nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Deprescribing antipsychotics for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and insomnia: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline.

To develop an evidence-based guideline to help clinicians make decisions about when and how to safely taper and stop antipsychotics; to focus on the highest level of evidence available and seek input from primary care professionals in the guideline development, review, and endorsement processes.



The overall team comprised 9 clinicians (1 family physician, 1 family physician specializing in long-term care, 1 geriatric psychiatrist, 2 geriatricians, 4 pharmacists) and a methodologist; members disclosed conflicts of interest. For guideline development, a systematic process was used, including the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. Evidence was generated from a Cochrane systematic review of antipsychotic deprescribing trials for the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, and a systematic review was conducted to assess the evidence behind the benefits of using antipsychotics for insomnia. A review of reviews of the harms of continued antipsychotic use was performed, as well as narrative syntheses of patient preferences and resource implications. This evidence and GRADE quality-of-evidence ratings were used to generate recommendations. The team refined guideline content and recommendation wording through consensus and synthesized clinical considerations to address common front-line clinician questions. The draft guideline was distributed to clinicians and stakeholders for review and revisions were made at each stage.


RECOMMENDATIONS
We recommend deprescribing antipsychotics for adults with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia treated for at least 3 months (symptoms stabilized or no response to an adequate trial) and for adults with primary insomnia treated for any duration or secondary insomnia in which underlying comorbidities are managed. A decision-support algorithm was developed to accompany the guideline.



Antipsychotics are associated with harms and can be safely tapered. Patients and caregivers might be more amenable to deprescribing if they understand the rationale (potential for harm), are involved in developing the tapering plan, and are offered behavioural advice or management. This guideline provides recommendations for making decisions about when and how to reduce the dose of or stop antipsychotics. Recommendations are meant to assist with, not dictate, decision making in conjunction with patients and families.
Lazy evaluation and delimited control

The call-by-need lambda calculus provides an equational framework for reasoning syntactically about lazy evaluation. This paper examines its operational characteristics.
 By a series of reasoning steps, we systematically unpack the standard-order reduction relation of the calculus and discover a novel abstract machine definition which, like the calculus, goes "under lambdas." We prove that machine evaluation is equivalent to standard-order evaluation.
 Unlike traditional abstract machines, delimited control plays a significant role in the machine's behavior. In particular, the machine replaces the manipulation of a heap using store-based effects with disciplined management of the evaluation stack using control-based effects. In short, state is replaced with control.
 To further articulate this observation, we present a simulation of call-by-need in a call-by-value language using delimited control operations.
Compressed Impairment Sensing-Assisted and Interleaved-Double-FFT-Aided Modulation Improves Broadband Power Line Communications Subjected to Asynchronous Impulsive Noise

In power line communications (PLCs), the multipath-induced dispersion and the impulsive noise are the two fundamental impediments in the way of high-integrity communications. The conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system is capable of mitigating the multipath effects in PLCs, but it fails to suppress the impulsive noise effects. Therefore, in order to mitigate both the multipath effects and the impulsive effects in PLCs, in this paper, a compressed impairment sensing (CIS)-assisted and interleaved-double-FFT (IDFFT)-aided system is proposed for indoor broadband PLC. Similar to classic OFDM, data symbols are transmitted in the time-domain, while the equalization process is employed in the frequency domain in order to achieve the maximum attainable multipath diversity gain. In addition, a specifically designed interleaver is employed in the frequency domain in order to mitigate the impulsive noise effects, which relies on the principles of compressed sensing (CS). Specifically, by taking advantage of the interleaving process, the impairment impulsive samples can be estimated by exploiting the principle of CS and then cancelled. In order to improve the estimation performance of CS, we propose a beneficial pilot design complemented by a pilot insertion scheme. Finally, a CIS-assisted detector is proposed for the IDFFT system advocated. Our simulation results show that the proposed CIS-assisted IDFFT system is capable of achieving a significantly improved performance compared with the conventional OFDM. Furthermore, the tradeoffs to be struck in the design of the CIS-assisted IDFFT system are also studied.
A 3D Dynamic Scene Analysis Framework for Development of Intelligent Transportation Systems

Holistic driving scene understanding is a critical step toward intelligent transportation systems. It involves different levels of analysis, interpretation, reasoning and decision making. In this paper, we propose a 3D dynamic scene analysis framework as the first step toward driving scene understanding. Specifically, given a sequence of synchronized 2D and 3D sensory data, the framework systematically integrates different perception modules to obtain 3D position, orientation, velocity and category of traffic participants and the ego car in a reconstructed 3D semantically labeled traffic scene. We implement this framework and demonstrate the effectiveness in challenging urban driving scenarios. The proposed framework builds a foundation for higher level driving scene understanding problems such as intention and motion prediction of surrounding entities, ego motion planning, and decision making.
An overview of algae biofuel production and potential environmental impact.

