nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Death of a seven-month-old child in a washing machine: a case report

The authors present a case which brings out a unique modality of child homicide by placing the baby in a washing machine and turning it on. The murder was perpetrated by the baby’s mother, who suffered from a serious depressive disorder. A postmortem RX and then a forensic autopsy were performed, followed by histologic examinations and toxicology. On the basis of the results of the autopsy, as well as the histology and the negative toxicological data, the cause of death was identified as acute asphyxia. This diagnosis was rendered in light of the absence of other causes of death, as well as the presence of typical signs of asphyxia, such as epicardial and pleural petechiae and, above all, the microscopic examinations, which pointed out a massive acute pulmonary emphysema. Regarding the cause of the asphyxia, at least two mechanisms can be identified: drowning and smothering. In addition, the histology of the brain revealed some findings that can be regarded as a consequence of the barotrauma due to the centrifugal force applied by the rotating drum of the washing machine. Another remarkable aspect is that we are dealing with a mentally-ill assailant. In fact, the baby’s mother, after a psychiatric examination, was confirmed to be suffering from a mental illness—a severe depressive disorder—and so she was adjudicated not-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity. This case warrants attention because of its uniqueness and complexity and, above all, its usefulness in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this particular manner of death.
Survey on Salt and Pepper Noise Removal Techniques

In the challenging area of Digital image processing, the image is degraded by noise. A large number of image de-noising techniques are proposed to remove noise from the images. These techniques depend on the type of noise present in the images. This paper focuses on the techniques proposed to remove the salt and pepper noise. Some of the de-noising techniques are Mean Filter, Median Filter, Mean-Median filter, Weighted Median Filter (WMF), Standard Median Filter (SMF), SUper Mean Filter (SUMF), Decision Based Median Filter (DBMF). Among the existing de-noising techniques Weighted median Filter provides satisfactory results in de-noising the image by preserving the edges for the high level noise.
Where to wear it: functional, technical, and social considerations in on-body location for wearable technology 20 years of designing for wearability

One of the first questions a researcher or designer of wearable technology has to answer in the design process is where on the body the device should be worn. It has been almost 20 years since Gemperle et al. wrote "Design for Wearability" , and although much of her initial guidelines on humans factors surrounding wearability still stand, devices and use cases have changed over time. This paper is a collection of literature and updated guidelines and reasons for on-body location depending on the use of the wearable technology and the affordances provided by different locations on the body.
Kinematics of a new class of smart actuators for soft robots based on generalized pneumatic artificial muscles

The growing interest in robots that interact safely with humans and surroundings have prompted the need for soft structural embodiments including soft actuators. This paper explores a class of soft actuators inspired in design and construction by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles (PAMs) or McKibben Actuators. These bio-inspired actuators consist of fluid-filled elastomeric enclosures that are reinforced with fibers along a specified orientation and are in general referred to as Fiber-Reinforced Elastomeric Enclosures (FREEs). Several recent efforts have mapped the fiber configurations to instantaneous deformation, forces, and moments generated by these actuators upon pressurization with fluid. However most of the actuators, when deployed undergo large deformations and large overall motions thus necessitating the study of their large-deformation kinematics. This paper analyzes the large deformation kinematics of FREEs. A concept called configuration memory effect is proposed to explain the smart nature of these actuators. This behavior is tested with experiments and finite element modeling for a small sample of actuators. The paper also describes different possibilities and design implications of the large deformation behavior of FREEs in successful creation of soft robots.
Evolutionary fuzzy rule extraction for subgroup discovery in a psychiatric emergency department

This paper describes the application of evolutionary fuzzy systems for subgroup discovery to a medical problem, the study on the type of patients who tend to visit the psychiatric emergency department in a given period of time of the day. In this problem, the objective is to characterise subgroups of patients according to their time of arrival at the emergency department. To solve this problem, several subgroup discovery algorithms have been applied to determine which of them obtains better results. The multiobjective evolutionary algorithm MESDIF for the extraction of fuzzy rules obtains better results and so it has been used to extract interesting information regarding the rate of admission to the psychiatric emergency department.
Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Bladder Cancer

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is characterized by expression of a plethora of cell surface antigens, thus offering opportunities for specific therapeutic targeting with use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). ADCs are structured from two major constituents, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against a specific target and a cytotoxic drug connected via a linker molecule. Several ADCs are developed against different UC surface markers, but the ones at most advanced stages of development include sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132), enfortumab vedotin (ASG-22CE/ASG-22ME), ASG-15ME for advanced UC, and oportuzumab monatox (VB4-845) for early UC. Several new targets are identified and utilized for novel or existing ADC testing. The most promising ones include human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor axis (FGF/FGFR). Positive preclinical and early clinical results are reported in many cases, thus the next step involves further improving efficacy and reducing toxicity as well as testing combination strategies with approved agents.
Diagnostic values of clinical tests for subscapularis lesions

