nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The natural history of prenatally diagnosed conjoined twins.

Accurate prenatal diagnosis of complex anatomic connections and associated anomalies has only been possible recently with the use of ultrasonography, echocardiography, and fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To assess the impact of improved antenatal diagnosis in the management and outcome of conjoined twins, the authors reviewed their experience with 14 cases.



A retrospective review of prenatally diagnosed conjoined twins referred to our institution from 1996 to present was conducted.



In 14 sets of conjoined twins, there were 10 thoracoomphalopagus, 2 dicephalus tribrachius dipus, 1 ischiopagus, and 1 ischioomphalopagus. The earliest age at diagnosis was 9 weeks' gestation (range, 9 to 29; mean, 20). Prenatal imaging with ultrasonography, echocardiography, and ultrafast fetal MRI accurately defined the shared anatomy in all cases. Associated anomalies included cardiac malformations (11 of 14), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (4 of 14), abdominal wall defects (2 of 14), and imperforate anus (2 of 14). Three sets of twins underwent therapeutic abortion, 1 set of twins died in utero, and 10 were delivered via cesarean section at a mean gestational age of 34 weeks. There were 5 individual survivors in the series after separation (18%). In one case, in which a twin with a normal heart perfused the cotwin with a rudimentary heart, the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure (EXIT) was utilized because of concern that the normal twin would suffer immediate cardiac decompensation at birth. This EXIT-to-separation strategy allowed prompt control of the airway and circulation before clamping the umbilical cord and optimized control over a potentially emergent situation, leading to survival of the normal cotwin. In 2 sets of twins in which each twin had a normal heart, tissue expanders were inserted before separation.



Advances in prenatal diagnosis allow detailed, accurate evaluations of conjoined twins. Careful prenatal studies may uncover cases in which emergent separation at birth is lifesaving.
Analytical modeling for double-gate TFET with tri-material gate

In this paper, a tri-material double-gate (TMDG) tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) is introduced. By using a variable separation technique, analytical full 2D channel potential and electric field models for TMDG TFET is derived from 2D Poisson's equation. The electric field distribution is used to compute the tunneling generation rate and further numerically calculate the tunneling current. The results demonstrate that a smaller local minimum of conduction band at the source side and a larger tunneling barrier at the drain side are formed by the gate work function mismatch. This special band energy profile can significantly boost the on-state performance and suppress the off-state current induced by the ambipolar effect. The data extracted from the developed models are in good accordance with the TCAD simulation results.
Effect of geraniol, a plant-based alcohol monoterpene oil, against Meloidogyne javanica

Terpenes are secondary metabolites produced in different biological pathways as defense mechanisms against, among others, nematodes, insects and herbivores. Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most serious pests of economically importance for vegetable production in Greece. The aim of this study was to investigate the nematicidal activity of geraniol on different life stages at 35–1000 ppm doses against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the effect of geraniol on egg differentiation and also its sub-lethal doses effect. Experiments testing the contact action of geraniol resulted in about 100% mortality of J2 s, whereas vapor showed only about 10%. Particularly, geraniol paralyzed 100% of second-stage juveniles (J2 s) and inhibited egg hatching in about 70%, at a dose of 500 ppm. In pot experiment, the use of geraniol at sub-lethal doses reduced female numbers in tomato roots. To the contrary, no nematostatic effects were observed in paralysis bioassays. The present study strongly demonstrates geraniol’s toxic effect against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica.
Prediction as a Humanitarian and Pragmatic Contribution from Human Cognitive Neuroscience

Neuroimaging has greatly enhanced the cognitive neuroscience understanding of the human brain and its variation across individuals (neurodiversity) in both health and disease. Such progress has not yet, however, propelled changes in educational or medical practices that improve people's lives. We review neuroimaging findings in which initial brain measures (neuromarkers) are correlated with or predict future education, learning, and performance in children and adults; criminality; health-related behaviors; and responses to pharmacological or behavioral treatments. Neuromarkers often provide better predictions (neuroprognosis), alone or in combination with other measures, than traditional behavioral measures. With further advances in study designs and analyses, neuromarkers may offer opportunities to personalize educational and clinical practices that lead to better outcomes for people.
Herbal therapy: what every facial plastic surgeon must know.