Algae are among the most potentially significant sources of sustainable biofuels in the future of renewable energy. A feedstock with virtually unlimited applicability, algae can metabolize various waste streams (e.g., municipal wastewater, carbon dioxide from industrial flue gas) and produce products with a wide variety of compositions and uses. These products include lipids, which can be processed into biodiesel; carbohydrates, which can be processed into ethanol; and proteins, which can be used for human and animal consumption. Algae are commonly genetically engineered to allow for advantageous process modification or optimization. However, issues remain regarding human exposure to algae-derived toxins, allergens, and carcinogens from both existing and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), as well as the overall environmental impact of GMOs. A literature review was performed to highlight issues related to the growth and use of algal products for generating biofuels. Human exposure and environmental impact issues are identified and discussed, as well as current research and development activities of academic, commercial, and governmental groups. It is hoped that the ideas contained in this paper will increase environmental awareness of issues surrounding the production of algae and will help the algae industry develop to its full potential.
Independent component analysis, A new concept?

The independent component analysis (ICA) of a random vector consists of searching for a linear transformation that minimizes the statistical dependence between its components. In order to define suitable search criteria, the expansion of mutual information is utilized as a function of cumulants of increasing orders. An efficient algorithm is proposed, which allows the computation of the ICA of a data matrix within a polynomial time. The concept of lCA may actually be seen as an extension of the principal component analysis (PCA), which can only impose independence up to the second order and, consequently, defines directions that are orthogonal. Potential applications of ICA include data analysis and compression, Bayesian detection, localization of sources, and blind identification and deconvolution. Zusammenfassung Die Analyse unabhfingiger Komponenten (ICA) eines Vektors beruht auf der Suche nach einer linearen Transformation, die die statistische Abh~ingigkeit zwischen den Komponenten minimiert. Zur Definition geeigneter Such-Kriterien wird die Entwicklung gemeinsamer Information als Funktion von Kumulanten steigender Ordnung genutzt. Es wird ein effizienter Algorithmus vorgeschlagen, der die Berechnung der ICA ffir Datenmatrizen innerhalb einer polynomischen Zeit erlaubt. Das Konzept der ICA kann eigentlich als Erweiterung der 'Principal Component Analysis' (PCA) betrachtet werden, die nur die Unabh~ingigkeit bis zur zweiten Ordnung erzwingen kann und deshalb Richtungen definiert, die orthogonal sind. Potentielle Anwendungen der ICA beinhalten Daten-Analyse und Kompression, Bayes-Detektion, Quellenlokalisierung und blinde Identifikation und Entfaltung.
The Hallmarks of Aging

Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. This deterioration is the primary risk factor for major human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Aging research has experienced an unprecedented advance over recent years, particularly with the discovery that the rate of aging is controlled, at least to some extent, by genetic pathways and biochemical processes conserved in evolution. This Review enumerates nine tentative hallmarks that represent common denominators of aging in different organisms, with special emphasis on mammalian aging. These hallmarks are: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. A major challenge is to dissect the interconnectedness between the candidate hallmarks and their relative contributions to aging, with the final goal of identifying pharmaceutical targets to improve human health during aging, with minimal side effects.
Nomograms of Iranian fetal middle cerebral artery Doppler waveforms and uniformity of their pattern with other populations' nomograms

Doppler flow velocity waveform analysis of fetal vessels is one of the main methods for evaluating fetus health before labor. Doppler waves of middle cerebral artery (MCA) can predict most of the at risk fetuses in high risk pregnancies. In this study, we tried to obtain normal values and their nomograms during pregnancy for Doppler flow velocity indices of MCA in 20-40 weeks of normal pregnancies in Iranian population and compare their pattern with other countries' nomograms.



During present descriptive cross-sectional study, 1037 normal pregnant women with 20th-40th week gestational age were underwent MCA Doppler study. All cases were studied by gray scale ultrasonography initially and Doppler of MCA afterward.  Index (RI), Pulsative Index (PI), Systolic/Diastolic ratio (S/D ratio), and Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) values of MCA were determined for all of the subjects.



