nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Spinning Straw into Gold: Using Free Text to Train Monolingual Alignment Models for Non-factoid Question Answering

Monolingual alignment models have been shown to boost the performance of question answering systems by ”bridging the lexical chasm” between questions and answers. The main limitation of these approaches is that they require semistructured training data in the form of question-answer pairs, which is difficult to obtain in specialized domains or lowresource languages. We propose two inexpensive methods for training alignment models solely using free text, by generating artificial question-answer pairs from discourse structures. Our approach is driven by two representations of discourse: a shallow sequential representation, and a deep one based on Rhetorical Structure Theory. We evaluate the proposed model on two corpora from different genres and domains: one from Yahoo! Answers and one from the biology domain, and two types of non-factoid questions: manner and reason. We show that these alignment models trained directly from discourse structures imposed on free text improve performance considerably over an information retrieval baseline and a neural network language model trained on the same data.
Weka: Practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations

The Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka) is a comprehensive suite of Java class libraries that implement many state-of-the-art machine learning and data mining algorithms. Weka is freely available on the World-Wide Web and accompanies a new text on data mining  which documents and fully explains all the algorithms it contains. Applications written using the Weka class libraries can be run on any computer with a Web browsing capability; this allows users to apply machine learning techniques to their own data regardless of computer platform.
Representing Scientific Knowledge

Accessing the state of the art of scientific knowledge timely and precisely remains a profound challenge. The vast majority of scientific articles are transient in nature. They may never receive attention from the scientific community or other relevant stakeholders. Advances of science must deal with controversial, conflicting, incomplete, and discrepant information. Uncertainties are an integral part of scientific inquiry and scholarly communication, but their essential role in understanding scientific knowledge as a whole has been considerably underestimated. We introduce a conceptual framework for the study of uncertainties associated with the creation, validation, and communication of scientific knowledge. We utilize science mapping techniques and approaches to illustrate the evolution of a particular body of scientific literature in terms of intellectual landmarks, critical paths, turning points, and boundary spanning bridges.
Premarital sexual intercourse among adolescents in Malaysia: a cross-sectional Malaysian school survey.

Sexual intercourse among Malaysian adolescents is a major concern, especially with the worry of HIV/AIDS. This study was done to determine the prevalence of sexual intercourse among secondary school students aged 12 to 19 years in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.



This is a cross-sectional school survey conducted on 4,500 adolescent students based on a structured questionnaire. Data were collected using the self-administered questionnaire (translated version of the Youth Risk Behaviour Surveillance in Bahasa Malaysia).



The study showed that 5.4 percent of the total sample were reported to have had sexual intercourse. The proportion among male students who had had sex was higher (8.3 percent) compared with female students (2.9 percent). The mean age at first sexual intercourse was 15 years. One percent of students reported that they had been pregnant or had made someone else pregnant. Adolescent sexual intercourse was significantly associated with (1) socio-demographical factors (age, gender); (2) environmental factors (staying with parents); and (3) substance use (alcohol use, cigarette smoking, drug use), even after adjustment for demographical factors. The survey showed that 20.8 percent of respondents had taken alcohol, 14.0 percent had smoked cigarettes, 2.5 percent had tried marijuana, 1.2 percent had tried ecstasy pills, 2.6 percent had tried glue sniffing, 0.7 percent had tried heroin, and 0.7 percent had intravenous drugs.



Prevalence of sexual intercourse among Malaysian adolescents was relatively low compared to developed countries. However, certain groups of adolescents tend to be at higher risk of engaging in sexual intercourse. This problem should be addressed early by targeting these groups of high-risk adolescents.
Towards Diverse and Natural Image Descriptions via a Conditional GAN

Despite the substantial progress in recent years, the image captioning techniques are still far from being perfect. Sentences produced by existing methods, e.g. those based on RNNs, are often overly rigid and lacking in variability. This issue is related to a learning principle widely used in practice, that is, to maximize the likelihood of training samples. This principle encourages high resemblance to the “ground-truth” captions, while suppressing other reasonable descriptions. Conventional evaluation metrics, e.g. BLEU and METEOR, also favor such restrictive methods. In this paper, we explore an alternative approach, with the aim to improve the naturalness and diversity – two essential properties of human expression. Specifically, we propose a new framework based on Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (CGAN), which jointly learns a generator to produce descriptions conditioned on images and an evaluator to assess how well a description fits the visual content. It is noteworthy that training a sequence generator is nontrivial. We overcome the difficulty by Policy Gradient, a strategy stemming from Reinforcement Learning, which allows the generator to receive early feedback along the way. We tested our method on two large datasets, where it performed competitively against real people in our user study and outperformed other methods on various tasks.
Two Views About Explicitly Teaching Nature of Science

