture, and data organization and knowledge exploration subsystem for effective data management and knowledge discovery that is well-suited with the large scale industrial automation applications. The discussion and analysis show that the proposed framework and architectures create a reasonable solution in implementing IoT big-data based smart industrial applications.
The Wandering Liver: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Wandering liver or hepatoptosis is a rare entity in medical practice. It is also known as floating liver and hepatocolonic vagrancy. It describes the unusual finding of, usually through radiology, the alternate appearance of the liver on the right and left side, respectively. . The first documented case of wandering liver was presented by Heister in 1754 Two centuries later In 1958, Grayson recognized and described the association of wandering liver and tachycardia. In his paper, Grayson details the classical description of wandering liver documented by French in his index of differential diagnosis. In 2010 Jan F. Svensson et al described the first report of a wandering liver in a neonate, reviewed and a discussed the possible treatment strategies. When only displaced, it may wrongly be thought to be enlarged liver
Designing systems of fiber reinforced pneumatic actuators using a pseudo-rigid body model

Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Enclosures (FREEs) are fundamental building blocks of pneumatic soft robots, with McKibben muscles as common examples. When a system of FREEs are arranged in a planar configuration, they undergo large bending deformations due to internal loads and moments. This paper models the bending behavior of FREEs using a modified three-spring Pseudo-Rigid Body (PRB) model, which is commonly used to capture large bending behavior of flexures. The springs of the PRB model are shown to effectively capture the axial and bending stiffness of contracting FREEs, while an internal force accounts for actuation due to internal pressurization. An optimization process is carried out to fit the PRB model parameters with the experimental response curve of different FREEs with varying length to diameter ratio and fiber angles. Unlike conventional models applied to compliant mechanisms, the model parameters are shown to depend on fluid pressure. The PRB model is used to demonstrate and analyze a pennate arrangement of contracting FREEs that exhibit variable gear ratio behavior. The pennate FREEs can serve as building blocks for the design of soft robots.
Twitter Named Entity Extraction and Linking Using Differential Evolution

Systems that simultaneously identify and classify named entities in Twitter typically show poor recall. To remedy this, the task is here divided into two parts: i) named entity identification using Conditional Random Fields in a multi-objective framework built on Differential Evolution, and ii) named entity classification using Vector Space Modelling and edit distance techniques. Differential Evolution is an evolutionary algorithm, which not only optimises the features, but also identifies the proper context window for each selected feature. The approach obtains F-scores of 70.7% for Twitter named entity extraction and 66.0% for entity linking to the DBpedia database.
Dental Variation in Sibling Species Microtus arvalis and M. rossiaemeridionalis (Arvicolinae, Rodentia): Between-Species Comparisons and Geography of Morphotype Dental Patterns

The data on dental variability in natural populations of sibling species of common voles (“arvalis” group, genus Microtus) from European and Asian parts of the species’ ranges are summarized using a morphotype-based approach to analysis of dentition. Frequency distributions of the first lower (m1) and the third upper (M3) molar morphotypes are analyzed in about 65 samples of M. rossiaemeridionalis and M. arvalis represented by arvalis and obscurus karyotypic forms. Because of extreme similarity of morphotype dental patterns in the taxa studied, it is impossible to use molar morphotype frequencies for species identification. However, a morphotype-based approach to analysis of dental variability does allow analysis of inter-species comparisons from an evolutionary standpoint. Three patterns of dental complexity are established in the taxa studied: simple, basic (the most typical within the ranges of both species), and complex. In M. rossiaemeridionalis and in M. arvalis obscurus only the basic pattern of dentition occurs. In M. arvalis arvalis, both simple and basic dental patterns are found. Analysis of association of morphotype dental patterns with geographical and environmental variables reveals an increase in the number of complex molars with longitude and latitude: in M. arvalis the pattern of molar complication is more strongly related to longitude, and in M. rossiaemeridionalis—to latitude. Significant decrease in incidence of simple molars with climate continentality and increasing aridity is found in M. arvalis. The simple pattern of dentition is found in M. arvalis arvalis in Spain, along the Atlantic coast of France and on islands thereabout, in northeastern Germany and Kirov region in European Russia. Hypotheses to explain the distribution of populations with different dental patterns within the range of M. arvalis sensu stricto are discussed.
Protein Science by DNA Sequencing: How Advances in Molecular Biology Are Accelerating Biochemistry.

