nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Dyna-C: A topology for a bi-directional solid-state transformer

This paper presents a compact bi-directional solidstate transformer (SST) based on a current-source topology, featuring high-frequency galvanic isolation and only two minimal power conversion stages. The topology, referenced as Dynamic Current or Dyna-C, can be configured for multiterminal DC and/or multi-phase AC applications. The Dyna-C is robust, can be stacked for MV applications, and be paralleled for high current and high power applications. The paper will present some of the possible configurations of Dyna-C, and will discuss challenges associated with the control and operation. One core innovation presented in this paper is the management of transformer leakage energy when transitioning from one bridge to another while maintaining low device stresses and losses. Simulation and experimental results are used to validate operation of the topology.
Education and Dementia in the Context of the Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses and Qualitative Analyses

Cognitive reserve (CR) or brain reserve capacity explains why individuals with higher IQ, education, or occupational attainment have lower risks of developing dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) or vascular dementia (VaD). The CR hypothesis postulates that CR reduces the prevalence and incidence of AD or VaD. It also hypothesizes that among those who have greater initial cognitive reserve (in contrast to those with less reserve) greater brain pathology occurs before the clinical symptoms of disease becomes manifest. Thus clinical disease onset triggers a faster decline in cognition and function, and increased mortality among those with initial greater cognitive reserve. Disease progression follows distinctly separate pathological and clinical paths. With education as a proxy we use meta-analyses and qualitative analyses to review the evidence for the CR hypothesis.



We searched PubMed, PsycoINFO, EMBASE, HealthStar, and Scopus databases from January 1980 to June 2011 for observational studies with clear criteria for dementia, AD or VaD and education. One hundred and thirty-three articles with a variety of study designs met the inclusion criteria. Prevalence and incidence studies with odds ratios (ORs), relative risks or original data were included in the meta-analyses. Other studies were reviewed qualitatively. The studies covered 437,477 subjects. Prevalence and incidence studies with pooled ORs of 2.61 (95%CI 2.21-3.07) and 1.88 (95%CI 1.51-2.34) respectively, showed low education increased the risk of dementia. Heterogeneity and sensitivity tests confirmed the evidence. Generally, study characteristics had no effect on conclusions. Qualitative analyses also showed the protective effects of higher education on developing dementia and with clinical disease onset hastening a decline in cognition and function, and greater brain pathology.



This systematic review and meta-analyses covering a wide range of observational studies and diverse settings provides robust support for the CR hypothesis. The CR hypothesis suggests several avenues for dementia prevention.
Development of the SRI/nightingale Arabic ASR system

We describe the large vocabulary automatic speech recognition system developed for Modern Standard Arabic by the SRI/Nightingale team, and used for the 2007 GALE evaluation as part of the speech translation system. We show how system performance is affected by different development choices, ranging from text processing and lexicon to decoding system architecture design. Word error rate results are reported on broadcast news and conversational data from the GALE development and evaluation test sets.
On semidefinite relaxations for the block model

The stochastic block model (SBM) is a popular tool for community detection in networks, but fitting it by maximum likelihood (MLE) involves an infeasible optimization problem. We propose a new semi-definite programming (SDP) solution to the problem of fitting the SBM, derived as a relaxation of the MLE. Our relaxation is tighter than other recently proposed SDP relaxations, and thus previously established theoretical guarantees carry over, but empirically our approach gives substantially better results. We put all these SDPs into a unified framework and make a connection to the well-known problem of sparse PCA. Our relaxation focuses on the balanced case of a network with equally sized communities, and as we show, that makes it the ideal tool for fitting network histograms, a concept gaining popularity in the graphon estimation literature.
Make (Nearly) Every Neural Network Better: Generating Neural Network Ensembles by Weight Parameter Resampling

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have become increasingly popular in computer vision, natural language processing, and other areas. However, training and fine-tuning a deep learning model is computationally intensive and timeconsuming. We propose a new method to improve the performance of nearly every model including pre-trained models. The proposed method uses an ensemble approach where the networks in the ensemble are constructed by reassigning model parameter values based on the probabilistic distribution of these parameters, calculated towards the end of the training process. For pre-trained models, this approach results in an additional training step (usually less than one epoch). We perform a variety of analysis using the MNIST dataset and validate the approach with a number of DNN models using pre-trained models on the ImageNet dataset.
A secure image steganography technique using Integer Wavelet Transform

This paper proposes a secure image steganography technique to hide a secret image using the key. The secret image itself is not hidden, instead a key is generated and the key is hidden in the cover image. Using the key the secret image can be extracted. Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) is used to hide the key. So it is very secure and robust because no one can realize the hidden information and it cannot be lost due to noise or any signal processing operations. Experimental results show very good Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), which is a measure of security. In this technique the secret information is hidden in the middle bit-planes of the integer wavelet coefficients in high frequency sub-bands.
Body dissatisfaction and adolescent self-esteem: prospective findings.

