nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Generating Natural Answers by Incorporating Copying and Retrieving Mechanisms in Sequence-to-Sequence Learning

Generating answer with natural language sentence is very important in real-world question answering systems, which needs to obtain a right answer as well as a coherent natural response. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end question answering system called COREQA in sequence-to-sequence learning, which incorporates copying and retrieving mechanisms to generate natural answers within an encoder-decoder framework. Specifically, in COREQA, the semantic units (words, phrases and entities) in a natural answer are dynamically predicted from the vocabulary, copied from the given question and/or retrieved from the corresponding knowledge base jointly. Our empirical study on both synthetic and realworld datasets demonstrates the efficiency of COREQA, which is able to generate correct, coherent and natural answers for knowledge inquired questions.
A Robust and Efficient Algorithm for Coprime Array Adaptive Beamforming

Coprime array offers a larger array aperture than uniform linear array with the same number of physical sensors, and has a better spatial resolution with increased degrees of freedom. However, when it comes to the problem of adaptive beamforming, the existing adaptive beamforming algorithms designed for the general array cannot take full advantage of coprime feature offered by the coprime array. In this paper, we propose a novel coprime array adaptive beamforming algorithm, where both robustness and efficiency are well balanced. Specifically, we first decompose the coprime array into a pair of sparse uniform linear subarrays and process their received signals separately. According to the property of coprime integers, the direction-of-arrival (DOA) can be uniquely estimated for each source by matching the super-resolution spatial spectra of the pair of sparse uniform linear subarrays. Further, a joint covariance matrix optimization problem is formulated to estimate the power of each source. The estimated DOAs and their corresponding power are utilized to reconstruct the interference-plus-noise covariance matrix and estimate the signal steering vector. Theoretical analyses are presented in terms of robustness and efficiency, and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed coprime array adaptive beamforming algorithm.
HEPATOZOON CANIS AND HEPATOZOONOSIS IN THE DOG

This review summarizes data from the numerous investigations from the beginning of the last century to the present. The studies concerned the main issues of the morphology, the life cycle, hosts and localization of Hepatozoon canis (phylum Apicomplexa, suborder Adeleorina, family Hepatozoidae). The characteristic features of hepatozoonosis, caused by Hepatozoon canis in the dog, are evaluated. A survey of clinical signs, gross pathological changes, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of the disease was made. The measures for prevention of Hepatozoon canis infection in animals are listed. The importance of hepatozoonosis with regard to public health was evaluated. The studies on the subject, performed in Bulgaria, are discussed.
Activity and Fitness in Spinal Cord Injury: Review and Update

The primary aims of this report are to provide a review of current literature pertaining to fitness and healthrelated outcomes following spinal cord injury (SCI), to identify the common and relevant fitness assessment techniques, to describe key evidence-based intervention strategies for improving health-related components of fitness among persons with SCI and to identify emerging and future trends in health-related fitness programming for rehabilitation and research. SCI results in a partial or total loss of neural signal transmission at and below the level of injury, characterized by motor and sensory loss. About 250,000–400,000 individuals have a SCI in the USA with approximately 12,000 new injuries occurring annually. The loss of somatic and autonomic control results in a reduction of physical activity and blunted cardiovascular response to exercise. The consequences of this reduction in physical activity are significant physical deconditioning, altered body composition, and development of detrimental metabolic profiles leading to poorer health outcomes in this population. Over the past decade, much attention has been devoted to understanding the relationship between exercise participation, physical activity, and physical fitness and their impact on health-related outcomes following SCI. Physical fitness interventions are of great importance to the SCI consumer and clinicians whose goals are to halt the deconditioning process, increase functional capacity, and decrease secondary health complications associated with chronic SCI. Exercise risk evaluation and individualized fitness assessments for body composition, muscular strength/endurance, and cardiorespiratory fitness should precede implementation of exercise interventions. Current evidence indicates that both electrically stimulated and volitional exercise strategies have the potential to improve components of fitness, reduce the risk of secondary health complications, and positively impact overall health for those with chronic physical disability. However, given the complexity of SCI with respect to level and severity of injury, a clear consensus on the optimal frequency, duration, and intensity of exercise needed to ensure lasting effects on health-related outcomes has yet to be determined. In addition, as is the case in non-injured populations, consideration should be given to both diet and exercise, not exercise alone, when considering the optimal strategy for improving body composition and cardiovascular health for persons with SCI.
A Decentralized Public Key Infrastructure with Identity Retention

