nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A Continuous-Time 0–3 MASH ADC Achieving 88 dB DR With 53 MHz BW in 28 nm CMOS

We present design and measurement details for a 0-3 multi-stage noise-shaping (MASH) ADC that achieves a dynamic range of 88 dB over 53 MHz signal bandwidth. The ADC utilizes a zeroth-order front-end, i.e., a 17-level flash ADC, to perform a coarse quantization and a third-order 7-level continuous-time ΔΣ back-end to digitize the residue error of the front-end. The ADC achieves the high thermal noise power efficiency of a continuous-time feedforward ΔΣ modulator and the flat signal transfer function of a flash ADC. The test chip, implemented in a 28 nm CMOS process, clocks at 3.2 GHz. The average noise spectral density with small input signals is -167 dBFS/Hz and the dynamic range is 88 dB. The test chip ADC consumes a total power of 235 mW from triple power supplies of 0.9/1.8/-1.0 V. The thermal-noise figure-of-merit, defined as FOM = DR + 10log 10 (BW/P) is 171.6 dB.
Tribo-aero-electrostatic Separation of Micronized Waste Plastics

Electrostatic separation of granular plastics mixtures has become a wellestablished technology, with industrial applications in the area of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling. The aim of this work is to validate the feasibility of selectively sorting of micronized waste plastics in a two-rotating-disks-type tribo-aero-electrostatic separator. The experiments are carried out on a binary mixture composed of Polypropylene (PP) and Polycarbonate (PC) particles of size 250 μm to 500 μm. A measurement system was set-up to enable the continuous and simultaneous recording of the charges and masses of the separated products. It was thus possible to evaluate the performances of the separator operated at various applied high-voltages.
On the Definition of 'Ontology'

In ‘What Is an Ontology?’ Guarino, Oberle and Staab offer a widely cited analysis of the term ‘ontology’ . According to them an ontology is, roughly speaking, a logical theory, which models approximate, as best as possible, the intended models according to a given ontological commitment (which is based on a conceptualization). In this paper we offer six arguments against their proposed analysis of ‘ontology’. It has technical flaws that lead to absurd consequences. Further, the analysis is based on implausible assumptions about the nature of conceptualizations.
Multi-Scale DenseNet-Based Electricity Theft Detection

1. Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China deepblue.lb@gmail.com 2. School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China kelele.xu@gmail.com 3. School of Information Communication, National University of Defense Technology, Wuhan, 430015, China 4. The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia yihengw1@student.unimelb.edu.au 5. China Minsheng Bank, Beijing 100031, China wangyanbo@cmbc.com.cn
Checking Intent-based Communication in Android with Intent Space Analysis

Intent-based communication is an inter-application communication mechanism in Android. While its importance has been proven by plenty of security extensions that protect it with policy-driven mandatory access control, an overlooked problem is the verification of the security policies. Checking one security extension's policy is indeed complex. Furthermore, intent-based communication introduces even more complexities because it is mediated by multiple security extensions that respectively enforce their own incompatible, distributed, and dynamic policies.
 This paper seeks a systematic approach to address the complexities involved in checking intent-based communication. To this end, we propose intent space analysis. Intent space analysis formulates the intent forwarding functionalities of security extensions as transformations on a geometric intent space. We further introduce a policy checking framework called IntentScope that proactively and automatically aggregates distributed policies into a holistic and verifiable view. We evaluate our approach against customized Android OSs and commodity Android devices. In addition, we further conduct experiments with four security extensions to demonstrate how our approach helps identify potential vulnerabilities in each extension.
Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring A New Area of Cognitive — Developmental Inquiry

Preschool and elementary school children were asked to study a set of items until they were sure they could recall them perfectly (Flavell, Friedrichs, & Hoyt, 1970). The older subjects studied for a while, said they were ready, and usually were, that is, they showed perfect recall. The younger children studied for a while, said they were ready, and usually were not. In another study, elementary school children were asked to help the experimenter evaluate the communicative adequacy of verbal instructions, indicating any omissions and obscurities (Markman, 1977). Although the instructions were riddled with blatant omissions and obscurities, the younger subjects were surprisingly poor at detecting them. They incorrectly thought they had understood and could follow the instructions, much as their counterparts in the study by Flavell et al. (1970) incorrectly thought they had memorized and could recall the items. Results such as these have suggested that young children are quite limited in their knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena, or in their metacognition, and do relatively little monitoring of their own memory, comprehension, and other cognitive enterprises (see, e.g., Brown, 1978; Flavell, 1978; Flavell & Wellman, 1977; Kreutzer, Leonard, & Flavell, 1975; Flavell, Note 1, Note 2, Note 3; Markman, Note 4). Investigators have recently concluded that metacognition plays an important role in oral communication of information, oral persuasion, oral comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, language acquisition, attention, memory, problem solving, social cognition, and, various types of self-control and self-instruction; there are also clear indications that ideas about metacognition are beginning to make contact with similar ideas in the areas of social learning theory, cognitive behavior modification, personalty development, and education (Flavell, Note 1, Note 2, Note 3). Thus, the nature and de-
Bilingualism, Biliteracy, and Learning to Read: Interactions Among Languages and Writing Systems

