nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Lossless Compression in Bayer Color Filter Array for Capsule Endoscopy

This paper presents a compression algorithm for color filter array (CFA) images in a wireless capsule endoscopy system. The proposed algorithm consists of a new color space transformation (known as YLMN), a raster-order prediction model, and a single context adaptive Golomb–Rice encoder to encode the residual signal with variable length coding. An optimum reversible color transformation derivation model is presented first, which incorporates a prediction model to find the optimum color transformation. After the color transformation, each color component has been independently encoded with a low complexity raster-order prediction model and Golomb–Rice encoder. The algorithm is implemented using a TSMC 65-nm CMOS process, which shows a reduction in gate count by 38.9% and memory requirement by 71.2% compared with existing methods. Performance assessment using CFA database shows the proposed design can outperform existing lossless and near-lossless compression algorithms by a large margin, which makes it suitable for capsule endoscopy application.
Optimizing the F-measure for Threshold-free Salient Object Detection

Current CNN-based solutions to salient object detection (SOD) mainly rely on the optimization of cross-entropy loss (CELoss). Then the quality of detected saliency maps is often evaluated in terms of F-measure. In this paper, we investigate an interesting issue: can we consistently use the F-measure formulation in both training and evaluation for SOD? By reformulating the standard F-measure we propose the relaxed F-measure which is differentiable w.r.t the posterior and can be easily appended to the back of CNNs as the loss function. Compared to the conventional cross-entropy loss of which the gradients decrease dramatically in the saturated area, our loss function, named FLoss, holds considerable gradients even when the activation approaches the target. Consequently, the FLoss can continuously force the network to produce polarized activations. Comprehensive benchmarks on several popular datasets show that FLoss outperforms the stateof-the-arts with a considerable margin. More specifically, due to the polarized predictions, our method is able to obtain high quality saliency maps without carefully tuning the optimal threshold, showing significant advantages in real world applications.
DREADDS: Use and application in behavioral neuroscience.

Technological advances over the last decade are changing the face of behavioral neuroscience research. Here we review recent work on the use of one such transformative tool in behavioral neuroscience research, chemogenetics (or Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs, DREADDS). As transformative technologies such as DREADDs are introduced, applied, and refined, their utility in addressing complex questions about behavior and cognition becomes clear and exciting. In the behavioral neuroscience field, remarkable new findings now regularly appear as a result of the ability to monitor and intervene in neural processes with high anatomical precision as animals behave in complex task environments. As these new tools are applied to behavioral questions, individualized procedures for their use find their way into diverse labs. Thus, "tips of the trade" become important for wide dissemination not only for laboratories that are using the tools but also for those who are interested in incorporating them into their own work. Our aim is to provide an up-to-date perspective on how the DREADD technique is being used for research on learning and memory, decision making, and goal-directed behavior, as well as to provide suggestions and considerations for current and future users based on our collective experience.
Silk - A Link Discovery Framework for the Web of Data

The Web of Data is built upon two simple ideas: Employ the RDF data model to publish structured data on the Web and to set explicit RDF links between entities within different data sources. This paper presents the Silk – Link Discovery Framework, a tool for finding relationships between entities within different data sources. Data publishers can use Silk to set RDF links from their data sources to other data sources on the Web. Silk features a declarative language for specifying which types of RDF links should be discovered between data sources as well as which conditions entities must fulfill in order to be interlinked. Link conditions may be based on various similarity metrics and can take the graph around entities into account, which is addressed using a path-based selector language. Silk accesses data sources over the SPARQL protocol and can thus be used without having to replicate datasets locally.
Shape Retrieval Based on Centroid Distance Ratio and Shape Context

Shape context is a classic shape retrieval method with translation invariance, but it has not scalar or rotational invariance, which limits its application. A new shape feature descriptor-centroid distance ratio (CdR) is proposed and an improved shape retrieval algorithm based on CdR and shape context is brought forth. First, the contour points are sampled in order to reduce computation and then, centroid distance values of the sample points are sorted in descending order. Ratio set of each pair of the list's head and tail constructs the CdR feature for pre-matching. Final retrieval is achieved according to the fused feature. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm not only supports good translation, scalar, rotational invariance but also enhances evidently the retrieval efficiency and accuracy.
Finding Face Features