Subscapularis (SSC) lesions are often underdiagnosed in the clinical routine. This study establishes and compares the diagnostic values of various clinical signs and diagnostic tests for lesions of the SSC tendon. Fifty consecutive patients who were scheduled for an arthroscopic subacromial or rotator cuff procedure were clinically evaluated using the lift-off test (LOT), the internal rotation lag sign (IRLS), the modified belly-press test (BPT) and the belly-off sign (BOS) preoperatively. A modified classification system according to Fox et al. (Type I–IV) was used to classify the SSC lesion during diagnostic arthroscopy. SSC tendon tears occured with a prevalence of 30% (15 of 50). Five type I, six type II, three type IIIa and one type IIIb tears according to the modified classification system were found. Fifteen percent of the SSC tears were not predicted preoperatively by using all of the tests. In six cases (12%), the LOT and the IRLS could not be performed due to a painful restricted range of motion. The modified BPT and the BOS showed the greatest sensitivity (88 and 87%) followed by the IRLS (71%) and the LOT (40%). The BOS had the greatest specificity (91%) followed by the LOT (79%), mod. BPT (68%) and IRLS (45%). The BOS had the highest overall accuracy (90%). With the BOS and the modified BPT in particular, upper SSC lesions (type I and II) could be diagnosed preoperatively. A detailed physical exam using the currently available SSC tests allows diagnosing SSC lesions in the majority of cases preoperatively. However, some tears could not be predicted by preoperative assessment using all the tests.
XML document clustering: techniques and challenges

The increasing availability of heterogeneous XML sources has raised a number of issues concerning how to represent and manage these semi-structured data. In recent years due to the importance of managing these resources and extracting knowledge from them, lots of methods have been proposed in order to represent and cluster them in different ways. Different similarity measures have been extended and also in some context semantic issues have been taken into account. In this context, we review different XML clustering methods with considering different representation methods such as tree based and vector based with use of different similarity measures. We also propose taxonomy for these proposed methods.
[Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hydrocortisone in asthmatic children].

Corticosteroids are very efficacious in the treatment of asthma. In the present study, the conversion rate of hydrocortisone succinate (HCS) to hydrocortisone in plasma was examined and pharmacokinetic study was carried out for the two compounds after a single intravenous injection of hydrocortisone sodium succinate (HCSS). Moreover, it was examined whether hydrocortisone improved acute asthmatic attacks. In a randomised cross-over trial at 5 to 7 days intervals, 10 asthmatic children aged 9-14 years were treated with a single intravenous injection of HCSS in a dose of 5 mg hydrocortisone/kg body weight or without HCSS. After 4-hour pulmonary function studies, they were received a subcutaneous injection of epinephrine (0.004 mg/kg). The plasma concentrations of HCS and hydrocortisone were measured by the HPLC and/or radioimmunoassay. The mean of maximum concentration of HCS was 26.38 mg/L. The concentration of HCS decreased rapidly with a half-life of 0.09 hr (5.38 min). The concentration of hydrocortisone reached to a peak value of 4.96 mg/L after 10 min, and then decreased with a half-life of 1.24 hour. It is predicted that an intravenous injection of HCSS every 6 hours in a dose of 5 mg hydrocortisone/kg would maintain hydrocortisone level at 100 to 150 micrograms/dl. HCSS did not show a rapid improvement of the pulmonary functions, but showed a tendency to improve the functions over 4 hours. Subcutaneous injection of epinephrine after HCSS resulted in a significant improvement of pulmonary functions compared to those by epinephrine alone. We concluded that hydrocortisone showed a slowly evolving improvement of pulmonary function and increased the responsiveness to beta-agonists.
Optimal Sizing of a Hybrid Grid-Connected Photovoltaic and Wind Power System 1