Our focus is on the effects that dated ideas about the nature of science (NOS) have on curriculum, instruction and assessments. First we examine historical developments in teaching about NOS, beginning with the seminal ideas of James Conant. Next we provide an overview of recent developments in philosophy and cognitive sciences that have shifted NOS characterizations away from general heuristic principles toward cognitive and social elements. Next, we analyze two alternative views regarding ‘explicitly teaching’ NOS in pre-college programs. Version 1 is grounded in teachers presenting ‘Consensus-based Heuristic Principles’ in science lessons and activities. Version 2 is grounded in learners experience of ‘Building and Refining Model-Based Scientific Practices’ in critique and communication enactments that occur in longer immersion units and learning progressions. We argue that Version 2 is to be preferred over Version 1 because it develops the critical epistemic cognitive and social practices that scientists and science learners use when (1) developing and evaluating scientific evidence, explanations and knowledge and (2) critiquing and communicating scientific ideas and information; thereby promoting science literacy. 1 NOS and Science Education When and how did knowledge about science, as opposed to scientific content knowledge, become a targeted outcome of science education? From a US perspective, the decades of interest are the 1940s and 1950s when two major post-war developments in science education policy initiatives occurred. The first, in post secondary education, was the GI Bill An earlier version of this paper was presented as a plenary session by the first author at the ‘How Science Works—And How to Teach It’ workshop, Aarhus University, 23–25 June, 2011, Denmark. R. A. Duschl (&) The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA e-mail: rad19@psu.edu R. Grandy Rice University, Houston, TX, USA 123 Sci & Educ DOI 10.1007/s11191-012-9539-4
Exploring mobile wallet adoption in Indonesia using UTAUT2: An approach from consumer perspective

In past few years, mobile wallet took spotlight as alternative of existing payment solution in many countries such as USA, South Korea, Germany and China. Although considered as one of the most convenient payment, mobile wallet only claimed 1% from total electronic payment transaction in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to identify the behavior and user acceptance factors of mobile wallet technology. Online survey was conducted among 372 respondents to test hypothesis based on UTAUT2 model. Respondents consisted of 61.29% of male and 38.71% of female with age proportion was dominated by age group of 20's of 78.76%. In addition, 50.81% of respondents never used mobile wallet before and 49.19% of respondents have ever used mobile wallet. Data obtained were confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and analyzed using structural equation model. The study found that habit was the factor that most strongly affected individual behavioral intention to use mobile wallet in Indonesia, followed by social influence, effort expectancy and hedonic motivation. The findings of this research for management can be used as consideration for making product decision related to mobile wallet. Further study is needed, as mobile wallet is still in early stage and another factor beside UTAUT2 should be considered in the study.
The Split Brain in Man

T he brain of the higher animals, in­ cluding man, is a double organ, consisting of right and left hemi­ spheres connected by an isthmus of nerve tissue called the corpus callosum. Some 15 years ago Ronald E. Myers and R. W. Sperry, then at the University of Chicago, made a surprising discovery: When this connection between the two halves of the cerebrum was cut, each hemisphere functioned independently as if it were a complete brain. The phenom­ enon was first investigated in a cat in which not only the brain but also the optic chiasm, the crossover of the optic nerves, was divided, so that visual in­ formation from the left eye was dis­ patched only to the left brain and infor­ mation from the right eye only to the right brain. Working on a problem with one eye, the animal could respond nor­ mally and learn to perform a task; when that eye was covered and the same prob­ lem was presented to the other eye, the animal evinced no recognition of the problem and had to learn it again from the beginning with the other half of the brain. The finding introduced entirely new questions in the study of brain mecha­ nisms. Was the corpus callosum respon­ sible for integration of the operations of the two cerebral hemispheres in the in­ tact brain? Did it serve to keep each hemisphere informed about what was going on in the other? To put the ques­ tion another way, would cutting the cor­ pus callosum literally result in the right hand not knowing what the left was do­ ing? To what extent were the two half­ brains actually independent when they were separated? Could they have sepa­ rate thoughts, even separate emotions? Such questions have been pursued by Sperry and his co-workers in a wide­ ranging series of animal studies at the California Institute of Technology over
Automated proof synthesis for propositional logic with deep neural networks

