nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
EEG-Based Attention Tracking During Distracted Driving

Distracted driving might lead to many catastrophic consequences. Developing a countermeasure to track drivers' focus of attention (FOA) and engagement of operators in dual (multi)-tasking conditions is thus imperative. Ten healthy volunteers participated in a dual-task experiment that comprised two tasks: a lane-keeping driving task and a mathematical problem-solving task (e.g., 24 + 15=37?) during which their electroencephalogram (EEG) and behaviors were concurrently recorded. Independent component analysis (ICA) was employed as a spatial filter to separate the contributions of independent sources from the recorded EEG data. The power spectra of six components (i.e., frontal, central, parietal, occipital, left motor, and right motor) extracted from single-task conditions were fed into support vector machine (SVM) based on the radial basis function (RBF) kernel to build an FOA assessment system. The system achieved 84.6 ± 5.8% and 86.2 ± 5.4% classification accuracies in detecting the participants' FOAs on the math versus driving tasks, respectively. This FOA assessment system was then applied to evaluate participants' FOAs during dual-task conditions. The detected FOAs revealed that participants' cognitive attention and strategies dynamically changed between tasks to optimize the overall performance, as attention was limited and competed. The empirical results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of a practical system to continuously estimating cognitive attention through EEG spectra.
Resolved momentum control: humanoid motion planning based on the linear and angular momentum

We introduce a method to generate whole body motion of a humanoid robot such that the resulted total linear/angular momenta become specified values. First, we derive a linear equation which gives the total momentum of a robot from its physical parameters, the base link speed and the joint speeds. Constraints between the legs and the environment are also considered. The whole body motion is calculated from a given momentum reference by using a pseudo-inverse of the inertia matrix. As examples, we generated the kicking and walking motions and tested on the actual humanoid robot HRP-2. This method, the Resolved Momentum Control, gives us a unified framework to generate various maneuver of humanoid robots.
Analysing Wikipedia and Gold-Standard Corpora for NER Training

Named entity recognition (NER) for English typically involves one of three gold standards: MUC, CoNLL, or BBN, all created by costly manual annotation. Recent work has used Wikipedia to automatically create a massive corpus of named entity annotated text. We present the first comprehensive crosscorpus evaluation of NER. We identify the causes of poor cross-corpus performance and demonstrate ways of making them more compatible. Using our process, we develop a Wikipedia corpus which outperforms gold standard corpora on crosscorpus evaluation by up to 11%.
A New Battery/UltraCapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric, Hybrid, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

In this paper, a new battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed for electric drive vehicles including electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Compared to the conventional HESS design, which uses a larger dc/dc converter to interface between the ultracapacitor and the battery/dc link to satisfy the real-time peak power demands, the proposed design uses a much smaller dc/dc converter working as a controlled energy pump to maintain the voltage of the ultracapacitor at a value higher than the battery voltage for the most city driving conditions. The battery will only provide power directly when the ultracapacitor voltage drops below the battery voltage. Therefore, a relatively constant load profile is created for the battery. In addition, the battery is not used to directly harvest energy from the regenerative braking; thus, the battery is isolated from frequent charges, which will increase the life of the battery. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the proposed system.
A low profile 77 GHz three beam antenna for automotive radar

The design and fabrication of a 76.5 GHz, planar, three beam antenna is presented. This antenna has greater than 31 dB of gain and sidelobes that are less than -29 dB below the main beam. This antenna demonstrates the ability to achieve very low sidelobes in a simple, compact, and planar structure. This is accomplished uniquely by feeding waveguide slots that are coupled to microstrip radiating elements. This illumination technique allows for a very low loss and highly efficient structure. Also, a novel beam-scanning concept is introduced. To orient a beam from bore sight it requires phase differences between the excitations of the successive elements. This is achieved by varying the width of the W-band waveguide. This simple, beam steering two-dimensional structure offers the advantage of easy manufacturing compared to present lens and alternative technologies.
Deep Metric Learning for Visual Understanding: An Overview of Recent Advances

Metric learning aims to learn a distance function to measure the similarity of samples, which plays an important role in many visual understanding applications. Generally, the optimal similarity functions for different visual understanding tasks are task specific because the distributions for data used in different tasks are usually different. It is generally believed that learning a metric from training data can obtain more encouraging performances than handcrafted metrics [1]-[3], e.g., the Euclidean and cosine distances. A variety of metric learning methods have been proposed in the literature [2]-[5], and many of them have been successfully employed in visual understanding tasks such as face recognition [6], [7], image classification [2], , visual search [8], , visual tracking , [11], person reidentification , cross-modal matching [13], image set classification [14], and image-based geolocalization
Dual Polarized Planar Aperture Antenna on LTCC for 60-GHz Antenna-in-Package Applications