Escola d’Enginyeria d’Igualada, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Pla de la Massa 8, 08700 Igualada, Spain 3 *Corresponding author.  +34 938035300; fax: +34 938031589. E-mail address: jordi.riba@eei.upc.edu 4 5 Abstract—Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) have been widely identified as an efficient mechanism 6 to generate electrical power based on renewable energy sources (RES). This kind of energy generation 7 systems are based on the combination of one or more RES allowing to complement the weaknesses of one 8 with strengths of another and, therefore, reducing installation costs with an optimized installation. To do so, 9 optimization methodologies are a trendy mechanism because they allow attaining optimal solutions given a 10 certain set of input parameters and variables. This work is focused on the optimal sizing of hybrid grid11 connected photovoltaic – wind power systems from real hourly wind and solar irradiation data and electricity 12 demand from a certain location. The proposed methodology is capable of finding the sizing that leads to a 13 minimum life cycle cost of the system while matching the electricity supply with the local demand. In the 14 present article, the methodology is tested by means of a case study in which the actual hourly electricity retail 15 and market prices have been implemented to obtain realistic estimations of life cycle costs and benefits. A 16 sensitivity analysis that allows detecting to which variables the system is more sensitive has also been 17 performed. Results presented show that the model responds well to changes in the input parameters and 18 variables while providing trustworthy sizing solutions. According to these results, a grid-connected HRES 19 consisting of photovoltaic (PV) and wind power technologies would be economically profitable in the studied 20 rural township in the Mediterranean climate region of central Catalonia (Spain), being the system paid off 21 after 18 years of operation out of 25 years of system lifetime. Although the annual costs of the system are 22 notably lower compared with the cost of electricity purchase, which is the current alternative, a significant 23 upfront investment of over $10M – roughly two thirds of total system lifetime cost – would be required to 24 install such system. 25 26 Keywords—Grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system, life-cycle cost, sizing optimization, solar 27 photovoltaic power, wind power 28 29
A Survey of Sensors in Healthcare Workflow Monitoring

Activities of a clinical staff in healthcare environments must regularly be adapted to new treatment methods, medications, and technologies. This constant evolution requires the monitoring of the workflow, or the sequence of actions from actors involved in a procedure, to ensure quality of medical services. In this context, recent advances in sensing technologies, including Real-time Location Systems and Computer Vision, enable high-precision tracking of actors and equipment. The current state-of-the-art about healthcare workflow monitoring typically focuses on a single technology and does not discuss its integration with others. Such an integration can lead to better solutions to evaluate medical workflows. This study aims to fill the gap regarding the analysis of monitoring technologies with a systematic literature review about sensors for capturing the workflow of healthcare environments. Its main scientific contribution is to identify both current technologies used to track activities in a clinical environment and gaps on their combination to achieve better results. It also proposes a taxonomy to classify work regarding sensing technologies and methods. The literature review does not present proposals that combine data obtained from Real-time Location Systems and Computer Vision sensors. Further analysis shows that a multimodal analysis is more flexible and could yield better results.
Fallopian tube disease in the nonpregnant patient.

The increasing use of imaging necessitates familiarity with a wide variety of pathologic conditions, both common and rare, that affect the fallopian tube. These conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis for pelvic disease in the nonpregnant patient. The most common condition is pelvic inflammatory disease, which represents a spectrum ranging from salpingitis to pyosalpinx to tubo-ovarian abscess. Isolated tubal torsion is rare but is nevertheless an important diagnosis to consider in the acute setting. Hematosalpinx in a nonpregnant patient can be an indicator of tubal endometriosis; however, care should be taken to exclude tubal torsion or malignancy. Current evidence suggests that the prevalence of primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is underestimated and that there is a relationship between PFTC and breast cancer. PFTC has characteristic imaging features that can aid in its detection and in differentiating it from other pelvic masses. Familiarity with fallopian tube disease and the imaging appearances of both the normal and abnormal fallopian tube is crucial for optimal diagnosis and management in emergent as well as ambulatory settings.
OSCILLATION CRITERIA FOR FORCED SECOND-ORDER MIXED TYPE QUASILINEAR DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

This article presents new oscillation criteria for the second-order delay differential equation (p(t)(x′(t))α)′ + q(t)x(t− τ) + n X i=1 qi(t)x αi (t− τ) = e(t) where τ ≥ 0, p(t) ∈ C1[0,∞), q(t), qi(t), e(t) ∈ C[0,∞), p(t) > 0, α1 > · · · > αm > α > αm+1 > · · · > αn > 0 (n > m ≥ 1), α1, . . . , αn and α are ratio of odd positive integers. Without assuming that q(t), qi(t) and e(t) are nonnegative, the results in [6, 8] have been extended and a mistake in the proof of the results in  is corrected.
Principles of organizing the semantic ontology of programming

A promising way to improve the programming process is increasing the declarativeness of programming, approximation to natural language on the base of accumulating and actively using knowledge. The essence of the proposed approach is representing the semantics of a program in the form of a set of concepts about actions, participants, resources and relations between them, accumulation and classification of machine-readable knowledge of computer programs in order to increase the degree of automation of programming. The novelty of the presented work is retrieving relevant precedents by the given description of resources and actions under them. The paper describes the ontological model of a program, considers the technology of programming using ontologies, gives an example of definition of the semantics of a problem, and discusses the positive aspects of the proposed approach.
From past to future: Temporal self-continuity across the life span.