The aim of the study was to investigate prospectively the direction of the relationship between adolescent girls' body dissatisfaction and self-esteem. Participants were 242 female high school students who completed questionnaires at two points in time, separated by 2 years. The questionnaire contained measures of weight (BMI), body dissatisfaction (perceived overweight, figure dissatisfaction, weight satisfaction) and self-esteem. Initial body dissatisfaction predicted self-esteem at Time 1 and Time 2, and initial self-esteem predicted body dissatisfaction at Time 1 and Time 2. However, linear panel analysis (regression analyses controlling for Time 1 variables) found that aspects of Time 1 weight and body dissatisfaction predicted change in self-esteem, but not vice versa. It was concluded that young girls with heavier actual weight and perceptions of being overweight were particularly vulnerable to developing low self-esteem.
Antioxidant and cytotoxic studies for kaempferol, quercetin and isoquercitrin

_____________________________________________________________________________ The aim of the present study was to investigate a cytotoxic oxidative cell stress related and the antioxidant profile of kaempferol, quercetin, and isoquercitrin. The flavonol compounds were able to act as scavengers of superoxide anion (but not hydrogen peroxide), hypochlorous acid, chloramine and nitric oxide. Although flavonoids are widely described as antioxidants and this activity is generally related to beneficial effects on human health, here we show important cytotoxic actions of three well known flavonoids. They were able to promote hemolysis which one was exacerbated on the presence of hypochlorous acid but not by AAPH radical. Therefore, WWW.SCIELO.BR/EQ VOLUME 36, NÚMERO 2, 2011
Assembly and Maintenance of Myofibrils in Striated Muscle.

In this chapter, we present the current knowledge on de novo assembly, growth, and dynamics of striated myofibrils, the functional architectural elements developed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The data were obtained in studies of myofibrils formed in cultures of mouse skeletal and quail myotubes, in the somites of living zebrafish embryos, and in mouse neonatal and quail embryonic cardiac cells. The comparative view obtained revealed that the assembly of striated myofibrils is a three-step process progressing from premyofibrils to nascent myofibrils to mature myofibrils. This process is specified by the addition of new structural proteins, the arrangement of myofibrillar components like actin and myosin filaments with their companions into so-called sarcomeres, and in their precise alignment. Accompanying the formation of mature myofibrils is a decrease in the dynamic behavior of the assembling proteins. Proteins are most dynamic in the premyofibrils during the early phase and least dynamic in mature myofibrils in the final stage of myofibrillogenesis. This is probably due to increased interactions between proteins during the maturation process. The dynamic properties of myofibrillar proteins provide a mechanism for the exchange of older proteins or a change in isoforms to take place without disassembling the structural integrity needed for myofibril function. An important aspect of myofibril assembly is the role of actin-nucleating proteins in the formation, maintenance, and sarcomeric arrangement of the myofibrillar actin filaments. This is a very active field of research. We also report on several actin mutations that result in human muscle diseases.
Taxonomy and ecology of some ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) of the saprobic system. III. Revision of the genera Colpidium and Dexiostoma, and establishment of a new genus, Paracolpidium nov. gen.

The genera Colpidium Stein, 1860 and Dexiostoma Jankowski, 1967 are revised. Our monographic treatment is based on a morphologic and biometric reinvestigation of the main species of these genera and on an evaluation of data from the literature. Colpidium comprises four species, namely C. colpoda (Losana, 1829), C. singulare Vuxanovici, 1961, C. acuminatum Vuxanovici, 1962, and C. kleini Foissner, 1969. The monotypic genus Dexiostoma contains D. campyla (Stokes, 1886) and is distinguished from Colpidium by a different oral infraciliature and the position and shape of the preoral suture. A new genus, Paracolpidium nov. gen., is suggested for Colpidium truncatum Stokes, 1885 because its oral infraciliature deviates from both Colpidium and Dexiostoma. Contrary to Colpidium and Dexiostoma, the silverline system of Paracolpidium truncatum lacks secondary meridians but shows short projections to the left of the primary meridians indicating a phylogenetic relationship to Tetrahymena.
Fluid control using the adjoint method

We describe a novel method for controlling physics-based fluid simulations through gradient-based nonlinear optimization. Using a technique known as the adjoint method, derivatives can be computed efficiently, even for large 3D simulations with millions of control parameters. In addition, we introduce the first method for the full control of free-surface liquids. We show how to compute adjoint derivatives through each step of the simulation, including the fast marching algorithm, and describe a new set of control parameters specifically designed for liquids.
Malware detection using machine learning

We propose a versatile framework in which one can employ different machine learning algorithms to successfully distinguish between malware files and clean files, while aiming to minimise the number of false positives. In this paper we present the ideas behind our framework by working firstly with cascade one-sided perceptrons and secondly with cascade kernelized one-sided perceptrons. After having been successfully tested on medium-size datasets of malware and clean files, the ideas behind this framework were submitted to a scaling-up process that enable us to work with very large datasets of malware and clean files.
Identity and search in social networks.