This paper presents a novel dual polarized planar aperture antenna using the low-temperature cofired ceramics technology to realize a novel antenna-in-package for a 60-GHz CMOS differential transceiver chip. Planar aperture antenna technology ensures high gain and wide bandwidth. Differential feeding is adopted to be compatible with the chip. Dual polarization makes the antenna function as a pair of single polarized antennas but occupies much less area. The antenna is ±45° dual polarized, and each polarization acts as either a transmitting (TX) or receiving (RX) antenna. This improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the wireless channel in a point-to-point communication, because the TX/RX polarization of one antenna is naturally copolarized with the RX/TX polarization of the other antenna. A prototype of the proposed antenna is designed, fabricated, and measured, whose size is 12 mm × 12 mm × 1.128 mm (2.4λ0 × 2.4λ0 × 0.226λ0). The measurement shows that the -10 dB impedance bandwidth covers the entire 60 GHz unlicensed band (57-64 GHz) for both polarizations. Within the bandwidth, the isolation between the ports of the two polarizations is better than 26 dB, and the gain is higher than 10 dBi with a peak of around 12 dBi for both polarizations.
Mining roles with semantic meanings

With the growing adoption of role-based access control (RBAC) in commercial security and identity management products, how to facilitate the process of migrating a non-RBAC system to an RBAC system has become a problem with significant business impact. Researchers have proposed to use data mining techniques to discover roles to complement the costly top-down approaches for RBAC system construction. A key problem that has not been adequately addressed by existing role mining approaches is how to discover roles with semantic meanings. In this paper, we study the problem in two settings with different information availability. When the only information is user-permission relation, we propose to discover roles whose semantic meaning is based on formal concept lattices. We argue that the theory of formal concept analysis provides a solid theoretical foundation for mining roles from userpermission relation. When user-attribute information is also available, we propose to create roles that can be explained by expressions of user-attributes. Since an expression of attributes describes a real-world concept, the corresponding role represents a real-world concept as well. Furthermore, the algorithms we proposed balance the semantic guarantee of roles with system complexity. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches.
EV/PHEV Bidirectional Charger Assessment for V2G Reactive Power Operation

This paper presents a summary of the available single-phase ac-dc topologies used for EV/PHEV, level-1 and -2 on-board charging and for providing reactive power support to the utility grid. It presents the design motives of single-phase on-board chargers in detail and makes a classification of the chargers based on their future vehicle-to-grid usage. The pros and cons of each different ac-dc topology are discussed to shed light on their suitability for reactive power support. This paper also presents and analyzes the differences between charging-only operation and capacitive reactive power operation that results in increased demand from the dc-link capacitor (more charge/discharge cycles and increased second harmonic ripple current). Moreover, battery state of charge is spared from losses during reactive power operation, but converter output power must be limited below its rated power rating to have the same stress on the dc-link capacitor.
Electromyography: Physiology, Engineering and Non-Invasive Applications

It is now almost a century since Piper used a string galvanometer to study muscle activity and initiated the first studies in electromyography (EMG). But not many volumes have emerged since then to describe the fascinating developments in the field of muscle physiology and diagnostics. Such a synthesis is long overdue, and to accomplish this goal, Merletti and Parker have elicited contributions from an internationally famed group of EMG research experts. As a result,  Physiology, Engineering and Non-Invasive Applications has materialized as a pioneering volume that captures the remarkable revolution in the field of skeletal muscle electrodiagnostics and research. Most of the book’s 18 chapters are very good or outstanding. Repetitions are present, but they appear to be didactic rather than distracting. The introductory chapter offers superb reading on the basic biophysical and (electro)physiological aspects of EMG signal generation. The chapters on EMG methodologies, decomposition techniques, surface biophysical issues, signal conditioning and extraction, simulation/modeling, and myoelectric manifestations, written by senior authors, are superlative. The book concludes with the description of various advancements and relevant clinical applications in the areas ranging from neurology and ergonomics to exercise physiology, from rehabilitation medicine to biofeedback and prostheses control. The chapters are succinct and contain numerous clinical pearls of wisdom. A few exceptions are the chapters on signal extraction, EMG modeling and simulation, and myoelectric manifestations, which are wordy and, though informative, not as authoritative as the others. Applications are generally well covered, but the depth of the practical information useful to busy researchers varies from excellent, as in the instances of ergonomics, movement and gait analysis, and rehabilitation medicine, to brittle, as in the instance of exercise physiology. One criticism of the book is that little attention is focused on the beguiling issue of mechanomyography (vibromyography), which is developing as a contestant with superior muscle diagnostic potential against EMG. Overall, this textbook is a harmonious work that can certainly be appreciated by graduate students and researchers from different backgrounds such as bioengineering, life sciences, exercise sciences, sports health, neuro(physio)logy, and occupational medicine. Electromyography is certainly the best single reference book currently available in the field and more importantly, this book comes with the assurance that what is presented is reliable, objective, and up to date.
Ocular ischemia with hypotony after injection of hyaluronic acid gel.

