nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding of Internal Clustering Validation Measures

Clustering validation has long been recognized as one of the vital issues essential to the success of clustering applications. In general, clustering validation can be categorized into two classes, external clustering validation and internal clustering validation. In this paper, we focus on internal clustering validation and present a detailed study of 11 widely used internal clustering validation measures for crisp clustering. From five conventional aspects of clustering, we investigate their validation properties. Experiment results show that S\_Dbw is the only internal validation measure which performs well in all five aspects, while other measures have certain limitations in different application scenarios.
2011 ISSVD Terminology and classification of vulvar dermatological disorders: an approach to clinical diagnosis.

The study aimed to formulate an easy clinical approach that may be used by clinicians of all backgrounds to diagnose vulvar dermatological disorders.



The International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease appointed a committee with multinational members from the fields of dermatology, gynecology, and pathology and charged the committee to formulate a clinically based terminology and classification of vulvar dermatological disorders. The committee carried out its work by way of multiple rounds of e-mails extending over almost 2 year's time.



The committee was able to formulate a consensus report containing terminology, classification, and a step-wise approach to clinical diagnosis of vulvar dermatological disorders. This report was presented and approved by the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease at the XXI International Congress held in Paris, France, on September 3 to 8, 2011.



The authors believe that the approach to terminology and classification as well as clinical diagnosis contained in this article allows clinicians to make highly accurate diagnoses of vulvar dermatological disorders within the clinical setting. This, in turn, will reduce the need for referrals and will improve the care for women with most vulvar disorders.
Implementing Smart Factory of Industrie 4.0: An Outlook

With the application of Internet of Things and services to manufacturing, the fourth stage of industrialization, referred to as Industrie 4.0, is believed to be approaching. For Industrie 4.0 to come true, it is essential to implement the horizontal integration of inter-corporation value network, the end-to-end integration of engineering value chain, and the vertical integration of factory inside. In this paper, we focus on the vertical integration to implement flexible and reconfigurable smart factory. We first propose a brief framework that incorporates industrial wireless networks, cloud, and fixed or mobile terminals with smart artifacts such as machines, products, and conveyors.Then,we elaborate the operationalmechanism from the perspective of control engineering, that is, the smart artifacts form a self-organized systemwhich is assistedwith the feedback and coordination blocks that are implemented on the cloud and based on the big data analytics. In addition, we outline the main technical features and beneficial outcomes and present a detailed design scheme. We conclude that the smart factory of Industrie 4.0 is achievable by extensively applying the existing enabling technologies while actively coping with the technical challenges.
Learning Loss Functions for Semi-supervised Learning via Discriminative Adversarial Networks

We propose discriminative adversarial networks (DAN) for semi-supervised learning and loss function learning. Our DAN approach builds upon generative adversarial networks (GANs) and conditional GANs but includes the key differentiator of using two discriminators instead of a generator and a discriminator. DAN can be seen as a framework to learn loss functions for predictors that also implements semi-supervised learning in a straightforward manner. We propose instantiations of DAN for two different prediction tasks: classification and ranking. Our experimental results on three datasets of different tasks demonstrate that DAN is a promising framework for both semi-supervised learning and learning loss functions for predictors. For all tasks, the semi-supervised capability of DAN can significantly boost the predictor performance for small labeled sets with minor architecture changes across tasks. Moreover, the loss functions automatically learned by DANs are very competitive and usually outperform the standard pairwise and negative log-likelihood loss functions for semi-supervised learning.
Resource-Efficient Byzantine Fault Tolerance

One of the main reasons why Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) systems are currently not widely used lies in their high resource consumption: <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3f+1$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="distler-ieq1-2495213.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> replicas are required to tolerate only <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math><alternatives> <inline-graphic xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="distler-ieq2-2495213.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> faults. Recent works have been able to reduce the minimum number of replicas to <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2f+1$</tex-math> <alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="distler-ieq3-2495213.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> by relying on trusted subsystems that prevent a faulty replica from making conflicting statements to other replicas without being detected. Nevertheless, having been designed with the focus on fault handling, during normal-case operation these systems still use more resources than actually necessary to make progress in the absence of faults. This paper presents <italic>Resource-efficient Byzantine Fault Tolerance</italic> (<sc>ReBFT</sc>), an approach that minimizes the resource usage of a BFT system during normal-case operation by keeping <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="distler-ieq4-2495213.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula> replicas in a passive mode. In contrast to active replicas, passive replicas neither participate in the agreement protocol nor execute client requests; instead, they are brought up to speed by verified state updates provided by active replicas. In case of suspected or detected faults, passive replicas are activated in a consistent manner. To underline the flexibility of our approach, we apply <sc>ReBFT</sc> to two existing BFT systems: PBFT and MinBFT.
Compression of individual sequences via variable-rate coding

