nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Outcome of Startups: Less Failure, More Success

On an average 9 out of 10 startups fail(industry standard). Several reasons are responsible for the failure of a startup including bad management, lack of funds, etc. This work aims to create a predictive model for startups based on many key things involved at various stages in the life of a startup. It is highly desirable to increase the success rate of startups and not much work have been done to address the same. We propose a method to predict the outcome of a startups based on many key factors like seed funding amount, seed funding time, Series A funding, factors contributing to the success and failure of the company at every milestone. We can have created several models based on the data that we have carefully put together from various sources like Crunchbase, Tech Crunch, etc. Several data mining classification techniques were used on the preprocessed data along with various data mining optimizations and validations. We provide our analysis using techniques such as Random Forest, ADTrees, Bayesian Networks, and so on. We evaluate the correctness of our models based on factors like area under the ROC curve, precision and recall. We show that a startup can use our models to decide which factors they need to focus more on, in order to hit the success mark.
Efficient random graph matching via degree profiles

Random graph matching refers to recovering the underlying vertex correspondence between two random graphs with correlated edges; a prominent example is when the two random graphs are given by Erdős-Rényi graphs G(n, d n ). This can be viewed as an average-case and noisy version of the graph isomorphism problem. Under this model, the maximum likelihood estimator is equivalent to solving the intractable quadratic assignment problem. This work develops an Õ(nd + n)-time algorithm which perfectly recovers the true vertex correspondence with high probability, provided that the average degree is at least d = Ω(log n) and the two graphs differ by at most δ = O(log−2(n)) fraction of edges. For dense graphs and sparse graphs, this can be improved to δ = O(log−2/3(n)) and δ = O(log−2(d)) respectively, both in polynomial time. The methodology is based on appropriately chosen distance statistics of the degree profiles (empirical distribution of the degrees of neighbors). Before this work, the best known result achieves δ = O(1) and n ≤ d ≤ n for some constant c with an n-time algorithm [BCL18] and δ = Õ((d/n)) and d = Ω̃(n) with a polynomial-time algorithm [DCKG18].
Genetic disorders associated with macrocephaly.

Macrocephaly is associated with many genetic disorders and is a frequent cause of referral to the clinical geneticist. In this review we classify the commonly encountered macrocephaly disorders into useful categories and summarize recent genetic advances. Conditions where macrocephaly is a predominant aspect of the clinical presentation are discussed and a diagnostic approach to the common macrocephaly disorders is provided. Some emphasis is placed on familial macrocephaly (sometimes referred to as benign external hydrocephalus) and on the macrocephaly associated with autism spectrum disorders. The more recent conditions associated with the leukodystrophies and the organic acidurias are reviewed, but the well known conditions involving storage disorders and bone dysplasias are mentioned but not discussed. The genetic macrocephaly conditions cover a broad spectrum of gene disorders and their related proteins have diverse biological functions. As of yet it is not clear what precise biological pathways lead to generalized brain overgrowth.
Landslides what is a landslide ?

Understanding and managing landslides and soil erosion can be challenging in British Columbia. Hillslope processes occur on a complex template, composed of a wide array of topographies, climates, geologies, and ecosystems (Chapter 2, “Physiography of British Columbia”). British Columbia is a diverse province with mountain ranges and incised plateaus. The mountainous topography is responsible for creating a variety of climates. On the Coast, mountain slopes support rainforests under a maritime climate, and at higher elevations have an extensive cover of snow and ice. The interior mountains are drier and colder in winter. In the southern Interior, some valleys are semi-arid grasslands. In the northern Interior, mountain ranges and plateaus have sporadic permafrost. Underlying these climates and topographies is a diverse geology. Bedrock types and surficial materials vary greatly throughout the province (Chapter 2, “Physiography of British Columbia”). In general though, bedrock types range from flat-lying sedimentary rock in the northeast, to faulted and folded sedimentary rocks in the Rocky Mountains, extrusive volcanics in the central Interior, and igneous intrusive rock on the Coast. Surficial sediments are eroded from this bedrock and re-deposited by glaciers, water, wind, and mass movement. Some sediments are deposited directly by glaciers (till), some settle out in running water (fluvial), in lakes (lacustrine/glaciolacustrine), or in seas (marine/glaciomarine), and others are deposited by wind (eolian) or by landslides (colluvium). This chapter is divided into three parts. The first describes landslides and landslide processes, the second explains soil erosion and related processes, and the third examines the reading and interpretation of the landscape. However, several important geomorphic processes are not included in this chapter. Although snow avalanches are important hazards in western Canada, with thousands occurring each year and claiming more than 10 lives annually, a treatment of these avalanche processes is beyond the scope of this chapter. Snow avalanches are further discussed in Chapter 9 (“Forest Management Effects on Hillslope Processes”), and an excellent discussion of snow avalanche processes is given in the Ministry of Forests and Range’s Land Management Handbook 55 (Weir 2002). Periglacial processes, such as nivation and solifluction, are also ubiquitous in British Columbia’s mountains. Although these processes may play a role in the priming of alpine areas for debris flows and rock slides, a large body of literature already exists on periglacial geomorphology. Hillslope Processes Chapter 8
Context-Aware Saliency Detection

