nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Channel Modeling of Miniaturized Battery-Powered Capacitive Human Body Communication Systems

The purpose of this contribution is to estimate the path loss of capacitive human body communication (HBC) systems under practical conditions.  Most prior work utilizes large grounded instruments to perform path loss measurements, resulting in overly optimistic path loss estimates for wearable HBC devices. In this paper, small battery-powered transmitter and receiver devices are implemented to measure path loss under realistic assumptions. A hybrid electrostatic finite element method simulation model is presented that validates measurements and enables rapid and accurate characterization of future capacitive HBC systems.   Measurements from form-factor-accurate prototypes reveal path loss results between 31.7 and 42.2 dB from 20 to 150 MHz. Simulation results matched measurements within 2.5 dB. Comeasurements using large grounded benchtop vector network analyzer (VNA) and large battery-powered spectrum analyzer (SA) underestimate path loss by up to 33.6 and 8.2 dB, respectively. Measurements utilizing a VNA with baluns, or large battery-powered SAs with baluns still underestimate path loss by up to 24.3 and 6.7 dB, respectively.  Measurements of path loss in capacitive HBC systems strongly depend on instrumentation configurations. It is thus imperative to simulate or measure path loss in capacitive HBC systems utilizing realistic geometries and grounding configurations.  HBC has a great potential for many emerging wearable devices and applications; accurate path loss estimation will improve system-level design leading to viable products.
Biatriospora (Ascomycota: Pleosporales) is an ecologically diverse genus including facultative marine fungi and endophytes with biotechnological potential

Biatriospora ( Pleosporales, Biatriosporaceae) is a genus with unexplored diversity and poorly known ecology. This work expands the Biatriospora taxonomic and ecological concept by describing four new species found as endophytes of woody plants in temperate forests of the Czech Republic and in tropical regions, including Amazonia. Ribosomal DNA sequences, together with protein-coding genes (RPB2, EF1α), growth rates and morphology, were used for species delimitation and description. Ecological data gathered by this and previous studies and the inclusion of sequences deposited in public databases show that Biatriospora contains species that are endophytes of angiosperms in temperate and tropical regions as well as species that live in marine or estuarine environments. These findings show that this genus is more diverse and has more host associations than has been described previously. The possible adaptations enabling the broad ecological range of these fungi are discussed. Due to the importance that Biatriospora species have in bioprospecting natural products, we suggest that the species introduced here warrant further investigation.
Emergence of Epidemic Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup X Meningitis in Togo and Burkina Faso

Serogroup X meningococci (NmX) historically have caused sporadic and clustered meningitis cases in sub-Saharan Africa. To study recent NmX epidemiology, we analyzed data from population-based, sentinel and passive surveillance, and outbreak investigations of bacterial meningitis in Togo and Burkina Faso during 2006-2010. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were analyzed by PCR. In Togo during 2006-2009, NmX accounted for 16% of the 702 confirmed bacterial meningitis cases. Kozah district experienced an NmX outbreak in March 2007 with an NmX seasonal cumulative incidence of 33/100,000. In Burkina Faso during 2007-2010, NmX accounted for 7% of the 778 confirmed bacterial meningitis cases, with an increase from 2009 to 2010 (4% to 35% of all confirmed cases, respectively). In 2010, NmX epidemics occurred in northern and central regions of Burkina Faso; the highest district cumulative incidence of NmX was estimated as 130/100,000 during March-April. Although limited to a few districts, we have documented NmX meningitis epidemics occurring with a seasonal incidence previously only reported in the meningitis belt for NmW135 and NmA, which argues for development of an NmX vaccine.
Evolving Deep Convolutional Neural Networks by Variable-Length Particle Swarm Optimization for Image Classification