Compressibiity of lndividmd sequences by the class of generalid fide-state iuformatlon-lomless encoders ls investigated. These encodersrpnoperateinavariable-ratemodeasweUasaflxedrateone,nnd they allow for any fllte-state scheme of variable-length-to-variable-Ien@ coding. For every individual lnfllte seqence x a quantity p (x) is defined, calledthecompressibil ityofx,whirhisshowntobetheasymptotieatly attainable lower bound on the compression ratio tbat cao be achieved for x by any finite-state encoder. This is demonstrated by means of a amshctivecodtngtbeoremanditsconversethat,apartfnnntheirafymptotic siguificauca?, alsu prwidc useful performance criteria for finite and practfcal data-compression tasks. The proposed concept of compressibility is also shown to play a role analogous to that of entropy in classicai informatfon theory where one deals with probabilistic ensembles of sequences ratbez Manuscript received June 10, 1977; revised February 20, 1978.  on leave from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. A. Lempel is with Sperry Research Center, Sudbury, MA 01776, on leave from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. than with individual sequences. Wbiie the deflnition of p (x) allows a different machlne for each different sequence to be compressed, the coustruetive eodiug theorem leads to a universal algorithm that is asymp to&ally optfmal for ail sequences.
Empirical evaluation of vehicular models for ego motion estimation

Estimating the motion of a vehicle is a crucial requirement for intelligent vehicles. In order to solve this problem using a Bayes filter, an appropriate model of vehicular motions is required. This paper systematically reviews typical vehicular motion models and evaluates their suitability in different scenarios. For that, the results of extensive experiments using accurate reference sensors are presented and discussed in order to provide guidelines for the choice of an optimal model.
Readability-based Sentence Ranking for Evaluating Text Simplification

We propose a new method for evaluating the readability of simplified sentences through pair-wise ranking. The validity of the method is established through incorpus and cross-corpus evaluation experiments. The approach correctly identifies the ranking of simplified and unsimplified sentences in terms of their reading level with an accuracy of over 80%, significantly outperforming previous results. To gain qualitative insights into the nature of simplification at the sentence level, we studied the impact of specific linguistic features. We empirically confirm that both word-level and syntactic features play a role in comparing the degree of simplification of authentic data. To carry out this research, we created a new sentence-aligned corpus from professionally simplified news articles. The new corpus resource enriches the empirical basis of sentence-level simplification research, which so far relied on a single resource. Most importantly, it facilitates cross-corpus evaluation for simplification, a key step towards generalizable results.
Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation.

In 1999, ISPOR formed the Quality of Life Special Interest group (QoL-SIG)--Translation and Cultural Adaptation group (TCA group) to stimulate discussion on and create guidelines and standards for the translation and cultural adaptation of patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. After identifying a general lack of consistency in current methods and published guidelines, the TCA group saw a need to develop a holistic perspective that synthesized the full spectrum of published methods. This process resulted in the development of Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Patient Reported Outcomes Measures--Principles of Good Practice (PGP), a report on current methods, and an appraisal of their strengths and weaknesses. The TCA Group undertook a review of evidence from current practice, a review of the literature and existing guidelines, and consideration of the issues facing the pharmaceutical industry, regulators, and the broader outcomes research community. Each approach to translation and cultural adaptation was considered systematically in terms of rationale, components, key actors, and the potential benefits and risks associated with each approach and step. The results of this review were subjected to discussion and challenge within the TCA group, as well as consultation with the outcomes research community at large. Through this review, a consensus emerged on a broad approach, along with a detailed critique of the strengths and weaknesses of the differing methodologies. The results of this review are set out as "Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Patient Reported Outcomes Measures--Principles of Good Practice" and are reported in this document.
Autonomous Vehicle Safety: An Interdisciplinary Challenge

Ensuring the safety of fully autonomous vehicles requires a multi-disciplinary approach across all the levels of functional hierarchy, from hardware fault tolerance, to resilient machine learning, to cooperating with humans driving conventional vehicles, to validating systems for operation in highly unstructured environments, to appropriate regulatory approaches. Significant open technical challenges include validating inductive learning in the face of novel environmental inputs and achieving the very high levels of dependability required for full-scale fleet deployment. However, the biggest challenge may be in creating an end-to-end design and deployment process that integrates the safety concerns of a myriad of technical specialties into a unified approach.
Bias in OLAP Queries: Detection, Explanation, and Removal