Results of present study showed that RI, PI, S/D ratio values of MCA decreased with parabolic pattern and PSV value increased with simple pattern, as gestational age progressed. These changes were statistically significant (P=0.000 for all of indices) and more characteristic during late weeks of pregnancy.



Values of RI, PI and S/D ratio indices reduced toward the end of pregnancy, but PSV increased. Despite the trivial difference, nomograms of various Doppler indices in present study have similar pattern with other studies.
Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies.

To evaluate the impact of therapeutic oral doses of stimulants on the brains of ADHD subjects as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based neuroimaging studies (morphometric, functional, spectroscopy).



We searched PubMed and ScienceDirect through the end of calendar year 2011 using the keywords (1) psychostimulants or methylphenidate or amphetamine, and (2) neuroimaging or MRI or fMRI, and (3) ADHD or ADD or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.



We included only English language articles with new data from case-control or placebo controlled studies that examined attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subjects on and off psychostimulants (as well as 5 relevant review articles).



We combined details of study design and medication effects in each imaging modality.



We found 29 published studies that met our criteria. These included 6 structural MRI, 20 functional MRI studies, and 3 spectroscopy studies.  varied widely in terms of design, analytic technique, and regions of the brain investigated. Despite heterogeneity in methods, however, results were consistent. With only a few exceptions, the data on the effect of therapeutic oral doses of stimulant medication suggest attenuation of structural and functional alterations found in unmedicated ADHD subjects relative to findings in controls.



Despite the inherent limitations and heterogeneity of the extant MRI literature, our review suggests that therapeutic oral doses of stimulants decrease alterations in brain structure and function in subjects with ADHD relative to unmedicated subjects and controls. These medication-associated brain effects parallel, and may underlie, the well-established clinical benefits.
Millimeter-Wave Mobile Communications Microstrip Antenna for 5G - A Future Antenna

In the present scenario, cellular service provider facing bandwidth shortage in conventional cellular system, and delivering high quality, low latency video and multimedia applications using 3G system which is on ground . The 4th Generation cellular networks are expected to be implemented in next few years. Here, we present the motivational approach for millimeter wave mobile communication antenna for next-generation microand Pico-cellular wireless Networks (5th generation). The Millimeter Wave mobile communication works on 28 GHz and 38GHz frequency by employing steerable directional antennas (high dimensional antenna array) at base stations and mobile devices . This paper describes a future antenna for 5G mobile communication. This antenna consists of two rectangular patch elements using a single layer RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with transformer coupled impedance matching network, which provides high gain of 9. 0583dB and efficiency 83. 308%. This antenna has good performance in terms of antenna gain, directivity, return losses, VSWR, Characteristics impedance, Band width and efficiency at the centre frequency 38GHz.
Softmax Q-Distribution Estimation for Structured Prediction: A Theoretical Interpretation for RAML

Reward augmented maximum likelihood (RAML) is a simple and effective learning framework to directly optimize towards the reward function in structured prediction tasks. RAML incorporates task-specific reward by performing maximumlikelihood updates on candidate outputs sampled according to an exponentiated payoff distribution, which gives higher probabilities to candidates that are close to the reference output. While RAML is notable for its simplicity, efficiency, and its impressive empirical successes, the theoretical properties of RAML, especially the behavior of the exponentiated payoff distribution, has not been examined thoroughly. In this work, we introduce softmax Q-distribution estimation, a novel theoretical interpretation of RAML, which reveals the relation between RAML and Bayesian decision theory. The softmax Q-distribution can be regarded as a smooth approximation of Bayes decision boundary, and the Bayes decision rule is achieved by decoding with this Q-distribution. We further show that RAML is equivalent to approximately estimating the softmax Q-distribution. Experiments on three structured prediction tasks with rewards defined on sequential (named entity recognition), tree-based (dependency parsing) and irregular (machine translation) structures show notable improvements over maximum likelihood baselines.
Joint convolutional neural pyramid for depth map super-resolution

High-resolution depth map can be inferred from a lowresolution one with the guidance of an additional highresolution texture map of the same scene. Recently, deep neural networks with large receptive fields are shown to benefit applications such as image completion. Our insight is that super resolution is similar to image completion, where only parts of the depth values are precisely known. In this paper, we present a joint convolutional neural pyramid model with large receptive fields for joint depth map super-resolution. Our model consists of three sub-networks, two convolutional neural pyramids concatenated by a normal convolutional neural network. The convolutional neural pyramids extract information from large receptive fields of the depth map and guidance map, while the convolutional neural network effectively transfers useful structures of the guidance image to the depth image. Experimental results show that our model outperforms existing state-of-the-art algorithms not only on data pairs of RGB/depth images, but also on other data pairs like color/saliency and color-scribbles/colorized images.
The lateral crural stairstep technique: a modification of the kridel lateral crural overlay technique.