We describe a computer program which understands a greyscale image of a face well enough to locate individual face features such as eyes and mouth. The program has two distinct components: modules designed to locate particular face features, usually in a restricted area; and the overall control strategy which activates modules on the basis of the current solution state, and assesses and integrates the results of each module. Our main tool is statististical knowledge obtained by detailed measurements of many example faces. Once an initial location has been estimated, predictions about the positions of other features can be investigated. This can lead to a rapid increase in conndence as other features are identiied in their predicted positions, or alternatively to the initial identiication being quickly rejected as predictions are not connrmed. The program can be tuned either to return an accurate result, or to return fairly probable results very quickly. We describe results when working to high accuracy, in which the aim is to locate 40 pre-speciied feature points chosen for their use in indexing a mugshot database. A variant is presented designed simply to nd eye locations, working at close to video rates. We thank Roly Lishman for many valuable discussions on faces.
Usable cryptographic QR codes

QR codes are widely used in various settings such as consumer advertising, commercial tracking, ticketing and marketing. People tend to scan QR codes and trust their content, but there exists no standard mechanism for providing authenticity and confidentiality of the code content. Attacks such as the redirection to a malicious website or the infection of a smartphone with a malware are realistic and feasible in practice. In this paper, we present the first systematic study of usable state-of-the-art cryptographic primitives inside QR codes. We select standard, popular signature schemes and we compare them based on performance, size and security. We conduct tests that show how different usability factors impact on the QR code scanning performance and we evaluate the usability/security trade-off of the considered signature schemes. Interestingly, we find out that in some cases security breaks usability and we provide recommendations for the choice of secure and usable signature schemes.
The Virtual Skeleton Database: An Open Access Repository for Biomedical Research and Collaboration

Statistical shape models are widely used in biomedical research. They are routinely implemented for automatic image segmentation or object identification in medical images. In these fields, however, the acquisition of the large training datasets, required to develop these models, is usually a time-consuming process. Even after this effort, the collections of datasets are often lost or mishandled resulting in replication of work.



To solve these problems, the Virtual Skeleton Database (VSD) is proposed as a centralized storage system where the data necessary to build statistical shape models can be stored and shared.



The VSD provides an online repository system tailored to the needs of the medical research community. The processing of the most common image file types, a statistical shape model framework, and an ontology-based search provide the generic tools to store, exchange, and retrieve digital medical datasets. The hosted data are accessible to the community, and collaborative research catalyzes their productivity.



To illustrate the need for an online repository for medical research, three exemplary projects of the VSD are presented: (1) an international collaboration to achieve improvement in cochlear surgery and implant optimization, (2) a population-based analysis of femoral fracture risk between genders, and (3) an online application developed for the evaluation and comparison of the segmentation of brain tumors.



The VSD is a novel system for scientific collaboration for the medical image community with a data-centric concept and semantically driven search option for anatomical structures. The repository has been proven to be a useful tool for collaborative model building, as a resource for biomechanical population studies, or to enhance segmentation algorithms.
Parkinson disease subtypes.

It is increasingly evident that Parkinson disease (PD) is not a single entity but rather a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder.



To evaluate available evidence, based on findings from clinical, imaging, genetic and pathologic studies, supporting the differentiation of PD into subtypes.



We performed a systematic review of articles cited in PubMed between 1980 and 2013 using the following search terms: Parkinson disease, parkinsonism, tremor, postural instability and gait difficulty, and Parkinson disease subtypes. The final reference list was generated on the basis of originality and relevance to the broad scope of this review.



Several subtypes, such as tremor-dominant PD and postural instability gait difficulty form of PD, have been found to cluster together. Other subtypes also have been identified, but validation by subtype-specific biomarkers is still lacking.



Several PD subtypes have been identified, but the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the observed clinicopathologic heterogeneity in PD are still not well understood. Further research into subtype-specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers may provide insights into mechanisms of neurodegeneration and improve epidemiologic and therapeutic clinical trial designs.
“ I ’ m Not Just a Mom ” : Parents Developing Multiple Roles in Creative Computing