Public key infrastructures (PKIs) enable users to look up and verify one another’s public keys based on identities. Current approaches to PKIs are vulnerable because they do not offer sufficiently strong guarantees of identity retention; that is, they do not effectively prevent one user from registering a public key under another’s already-registered identity. In this paper, we leverage the consistency guarantees provided by cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Namecoin to build a PKI that ensures identity retention. Our system, called Certcoin, has no central authority and thus requires the use of secure distributed dictionary data structures to provide efficient support for key lookup.
Combined Anterior-Posterior Surgery Versus Posterior Surgery for Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures: A Systematic Review of the Literature

A systematic quantitative review of the literature.



To compare combined anterior-posterior surgery versus posterior surgery for thoracolumbar fractures in order to identify better treatments.



Axial load of the anterior and middle column of the spine can lead to a burst fracture in the vertebral body. The management of thoracolumbar burst fractures remains controversial. The goals of operative treatment are fracture reduction, fixation and decompressing the neural canal. For this, different operative methods are developed, for instance, the posterior and the combined anterior-posterior approach. Recent systematic qualitative reviews comparing these methods are lacking.



We conducted an electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and the Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials.



Five observational comparative studies and no randomized clinical trials comparing the combined anteriorposterior approach with the posterior approach were retrieved. The total enrollment of patients in these studies was 755 patients. The results were expressed as relative risk (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI).



A small significantly higher kyphotic correction and improvement of vertebral height (sagittal index) observed for the combined anterior-posterior group is cancelled out by more blood loss, longer operation time, longer hospital stay, higher costs and a possible higher intra- and postoperative complication rate requiring re-operation and the possibility of a worsened Hannover spine score. The surgeons' choices regarding the operative approach are biased: worse cases tended to undergo the combined anterior-posterior approach.
Analysis of Ultrasound Kidney Images Using Content Descriptive Multiple Features for Disorder Identification and ANN Based Classification

The objective of this work is to provide a set of most significant content descriptive feature parameters to identify and classify the kidney disorders with ultrasound scan. The ultrasound images are initially pre-processed to preserve the pixels of interest prior to feature extraction. In total 28 features are extracted, the analysis of features value shows that 13 features are highly significant in discrimination. This resultant feature vector is used to train the multilayer back propagation network. The network is tested with the unknown samples. The outcome of multi-layer back propagation network is verified with medical experts and this confirms classification efficiency of 90.47%, 86.66%, and 85.71% for the classes considered respectively. The study shows that feature extraction after pre-processing followed by ANN based classification significantly enhance objective diagnosis and provides the possibility of developing computer-aided diagnosis system
Personality measurement, faking, and employment selection.

Real job applicants completed a 5-factor model personality measure as part of the job application process. They were rejected; 6 months later they (n = 5,266) reapplied for the same job and completed the same personality measure. Results indicated that 5.2% or fewer improved their scores on any scale on the 2nd occasion; moreover, scale scores were as likely to change in the negative direction as the positive. Only 3 applicants changed scores on all 5 scales beyond a 95% confidence threshold. Construct validity of the personality scales remained intact across the 2 administrations, and the same structural model provided an acceptable fit to the scale score matrix on both occasions. For the small number of applicants whose scores changed beyond the standard error of measurement, the authors found the changes were systematic and predictable using measures of social skill, social desirability, and integrity. Results suggest that faking on personality measures is not a significant problem in real-world selection settings.
Interventions to improve teamwork and communications among healthcare staff.

Concern over the frequency of unintended harm to patients has focused attention on the importance of teamwork and communication in avoiding errors. This has led to experiments with teamwork training programmes for clinical staff, mostly based on aviation models. These are widely assumed to be effective in improving patient safety, but the extent to which this assumption is justified by evidence remains unclear.



A systematic literature review on the effects of teamwork training for clinical staff was performed. Information was sought on outcomes including staff attitudes, teamwork skills, technical performance, efficiency and clinical outcomes.