We propose a new type of saliency&#x2014;context-aware saliency&#x2014;which aims at detecting the image regions that represent the scene. This definition differs from previous definitions whose goal is to either identify fixation points or detect the dominant object. In accordance with our saliency definition, we present a detection algorithm which is based on four principles observed in the psychological literature. The benefits of the proposed approach are evaluated in two applications where the context of the dominant objects is just as essential as the objects themselves. In image retargeting, we demonstrate that using our saliency prevents distortions in the important regions. In summarization, we show that our saliency helps to produce compact, appealing, and informative summaries.
On the distribution of DNA translocation times in solid-state nanopores: an analysis using Schrödinger's first-passage-time theory.

In this short paper, a correction is made to the recently proposed solution of Li and Talaga to a 1D biased diffusion model for linear DNA translocation, and a new analysis will be given to their data. It was pointed out by us recently that this 1D linear translocation model is equivalent to the one that was considered by Schrödinger for the Ehrenhaft–Millikan measurements on electron charge. Here, we apply Schrödinger’s first-passage-time distribution formula to the data set in Li and Talaga. It is found that Schrödinger’s formula can be used to describe the time distribution of DNA translocation in solid-state nanopores. These fittings yield two useful parameters: the drift velocity of DNA translocation and the diffusion constant of DNA inside the nanopore. The results suggest two regimes of DNA translocation: (I) at low voltages, there are clear deviations from Smoluchowski’s linear law of electrophoresis, which we attribute to the entropic barrier effects; (II) at high voltages, the translocation velocity is a linear function of the applied electric field. In regime II, the apparent diffusion constant exhibits a quadratic dependence on the applied electric field, suggesting a mechanism of Taylor-dispersion effect likely due the electro-osmotic flow field in the nanopore channel. This analysis yields a dispersion-free diffusion constant value of 11.2 nm2 µs-1 for the segment of DNA inside the nanopore, which is in quantitative agreement with the Stokes–Einstein theory. The implication of Schrödinger’s formula for DNA sequencing is discussed.
Monoaminergic neurotransmitters, their precursors and metabolites in brains of Alzheimer patients

The catecholamines dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A), their aminoacid precursors tyrosine (Tyr), L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), two of their metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl glycol (MHPG), serotonin (5-HT) and its precursor tryptophan (Trp), were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection in seven regions (globus pallidus, putamen, nucleus amygdalae, nucleus caudatus, substantia nigra, gyrus cinguli and raphe) of postmortem brains from eight histologically verified cases with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and six histologically normal controls. Concentrations of L-DOPA, DA, DOPAC, NA and 5-HT were significantly reduced, while Tyr and MHPG concentrations were significantly increased in AD versus control patients. The concentrations of Trp and A in AD patients were not significantly different from controls. Furthermore, for most brain regions examined, significant negative correlations between Tyr and DA as well as between NA and MHPG levels were found. These data confirm and extend findings of monoaminergic systems disturbances in AD, emphasize the significance of dopaminergic deficit for AD and suggest that in pharmacotherapy of AD, attempts to restore deficits of the transmitter systems should be directed to the monoaminergic, in particular the dopaminergic system.
An experiment on an ontology-based support approach for process modeling

Recent research discusses the use of ontologies, dictionaries and thesaurus as a means to improve activity labels of process models. However, the trade-off between quality improvement and extra effort is still an open question. It is suspected that ontology-based support could require additional effort for the modeler.  In this paper, we investigate to which degree ontology-based support potentially increases the effort of modeling. We develop a theoretical perspective grounded in cognitive psychology, which leads us to the definition of three design principles for appropriate ontology-based support. The objective is to evaluate the design principles through empirical experimentation.  We tested the effect of presenting relevant content from the ontology to the modeler by means of a quantitative analysis. We performed controlled experiments using a prototype, which generates a simplified and context-aware visual representation of the ontology. It logs every action of the process modeler for analysis. The experiment refers to novice modelers and was performed as between-subject design with vs. without ontology-based support. It was carried out with two different samples.  Part of the effort-related variables we measured showed significant statistical difference between the group with and without ontology-based support. Overall, for the collected data, the ontology support achieved good results.  We conclude that it is feasible to provide ontology-based support to the modeler in order to improve process modeling without strongly compromising time consumption and cognitive effort.
A High-Quality Speech and Audio Codec With Less Than 10-ms Delay