Social networks have the surprising property of being "searchable": Ordinary people are capable of directing messages through their network of acquaintances to reach a specific but distant target person in only a few steps. We present a model that offers an explanation of social network searchability in terms of recognizable personal identities: sets of characteristics measured along a number of social dimensions. Our model defines a class of searchable networks and a method for searching them that may be applicable to many network search problems, including the location of data files in peer-to-peer networks, pages on the World Wide Web, and information in distributed databases.
Characterizing, controlling and eliminating residual malaria transmission

Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) interventions can reduce malaria transmission by targeting mosquitoes when they feed upon sleeping humans and/or when they rest inside houses, livestock shelters or other man-made structures. However, many malaria vector species can maintain robust transmission, despite high coverage of LLINs/IRS containing insecticides to which they are physiologically fully susceptible, because they exhibit one or more behaviours that define the biological limits of achievable impact with these interventions: (1) natural or insecticide-induced avoidance of contact with treated surfaces within houses and early exit from them, minimizing exposure hazard of vectors which feed indoors upon humans, (2) feeding upon humans when they are active and unprotected outdoors, attenuating personal protection and any consequent community-wide suppression of transmission, (3) feeding upon animals, minimizing contact with insecticides targeted at humans or houses, (4) resting outdoors, away from insecticide-treated surfaces of nets, walls and roofs. Residual malaria transmission is therefore defined as all forms of transmission that can persist after achieving full population-wide coverage with effective LLIN and/or IRS containing active ingredients to which local vector populations are fully susceptible. Residual transmission is sufficiently intense across most of the tropics to render malaria elimination infeasible without new or improved vector control methods. Many novel or improved vector control strategies to address residual transmission are emerging that either (1) enhance control of adult vectors that enter houses to feed and/or rest by killing, repelling or excluding them, (2) kill or repel adult mosquitoes when they attack people outdoors, (3) kill adult mosquitoes when they attack livestock, (4) kill adult mosquitoes when they feed upon sugar, or (5) kill immature mosquitoes at aquatic habitats. However, none of these options has sufficient supporting evidence to justify full-scale programmatic implementation so concerted investment in their rigorous selection, development and evaluation is required over the coming decade to enable control and, ultimately, elimination of residual malaria transmission. In the meantime, national programmes may assess options for addressing residual transmission under programmatic conditions through exploratory pilot studies with strong monitoring, evaluation and operational research components, similarly to the Onchocerciasis Control Programme.
Making Inroads : China ’ s New Silk Road Initiative

China’s New Silk Road initiative is a multistate commercial project as grandiose as it is ambitious. Comprised of an overland economic “belt” and a maritime transit component, it envisages the development of a trade network traversing numerous countries and continents. Major investments in infrastructure are to establish new commercial hubs along the route, linking regions together via railroads, ports, energy transit systems, and technology. A relatively novel concept introduced by China’s President Xi Jinping in 2013, several projects related to the New Silk Road initiative—also called “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR, or B&R)—are being planned, are under construction, or have been recently completed. The New Silk Road is a fluid concept in its formative stages: it encompasses a variety of projects and is all-inclusive in terms of countries welcomed to participate. For these reasons, it has been labeled an abstract or visionary project. However, those in the region can attest that the New Silk Road is a reality, backed by Chinese hard currency. Thus, while Washington continues to deliberate on an overarching policy toward Asia, Beijing is making inroads—literally and figuratively— across the region and beyond.
Smart City: An Event Driven Architecture for Monitoring Public Spaces with Heterogeneous Sensors

In this paper, we present the Smart City Architecture developed in the context of the ARTEMIS JU SP3 SOFIA project. It is an Event Driven Architecture that allows the management and cooperation of heterogeneous sensors for monitoring public spaces. The main components of the architecture are implemented in a testbed on a subway scenario with the objective to demonstrate that our proposed solution, can enhance the detection of anomalous events and simplify both the operators tasks and the communications to passengers in case of emergency.
FAKE NEWS IDENTIFICATION CS 229: MACHINE LEARNING : GROUP 621