Four groups of children in first grade were compared on early literacy tasks. Children in three of the groups were bilingual, each group representing a different combination of language and writing system, and children in the fourth group were monolingual speakers of English. All the bilingual children used both languages daily and were learning to read in both languages. The children solved decoding and phonological awareness tasks, and the bilinguals completed all tasks in both languages. Initial differences between the groups in factors that contribute to early literacy were controlled in an analysis of covariance, and the results showed a general increment in reading ability for all the bilingual children but a larger advantage for children learning two alphabetic systems. Similarly, bilinguals transferred literacy skills across languages only when both languages were written in the same system. Therefore, the extent of the bilingual facilitation for early reading depends on the relation between the two languages and writing systems.
A Compact, Scanning Tightly Coupled Dipole Array With Parasitic Strips for Next-Generation Wireless Applications

A wideband one-dimensional tightly coupled dipole array (TCDA) with enhanced impedance matching is presented in this letter, which consists of eight printed dipole units, a coplanar waveguide with ground feeding network, and two rows of parasitic strips. The feed structure is simple and small with good ports isolation. A <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\times 8$</tex-math></inline-formula> prototype was fabricated and tested. A four-channel phase-amplitude control board was designed to validate the beam-steering function of the proposed TCDA. This array has a height of only <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.176\;\lambda_{\text{low}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and it exhibits a measured 10 dB return-loss operating bandwidth of 92.7% from 2.2 to 6.0 GHz for the scan angle up to <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pm 45^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> broadside radiation. The cross-polarization suppression level is better than 15 dB in the whole scanning range. The measured results show high gains <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$>$</tex-math></inline-formula> 6.9 dBi, high efficiency <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$>$</tex-math></inline-formula> 67%, and low sidelobe level (SLL) <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$<$</tex-math></inline-formula> <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math></inline-formula>10 dB over the operating band and scanning angles. This antenna array can be applied in the future massive multiple-input–multiple-output beamforming systems for 5G and other applications.
Radar Communication for Combating Mutual Interference of FMCW Radars

Commercial automotive radars used today are based on frequency modulated continuous wave signals due to the simple and robust detection method and good accuracy. However, the increase in both the number of radars deployed per vehicle and the number of such vehicles leads to mutual interference, cutting short future plans for autonomous driving and active safety functionality. We propose and analyze a radar communication (RadCom) approach to reduce this mutual interference while simultaneously offering communication functionality. We achieve this by frequency division multiplexing radar and communication, where communication is built on a decentralized carrier sense multiple access protocol and is used to adjust the timing of radar transmissions. Our simulation results indicate that radar interference can be significantly reduced, at no cost in radar accuracy.
Cross-Coupled Substrate Integrated Waveguide Filters With Improved Stopband Performance

In this letter, two <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$K$</tex> </formula>-band cross-coupled substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filters with improved stopband performance are proposed. To implement the negative coupling, <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm TE}_{201}$</tex> </formula>-mode response is used in the first cavity, which is also used to implement cross-coupling with <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm TE}_{101}$</tex></formula> mode for generating additional transmission zeros (TZs) in the stopband of the filters. For each filter, two additional TZs are introduced and the stopband performance is then improved. The TZ provided by the first cavity can be introduced either below or above the passband, while the TZ provided by the fourth cavity can only be introduced above the passband. The two novel SIW filters are designed at the same center frequency of 20 GHz with the same bandwidth of 600 MHz. The measured data agree well with the simulated results.
Adolescent sleep, school start times, and teen motor vehicle crashes.

To assess the effects of delayed high-school start times on sleep and motor vehicle crashes.



The sleep habits and motor vehicle crash rates of adolescents from a single, large, county-wide, school district were assessed by questionnaire before and after a 1-hour delay in school start times.



Average hours of nightly sleep increased and catch-up sleep on weekends decreased. Average crash rates for teen drivers in the study county in the 2 years after the change in school start time dropped 16.5%, compared with the 2 years prior to the change, whereas teen crash rates for the rest of the state increased 7.8% over the same time period.