With increasing quality requirements for multimedia communications, audio codecs must maintain both high quality and low delay. Typically, audio codecs offer either low delay or high quality, but rarely both. We propose a codec that simultaneously addresses both these requirements, with a delay of only 8.7 ms at 44.1 kHz. It uses gain-shape algebraic vector quantization in the frequency domain with time-domain pitch prediction. We demonstrate that the proposed codec operating at 48 kb/s and 64 kb/s out-performs both G.722.1C and MP3 and has quality comparable to AAC-LD, despite having less than one fourth of the algorithmic delay of these codecs.
An Implicit ELGamal Digital Signature Scheme

This paper introduced a detail ElGamal digital signature scheme, and mainly analyzed the existing problems of the ElGamal digital signature scheme. Then improved the scheme according to the existing problems of ElGamal digital signature scheme, and proposed an implicit ElGamal type digital signature scheme with the function of message recovery. As for the problem that message recovery not being allowed by ElGamal signature scheme, this article approached a method to recover message. This method will make ElGamal signature scheme have the function of message recovery. On this basis, against that part of signature was used on most attacks for ElGamal signature scheme, a new implicit signature scheme with the function of message recovery was formed, after having tried to hid part of signature message and refining forthcoming implicit type signature scheme. The safety of the refined scheme was anlyzed, and its results indicated that the new scheme was better than the old one.
What have We Learned from Deep Representations for Action Recognition?

As the success of deep models has led to their deployment in all areas of computer vision, it is increasingly important to understand how these representations work and what they are capturing. In this paper, we shed light on deep spatiotemporal representations by visualizing what two-stream models have learned in order to recognize actions in video. We show that local detectors for appearance and motion objects arise to form distributed representations for recognizing human actions. Key observations include the following. First, cross-stream fusion enables the learning of true spatiotemporal features rather than simply separate appearance and motion features. Second, the networks can learn local representations that are highly class specific, but also generic representations that can serve a range of classes. Third, throughout the hierarchy of the network, features become more Abstract and show increasing invariance to aspects of the data that are unimportant to desired distinctions (e.g. motion patterns across various speeds). Fourth, visualizations can be used not only to shed light on learned representations, but also to reveal idiosyncracies of training data and to explain failure cases of the system. This document is best viewed offline where figures play on click.
Edad, escolarización y tareas de Fluencia Verbal para el screening de pacientes con Enfermedad de Alzheimer

Las pruebas de Fluencia Verbal (FV) Semántica (FVS) y Fonológica (FVF) son muy empleadas en la práctica clínica. Disponer de diferentes pruebas alternativas que además tengan en cuenta el efecto de variables sociodemográficas mejorarían su uso como tests de cribado, permitiendo diferenciar a personas con y sin Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). Objetivos. Comparar la capacidad discriminativa de las tareas de FVS “cosas en una casa” y “alimentos” frente a la tarea “animales” entre pacientes con EA (n = 50) y sujetos sanos (n = 50); comparar el uso de los fonemas “P”-“M”-“R” como tarea alternativa y/o paralela a los fonemas “F”-“A”-“S”; y valorar el uso combinado de ambos tipos de tareas junto con el de variables sociodemográficas para la discriminación de pacientes con EA y sujetos sanos. Resultados. Tanto la categoría semántica como fonológica muestran resultados semejantes, una alta correlación, mantienen la validez de criterio y permiten su utilización de forma paralela. El modelo de predicción que logra discriminar correctamente al 91% de los sujetos evaluados es el que incluye las tareas “cosas en una casa”, los fonemas “A” “S” y las variables edad y años de escolarización. Conclusiones. La utilización paralela de pruebas de FVS y FVF, junto con variables sociodemográficas mejora la capacidad discriminativa de las pruebas de FV. Palabras-clave: Demencia; enfermedad de Alzheimer; cribado; exploración neuropsicológica; fluidez verbal; fluidez semántica; fluencia fonológica.  Age, schooling and Verbal Fluency tasks for the screening of Alzheimer ́s disease patients.  The Verbal (VF), Semantic (SF) and Phonemic Fluency (PF) tests are commonly used in clinical practice. Having different alternative tests, that could also allow for the effect of demographic variables, would improve their use as screening tests, making it possible to differentiate patients with or without Alzheimer ́s disease (AD).  (1) To compare the discriminatory ability of the SF tasks “things in a house” and “food” versus the task “animals” among patients with the AD (n = 50) and healthy subjects (n = 50). (2) To compare the use of the phonemes such as “P”, “M” and “R” as an alternative and/or parallel task to the phonemes “F”, “A” and “S”. (3) To assess the combined use of both tasks with the demographic variables for the screening of AD patients and the healthy ones.  Both semantic and phonemic categories indicate similar results, high correlation, support the criteria validity and allow for their use in a parallel way. Among all the different roles assessed, the most successful in screening correctly 91% of the evaluated subjects is the one that includes tasks such as “things in a house”, the phonemes “A” and “S” and the age and schooling time variables.  The parallel use of VF and PF, plus the demographic variables improve the discriminatory ability of the VF tests.
Somersault Software Fault-Tolerance