Although perceived continuity with one's future self has attracted increasing research interest, age differences in this phenomenon remain poorly understood. The present study is the first to simultaneously examine past and future self-continuity across multiple temporal distances using both explicit and implicit measures and controlling for a range of theoretically implicated covariates in an adult life span sample (N = 91, aged 18-92, M = 50.15, SD = 19.20, 56% female). Perceived similarity to one's self across 6 past and 6 future time points (1 month to 10 years) was assessed with an explicit self-report measure and an implicit me/not me trait rating task. In multilevel analyses, age was significantly associated with greater implicit and explicit self-continuity, especially for more distant intervals. Further, reaction times (RTs) in the implicit task remained stable with temporal distance for older adults but decreased with temporal distance for younger adults, especially for future ratings. This points toward age differences in the underlying mechanisms of self-continuity. Multilevel models examined the role of various covariates including personality, cognition, future horizons, and subjective health and found that none of them could fully account for the observed age effects. Taken together, our findings suggest that chronological age is associated with greater self-continuity although specific mechanisms and correlates may vary by age.
Self-tuning position and force control of a hydraulic manipulator

Tele-operated hydraulic underwater manipulators are commonly used to perform remote underwater intervention tasks such as weld inspection or mating of connectors. Automation of these tasks to use tele-assistance requires a suitable hybrid position/force control scheme, to specify simultaneously the robot motion and contact forces. Classical linear control does not allow for the highly non-linear and time varying robot dynamics in this situation. Adequate control performance requires more advanced controllers. This paper presents and compares two different advanced hybrid control algorithms. The first is based on a modified Variable Structure Control (VSC-HF) with a virtual environment, and the second uses a multivariable self-tuning adaptive controller. A direct comparison of the two proposed control schemes is performed in simulation, using a model of the dynamics of a hydraulic underwater manipulator (a Slingsby TA9) in contact with a surface. These comparisons look at the performance of the controllers under a wide variety of operating conditions, including different environment stiffnesses, positions of the robot and
A Survey about Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Papers (Invited Paper)

In this paper we present different results and studies around the world about the Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. This technique is the fusion of the advances of the fuzzy logic and cognitive maps theories. At this moment, there are several applications in different domains (control, multiagent systems, etc.) and new works (dynamical characteristics, learning procedures, etc.) to improve the performance of these systems. In this paper, we present a survey of different work about this topic.
Food color is in the eye of the beholder: the role of human trichromatic vision in food evaluation

Non-human primates evaluate food quality based on brightness of red and green shades of color, with red signaling higher energy or greater protein content in fruits and leafs. Despite the strong association between food and other sensory modalities, humans, too, estimate critical food features, such as calorie content, from vision. Previous research primarily focused on the effects of color on taste/flavor identification and intensity judgments. However, whether evaluation of perceived calorie content and arousal in humans are biased by color has received comparatively less attention. In this study we showed that color content of food images predicts arousal and perceived calorie content reported when viewing food even when confounding variables were controlled for. Specifically, arousal positively co-varied with red-brightness, while green-brightness was negatively associated with arousal and perceived calorie content. This result holds for a large array of food comprising of natural food - where color likely predicts calorie content - and of transformed food where, instead, color is poorly diagnostic of energy content. Importantly, this pattern does not emerged with nonfood items. We conclude that in humans visual inspection of food is central to its evaluation and seems to partially engage the same basic system as non-human primates.
Classification system for partial edentulism.

The American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) has developed a classification system for partial edentulism based on diagnostic findings. This classification system is similar to the classification system for complete edentulism previously developed by the ACP. These guidelines are intended to help practitioners determine appropriate treatments for their patients. Four categories of partial edentulism are defined, Class I to Class IV, with Class I representing an uncomplicated clinical situation and class IV representing a complex clinical situation. Each class is differentiated by specific diagnostic criteria. This system is designed for use by dental professionals involved in the diagnosis and treatment of partially edentulous patients. Potential benefits of the system include (1) improved intraoperator consistency, (2) improved professional communication, (3) insurance reimbursement commensurate with complexity of care, (4) improved screening tool for dental school admission clinics, (5) standardized criteria for outcomes assessment and research, (6) enhanced diagnostic consistency, and (7) simplified aid in the decision to refer a patient.
Improved methodology for lumbosacral nerve root stimulation.

The site of S1-S2 root activation following percutaneous high-voltage electrical (ES) and magnetic stimulation were located by analyzing the variations of the time interval from M to H soleus responses elicited by moving the stimulus point from lumbar to low thoracic levels. ES was effective in activating S1-S2 roots at their origin. However supramaximal motor root stimulation required a dorsoventral montage, the anode being a large, circular surface electrode placed ventrally, midline between the apex of the xiphoid process and the umbilicus. Responses to magnetic stimuli always resulted from the activation of a fraction of the fiber pool, sometimes limited to the low-thresholds afferent component, near its exit from the intervertebral foramina, or even more distally. Normal values for conduction velocity in motor and 1a afferent fibers in the proximal nerve tract are provided.