nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Methodologies toward Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells.

A perovskite solar cell (PSC) employing an organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite light harvester, seeded in 2009 with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.8% and grown in 2011 with PCE of 6.5% in dye-sensitized solar cell structure, has received great attention since the breakthrough reports ≈10% efficient solid-state PCSs demonstrating 500 h stability. Developments of device layout and high-quality perovskite film eventually lead to a PCE over 22%. As of October 31, 2017, the highest PCE of 22.7% is listed in an efficiency chart provided by NREL. In this Review, the methodologies to obtain highly efficient PSCs are described in detail. In order to achieve a PCE of over 20% reproducibly, key technologies are disclosed from the viewpoint of precursor solution chemistry, processing for defect-free perovskite films, and passivation of grain boundaries. Understanding chemical species in precursor solution, crystal growth kinetics, light-matter interaction, and controlling defects is expected to give important insights into not only reproducible production of high PCE over 20% but also further enhancement of the PCE of PCSs.
Wireless Sensor Network in Railway Signalling System

In the Railway System, Railway Signalling System is the vital control equipment responsible for the safe operation of trains. In Railways, the system of communication from railway stations and running trains is by the means of signals through wired medium. Once the train leaves station, there is no communication between the running train and the station or controller. Hence, in case of failures or in emergencies in between stations, immediate information cannot be given and a particular problem will escalate with valuable time lost. Because of this problem only a single train can run in between two nearest stations. Now a days, Railway all over the world is using Optical Fiber cable for communication between stations and to send signals to trains. The usage of optical fibre cables does not lend itself for providing trackside communication as in the case of copper cable. Hence, another transmission medium is necessary for communication outside the station limits with drivers, guards, maintenance gangs, gateman etc. Obviously the medium of choice for such communication is wireless. With increasing speed and train density, adoption of train control methods such as Automatic warning system, (AWS) or, Automatic train stop (ATS), or Positive train separation (PTS) is a must. Even though, these methods traditionally pick up their signals from track based beacons, Wireless Sensor Network based systems will suit the Railways much more. In this paper, we described a new and innovative medium for railways that is Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based Railway Signalling System and conclude that Introduction of WSN in Railways will not only achieve economy but will also improve the level of safety and efficiency of train operations.
2 Logic Design Using SG / IG-Mode FinFETs

Fin-type field-effect transistors (FinFETs) are promising substitutes for bulk CMOS at the nanoscale. FinFETs are double-gate devices. The two gates of a FinFET can either be shorted for higher perfomance or independently controlled for lower leakage or reduced transistor count. This gives rise to a rich design space. This chapter provides an introduction to various interesting FinFET logic design styles, novel circuit designs, and layout considerations.
A Case Study on the Relationship between Code Ownership and Refactoring Activities in a Java Software System

Refactoring, the activity of changing source code design without affecting its external behavior, is a widely used practice among developers, since it is considered to positively affect the quality of software systems. However, there are some "human factors" to be considered while performing refactoring, including developers knowledge of systems architecture. Recent studies showed how much "people" metrics, such as code ownership, might affect software quality as well. In this preliminary study we investigated the relationship between code ownership and refactoring activity performed by developers. This study can provide useful insights on who performs refactoring and help team leaders to properly manage human resources during software development.
Human-Centered Interactive Clustering for Data Analysis

Clustering is a critical component of many data analysis tasks, but is exceedingly difficult to fully automate. To better incorporate domain knowledge, researchers in machine learning, human-computer interaction, visualization, and statistics have independently introduced various computational tools to engage users through interactive clustering. In this work-in-progress paper, we present a cross-disciplinary literature survey, and find that existing techniques often do not meet the needs of real-world data analysis. Semi-supervised machine learning algorithms often impose prohibitive user interaction costs or fail to account for external analysis requirements. Human-centered approaches and user interface designs often fall short because of their insufficient statistical modeling capabilities. Drawing on effective approaches from each field, we identify five characteristics necessary to support effective human-in-the-loop interactive clustering: iterative, multi-objective, local updates that can operate on any initial clustering and a dynamic set of features. We outline key aspects of our technique currently under development, and share our initial evidence suggesting that all five design considerations can be incorporated into a single algorithm. We plan to demonstrate our technique on three data analysis tasks: feature engineering for classification, exploratory analysis of biomedical data, and multi-document summarization.
Trauma mortality patterns in three nations at different economic levels: implications for global trauma system development.

Whereas organized trauma care systems have decreased trauma mortality in the United States, trauma system design has not been well addressed in developing nations. We sought to determine areas in greatest need of improvement in the trauma systems of developing nations.