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are one of the most effective deep learning methods to solve image classification problems, but the best architecture of a CNN to solve a specific problem can be extremely complicated and hard to design. This paper focuses on utilising Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) to automatically search for the optimal architecture of CNNs without any manual work involved. In order to achieve the goal, three improvements are made based on traditional PSO. First, a novel encoding strategy inspired by computer networks which empowers particle vectors to easily encode CNN layers is proposed; Second, in order to allow the proposed method to learn variable-length CNN architectures, a Disabled layer is designed to hide some dimensions of the particle vector to achieve variable-length particles; Third, since the learning process on large data is slow, partial datasets are randomly picked for the evaluation to dramatically speed it up. The proposed algorithm is examined and compared with 12 existing algorithms including the state-of-art methods on three widely used image classification benchmark datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is a strong competitor to the state-of-art algorithms in terms of classification error. This is the first work using PSO for automatically evolving the architectures of CNNs.
all-about-forensic -

1 Since the 1970s, investigative profilers at the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit (now part of the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime) have been assisting local, state, and federal agencies in narrowing investigations by providing criminal personality profiles. An attempt is now being made to describe this criminal-profile-generating process. A series of five overlapping stages lead to the sixth stage, or the goal of apprehension of the offender: (1) profiling inputs, (2) decision-process models, (3) crime assessment, (4) the criminal profile, (5) investigation, and (6) apprehension. Two key feedback filters in the process are: (a) achieving congruence with the evidence, with decision models, and with investigation recommendations, and (6) the addition of new evidence. "You wanted to mock yourself at me!. .. You did not know your Hercule Poirot." He thrust out his chest and twirled his moustache. I looked at him and grinned. .. "All right then," I said. "Give us the answer to the problems-if you know it." "But of course I know it." Hardcastle stared at him incredulously…"Excuse me. Monsieur Poirot, you claim that you know who killed three people. And why?...All you mean is that you have a hunch" I will not quarrel with you over a word…Come now. Inspector. I know – really know…I perceive you are still sceptic. But first let me say this. To be sure means that when the right solution is reached, everything falls into place. You perceive that in no other way could things have happened. " The ability of Hercule Poirot to solve a crime by describing the perpetrator is a skill shared by the expert investigative profiler. Evidence speaks its own language of patterns and sequences that can reveal the offender's behavioral characteristics. Like Poirot, the profiler can say. "I know who he must be." This article focuses on the developing technique of criminal profiling. Special agents at the FBI Academy have demonstrated expertise in crime scene analysis of various violent crimes, particularly those involving sexual homicide. This article discusses the history of profiling and the criminal-profile-generating process and provides a case example to illustrate the technique. Criminal profiling has been used successfully by law enforcement in several areas and is a valued means by which to narrow the field of investigation. Profiling does not provide the specific identity of the offender. Rather, it indicates the kind of person most likely to have committed a crime …
Recent Advances in Genome Editing Using CRISPR/Cas9

The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9 (CRISPR-associated nuclease 9) system is a versatile tool for genome engineering that uses a guide RNA (gRNA) to target Cas9 to a specific sequence. This simple RNA-guided genome-editing technology has become a revolutionary tool in biology and has many innovative applications in different fields. In this review, we briefly introduce the Cas9-mediated genome-editing method, summarize the recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and discuss their implications for plant research. To date, targeted gene knockout using the Cas9/gRNA system has been established in many plant species, and the targeting efficiency and capacity of Cas9 has been improved by optimizing its expression and that of its gRNA. The CRISPR/Cas9 system can also be used for sequence-specific mutagenesis/integration and transcriptional control of target genes. We also discuss off-target effects and the constraint that the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) puts on CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering. To address these problems, a number of bioinformatic tools are available to help design specific gRNAs, and new Cas9 variants and orthologs with high fidelity and alternative PAM specificities have been engineered. Owing to these recent efforts, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is becoming a revolutionary and flexible tool for genome engineering. Adoption of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology in plant research would enable the investigation of plant biology at an unprecedented depth and create innovative applications in precise crop breeding.
Comprison of canny and sobel edge detection in MRI images

Feature extraction approach in medical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very important in order to perform diagnostic image analysis . Edge detection is one of the way to extract more information from magnetic resonance images. Edge detection reduces the amount of data and filters out useless information, while protecting the important structural properties in an image . In this paper, we compare Sobel and Canny edge detection method. In order to compare between them, one slice of MRI image tested with both method. Both method of the edge detection operators are implemented with convolution masks. Sobel method with 3x3 masks while canny used adjustable mask. Those masks will determine the quality of the edge. Edges areas represent a strong intensity contrast which is darker or brighter. Keyword: MRI, Edge detection, Canny method
Design of dual-polarized slotted waveguide array