Of 1036 relevant abstracts identified, 14 articles were analysed in detail: four randomized trials and ten non-randomized studies. Overall study quality was poor, with particular problems over blinding, subjective measures and Hawthorne effects. Few studies reported on every outcome category. Most reported improved staff attitudes, and six of eight reported significantly better teamwork after training. Five of eight studies reported improved technical performance, improved efficiency or reduced errors. Three studies reported evidence of clinical benefit, but this was modest or of borderline significance in each case. Studies with a stronger intervention were more likely to report benefits than those providing less training. None of the randomized trials found evidence of technical or clinical benefit.



The evidence for technical or clinical benefit from teamwork training in medicine is weak. There is some evidence of benefit from studies with more intensive training programmes, but better quality research and cost-benefit analysis are needed.
A comparative study of Japanese and English sublanguage patterns

As part of a project to develop a Japanese-English machine translation system for technical texts within a limited domain, we conducted a study to investigate the roles that sublanguage techniques (Harris, 1968) and operatorargument grammar (Harris, 1982) would play in the analysis and transfer stages of the system. The data consisted of fifty sentences from the Japanese and English versions of the FOCUS Query Language Primer, which were decomposed into elementary sentence patterns. A total of 187 pattern instances were found for Japanese and 191 for English. When the elements of these elementary sentences were classified and compared with their counterparts in the other language, we identified 43 word classes in Japanese and 43 corresponding English word classes. These word classes formed 32 sublanguage patterns in each language, 29 of which corresponded to patterns in the other language. This paper examines in detail these correspondences as well as the mismatches between sublanguage patterns in Japanese and English. The high level of agreement found between sublanguage categories and patterns in Japanese and English suggests that these categories and patterns can facilitate analysis and transfer. Moreover, the use of operator-argument grammar, which incorporates operator trees as an intermediate representation, substantially reduces the amount of structural transfer needed in the system. A pilot implementation is underway. This research was supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under Contract N00014-85-K-0163 from the Office of Naval Research.
A Maintainable Software Architecture for Fast and Modular Bioinformatics Sequence Search

Bioinformaticists use the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) to characterize an unknown sequence by comparing it against a database of known sequences, thus detecting evolutionary relationships and biological properties. mpiBLAST is a widely-used, high-performance, open-source parallelization of BLAST that runs on a computer cluster delivering super-linear speedups. However, the Achilles heel of mpiBLAST is its lack of modularity, thus adversely affecting maintainability and extensibility. Alleviating this shortcoming requires an architectural refactoring to improve maintenance and extensibility while preserving high performance. Toward that end, this paper evaluates five different software architectures and details how each satisfies our design objectives. In addition, we introduce a novel approach to using mixin layers to enable mixing-and-matching of modules in constructing sequence-search applications for a variety of high-performance computing systems. Our design, which we call "mixin layers with refined roles", utilizes mixin layers to separate functionality into complementary modules and the refined roles in each layer improve the inherently modular design by precipitating flexible and structured parallel development, a necessity for an open-source application. We believe that this new software architecture for mpiBLAST-2.0 will benefit both the users and developers of the package and that our evaluation of different software architectures will be of value to other software engineers faced with the challenges of creating maintainable and extensible, high-performance, bioinformatics software.
Reverse ontology matching

Matching aims to find the semantic correspondences between ontologies that belong to a single domain but that have been developed separately. However, there are still some problem areas to be solved, because experts are still needed to supervise the matching processes and an efficient way to reuse the alignments has not yet been found. We propose a novel technique named Reverse Ontology Matching, which aims to find the matching functions that were used in the original process. The use of these functions is very useful for aspects such as modeling behavior from experts, performing matching-by-example, reverse engineering existing ontology matching tools or compressing ontology alignment repositories. Moreover, the results obtained from a widely used benchmark dataset provide evidence of the effectiveness of this approach.
STRATEGIC ORIENTATION OF THE FIRM AND NEW PRODUCT PERFORMANCE by