Creating, designing, and building with computing have gained recognition as important activities for children, but few actually engage in these creative opportunities. Social support from parents can be essential to engaging children, but for parents with limited backgrounds in computing, they are often unsure what roles they can play. For parents to develop supportive roles, they must gain first-hand experience in creative computing for themselves and with their children. In this paper, we examine the experiences of parents participating in a community-based program called Family Creative Learning, where families design and invent together using creative technologies like Scratch. We describe three case studies of how parents developed multiple roles such as collaborator, teacher, and learner as they created and collaborated with their children on technology-based projects. We discuss design opportunities to provide meaningful experiences for parents and children to build projects and build supportive roles around computing.
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This article provides an overview of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Discussion begins by describing normal glucose homeostasis and ingestion of a typical meal and then discusses glucose homeostasis in diabetes. Topics covered include insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance, the site of insulin resistance, the interaction between insulin sensitivity and secretion, the role of adipocytes in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance including glucose transport and phosphorylation, glycogen and synthesis,glucose and oxidation, glycolysis, and insulin signaling.
Analytical method of fault detection and isolation based on bond graph for electromechanical actuator

This paper uses a fault diagnosis methodology based on bond graph to detect and isolate faults in electromechanical actuator (EMA). Firstly, transform the EMA behavioural model into a diagnostic model, and then the analytical redundancy relations (ARRs) for fault detection can be derived from this model. Finally, a fault signature matrix (FSM) for fault isolation is established. Simulation results show the successful detection & isolation of free-run fault in EMA using the proposed method.
Relevant Subspace Clustering: Mining the Most Interesting Non-redundant Concepts in High Dimensional Data

Subspace clustering aims at detecting clusters in any subspace projection of a high dimensional space. As the number of possible subspace projections is exponential in the number of dimensions, the result is often tremendously large. Recent approaches fail to reduce results to relevant subspace clusters. Their results are typically highly redundant, i.e. many clusters are detected multiple times in several projections. In this work, we propose a novel model for relevant subspace clustering (RESCU). We present a global optimization which detects the most interesting non-redundant subspace clusters. We prove that computation of this model is NP-hard. For RESCU, we propose an approximative solution that shows high accuracy with respect to our relevance model. Thorough experiments on synthetic and real world data show that RESCU successfully reduces the result to manageable sizes. It reliably achieves top clustering quality while competing approaches show greatly varying performance.
RTE Template Structure for AUTOSAR based Embedded Software Platform

In this paper, we present a design of RTE template structure for AUTOSAR-based vehicle applications. Due to an increase in software complexity in recent years, much greater efforts are necessary to manage and develop software modules in automotive industries. To deal with this issue, an automotive Open system architecture (AUTOSAR) partnership was launched. This embedded platform standardizes software architectures and provides a methodology supporting distributed process. The RTE that is located at the heart of AUTOSAR implements the virtual function bus functionality for a particle electronic control unit (ECU). It enables to communicate between application software components. The purpose of this paper is to design a RTE structure with the AUTOSAR standard concept. As a future work, this research will be further extended, and we will propose the development of a RTE generator that is drawn on an AUTOSAR RTE template structure.
Picking Up My Tab: Understanding and Mitigating Synchronized Token Lifting and Spending in Mobile Payment

Mobile off-line payment enables purchase over the counter even in the absence of reliable network connections. Popular solutions proposed by leading payment service providers (e.g., Google, Amazon, Samsung, Apple) rely on direct communication between the payer’s device and the POS system, through Near-Field Communication (NFC), Magnetic Secure Transaction (MST), audio and QR code. Although pre-cautions have been taken to protect the payment transactions through these channels, their security implications are less understood, particularly in the presence of unique threats to this new e-commerce service. In the paper, we report a new type of over-the-counter payment frauds on mobile off-line payment, which exploit the designs of existing schemes that apparently fail to consider the adversary capable of actively affecting the payment process. Our attack, called Synchronized Token Lifting and Spending (STLS), demonstrates that an active attacker can sniff the payment token, halt the ongoing transaction through various means and transmit the token quickly to a colluder to spend it in a different transaction while the token is still valid. Our research shows that such STLS attacks pose a realistic threat to popular offline payment schemes, particularly those meant to be backwardly compatible, like Samsung Pay and AliPay. To mitigate the newly discovered threats, we propose a new solution called POSAUTH. One fundamental cause of the STLS risk is the nature of the communication channels used by the vulnerable mobile off-line payment schemes, which are easy to sniff and jam, and more importantly, unable to support a secure mutual challenge-response protocols since information can only be transmitted in one-way. POSAUTH addresses this issue by incorporating one unique ID of the current POS terminal into the generation of payment tokens by requiring a quick scan∗The two lead authors are ordered alphabetically. †Corresponding author. ning of QR code printed on the POS terminal. When combined with a short valid period, POSAUTH can ensure that tokens generated for one transaction can only be used in that transaction.
Evoking plasticity through sensory stimulation: Implications for learning and rehabilitation