Herbal medicine (phytomedicine) uses remedies possessing significant pharmacological activity and, consequently, potential adverse effects and drug interactions. The explosion in sales of herbal therapies has brought many products to the marketplace that do not conform to the standards of safety and efficacy that physicians and patients expect. Unfortunately, few surgeons question patients regarding their use of herbal medicines, and 70% of patients do not reveal their use of herbal medicines to their physicians and pharmacists. All surgeons should question patients about the use of the following common herbal remedies, which may increase the risk of bleeding during surgical procedures: feverfew, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, and Asian ginseng. Physicians should exercise caution in prescribing retinoids or advising skin resurfacing in patients using St John's wort, which poses a risk of photosensitivity reaction. Several herbal medicines, such as aloe vera gel, contain pharmacologically active ingredients that may aid in wound healing. Practitioners who wish to recommend herbal medicines to patients should counsel them that products labeled as supplements have not been evaluated by the US Food and Drug Administration and that no guarantee of product quality can be made.
5G security: Analysis of threats and solutions

5G will provide broadband access everywhere, entertain higher user mobility, and enable connectivity of massive number of devices (e.g. Internet of Things (IoT)) in an ultrareliable and affordable way. The main technological enablers such as cloud computing, Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) are maturing towards their use in 5G. However, there are pressing security challenges in these technologies besides the growing concerns for user privacy. In this paper, we provide an overview of the security challenges in these technologies and the issues of privacy in 5G. Furthermore, we present security solutions to these challenges and future directions for secure 5G systems.
Joint training of convolutional and non-convolutional neural networks

We describe a simple modification of neural networks which consists in extending the commonly used linear layer structure to an arbitrary graph structure. This allows us to combine the benefits of convolutional neural networks with the benefits of regular networks. The joint model has only a small increase in parameter size and training and decoding time are virtually unaffected. We report significant improvements over very strong baselines on two LVCSR tasks and one speech activity detection task.
Hybrid Precoding Design in Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems: An Alternating Minimization Approach

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communications holds a promise to offer an unprecedented capacity boost for 5G cellular networks. Due to the small wavelength of mmWave signals, mmWave multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems can leverage large-scale antennas to combat the path loss and rain attenuation via precoding. Different from conventional MIMO systems, mmWave MIMO cannot realize precoding entirely at baseband using digital precoders, as a result of potentially high power consumed by signal mixers and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). As a cost- effective alternative, a hybrid precoding transceiver architecture for mmWave MIMO systems has received considerable attention. However, the optimal design of such hybrid precoding has not been fully understood. In this paper, an alternating minimization algorithm based on manifold optimization is proposed to design the hybrid precoder, thereby making it comparable in performance to the digital precoder. Numerical results show that our proposed algorithm can significantly outperform existing ones in terms of spectral efficiency and, more importantly, it can achieve the optimal performance in certain cases. Finally, the alternating minimization approach is shown to be generally applicable to precoding design with different hybrid structures, and the corresponding comparison will show interesting design insights for hybrid precoding.
A 30 nA, 6.6 ppm/°C, high PSRR subthreshold CMOS voltage reference

A voltage reference was developed using a 0.18 μm standard CMOS process technology, which is compatible with high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) and low power consumption. The proposed reference circuit operating with all transistors biased in subthreshold region, which provide a reference voltage of 256 mV. The temperature coefficient (TC) was 5 ppm/°C at best and 6.6 ppm/°C on average, in a range from 0 to 140 °C. The line sensitivity was 163 ppm/V in a supply voltage range of 0.8 to 3.2 V, and the power supply rejection was 82 dB at 100 Hz. The current consumption is 30 nA at 140 °C. The chip area was 0.0042mm2.
Physical properties of MTA Fillapex sealer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare several physicochemical properties including working and setting times, flow, solubility, and water absorption of a recent calcium silicate-based sealer (MTA Fillapex; Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) and an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus; Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany).



The materials were handled following the manufacturer's instructions. The working time and flow were tested according to ISO 6876:2001 and the setting time according to American Society for Testing and Materials C266. For solubility and water absorption tests, the materials were placed into polyvinyl chloride molds (8 × 1.6 mm). The samples (n = 10 for each material and test) were placed in a cylindrical polystyrene-sealed container with 20 mL deionized water at 37°C. At 1, 7, 14, and 28 days, the samples were removed from the solutions and blotted dry for solubility and water absorption tests. The data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance with the Tukey test (P < .05).



MTA Fillapex showed the lowest values of flow, working and setting times, solubility, and water absorption (P < .05). The solubility and water absorption increased significantly over time for both materials in a 1- to 28-day period (P < .05).