We compared outcome of all seriously injured (Injury Severity Score > or = 9 or dead), nontransferred, adults managed over 1 year in three cities in nations at different economic levels: (1) Kumasi, Ghana: low income, gross national product (GNP) per capita of $310, no emergency medical service (EMS); (2) Monterrey, Mexico: middle income, GNP $3,900, basic EMS; and (3) Seattle, Washington: high income, GNP $25,000, advanced EMS. Each city had one main trauma hospital, from which hospital data were obtained. Annual budgets (in US$) per bed for these hospitals were as follows: Kumasi, $4,100; Monterrey, $68,000; and Seattle, $606,000. Data on prehospital deaths were obtained from vital statistics registries in Monterrey and Seattle, and by an epidemiologic survey in Kumasi.



Mean age (34 years) and injury mechanisms (79% blunt) were similar in all locations. Mortality declined with increased economic level: Kumasi (63% of all seriously injured persons died), Monterrey (55%), and Seattle (35%). This decline was primarily due to decreases in prehospital deaths. In Kumasi, 51% of all seriously injured persons died in the field; in Monterrey, 40%; and in Seattle, 21%. Mean prehospital time declined progressively: Kumasi (102 +/- 126 minutes) > Monterrey (73 +/- 38 minutes) > Seattle (31 +/- 10 minutes). Percent of trauma patients dying in the emergency room was higher for Monterrey (11%) than for either Kumasi (3%) or Seattle (6%).



The majority of deaths occur in the prehospital setting, indicating the importance of injury prevention in nations at all economic levels. Additional efforts for trauma care improvement in both low-income and middle-income developing nations should focus on prehospital and emergency room care. Improved emergency room care is especially important in middle-income nations which have already established a basic EMS.
Information-centric networking for the industrial IoT

The wireless Internet of Things interconnects numerous constrained devices such as sensors and actuators not only with each other, but also with cloud services. We demonstrate a low power and lossy Information-Centric Network interworking with a cloud in an industrial application. Our approach includes a lightweight publish-subscribe system for NDN and an ICN-to-MQTT gateway which translates between NDN names and MQTT topics. This demo is based on RIOT and CCN-lite.
Stomatitis Venenata- A Diagnostic Challenge

Allergies manifest in various forms, which can be mild and unnoticeable to life threatening anaphylaxis. To pin point the exact agent causing the allergy is a challenge.  A 6 year old boy presented with pain and burning sensation in the right side of the mouth since 10 days. His mother gave a history of visiting a dentist 1 month back where he was prescribed fluoridated pediatric toothpaste. On using the toothpaste the patient noticed occurrence of small fluid filled boils in the right cheek region and the right side of the tongue which slowly increased in size and turned flat. Since 10 days the pain is severe and causing difficulty to open the mouth, talk and eat.  Dentists should exercise care when prescribing any new products to patients and be aware of their allergic potential. Also any allergic manifestations should be recognized early and managed appropriately.
Events per variable (EPV) and the relative performance of different strategies for estimating the out-of-sample validity of logistic regression models

We conducted an extensive set of empirical analyses to examine the effect of the number of events per variable (EPV) on the relative performance of three different methods for assessing the predictive accuracy of a logistic regression model: apparent performance in the analysis sample, split-sample validation, and optimism correction using bootstrap methods. Using a single dataset of patients hospitalized with heart failure, we compared the estimates of discriminatory performance from these methods to those for a very large independent validation sample arising from the same population. As anticipated, the apparent performance was optimistically biased, with the degree of optimism diminishing as the number of events per variable increased. Differences between the bootstrap-corrected approach and the use of an independent validation sample were minimal once the number of events per variable was at least 20. Split-sample assessment resulted in too pessimistic and highly uncertain estimates of model performance. Apparent performance estimates had lower mean squared error compared to split-sample estimates, but the lowest mean squared error was obtained by bootstrap-corrected optimism estimates. For bias, variance, and mean squared error of the performance estimates, the penalty incurred by using split-sample validation was equivalent to reducing the sample size by a proportion equivalent to the proportion of the sample that was withheld for model validation. In conclusion, split-sample validation is inefficient and apparent performance is too optimistic for internal validation of regression-based prediction models. Modern validation methods, such as bootstrap-based optimism correction, are preferable. While these findings may be unsurprising to many statisticians, the results of the current study reinforce what should be considered good statistical practice in the development and validation of clinical prediction models.
Risk assessment model of mining equipment failure based on fuzzy logic

The systematic maintenance of mining machinery and equipment is the crucial factor for the proper functioning of a mine without production process interruption. For high-quality maintenance of the technical systems in mining, it is necessary to conduct a thorough analysis of machinery and accompanying elements in order to determine the critical elements in the system which are prone to failures. The risk assessment of the failures of system parts leads to obtaining precise indicators of failures which are also excellent guidelines for maintenance services. This paper presents a model of the risk assessment of technical systems failure based on the fuzzy sets theory, fuzzy logic and min–max composition. The risk indicators, severity, occurrence and detectability are analyzed. The risk indicators are given as linguistic variables. The model presented was applied for assessing the risk level of belt conveyor elements failure which works in severe conditions in a coal mine. Moreover, this paper shows the advantages of this model when compared to a standard procedure of RPN calculating – in the FMEA method of risk
Dermoscopy of discoid lupus erythematosus.