The authors experienced a case with ocular ischemia with hypotony following injection of a dermal filler for augmentation rhinoplasty. Immediately after injection, the patient demonstrated a permanent visual loss with typical fundus features of central retinal artery occlusion. Multiple crusted ulcerative patches around the nose and left periorbit developed, and the left eye became severely inflamed, ophthalmoplegic, and hypotonic. Signs of anterior and posterior segment ischemia were observed including severe cornea edema, iris atrophy, and chorioretinal swelling. The retrograde arterial embolization of hyaluronic acid gel from vascular branches of nasal tip to central retinal artery and long posterior ciliary artery was highly suspicious. After 6 months of follow up, skin lesions and eyeball movement became normalized, but progressive exudative and tractional retinal detachment was causing phthisis bulbi.
An agent-based market platform for Smart Grids

The trend towards renewable, decentralized, and highly fluctuating energy suppliers (e.g. photovoltaic, wind power, CHP) introduces a tremendous burden on the stability of future power grids. By adding sophisticated ICT and intelligent devices, various Smart Grid initiatives work on concepts for intelligent power meters, peak load reductions, efficient balancing mechanisms, etc. As in the Smart Grid scenario data is inherently distributed over different, often non-cooperative parties, mechanisms for efficient coordination of the suppliers, consumers and intermediators is required in order to ensure global functioning of the power grid. In this paper, a highly flexible market platform is introduced for coordinating self-interested energy agents representing power suppliers, customers and prosumers. These energy agents implement a generic bidding strategy that can be governed by local policies. These policies declaratively represent user preferences or constraints of the devices controlled by the agent. Efficient coordination between the agents is realized through a market mechanism that incentivizes the agents to reveal their policies truthfully to the market. By knowing the agent’s policies, an efficient solution for the overall system can be determined. As proof of concept implementation the market platform D’ACCORD is presented that supports various market structures ranging from a single local energy exchange to a hierarchical energy market structure (e.g. as proposed in ).
PID Control of Heat Exchanger System

Heat exchanger system is widely used in chemical plants because it can sustain wide range of temperature and pressure. The main purpose of a heat exchanger system is to transfer heat from a hot fluid to a cooler fluid, so temperature control of outlet fluid is of prime importance. To control the temperature of outlet fluid of the heat exchanger system a conventional PID controller can be used. Due to inherent disadvantages of conventional control techniques, model based control technique is employed and an internal model based PID controller is developed to control the temperature of outlet fluid of the heat exchanger system. The designed controller regulates the temperature of the outgoing fluid to a desired set point in the shortest possible time irrespective of load and process disturbances, equipment saturation and nonlinearity. The developed internal model based PID controller has demonstrated 84% improvement in the overshoot and 44.6% improvement in settling time as compared to the
A heterodyne 77-GHz FMCW radar with offset PLL frequency stabilization

This contribution describes the realization of a heterodyne frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system operating in the frequency band from 76 GHz to 77 GHz. To implement the heterodyne principle two voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) are operated in order to produce frequency ramp signals with a fixed frequency offset. This allows to mitigate effects occurring in homodyne systems like, e.g., DC-offsets or low-frequency noise components. To avoid large divider values in the control loop the presented system is based on an offset phase-locked-loop configuration. In the presented implementation the same downconverter is used to implement the offset-loop for both VCOs, which has the positive effect that errors and noise influences in the downconversion process—at least partly—cancel out in the final FMCW output signal.
Efficient Design and Decoding of Polar Codes

Polar codes are shown to be instances of both generalized concatenated codes and multilevel codes. It is shown that the performance of a polar code can be improved by representing it as a multilevel code and applying the multistage decoding algorithm with maximum likelihood decoding of outer codes. Additional performance improvement is obtained by replacing polar outer codes with other ones with better error correction performance. In some cases this also results in complexity reduction. It is shown that Gaussian approximation for density evolution enables one to accurately predict the performance of polar codes and concatenated codes based on them.
Lane Detection With Moving Vehicles in the Traffic Scenes