This work explores the application of deep learning, a machine learning technique that uses deep neural networks (DNN) in its core, to an automated theorem proving (ATP) problem. To this end, we construct a statistical model which quantifies the likelihood that a proof is indeed a correct one of a given proposition. Based on this model, we give a proof-synthesis procedure that searches for a proof in the order of the likelihood. This procedure uses an estimator of the likelihood of an inference rule being applied at each step of a proof. As an implementation of the estimator, we propose a proposition-to-proof architecture, which is a DNN tailored to the automated proof synthesis problem. To empirically demonstrate its usefulness, we apply our model to synthesize proofs of propositional logic. We train the proposition-to-proof model using a training dataset of proposition–proof pairs. The evaluation against a benchmark set shows the very high accuracy and an improvement to the recent work of neural proof synthesis.
Snakes: Active contour models

A snake is an energy-minimizing spline guided by external constraint forces and influenced by image forces that pull it toward features such as lines and edges. Snakes are active contour models: they lock onto nearby edges, localizing them accurately. Scale-space continuation can be used to enlarge the capture region surrounding a feature. Snakes provide a unified account of a number of visual problems, including detection of edges, lines, and subjective contours; motion tracking; and stereo matching. We have used snakes successfully for interactive interpretation, in which user-imposed constraint forces guide the snake near features of interest.
Mobile Emitter Geolocation and Tracking Using TDOA and FDOA Measurements

This paper considers recursive tracking of one mobile emitter using a sequence of time difference of arrival (TDOA) and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurement pairs obtained by one pair of sensors. We consider only a single emitter without data association issues (no missed detections or false measurements). Each TDOA measurement defines a region of possible emitter locations around a unique hyperbola. This likelihood function is approximated by a Gaussian mixture, which leads to a dynamic bank of Kalman filters tracking algorithm. The FDOA measurements update relative probabilities and estimates of individual Kalman filters. This approach results in a better track state probability density function approximation by a Gaussian mixture, and tracking results near the Cramer-Rao lower bound. Proposed algorithm is also applicable in other cases of nonlinear information fusion. The performance of proposed Gaussian mixture approach is evaluated using a simulation study, and compared with a bank of EKF filters and the Cramer-Rao lower bound.
ATTITUDE ESTIMATION OR QUATERNION ESTIMATION?

The attitude of spacecraft is represented by a 3x3 orthogonal matrix with unity determinant, which belongs to the three-dimensional special orthogonal group SO(3). The fact that all three-parameter representations of SO(3) are singular or discontinuous for certain attitudes has led to the use of higher-dimensional nonsingular parameterizations, especially the four-component quaternion. In attitude estimation, we are faced with the alternatives of using an attitude representation that is either singular or redundant. Estimation procedures fall into three broad classes. The first estimates a three-dimensional representation of attitude deviations from a reference attitude parameterized by a higherdimensional nonsingular parameterization. The deviations from the reference are assumed to be small enough to avoid any singularity or discontinuity of the three-dimensional parameterization. The second class, which estimates a higherdimensional representation subject to enough constraints to leave only three degrees of freedom, is difficult to formulate and apply consistently. The third class estimates a representation of SO(3) with more than three dimensions, treating the parameters as independent. We refer to the most common member of this class as quaternion estimation, to contrast it with attitude estimation. We analyze the first and third of these approaches in the context of an extended Kalman filter with simplified kinematics and measurement models.
Demographic differences in perceived benefits from gamification

In recent years, ''gamification'' has been proposed as a solution for engaging people in individually and socially sustainable behaviors, such as exercise, sustainable consumption, and education. This paper studies demographic differences in perceived benefits from gamification in the context of exercise. On the basis of data gathered via an online survey (N = 195) from an exercise gamification service Fitocracy, we examine the effects of gender, age, and time using the service on social, hedonic, and utilitarian benefits and facilitating features of gamifying exercise. The results indicate that perceived enjoyment and usefulness of the gamification decline with use, suggesting that users might experience novelty effects from the service. The findings show that women report greater social benefits from the use of gamification. Further, ease of use of gamification is shown to decline with age. The implications of the findings are discussed. The question of how we understand gamer demographics and gaming behaviors, along with use cultures of different demographic groups, has loomed over the last decade as games became one of the main veins of entertainment and consumer culture (Yi, 2004). The deeply established perception of games being a field of entertainment dominated by young males has been challenged. Nowadays, digital gaming is a mainstream activity with broad demographics. The gender divide has been diminishing, the age span has been widening, and the average age is higher than An illustrative study commissioned by PopCap (Information Solutions Group, 2011) reveals that it is actually women in their 30s and 40s who play the popular social games on social networking services (see e.g. most – outplaying men and younger people. It is clear that age and gender perspectives on gaming activities and motivations require further scrutiny. The expansion of the game industry and the increased competition within the field has also led to two parallel developments: (1) using game design as marketing (Hamari & Lehdonvirta, 2010) and (2) gamification – going beyond what traditionally are regarded as games and implementing game design there often for the benefit of users. For example, services such as Mindbloom, Fitocracy, Zombies, Run!, and Nike+ are aimed at assisting the user toward beneficial behavior related to lifestyle and health choices. However, it is unclear whether we can see age and gender discrepancies in use of gamified services similar to those in other digital gaming contexts. The main difference between games and gamifica-tion is that gamification is commonly …
The Phenomenological Mind : An Introduction to Philosophy of Mind and Cognitive Science