This research seeks to understand which of three different strategic orientations of the firm (customer, competitive, and technological orientations) is more appropriate, when, and why, in the context of developing product innovations. We propose a structural model of the impact of the strategic orientation of the firm on the performance of a new product. This impact is hypothesized to occur as a chain of events. Strategic orientation is viewed first as an antecedent of the characteristics of the innovation marketed by the firm. The subsequent market performance of the innovation is hypothesized to be a function of both the innovation's characteristics and the firm's strategic orientation. The ability of the firm to take advanta ge of its orientation to market,the innovation succesfully is also hypothesized to be moderated by the firm's environment. The results provide evidence for best practices as follows. (1) A firm wishing to develop an innovation superior to the competition must have a strong technological orientation. (2) A competitive orientation in high growth markets is useful because it enables firms to develop innovations with lower costs, a critical element of success. (3) Firms should be consumer oriented and technology oriented in markets where demand is relatively uncertain. These orientations together lead to products which perform better. and the firm will be able to market innovations better, thereby achieving a superior level of performance. (4) A competitive orientation is useful to market innovations when demand is not too uncertain but should be deemphasized in highly uncertain markets. In short, these results suggest that the appropriateness of a 6ven strategic orientation, even a customer orientiation, is not unconditional.
Learning of inverse-dynamics for SCARA robot

In this paper, we describe a positioning control for a SCARA robot using a recurrent neural network. The simultaneous perturbation optimization method is used for the learning rule of the recurrent neural network. Then the recurrent neural network learns inverse dynamics of the SCARA robot. We present details of the control scheme using the simultaneous perturbation. Moreover, we consider an example for two target positions using an actual SCARA robot. The result is shown.
Low complexity frequency-response masking filters using modified structure based on serial masking

This paper presents a technique to synthesize low-complexity high-selectivity arbitrary-bandwidth finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters using the frequency-response masking (FRM) technique. A serial masking scheme is used to perform the masking task in two stages lowering the complexity of the masking filters. The bandedge shaping filter is implemented as a prefilter-equalizer cascade lowering the complexity of the band-edge shaping filter. The design of the FRM filter is formulated as a nonlinear nonconvex semi-infinite programming optimization problem whereby the maximum frequency response magnitude error of the overall filter is minimized. A constraint transcription method and a smoothing technique are employed to transform the continuous inequality constraints into equality constraints. By using the concept of penalty function, the transformed constraints are incorporated into the cost function to form a new cost function. The nonlinear optimization problem with inequality constraints is approximated by a sequence of unconstraint optimization problems which can be solved efficiently by a limited-memory BFGS (L-BFGS) method . An example taken from the literature demonstrates that this technique yields sharp filter having reduced magnitude error and total amount of nonzero coefficients.
The influence of pathological narcissism on emotional and motivational responses to negative events : The roles of visibility and concern about humiliation

The present study examined the associations between pathological forms of narcissism and responses to scenarios describing private or public negative events. This was accomplished using a randomized twowave experimental design with 600 community participants. The grandiose form of pathological narcissism was associated with increased negative affect and less forgiveness for public offenses, whereas the vulnerable form of pathological narcissism was associated with increased negative affect following private negative events. Concerns about humiliation mediated the association of pathological narcissism with increased negative affect but not the association between grandiose narcissism and lack of forgiveness for public offenses. These findings suggest that pathological narcissism may promote maladaptive responses to negative events that occur in private (vulnerable narcissism) or public (gran-
RECONFIGURABLE SIW ANTENNA BASED ON RF-MEMS SWITCHES

In this article, a novel compact reconfigurable antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is introduced. The geometry of the proposed antennas is symmetric with respect to the horizontal center line. The electrical shape of the antenna is composed of double H-plane SIW based horn antennas and radio frequency micro electro mechanical system (RF-MEMS) actuators. The RF-MEMS actuators are integrated in the planar structure of the antenna for reconfiguring the radiation pattern by adding nulls to the pattern. The proper activation/deactivation of the switches alters the modes distributed in the structure and changes the radiation pattern. When different combinations of switches are on or off, the radiation patterns have 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . nulls with nearly similar operating frequencies. The attained peak gain of the proposed antenna is higher than 5 dB at any point on the far field radiation pattern except at the null positions. The design procedure and closed form formulation are provided for analytical determination of the antenna parameters. Moreover, the designed antenna with an overall dimensions of only 63.6 × 50 mm2 is fabricated and excited through standard SMA connector and compared with the simulated results. The measured results show that the antenna can clearly alters its beams using the switching components. The proposed antenna retains advantages of low cost, low cross-polarized radiation, and easy integration of configuration.