Dermoscopy is useful in evaluating skin tumours, but its applicability also extends into the field of inflammatory skin disorders. Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) represents the most common subtype of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. While dermoscopy and videodermoscopy have been shown to aid the differentiation of scalp DLE from other causes of scarring alopecia, limited data exist concerning dermoscopic criteria of DLE in other locations, such as the face, trunk and extremities.



To describe the dermoscopic criteria observed in a series of patients with DLE located on areas other than the scalp, and to correlate them to the underlying histopathological alterations.



DLE lesions located on the face, trunk and extremities were dermoscopically and histopathologically examined. Selection of the dermoscopic variables included in the evaluation process was based on data in the available literature on DLE of the scalp and on our preliminary observations. Analysis of data was done with SPSS analysis software.



Fifty-five lesions from 37 patients with DLE were included in the study. Perifollicular whitish halo, follicular keratotic plugs and telangiectasias were the most common dermoscopic criteria. Statistical analysis revealed excellent correlation between dermoscopic and histopathological findings. Notably, a time-related alteration of dermoscopic features was observed.



The present study provides new insights into the dermoscopic variability of DLE located on the face, trunk and extremities.
CaregiverNet: A novel social support intervention for locating and securing wandering Alzheimer's patients as soon as possible

Locating and securing an Alzheimer's patient who is outdoors and in wandering state is crucial to patient's safety. Although advances in geotracking and mobile technology have made locating patients instantly possible, reaching them while in wandering state may take time. However, a social network of caregivers may help shorten the time that it takes to reach and secure a wandering AD patient. This study proposes a new type of intervention based on novel mobile application architecture to form and direct a social support network of caregivers for locating and securing wandering patients as soon as possible. System employs, aside from the conventional tracking mechanism, a wandering detection mechanism, both of which operates through a tracking device installed a Subscriber Identity Module for Global System for Mobile Communications Network(GSM). System components are being implemented using Java. Family caregivers will be interviewed prior to and after the use of the system and Center For Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire and Zarit Burden Interview will be applied to them during these interviews to find out the impact of the system in terms of depression, anxiety and burden, respectively.
Human mobility and socioeconomic status: Analysis of Singapore and Boston

Recently, some studies have shown that human movement patterns are strongly associated with regional socioeconomic indicators such as per capita income and poverty rate. These studies, however, are limited in numbers and they have not reached a consensus on what indicators or how effectively they can possibly be used to reflect the socioeconomic characteristics of the underlying populations. In this study, we propose an analytical framework — by coupling large scale mobile phone and urban socioeconomic datasets — to better understand human mobility patterns and their relationships with travelers' socioeconomic status (SES). Six mobility indicators, which include radius of gyration, number of activity locations, activity entropy, travel diversity, kradius of gyration, and unicity, are derived to quantify important aspects of mobile phone users' mobility characteristics. A data fusion approach is proposed to approximate, at an aggregate level, the SES of mobile phone users. Using Singapore and Boston as case studies, we compare the statistical properties of the six mobility indicators in the two cities and analyze how they vary across socioeconomic classes. The results provide a multifaceted view of the relationships between mobility and SES. Specifically, it is found that phone user groups that are generally richer tend to travel shorter in Singapore but longer in Boston. One of the potential reasons, as suggested by our analysis, is that the rich neighborhoods in the two cities are respectively central and peripheral. For three other mobility indicators that reflect the diversity of individual travel and activity patterns (i.e., number of activity locations, activity entropy, and travel diversity), we find that for both cities, phone users across different socioeconomic classes exhibit very similar characteristics. This indicates that wealth level, at least in Singapore and Boston, is not a factor that restricts how people travel around in the city. In sum, our comparative analysis suggests that the relationship between mobility and SES could vary among cities, and such relationship is influenced by the spatial arrangement of housing, employment opportunities, and human ac-
Taurine: the appeal of a safe amino acid for skeletal muscle disorders