MTA Fillapex showed suitable physical properties to be used as an endodontic sealer.
Programming the MIRTO Robot with Neurons

MIRTO is a new, inexpensive, open-source robot. The specification, the necessary libraries, and sample code are freely available. It has been used to teach undergraduate students programming and as an extensible base platform for students engineering robots. While it is typically programmed in traditional programming languages, it has also been driven by simulated neurons; point neurons have been used to follow a line. Since neurons are the basis of animal cognition, using them as the basis of a cognitive architecture is a promising idea. The neural MIRTO line following system can be extended into a larger more cognitive neural agent as a way forward in neural cognitive architectures.
On the Semantification of 5-Star Technical Documentation

Technical documentation is a special purpose content describing machines and plants with high complexity. The documentation covers operation, maintenance and repair of the technical artifacts. The high complexity of the machines yields a voluminous documentation, where it increasingly becomes difficult to find the relevant information for a given problem. The paper discusses the use of semantic technologies to organize the documentation on a syntactic and semantic level. Also, a scheme for the assessment of the maturity of existing documentation is proposed, that simplifies the application of semantic technologies.
A lotus root-like appearance in both the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries

A 60-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of dyspnea on exertion. He was diagnosed with heart failure due to an old myocardial infarction. Myocardial stress perfusion scintigraphy revealed inducible myocardial ischemia. Coronary angiography revealed hazy slit lesions in both the left anterior descending (LAD) and right coronary arteries (RCA). We first performed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on the LAD lesion. Subsequently, we performed PCI for the RCA lesion using multiple imaging modalities. We observed a lotus root-like appearance in both the LAD and RCA, and PCI was successful for both vessels. We describe this rare case in detail.
Experimental Methods for Linguists

Linguists are increasingly using experiments to provide insight into linguistic representations and linguistic processing. But linguists are rarely trained to think experimentally, and designing a carefully controlled study is not trivial. This paper provides a practical introduction to experiments. We examine issues in experimental design and survey several methodologies. The goal is to provide readers with some tools for understanding and evaluating the rapidly growing literature using experimental methods, as well as for beginning to design experiments in their own research.
New therapeutic approaches for treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a look to the future.

Schizophrenia for many patients is a lifelong mental disorder with significant consequences on most functional domains. One fifth to one third of patients with schizophrenia experience persistent psychotic symptoms despite adequate trials of antipsychotic treatment, and are considered to have treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Clozapine is the only medication to demonstrate efficacy for psychotic symptoms in such patients. However, clozapine is not effective in 40%-70% of patients with TRS and it has significant limitations in terms of potentially life-threatening side effects and the associated monitoring. Accordingly, a number of pharmacological and non-pharmacological biological approaches for clozapine-resistant TRS have emerged. This article provides a brief updated critical review of recent therapeutic strategies for TRS, particularly for clozapine-resistant TRS, which include pharmacotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation.
Genetic manipulation of cardiac K(+) channel function in mice: what have we learned, and where do we go from here?

In the mammalian myocardium, potassium (K(+)) channels control resting potentials, action potential waveforms, automaticity, and refractory periods and, in most cardiac cells, multiple types of K(+) channels that subserve these functions are expressed. Molecular cloning has revealed the presence of a large number of K(+) channel pore forming (alpha) and accessory (beta) subunits in the heart, and considerable progress has been made recently in defining the relationships between expressed K(+) channel subunits and functional cardiac K(+) channels. To date, more than 20 mouse models with altered K(+) channel expression/functioning have been generated using dominant-negative transgenic and targeted gene deletion approaches. In several instances, the genetic manipulation of K(+) channel subunit expression has revealed the role of specific K(+) channel subunit subfamilies or individual K(+) channel subunit genes in the generation of myocardial K(+) channels. In other cases, however, the phenotypic consequences have been unexpected. This review summarizes what has been learned from the in situ genetic manipulation of cardiac K(+) channel functioning in the mouse, discusses the limitations of the models developed to date, and explores the likely directions of future research.
Children and young adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) have
healthier food choices particularly with respect to dietary fat sources compared with
non-FH children

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) leads to elevated plasma levels of LDL-cholesterol and increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. Dietary treatment is recommended to all patients with FH in combination with lipid-lowering drug therapy. Little is known about how children with FH and their parents respond to dietary advice. The aim of the present study was to characterise the dietary habits in children with FH. A total of 112 children and young adults with FH and a non-FH group of children (n 36) were included. The children with FH had previously received dietary counselling. The FH subjects were grouped as: 12-14 years (FH (12-14)) and 18-28 years (FH (18-28)). Dietary data were collected by SmartDiet, a short self-instructing questionnaire on diet and lifestyle where the total score forms the basis for an overall assessment of the diet. Clinical and biochemical data were retrieved from medical records. The SmartDiet scores were significantly improved in the FH (12-14) subjects compared with the non-FH subjects (SmartDiet score of 31 v. 28, respectively). More FH (12-14) subjects compared with non-FH children consumed low-fat milk (64 v. 18 %, respectively), low-fat cheese (29 v. 3%, respectively), used margarine with highly unsaturated fat (74 v. 14 %, respectively). In all, 68 % of the FH (12-14) subjects and 55 % of the non-FH children had fish for dinner twice or more per week. The FH (18-28) subjects showed the same pattern in dietary choices as the FH (12-14) children. In contrast to the choices of low-fat dietary items, 50 % of the FH (12-14) subjects consumed sweet spreads or sweet drinks twice or more per week compared with only 21 % in the non-FH group. In conclusion, ordinary out-patient dietary counselling of children with FH seems to have a long-lasting effect, as the diet of children and young adults with FH consisted of more products that are favourable with regard to the fatty acid composition of the diet.
Distractor Efficiency in an Item Pool for a Statistics Classroom Exam: Assessing Its Relation With Item Cognitive Level Classified According to Bloom’s Taxonomy