On line analytical processing (OLAP) is an essential element of decision-support systems. OLAP tools provide insights and understanding needed for improved decision making. However, the answers to OLAP queries can be biased and lead to perplexing and incorrect insights. In this paper, we propose, a system to detect, explain, and to resolve bias in decision-support queries. We give a simple definition of a biased query, which performs a set of independence tests on the data to detect bias. We propose a novel technique that gives explanations for bias, thus assisting an analyst in understanding what goes on. Additionally, we develop an automated method for rewriting a biased query into an unbiased query, which shows what the analyst intended to examine. In a thorough evaluation on several real datasets we show both the quality and the performance of our techniques, including the completely automatic discovery of the revolutionary insights from a famous 1973 discrimination case.
A Graph Model for Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems

An approach to fault-tolerant design is described in which a computing system S and an algorithm A to be executed by S are both defined by graphs whose nodes represent computing facilities. A is executable by S if A is isomorphic to a subgraph of S.A k-fault is the removal of k nodes (facilities) from S.S is a k-fault tolerant (k-FT) realization of A if A can be executed by S with any k-fault present in S. The problem of designing optimal k-FT systems is considered where A is equated to a 0-FT system. Techniques are described for designing optimal k-FT realizations of single-loop systems; these techniques are related to results in Hamiltonian graph theory. The design of optimal k-FT realizations of certain types of tree systems is also examined. The advantages and disadvantages of the graph model are discussed.
A Survey on Sharing Economy and Its Effect on Human Behavior Changes

Advances in computer science prompt the creation of new economic models. One of them in urban life is Sharing Economy. This new economic model receives high attentions and has been applied to a wide range of fields in recent years. We argue that sharing economy, and its applications, may be taken as a way for researchers to understand human behavior, and thus this paper targets a growing issue on the relationship between sharing economy and its impacts on human behavior. It especially looks at the change of behaviors while the sharing economy comes into our daily lives. The Airbnb, one of the most significant examples of sharing economy, is taken as a starting point of this survey, and results are revealed that young generation tends to accept this new economic experience as well as willing to be involved, not only as traveler but host, in this new phenomenon.
Partial discharges in a cavity at variable applied frequency part 1: measurements

In this paper partial discharges (PD) in disc-shaped cavities in polycarbonate are measured at variable frequency (0.01-100 Hz) of the applied voltage. The advantage of PD measurements at variable frequency is that more information about the insulation system may be extracted than from traditional PD measurements at a single frequency (usually 50/60 Hz). The PD activity in the cavity is seen to depend on the applied frequency. Moreover, the PD frequency dependence changes with the applied voltage amplitude, the cavity diameter, and the cavity location (insulated or electrode bounded). It is suggested that the PD frequency dependence is governed by the statistical time lag of PD and the surface charge decay in the cavity. This is the first of two papers addressing the frequency dependence of PD in a cavity. In the second paper a physical model of PD in a cavity at variable applied frequency is presented.
Biometric Recognition: Challenges and Opportunities

biometric recognition: challenges and opportunities biometric recognition challenges and opportunities biometric recognition: challenges and opportunities biometric recognition challenges and opportunities sc-f biometric recognition: challenges and opportunities biometric recognition challenges and opportunities wet fingerprint recognition: challenges and opportunities emerging biometric modalities: challenges and opportunities pattern recognition letters biometrics research group 50 years of biometric research: accomplishments biometric recognition challenges and opportunities edbl biometric-based authentication for cyberworld security biometric recognition challenges and opportunities ebook biometrics assistedborder challenges and opportunities opportunities and challenges for biometric systems in biometric recognition challenges and opportunities biometric recognition challenges and opportunities biometric systems & interoperability nist the national biometrics challenge 2011 update beauty or beast? harvard university nsf workshop on fundamental research challenges for biometrics in forensic science: challenges, lessons and 50 years of biometric research: accomplishments modern biometric technologies: technical issues and the national biometrics challenge welcome to fbi biometric recognition challenges and opportunities ebook aids vaccine development challenges and opportunities toward trustworthy identification systems report questions biometric technologies phys the national biometrics challenge whitehouse big data challenges in biometric technology timothy pilgrim deputy privacy commissioner speech to dr. stephanie a. c. schuckers director, center for doi 10.1007/978-3-642-27733-7 9188-2 © springer science friendly biometric credentials citeseerx vulnerabilities of biometric authentication “threats and challenges to fingerprints challenges to fingerprints the fingerprint reader on your smartphone may be adequate page 1 of 18 findbiometrics yir 2010 question 2 iris biometric security technology for secure data access challenges to fingerprints challenges to fingerprints is spectral re?ectance of the face a reliable biometric?
Healing of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls: a descriptive study.