Later school start times may both increase the sleep of adolescents and decrease their risk of motor vehicle crashes.
Automatic speaker age and gender recognition using acoustic and prosodic level information fusion

The paper presents a novel automatic speaker age and gender identification approach which combines seven different methods t both acoustic and prosodic levels to improve the baseline performance. The three baseline subsystems are (1) Gaussian mixture odel (GMM) based on mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) features, (2) Support vector machine (SVM) based on GMM ean supervectors and (3) SVM based on 450-dimensional utterance level features including acoustic, prosodic and voice quality nformation. In addition, we propose four subsystems: (1) SVM based on UBM weight posterior probability supervectors using the hattacharyya probability product kernel, (2) Sparse representation based on UBM weight posterior probability supervectors, (3) VM based on GMM maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR) matrix supervectors and (4) SVM based on the polynomial xpansion coefficients of the syllable level prosodic feature contours in voiced speech segments. Contours of pitch, time domain nergy, frequency domain harmonic structure energy and formant for each syllable (segmented using energy information in the voiced peech segment) are considered for analysis in subsystem (4). The proposed four subsystems have been demonstrated to be effective nd able to achieve competitive results in classifying different age and gender groups. To further improve the overall classification erformance, weighted summation based fusion of these seven subsystems at the score level is demonstrated. Experiment results re reported on the development and test set of the 2010 Interspeech Paralinguistic Challenge aGender database. Compared to the VM baseline system (3), which is the baseline system suggested by the challenge committee, the proposed fusion system achieves .6% absolute improvement in unweighted accuracy for the age task and 4.2% for the gender task on the development set. On the nal test set, we obtain 3.1% and 3.8% absolute improvement, respectively.
Naturalness of Natural Language Artifacts in Software

We present a study on the naturalness of the natural language artifacts in software. Naturalness is essentially repetitiveness or predictability. By natural language artifacts, we mean source code comments, revision history messages, bug reports and so on. We measure "naturalness" using a standard measure, cross-entropy or perplexity from the widely used N-Gram models. Previously, Hindle et al. demonstrated empirically that source code was comparatively more repetitive or regular (i.e., more natural) when compared with traditional English text. A question that logically follows from their work is the naturalness of other artifacts associated with software. We present our findings on source code comments, commit logs, bug reports, string messages and content present in the popular question and answer forum, StackOverflow. Each of the artifact that we examine is a natural language artifact that is associated with software. However, they do not exhibit the same amount of regularity (naturalness). Commit logs were the most regular, followed by string literal messages and source code comments. Content from StackOverflow (viz., title, question and answers) showed a behavior similar to traditional English text i.e., comparatively lesser regularity. Bug reports from industrial projects exhibited more regularity than bug reports from open source projects, whose naturalness resembled that of typical English text. Our findings have implications for feasibility of building tools such as comment and bug report completion engines. We describe a next-word prediction tool that we built using the N-Gram language model. This tool achieved an accuracy ranging from 70 to 90% on commit messages in different projects. It also achieved an accuracy ranging from 56 to 78% on source comments. We also present a part of speech based analysis of words that are easy to predict and difficult to predict.
Sparse-based neural response for image classification

Image classification is a popular and challenging topic in the computer vision field. On the basis of advances in neuroscience, this paper proposes a sparse-based neural response feature extraction method for image classification. The approach extracts discriminative and invariant representations of images by alternating between non-negative sparse coding and maximum pooling operation with effectiveness. Additionally, effective template selection methods are proposed to further enhance the performance of the algorithm. In comparison with traditional hierarchical methods, our proposed model accounts for the neural processing of visual cortex in human brain, which appears to gain more beneficial discriminative and robust properties for image classification tasks. A variety of benchmarks are used to evaluate the algorithm. The experiment results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm achieves quite excellent or state-of-the-art performance compared with other popular methods. & 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Face Detection and Gesture Recognition for Human-Computer Interaction

Reading is a hobby to open the knowledge windows. Besides, it can provide the inspiration and spirit to face this life. By this way, concomitant with the technology development, many companies serve the e-book or book in soft file. The system of this book of course will be much easier. No worry to forget bringing the face detection and gesture recognition for human computer interaction book. You can open the device and get the book by on-line.
Universal approximation using feedforward networks with non-sigmoid hidden layer activation functions

K.M. Hornik, M. Stinchcombe, and H. White (Univ. of California at San Diego, Dept.  showed that multilayer feedforward networks with as few as one hidden layer, no squashing at the output layer, and arbitrary sigmoid activation function at the hidden layer are universal approximators: they are capable of arbitrarily accurate approximation to arbitrary mappings, provided sufficiently many hidden units are available. The present authors obtain identical conclusions but do not require the hidden-unit activation to be sigmoid. Instead, it can be a rather general nonlinear function. Thus, multilayer feedforward networks possess universal approximation capabilities by virtue of the presence of intermediate layers with sufficiently many parallel processors; the properties of the intermediate-layer activation function are not so crucial. In particular, sigmoid activation functions are not necessary for universal approximation.<<ETX>>
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.