A lane-detection method aimed at handling moving vehicles in the traffic scenes is proposed in this brief. First, lane marks are extracted based on color information. The extraction of lane-mark colors is designed in a way that is not affected by illumination changes and the proportion of space that vehicles on the road occupy. Next, for vehicles that have the same colors as the lane marks, we utilize size, shape, and motion information to distinguish them from the real lane marks. The mechanism effectively eliminates the influence of passing vehicles when performing lane detection. Finally, pixels in the extracted lane-mark mask are accumulated to find the boundary lines of the lane. The proposed algorithm is able to robustly find the left and right boundary lines of the lane and is not affected by the passing traffic. Experimental results show that the proposed method works well on marked roads in various lighting conditions
Reducing Elliptic Curve Logarithms to Logarithms in a Finite Field

Previously, no general-purpose algorithm was known for the elliptic curve logarithm problem that ran in better than exponential time. In this paper we demonstrate the reduction of the elliptic curve logarithm problem to the logarithm problem in the multiplicative group of an extension of the underlying hit e field. For the class of supersingular elliptic curves, the reduction takes probabilistic polynomial time, thus providing a probabilistic subexponential time algorithm for the former problem. The implications of our results to public key cryptography are discussed.
Deformation mechanisms in nacre

Nacre (mother-of-pearl) from mollusc shells is a biologically formed lamellar ceramic. The inelastic deformation of this material has been experimentally examined, with a focus on understanding the underlying mechanisms. Slip along the lamellae tablet interface has been ascertained by testing in compression with the boundaries oriented at 45° to the loading axis. The steady-state shear resistance ss has been determined and inelastic strain shown to be as high as 8%. The inelastic deformation was realized by massive interlamellae shearing. Testing in tension parallel to the tablets indicates inelastic strain of about 1%, occurring at a steady-state stress, sss ≈ 110 MPa. The strain was associated with the formation of multiple dilatation bands at the intertablet boundaries accompanied by interlamellae sliding. Nano-asperities on the aragonite tablets and their interposing topology provide the resistance to interfacial sliding and establish the level of the stress needed to attain the inelastic strain. Detailed mechanisms and their significance for the design of robust ceramics are discussed.
Cost-effective instrumentation via NILM to support a residential energy management system

Effective home energy management requires data on the current power consumption of devices in the home. Individually monitoring every appliance is costly and inconvenient. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) promises to provide individual electrical load information from aggregate power measurements. Application of NILM in residential settings has been constrained by the data provided by utility billing smart meters. Current utility billing smart meters do not deliver data that supports quantifying the harmonic content in the 60 Hz waveforms. Research in NILM has a critical need for a low-cost sensor system to collect energy data with fast sampling and significant precision to demonstrate actual data requirements. Implementation of cost-effective NILM in a residential consumer context requires real-time processing of this data to identify individual loads. This paper describes a system providing a powerful and flexible platform, supporting user configuration of sampling rates and amplitude resolution up to 65 kHz and up to 24 bits respectively. The internal processor is also capable of running NILM algorithms in real time on the sampled measurements. Using this prototype, real time load identification can be provided to the consumer for control, visualization, feedback, and demand response implications.
Millimeter-Wave Devices and Circuit Blocks up to 104 GHz in 90 nm CMOS

A systematic methodology for layout optimization of active devices for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) application is proposed. A hybrid mm-wave modeling technique was developed to extend the validity of the device compact models up to 100 GHz. These methods resulted in the design of a customized 90 nm device layout which yields an extrapolated of 300 GHz from an intrinsic device . The device is incorporated into a low-power 60 GHz amplifier consuming 10.5 mW, providing 12.2 dB of gain, and an output of 4 dBm. An experimental three-stage 104 GHz tuned amplifier has a measured peak gain of 9.3 dB. Finally, a Colpitts oscillator operating at 104 GHz delivers up to 5 dBm of output power while consuming 6.5 mW.
Corticostriatal connectivity and its role in disease

Corticostriatal projections are essential components of forebrain circuits and are widely involved in motivated behaviour. These axonal projections are formed by two distinct classes of cortical neurons, intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons. Convergent evidence points to IT versus PT differentiation of the corticostriatal system at all levels of functional organization, from cellular signalling mechanisms to circuit topology. There is also growing evidence for IT/PT imbalance as an aetiological factor in neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric and movement disorders — autism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases and major depression are highlighted here.