The objective of this study was to identify the healing process and outcome of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls.



This multicenter, retrospective project used photographs to document the healing process and outcome of hymenal trauma that was sustained by 239 prepubertal and pubertal girls whose ages ranged from 4 months to 18 years.



The injuries that were sustained by the 113 prepubertal girls consisted of 21 accidental or noninflicted injuries, 73 secondary to abuse, and 19 "unknown cause" injuries. All 126 pubertal adolescents were sexual assault victims. The hymenal injuries healed at various rates and except for the deeper lacerations left no evidence of the previous trauma. Abrasions and "mild" submucosal hemorrhages disappeared within 3 to 4 days, whereas "marked" hemorrhages persisted for 11 to 15 days. Only petechiae and blood blisters proved to be "markers" for determining the approximate age of an injury. Petechiae resolved within 48 hours in the prepubertal girls and 72 hours in the adolescents. A blood blister was detected at 34 days in an adolescent. As lacerations healed, their observed depth became shallower and their configuration smoothed out. Of the girls who sustained "superficial," "intermediate," or "deep" lacerations, 15 of 18 prepubertal girls had smooth and continuous appearing hymenal rims, whereas 24 of 41 adolescents' hymens had a normal, "scalloped" appearance and 30 of 34 had no disruption of continuity on healing. The final "width" of a hymenal rim was dependent on the initial depth of the laceration. No scar tissue formation was observed in either group of girls.



The hymenal injuries healed rapidly and except for the more extensive lacerations left no evidence of a previous injury. There were no significant differences in the healing process and the outcome of the hymenal injuries in the 2 groups of girls.
Transformer-Less Grid Feeding Current Source Inverter for Solar Photovoltaic System

High efficiency and operating life of grid feeding solar photovoltaic (PV) inverters are demanded. Due to reduced dc-link capacitor requirement, current source inverter (CSI) offers higher reliability than the voltage source based solar inverter. However, conventional three-phase pulse width modulated (PWM) current source based solar inverter injects high earth leakage current into the grid. In order to suppress this current, an isolation transformer can be used. Use of this transformer increases the cost and size, and decreases overall efficiency. In order to address the aforementioned limitations, a modified CSI is proposed in this paper. The proposed inverter suppresses the earth leakage current without using an isolation transformer, thereby increasing the efficiency and reducing cost as compared to conventional current source based solar inverters. A mathematical model of the system is derived based on which controller for the operation of the inverter is designed. The effectiveness of the scheme is verified through detailed simulation study. To confirm the viability of the scheme, experimental studies are carried out on a scaled-down laboratory prototype.
Concomitant loss of dynorphin, NARP, and orexin in narcolepsy.

Narcolepsy with cataplexy is associated with a loss of orexin/hypocretin. It is speculated that an autoimmune process kills the orexin-producing neurons, but these cells may survive yet fail to produce orexin.



To examine whether other markers of the orexin neurons are lost in narcolepsy with cataplexy.



We used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to examine the expression of orexin, neuronal activity-regulated pentraxin (NARP), and prodynorphin in hypothalami from five control and two narcoleptic individuals.



In the control hypothalami, at least 80% of the orexin-producing neurons also contained prodynorphin mRNA and NARP. In the patients with narcolepsy, the number of cells producing these markers was reduced to about 5 to 10% of normal.



Narcolepsy with cataplexy is likely caused by a loss of the orexin-producing neurons. In addition, loss of dynorphin and neuronal activity-regulated pentraxin may contribute to the symptoms of narcolepsy.
A simple neural network module for relational reasoning

Relational reasoning is a central component of generally intelligent behavior, but has proven difficult for neural networks to learn. In this paper we describe how to use Relation Networks (RNs) as a simple plug-and-play module to solve problems that fundamentally hinge on relational reasoning. We tested RN-augmented networks on three tasks: visual question answering using a challenging dataset called CLEVR, on which we achieve state-of-the-art, super-human performance; textbased question answering using the bAbI suite of tasks; and complex reasoning about dynamic physical systems. Then, using a curated dataset called Sort-ofCLEVR we show that powerful convolutional networks do not have a general capacity to solve relational questions, but can gain this capacity when augmented with RNs. Thus, by simply augmenting convolutions, LSTMs, and MLPs with RNs, we can remove computational burden from network components that are not well-suited to handle relational reasoning, reduce overall network complexity, and gain a general ability to reason about the relations between entities and their properties.