One might interpret the locution “the phenomenological mind” as a declaration of a philosophical thesis that the mind is in some sense essentially phenomenological.  From the subheading of this book, one gains an impression that readers will see how the resources and perspectives from the phenomenological tradition illuminate various issues in philosophy of mind and cognitive science in particular. This impression is reinforced upon finding that many analytic philosophers’ names appear throughout the book. That appearance notwithstanding, as well as the distinctiveness of the book as an introduction, the authors do not sufficiently engage with analytic philosophy.
The Journal of Marketing Psychology for Marketing and Economics*

M ANY developments of recent years indicate the emergence of a general science of human behavior. Of major significance in this movement toward integration in the social sciences was a volume representing the collaboration of nine specialists from the fields of psychology , sociology, and cultural anthropology .^ The more limited objective here is to call attention to some trends in contemporary psychology whicb are favorable to this synthesis and to application in marketing and economics. Many fields of thought are marked by opposing schools. Psychology was for many years the most sectarian of all the fields laying claim to the name of science. The market analyst or economist admonished to learn more about psychology could scarcely tell where to begin. If he picked two books at random, be might find each author denying tbat what the otber was writing about was psychology at all. The illustrations in one book might be devoted entirely to representations of the brain and nervous system, while tbe text would imply that the whole subject was merely a brancb of pbysiol-• This paper was first presented on August a6, 1952, at the second Marketing Theory Seminar at the University of Colorado. ^ Toward a General Theory of Action, edited by Talcott Parsons and E. A. Shils (Cambridge: Har-vard University Press, 1951), the collaborative product of nine social scientists. ogy. Another book might deal with perception as if no otber topic mattered in psychology and be profusely illustrated witb optical illusions and otber strange configurations. Still a tbird migbt present case studies in tbe interpretation of dreams, tbe interpreter drawing on theoretical principles of breatbtaking scope but little in tbe way of visible support from empirical investigations. It is to be boped tbat the student and seeker, tbougb cbastened by tbese per-plexities, will not be discouraged. Tbe need for psychological perspective in marketing and economics remains. Tbere is a main line of development in tbe psychological analysis of buman bebavior in general wbicb is bigbly pertinent to tbe investigation of behavior in tbe market place. More is needed as to tbeoretical perspective tban tbe principles of rational cboice assunied by tbe matbemati-cal economist or tbe kind of instinct tbeory whicb is extemporized by an advertising executive in order to meet a speaking engagement. Marketing will be increasingly recognized as a segment of tbe bebavioral sciences. It will offer opportunities for tbe application of psycbo-logical principles …
Generalizing and Improving Bilingual Word Embedding Mappings with a Multi-Step Framework of Linear Transformations

Using a dictionary to map independently trained word embeddings to a shared space has shown to be an effective approach to learn bilingual word embeddings. In this work, we propose a multi-step framework of linear transformations that generalizes a substantial body of previous work. The core step of the framework is an orthogonal transformation, and existing methods can be explained in terms of the additional normalization, whitening, re-weighting, de-whitening and dimensionality reduction steps. This allows us to gain new insights into the behavior of existing methods, including the effectiveness of inverse regression, and design a novel variant that obtains the best published results in zero-shot bilingual lexicon extraction. The corresponding software is released as an open source project.
Dose-response relationship for light intensity and ocular and electroencephalographic correlates of human alertness

Light can elicit both circadian and acute physiological responses in humans. In a dose response protocol men and women were exposed to illuminances ranging from 3 to 9100 lux for 6.5 h during the early biological night after they had been exposed to <3 lux for several hours. Light exerted an acute alerting response as assessed by a reduction in the incidence of slow-eye movements, a reduction of EEG activity in the theta-alpha frequencies (power density in the 5-9 Hz range) as well as a reduction in self-reported sleepiness. This alerting response was positively correlated with the degree of melatonin suppression by light. In accordance with the dose response function for circadian resetting and melatonin suppression, the responses of all three indices of alertness to variations in illuminance were consistent with a logistic dose response curve. Half of the maximum alerting response to bright light of 9100 lux was obtained with room light of approximately 100 lux. This sensitivity to light indicates that variations in illuminance within the range of typical, ambient, room light (90-180 lux) can have a significant impact on subjective alertness and its electrophysiologic concomitants in humans during the early biological night.