A fundamental goal of protein biochemistry is to determine the sequence-function relationship, but the vastness of sequence space makes comprehensive evaluation of this landscape difficult. However, advances in DNA synthesis and sequencing now allow researchers to assess the functional impact of every single mutation in many proteins, but challenges remain in library construction and the development of general assays applicable to a diverse range of protein functions. This Perspective briefly outlines the technical innovations in DNA manipulation that allow massively parallel protein biochemistry and then summarizes the methods currently available for library construction and the functional assays of protein variants. Areas in need of future innovation are highlighted with a particular focus on assay development and the use of computational analysis with machine learning to effectively traverse the sequence-function landscape. Finally, applications in the fundamentals of protein biochemistry, disease prediction, and protein engineering are presented.
SF-sketch: slim-fat-sketch with GPU assistance

A sketch is a probabilistic data structure that is used to record frequencies of items in a multi-set. Various types of sketches have been proposed in literature and applied in a variety of fields, such as data stream processing, natural language processing, distributed data sets etc. While several variants of sketches have been proposed in the past, existing sketches still have a significant room for improvement in terms of accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new sketch, called Slim-Fat (SF) sketch, which has a significantly higher accuracy compared to prior art, a much smaller memory footprint, and at the same time achieves the same speed as the best prior sketch. The key idea behind our proposed SF-sketch is to maintain two separate sketches: a small sketch called Slim-subsketch and a large sketch called Fat-subsketch. The Slim-subsketch, stored in the fast memory (SRAM), enables fast and accurate querying. The Fat-subsketch, stored in the relatively slow memory (DRAM), is used to assist the insertion and deletion from Slim-subsketch. We implemented and extensively evaluated SF-sketch along with several prior sketches and compared them side by side. Our experimental results show that SF-sketch outperforms the most commonly used CM-sketch by up to 33.1 times in terms of accuracy.
Airline Schedule Planning: Accomplishments and Opportunities

P by high labor costs, low profitability margins, airspace and airport congestion, high capital and operating costs, security and safety concerns, and complex and large-scale management and operations decisions, the airline industry has armed its planners with sophisticated optimization tools to improve decision making and increase airline profits. In this paper, we describe optimization approaches for airline schedule planning, demonstrating how optimization can facilitate the management of a diverse and finite set of expensive, highly constrained resources. We focus on the art and science of modeling and solving these problems, providing illustrative examples of the associated impacts and challenges, and highlighting effective techniques that might be applicable to problems arising in other industries.
Repairing Non-Manifold Triangle Meshes using Simulated Annealing

In the field of reverse engineering one often faces the problem of repairing triangulations with holes, intersecting triangles, Möbius-band-like structures or other artifacts. In this paper we present a novel approach for generating manifold triangle meshes from such incomplete or imperfect triangulations. Even for heavily damaged triangulations, representing closed surfaces with arbitrary genus, our algorithm results in correct manifold triangle meshes. The algorithm is based on a randomized optimization technique from probability calculus called simulated annealing.
Interleukin-21-Producing CD4(+) T Cells Promote Type 2 Immunity to House Dust Mites.

Asthma is a T helper 2 (Th2)-cell-mediated disease; however, recent findings implicate Th17 and innate lymphoid cells also in regulating airway inflammation. Herein, we have demonstrated profound interleukin-21 (IL-21) production after house dust mite (HDM)-driven asthma by using T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice reactive to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1 and an IL-21GFP reporter mouse. IL-21-producing cells in the mediastinal lymph node (mLN) bore characteristics of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, whereas IL-21(+) cells in the lung did not express CXCR5 (a chemokine receptor expressed by Tfh cells) and were distinct from effector Th2 or Th17 cells. ) mice developed reduced type 2 responses and the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) enhanced Th2 cell function in a cell-intrinsic manner. Finally, administration of recombinant IL-21 and IL-25 synergistically promoted airway eosinophilia primarily via effects on CD4(+) lymphocytes. This highlights an important Th2-cell-amplifying function of IL-21-producing CD4(+) T cells in allergic airway inflammation.