The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that "the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion" (p. 449). Since we are aware of a variety of feeling and emotion states, it should follow from James' proposition that the various emotions will be accompanied by a variety of differentiable bodily states. Following James' pronouncement, a formidable number of studies were undertaken in search of the physiological differentiators of the emotions. The results, in these early days, were almost uniformly negative. All of the emotional states experi-
Active clamped ZVS forward converter with soft-switched synchronous rectifier for high efficiency, low output voltage applications

This paper presents the analysis, design and implementation of an active-clamped, ZVS forward converter equipped with a soft-switched synchronous rectifier (ACFC-SR) proposed for high-efficiency, low output voltage dc-dc converter applications. The converter efficiency is maximized due to the softswitching of the main, active clamp, synchronous rectifier and freewheeling MOSFET switches. The operating principles of the ACFC-SR are analyzed in detail and the converter performance is compared with the alternative forward converter schemes employed in low output voltage dc-dc converters. Experimental results are presented for a converter with a dc input voltage of 48 V, an output voltage of 5 V, and operating at a switching frequency of 120 kHz. An overall power conversion efficiency of 92% is measured at an output power of 50 W. In general, experimental performance results are found to be in good agreement with theoretical ones.
Air Craft Winglet Design and Performance : Cant Angle Effect

A winglet is a device used to improve the efficiency of aircraft by lowering the lift induced drag caused by wingtip vortices. It is a vertical or angled extension at the tips of each wing. Winglets improve efficiency by diffusing the shed wingtip vortex, which in turn reduces the drag due to lift and improves the wing’s lift over drag ratio Winglets increase the effective aspect ratio of a wing without adding greatly to the structural stress and hence necessary weight of its structure. In this research, a numerical validation procedure (by FLUENT ®, computational fluid dynamics software with The Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model) is described for determination and estimation aerodynamic characteristics of three dimension subsonic rectangular wing (with NACA653218airfoil cross section). It was observed that at the present work a good agreement between the numerical study and the experimental work. This paper describes a CFD 3-dimensional winglets analysis that was performed on a Cessna wing of NACA2412 cross sectional airfoil. The wing has span 13.16 m, root chord 1.857 m, tip chord 0.928 m, sweep angle 11 degree and taper ratio 0.5. The present study shows wing without winglet and wing with winglet at cant angle 0, 30 and 45 degree. A CFD simulation performs by to compare of aerodynamics characteristics of lift coefficient CL, drag coefficient CD and lift to drag ratio, L/D lift, pathlines and pressure contours. The models run at a Mach number of 0.2 at sea level. The pressure and temperature of air at this height are 101.325 kPa and 288.2 K respectively. The results show that the wing with winglet can increase the lift by ratio approximately 12%. The wing with winglet can decrease the drag by ratio approximately 4%. The wing with winglet can increase lift to drag, L/D by about 11% along different phases of flight.
A family of vernier permanent magnet machines utilizing an alternating rotor leakage flux blocking design

Since the vernier machine (VM) is a flux modulation machine that also operates simultaneously as a synchronous machine, the torque producing mechanism of this device is difficult to understand. This paper begins with an analytical study of a synchronous permanent magnet (PM) machine, where the back-emf and torque are derived based on a generic number of slots per pole per phase stator. Numerical comparison of these two quantities is then made between an interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine and a vernier permanent magnet (VPM) machine. Performance predictions and design observations of the VPM are obtained. A new topology for a single air gap spoke type vernier permanent magnet (SVPM) machine using ferrite magnets is then proposed, where alternating flux barriers are placed at the bottom of pair-wise magnets on the rotor. Alternative topologies that share the same principle with V-shape and U-shape rare earth magnets are also introduced. Overall, the improved spoke type SVPM design effectively boosts the back-emf induction compared to the conventional SVPM, and torque production even surpasses that of a benchmark rare earth IPM machine although with a slightly lower power factor. However, if one adopts the V-/U-shape rare earth magnet design, it is shown that an 80% torque improvement and comparable power factor can be obtained. These results draw the conclusion that the new alternating rotor leakage flux blocking topology shows considerable promise in low and medium speed applications both as a motor or generator.