Multiple-choice items are one of the most commonly used tools for evaluating students' knowledge and skills. A key aspect of this type of assessment is the presence of functioning distractors, i.e., incorrect alternatives intended to be plausible for students with lower achievement. To our knowledge, no work has investigated the relationship between distractor performance and the complexity of the cognitive task required to give the correct answer. The aim of this study was to investigate this relation, employing the first three levels of Bloom's taxonomy (Knowledge, Comprehension, and Application). Specifically, it was hypothesized that items classified into a higher level of Bloom's classification would show a greater number of functioning distractors. The study involved 174 items administered to a sample of 848 undergraduate psychology students during their statistics exam. Each student received 30 items randomly selected from the 174-item pool. The bivariate results mainly supported the authors' hypothesis: the highest percentage of functioning distractors was observed among the items classified into the Application category (η2 = 0.024 and Phi = 0.25 for the dichotomized measure). When the analysis controlled for other item features, it lost statistical significance, partly because of the confounding effect of item difficulty.
Improvement of the performances of line start permanent magnet synchronous motor with flux barrier in the rotor

Design of permanent magnet rotor for LSPMSM with inherent starting torque is the prime consideration for the designer. Presence of short circuiting flux for any kind of the PMSM reduces the starting as well as the steady state performances by reducing the air gap flux density. A new Permanent Magnet rotor with high reluctance flux barrier has been proposed in this paper. The model has been developed and simulated using Maxwell 2D. Two dimensional Finite Element analysis was done for magnetostatics and the transient analysis. The experimental prototype has developed, tested and the results thus obtained have been validated with the simulated results.
Unified Impedance and Admittance Control

Impedance and Admittance Control are two distinct implementations of the same control goal. It is well known that their stability and performance properties are complementary. In this paper, we present a hybrid system approach, which incorporates Impedance and Admittance Control as two extreme cases of one family of controllers. This approach allows to continuously switch and interpolate between Impedance and Admittance Control. We compare the basic stability and performance properties of the resulting controllers by means of an extensive case study of a one-dimensional system and present an experimental evaluation using the KUKA-DLR-lightweight arm.
Algebraic Number Theory Notes : Local Fields

The basic archetypes of local fields are the p-adic numbers Qp, and the Laurent series field Fq((t)) over the finite field with q elements. These fields come with a natural topology which is intertwined with their algebraic structure. As such, they should be viewed through not only an algebraic lens, but also a geometric lens as well. Before defining these fields and their topology, let us give a general definition.
Pathognomonic cephalometric characteristics of Angle Class II Division 2 malocclusion.

The Class II division 2 (Class II/2) malocclusion as originally defined by E.H. Angle is relatively rare. The orthodontic literature does not agree on the skeletal characteristics of this malocclusion. Several researchers claim that it is characterized by an orthognathic facial pattern and that the malocclusion is dentoalveolar per se. Others claim that the Class II/2 malocclusion has unique skeletal and dentoalveolar characteristics. The present study describes the skeletal and dentoalveolar cephalometric characteristics of 50 patients clinically diagnosed as having Class II/2 malocclusion according to Angle's original criteria. The study compares the findings with those of both a control group of 54 subjects with Class II division I (Class II/1) malocclusion and a second control group of 34 subjects with Class I (Class I) malocclusion. The findings demonstrate definite skeletal and dentoalveolar patterns with the following characteristics: (1) the maxilla is orthognathic, (2) the mandible has relatively short and retrognathic parameters, (3) the chin is relatively prominent, (4) the facial pattern is hypodivergent, (5) the upper central incisors are retroclined, and (6) the overbite is deep. The results demonstrate that, in a sagittal direction, the entity of Angle Class II/2 malocclusion might actually be located between the Angle Class I and the Angle Class II/1 malocclusions. with unique vertical skeletal characteristics.