The gold standard for improving sensory, motor and or cognitive abilities is long-term training and practicing. Recent work, however, suggests that intensive training may not be necessary. Improved performance can be effectively acquired by a complementary approach in which the learning occurs in response to mere exposure to repetitive sensory stimulation. Such training-independent sensory learning (TISL), which has been intensively studied in the somatosensory system, induces in humans lasting changes in perception and neural processing, without any explicit task training. It has been suggested that the effectiveness of this form of learning stems from the fact that the stimulation protocols used are optimized to alter synaptic transmission and efficacy. TISL provides novel ways to investigate in humans the relation between learning processes and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, and to explore alternative strategies for intervention and therapy.
A novel Generalized Arnold Transform-based Zero-Watermarking Scheme

In this paper, based on generalized Arnold Transform (GAT), a novel image zero-watermarking scheme with spread spectrum and despreading (SSD) techniques is presented by u sing spatial domain of watermark image. GAT is obtained by ad ding number of variables, and SSD is introduced from communicati on field to deal with pixels of watermark image. First of all, G AT is used to scramble an original watermark, in which the number of sec ret keys is increased to improve the security of watermark. T hen a binary matrix can be obtained from the original carrier image in qua ntit tive embedding rules. And by using spread spectrum tec hnique, the characteristic matrix can be got from XOR operation betw e n watermark and binary matrix, which is helpful to promote blind extraction of watermark. The embedding process does not cha nge the pixels of carrier, but creates a zero-watermark carr ier, which realizes the imperceptibility of watermark and improves th e embedding capacity of carrier. In order to achieve the blin d extraction of watermark, a binary matrix is calculated from the watermark ed carrier by using quantitative rules, and based on desprea ding technique, a new matrix is obtained from XOR operation between the above inary matrix and the characteristic matrix, which is gaine d from the embedding watermark. Thus, the original watermark can be ex tracted by generalized Arnold inverse transformation of th e matrix. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperf orms many existing algorithms against various attacks, and it can serve as not only robust watermark to protect the digital copyright o f w rks but also fragile watermark to protect the integrity o f w rks.
Context aware 3D gesture recognition for games and virtual reality

classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.  2015, Los Angeles, CA. ACM 978-1-4503-3634-5/15/08.  Aware 3D Gesture Recognition for Games and Virtual Reality
Ploidy doubling by in vitro culture of excised protocorms or protocorm-like bodies in Phalaenopsis species

Endopolyploidy was observed in the protocorms of diploid Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana with ploidy doubling achieved by in vitro regeneration of excised protocorms, or protocorm-like bodies (PLBs). Thirty-four per cent of the PLBs regenerated from the first cycle of sectioned protocorms were found to be polyploids with ploidy doubled once or twice as determined by flow-cytometry. The frequency of ploidy doubling increased as the sectioning cycles increased and was highest in diploid followed by the triploid and tetraploid. Regeneration of the endopolyploid cells in the tissue of the protocorms or PLBs is proposed as the source of the development of ploidy doubled plantlets. The frequency of ploidy doubling was similar in seven other Phalaenopsis species, although the rate of increase within cycles was genotype specific. In two species, a comparison of five parameters between 5-month-old diploid and tetraploid potted plants showed only the stomata density differed significantly. The flowers of the tetraploid plant were larger and heavier than those of the diploids. This ploidy doubling method is a simple and effective means to produce large number of polyploid Phalaenopsis species plants as well as their hybrids. The method will be beneficial to orchid breeding programs especially for the interspecific hybridization between varieties having different chromosome sizes and ploidy levels.
Thick-Gate-Oxide MOS Structures with Sub-Design-Rule (SDR) Polysilicon Lengths for RF Circuit Applications

Use of sub-design-rule (SDR) thick-gate-oxide MOS structures can significantly improve RF performance. Utilizing 3-stack 3.3-V MOSFET's with an SDR channel length, a 31.3-dBm 900-MHz Bulk CMOS T/R switch with transmit (TX) and receive (RX) insertion losses of 0.5 and 1.0 dB is realized. A 28-dBm 2.4-GHz T/R switch with TX and RX insertion losses of 0.8 and 1.2 dB is also demonstrated. SDR MOS varactors achieve Qmin of ~ 80 at 24 GHz with a tuning range of ~ 40%.