Due to recent events in American Politics, fake news, or maliciously-fabricated media has taken a central role in American political discourse. A litany of verticals, spanning national security, education and social media are currently scrambling to find better ways to tag and identify fake news with the goal of protecting the public from misinformation. Our goal is to develop a reliable model that classifies a given news article as either fake or true. Our model is designed to emulate the functionality of the BS Detector, a popular extension for Chrome that automatically flags articles, websites and content as BS. Our simple models give us accuracy of up to 82%.
Ca2+ signalling between single L-type Ca2+ channels and ryanodine receptors in heart cells

Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is a general mechanism that most cells use to amplify Ca2+ signals. In heart cells, this mechanism is operated between voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels (LCCs) in the plasma membrane and Ca2+ release channels, commonly known as ryanodine receptors, in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Ca2+ influx through LCCs traverses a cleft of roughly 12 nm formed by the cell surface and the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, and activates adjacent ryanodine receptors to release Ca2+ in the form of Ca2+ sparks. Here we determine the kinetics, fidelity and stoichiometry of coupling between LCCs and ryanodine receptors. We show that the local Ca2+ signal produced by a single opening of an LCC, named a ‘Ca2+ sparklet’, can trigger about 4–6 ryanodine receptors to generate a Ca2+ spark. The coupling between LCCs and ryanodine receptors is stochastic, as judged by the exponential distribution of the coupling latency. The fraction of sparklets that successfully triggers a spark is less than unity and declines in a use-dependent manner. This optical analysis of single-channel communication affords a powerful means for elucidating Ca2+-signalling mechanisms at the molecular level.
A Theory for Gender Differences in Variability

The variability hypothesis (VH), also known as the greater male variability hypothesis, asserts that “males are more likely than females to vary from the norm in both physical and mental traits” [17, p. 1447]. The origin of the hypothesis is often traced back to Johann Meckel in the early eighteenth century, and it was used by Charles Darwin to help explain extreme male secondary sex characteristics in many species. In the first edition of Man and Woman (London, 1894), Havelock Ellis devoted an entire chapter to the variability hypothesis, and “asserted that both retardation and genius are more frequent among males than females” [17, p. 1447]. It should be emphasized that the VH says nothing about differences in means between males and females, and even for some physical attributes where the average values are significantly different, such as height, the variance in human males has been found to be significantly greater than that in females (e.g., ). Not surprisingly, all ten of the ten tallest humans are male, but five of the shortest ten humans are also male (e.g., , [20]). Strenuous objections have been raised over the years about the implications of VH for certain attributes. At the end of the last millenium, psychologist Stefanie Shields reported “For some scientists, the idea that females would be unlikely to excel suggested that it was unnecessary to provide them with opportunities to do so” [17, p. 1448], and concluded, “Early feminist researchers were largely responsible for its eventual decline” [17, p. 1447]. Since then, however, there has been a resurgence of research on VH. Although some of these more recent studies found “inconsistent support for the greater male variability hypothesis” [5, p. 329], and that“greater male variability with respect to mathematics is not ubiquitous” [10, p. 8801], many more (e.g., , , , [7], , , [11], , , ) have found VH to be valid in different contexts. Arden and Plomin “found greater variance . . .  among boys at every age except age two” [1, p. 39], and Machin and Pekkarinen found greater male variance in both mathematics and reading among boys and girls in thirty-five of the forty countries that participated in the 2003 Programme for International Student Assessment [14]. Halpern et al found that “Males are more variable on most measures of quantitative and visuospatial ability, which necessarily results in more males at both highand low-ability extremes” [7, p. 1], and He et al reported that the results of their studies in mainland China “supported
Primary repair of bilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity.

After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. List five principles that guide synchronous repair of bilateral complete cleft lip and nasal deformity. 2. Explain how different growth rates for the principal nasolabial features are applied during primary repair. 3. Describe two approaches for positioning the alar cartilages to form the columella. 4. Discuss the influences on referral patterns for a newborn with bilateral cleft lip. --Traditional repair of bilateral cleft lip focused on labial closure but accentuated the nasal deformities, which were addressed later. By the end of the past century, single-staged labial closure had replaced the old multistaged procedures and the technical emphasis had begun to shift from secondary to primary nasal correction. Now, presurgical maxillary orthopedics sets the bony foundation for synchronous nasolabial repair and for closure of the alveolar clefts. The study of normal nasolabial growth and the typical stigmata of the conventional methods provides the necessary foreknowledge to guide surgical sculpture in three dimensions and to anticipate the fourth dimension. The convergence of several forces are changing referral lines for children born with bilateral cleft lip. These include affirmation of centers of excellence, surgeons' self-regulation, prenatal diagnosis, economics of health-care delivery, and increasing parental sophistication. These pressures are not necessarily in conflict. Care by a subspecialized plastic surgeon and experienced team is in the best interests of the child and the third-party payer.