Taurine is a natural amino acid present as free form in many mammalian tissues and in particular in skeletal muscle. Taurine exerts many physiological functions, including membrane stabilization, osmoregulation and cytoprotective effects, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions as well as modulation of intracellular calcium concentration and ion channel function. In addition taurine may control muscle metabolism and gene expression, through yet unclear mechanisms. This review summarizes the effects of taurine on specific muscle targets and pathways as well as its therapeutic potential to restore skeletal muscle function and performance in various pathological conditions. Evidences support the link between alteration of intracellular taurine level in skeletal muscle and different pathophysiological conditions, such as disuse-induced muscle atrophy, muscular dystrophy and/or senescence, reinforcing the interest towards its exogenous supplementation. In addition, taurine treatment can be beneficial to reduce sarcolemmal hyper-excitability in myotonia-related syndromes. Although further studies are necessary to fill the gaps between animals and humans, the benefit of the amino acid appears to be due to its multiple actions on cellular functions while toxicity seems relatively low. Human clinical trials using taurine in various pathologies such as diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological disorders have been performed and may represent a guide-line for designing specific studies in patients of neuromuscular diseases.
Circularly-polarized SIW slot antenna for MMW applications

A novel low profile circularly polarized antenna using Substrate Integrated Waveguide technology (SIW) for millimeter-wave (MMW) application is proposed. The antenna employs an X-shaped slot excited by a rectangular SIW and backed by circular cavity. The optimized design has an operating frequency range from 34.7 GHZ to 36.1 GHz with a bandwidth of 4.23%. The overall antenna realized gain is around 6.7 dB over the operating band. The simulated results using both HFSS and CSTMWS show a very good agreement between them.
Optimal preventive maintenance scheduling in semiconductor manufacturing

Preventive maintenance (PM) scheduling is a very challenging task in semiconductor manufacturing due to the complexity of highly integrated fab tools and systems, the interdependence between PM tasks, and the balancing of work-in-process (WIP) with demand/throughput requirements. In this paper, we propose a two-level hierarchical modeling framework. At the higher level is a model for long-term planning, and at the lower level is a model for short-term PM scheduling. Solving the lower level problem is the focus of this paper. We develop mixed-integer programming (MIP) models for scheduling all due PM tasks for a group of tools, over a planning horizon. Interdependence among different PM tasks, production planning data such as projected WIP levels, manpower constraints, and associated PM time windows and costs, are incorporated in the model. Results of a simulation study comparing the performance of the model-based PM schedule with that of a baseline reference schedule are also presented.
Removing Shadows From Images using Retinex

The Retinex Theory first introduced by Edwin Land forty years ago has been widely used for a range of applications. It was first introduced as a model of our own visual processing but has since been used to perform a range of image processing tasks including illuminant correction, dynamic range compression, and gamut mapping. In this paper we show how the theory can be extended to perform yet another image processing task: that of removing shadows from images. Our method is founded on a simple modification to the original, path based retinex computation such that we incorporate information about the location of shadow edges in an image. We demonstrate that when the location of shadow edges is known the algorithm is able to remove shadows effectively. We also set forth a method for the automatic location of shadow edges which makes use of a 1-d illumination invariant image proposed in previous work . In this case the location of shadow edges is imperfect but we show that even so, the algorithm does a good job of removing the shadows.
Reality Skins: Creating Immersive and Tactile Virtual Environments

Reality Skins enables mobile and large-scale virtual reality experiences, dynamically generated based on the user's environment. A head-mounted display (HMD) coupled with a depth camera is used to scan the user's surroundings: reconstruct geometry, infer floor plans, and detect objects and obstacles. From these elements we generate a Reality Skin, a 3D environment which replaces office or apartment walls with the corridors of a spaceship or underground tunnels, replacing chairs and desks, sofas and beds with crates and computer consoles, fungi and crumbling ancient statues. The placement of walls, furniture and objects in the Reality Skin attempts to approximate reality, such that the user can move around, and touch virtual objects with tactile feedback from real objects. Each possible reality skins world consists of objects, materials and custom scripts. Taking cues from the user's surroundings, we create a unique environment combining these building blocks, attempting to preserve the geometry and semantics of the real world.We tackle 3D environment generation as a constraint satisfaction problem, and break it into two parts: First, we use a Markov Chain Monte-Carlo optimization, over a simple 2D polygonal model, to infer the layout of the environment (the structure of the virtual world). Then, we populate the world with various objects and characters, attempting to satisfy geometric (virtual objects should align with objects in the environment), semantic (a virtual chair aligns with a real one), physical (avoid collisions, maintain stability) and other constraints. We find a discrete set of transformations for each object satisfying unary constraints, incorporate pairwise and higher-order constraints, and optimize globally using a very recent technique based on semidefinite relaxation.