software fault-tolerance, process replication failure masking, continuous availability, topology The ambition of fault-tolerant systems is to provide application transparent fault-tolerance at the same performance as a non-fault-tolerant system. Somersault is a library for developing distributed fault-tolerant software systems that comes close to achieving both goals. We describe Somersault and its properties, including: 1. Fault-tolerance — Somersault implements " process mirroring " within a group of processes called a recovery unit. Failure of individual group members is completely masked. 2. Abstraction — Somersault provides loss-less messaging between units. Recovery units and single processes are addressed uniformly as single entities. Recovery unit application code is unaware of replication. 3. High performance — The simple protocol provides throughput comparable to non-fault-tolerant processes at a low latency overhead. There is also sub-second failover time. 4.  The same protocol is used to communicate between recovery units as between single processes, so any topology can be formed. 5. Scalability — Failure detection, failure recovery and general system performance are independent of the number of recovery units in a software system. Somersault has been developed at HP Laboratories. At the time of writing it is undergoing industrial trials. The ambition of fault-tolerant systems is to provide application transparent fault-tolerance at the same performance as a non-fault-tolerant system. Somersault is a library for developing distributed fault-tolerant software systems that comes close to achieving both goals. We describe Somersault and its properties, including: • Fault-tolerance – Somersault implements " process mirroring " within a group of processes called a recovery unit. Failure of individual group members is completely masked. • Abstraction – Somersault provides loss-less messaging between units. Recovery units and single processes are addressed uniformly as single entities. Recovery unit application code is unaware of replication. • High performance – The simple protocol provides throughput comparable to non-fault-tolerant processes at a low latency overhead. There is also sub-second failover time. • Compositionality – the same protocol is used to communicate between recovery units as between single processes, so any topology can be formed. • Scalability – failure detection, failure recovery and general system performance are independent of the number of recovery units in a software system. Somersault has been developed at HP laboratories. At the time of writing it is undergoing industrial trials.
Three new strip-line TEM cells in EMC test

The strip-line TEM cell is used to measure the EMC of equipment and devices. Strip-line TEM cell can be widely used in measuring the EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) performance from automotive industry to IC components. In this paper we present three different strip-line TEM cells. And cut slot on conductor can extend the frequency range of strip-line TEM cell. The cost is lower, the operation is easier, and the cell is more applicability with this method.
Differential involvement of RASSF2 hypermethylation in breast cancer subtypes and their prognosis.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be subdivided into clinical, histopathological and molecular subtypes (luminal A-like, luminal B-like/HER2-negative, luminal B-like/HER2-positive, HER2-positive, and triple-negative). The study of new molecular factors is essential to obtain further insights into the mechanisms involved in the tumorigenesis of each tumor subtype. RASSF2 is a gene that is hypermethylated in breast cancer and whose clinical value has not been previously studied. The hypermethylation of RASSF1 and RASSF2 genes was analyzed in 198 breast tumors of different subtypes. The effect of the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in the re-expression of these genes was examined in triple-negative (BT-549), HER2 (SK-BR-3), and luminal cells (T-47D). Different patterns of RASSF2 expression for distinct tumor subtypes were detected by immunohistochemistry. RASSF2 hypermethylation was much more frequent in luminal subtypes than in non-luminal tumors (p = 0.001). The re-expression of this gene by lentiviral transduction contributed to the differential cell proliferation and response to antineoplastic drugs observed in luminal compared with triple-negative cell lines. RASSF2 hypermethylation is associated with better prognosis in multivariate statistical analysis (P = 0.039). In conclusion, RASSF2 gene is differently methylated in luminal and non-luminal tumors and is a promising suppressor gene with clinical involvement in breast cancer.
Damascene Process and Chemical Mechanical Planarization

The constant demand to scale down transistors and improve device performance has led to material as well as process changes in the formation of IC interconnect. Traditionally, aluminum has been used to form the IC interconnects. The process involved subtractive etching of blanket aluminum as defined by the patterned photo resist. However, the scaling and performance demands have led to transition from Aluminum to Copper interconnects. The primary motivation behind the introduction of copper for forming interconnects is the advantages that copper offers over Aluminum. The table 1 below gives a comparison between Aluminum and Copper properties.