T he Kridel lateral crural overlay technique has proved capable of resolving overprojection with severe ptosis of the tip and can be used along with a medial crural overlay to reduce marked overprojection of the tip with no significant rotation. In the technique described herein, the section of the lateral crus involved in the lateral crural overlay is step-shaped rather than vertical and the cartilage is completely detached from the skin beneath as far as the domus. The anterior segment is moved downward and is overlapped with the posterior segment on both sides to resolve “parenthesis deformities” of the nasal tip that are caused by malposition of the lateral crura. This procedure can also be combined when necessary with both posterior and anterior sliding of the lateral crus to correct most deformities of the nasal tip. Within the framework of surgery on the nasal tip, attention has focused primarily on techniques that were designed to modify the projection and rotation of the nasal tip. It is only recently that a new parameter with important aesthetic and functional implications has emerged, namely cephalocaudal positioning in the space of the lateral crura.
AppSleuth: a tool for database tuning at the application level

Excellent work ([1]-[6]) has shown that memory management and transaction concurrency levels can often be tuned automatically by the database management systems. Other excellent work ([7]]-[14]) has shown how to use the optimizer to do automatic physical design or to make the optimizer itself more self-adaptive ([15]-[17]). Our performance tuning experience across various industries (finance, gaming, data warehouses, and travel) has shown that enormous additional tuning benefits (sometimes amounting to orders of magnitude) can come from reengineering application code and table design. The question is: can a tool help in this effort? We believe so. We present a tool called AppSleuth that parses application code and the tracing log for two popular database management systems in order to lead a competent tuner to the hot spots in an application. This paper discusses (i) representative application "delinquent design patterns", (ii) an application code parser to find them, (iii) a log parser to identify the patterns that are critical, and (iv) a display to give a global view of the issue. We present an extended sanitized case study from a real travel application to show the results of the tool at different stages of a tuning engagement, yielding a 300 fold improvement. This is the first tool of its kind that we know of.
MAP inference in Large Factor Graphs with Reinforcement Learning

Large, relational factor graphs with structure defined by first-order logic or other languages give rise to notoriously difficult inference problems. Because unrolling the structure necessary to represent distributions over all hypotheses has exponential blow-up, solutions are often derived from MCMC. However, because of limitations in the design and parameterization of the jump function, these sampling-based methods suffer from local minima—the system must transition through lower-scoring configurations before arriving at a better MAP solution. This paper presents a new method of explicitly selecting fruitful downward jumps by leveraging reinforcement learning (RL) to model delayed reward with a log-linear function approximation of residual future score improvement. Our method provides dramatic empirical success, producing new state-of-the-art results on a complex joint model of ontology alignment, with a 48% reduction in error over state-of-the-art in that domain.
Improving Machine Translation Performance by Exploiting Non-Parallel Corpora

We present a novel method for discovering parallel sentences in comparable, non-parallel corpora. We train a maximum entropy classifier that, given a pair of sentences, can reliably determine whether or not they are translations of each other. Using this approach, we extract parallel data from large Chinese, Arabic, and English non-parallel newspaper corpora. We evaluate the quality of the extracted data by showing that it improves the performance of a state-of-the-art statistical machine translation system. We also show that a good-quality MT system can be built from scratch by starting with a very small parallel corpus (100,000 words) and exploiting a large non-parallel corpus. Thus, our method can be applied with great benefit to language pairs for which only scarce resources are available.
What's that abdominal mass?

Mistry A, et al.  A woman was admitted for planned induction at 39+5 weeks gestation. This was her third pregnancy. She had two previous children who were fit and well. Antenatal scans showed a fetal intra-abdominal mass measuring 6.2×5.5×7 cm in the lower abdomen, which was compressing the bladder. The mass was thought to be originating from the ovary or the bowel. On postnatal examination, the baby girl had a distended and full abdomen. There was a right-sided abdominal mass palpable above the umbilicus and 3 cm in size. It was firm, smooth and mobile in consistency. She had a normal anus and external female genitalia, with evidence of a prolapsed vagina on crying. She had passed urine and opened her bowels. The baby was kept nil by mouth and on intravenous fluids until the abdominal radiography was performed. The image is shown in figure 1.