A dual polarized waveguide slotted array antenna is presented. A 45deg slant left polarization slot array is interlaced with a 45deg slant right polarization slot array within a common antenna structure to provide the capability of transmitting and receiving simultaneous dual orthogonal linear polarization states. The signals exhibiting dual orthogonal polarization states can have the same frequency range or different frequency bands. The design has a compact structure by the use of ridged waveguide slot radiators. Advantageously, it can be fed by a waveguide-implemented distribution network mounted to the rear of the antenna to broaden the bandwidth. A dual circularly polarized waveguide slotted array can also be realized by the use of a 3-dB coupler.
PREDICTION OF LIGHT GAS DISTRIBUTION IN CONTAINMENT EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES USING CFX 4 CODE : JOZEF STEFAN INSTITUTE EXPERIENCE

Two and three-dimensional simulations of experiments on atmosphere mixing and stratification in a nuclear power plant containment were performed with the code CFX4.4, with the inclusion of simple models for steam condensation. The purpose was to assess the applicability of the approach to simulate the behaviour of light gases in containments at accident conditions. The comparisons of experimental and simulated results show that, despite a tendency to simulate more intensive mixing, the proposed approach may replicate the non-homogeneous structure of the atmosphere reasonably well.  One of the nuclear reactor safety issues that have lately been considered using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes is the problem of predicting the eventual non-homogeneous concentration of light flammable gas (hydrogen) in the containment of a nuclear power plant (NPP) at accident conditions. During a hypothetical severe accident in a Pressurized Water Reactor NPP, hydrogen could be generated due to Zircaloy oxidation in the reactor core. Eventual high concentrations of hydrogen in some parts of the containment could cause hydrogen ignition and combustion, which could threaten the containment integrity. The purpose of theoretical investigations is to predict hydrogen behaviour at accident conditions prior to combustion. In the past few years, many investigations about the possible application of CFD codes for this purpose have been started [1-5]. CFD codes solve the transport mass, momentum and energy equations when a fluid system is modelled using local instantaneous description. Some codes, which also use local instantaneous description, have been developed specifically for nuclear applications [68]. Although many CFD codes are multi-purpose, some of them still lack some models, which are necessary for adequate simulations of containment phenomena. In particular, the modelling of steam condensation often has to be incorporated in the codes by the users. These theoretical investigations are complemented by adequate experiments. Recently, the following novel integral experimental facilities have been set up in Europe: TOSQAN [9,10], at the Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN) in Saclay (France), , at the
Ergogenic effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on intermittent exercise performance preceded by intense arm cranking exercise

Caffeine and sodium bicarbonate ingestion have been suggested to improve high-intensity intermittent exercise, but it is unclear if these ergogenic substances affect performance under provoked metabolic acidification. To study the effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate on intense intermittent exercise performance and metabolic markers under exercise-induced acidification, intense arm-cranking exercise was performed prior to intense intermittent running after intake of placebo, caffeine and sodium bicarbonate.



Male team-sports athletes (n = 12) ingested sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3; 0.4 g.kg(-1) b.w.), caffeine (CAF; 6 mg.kg(-1) b.w.) or placebo (PLA) on three different occasions. Thereafter, participants engaged in intense arm exercise prior to the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level-2 (Yo-Yo IR2). Heart rate, blood lactate and glucose as well as rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined during the protocol.



CAF and NaHCO3 elicited a 14 and 23% improvement (P < 0.05), respectively, in Yo-Yo IR2 performance, post arm exercise compared to PLA. The NaHCO3 trial displayed higher [blood lactate] (P < 0.05) compared to CAF and PLA (10.5 ± 1.9 vs. 8.8 ± 1.7 and 7.7 ± 2.0 mmol.L(-1), respectively) after the Yo-Yo IR2. At exhaustion CAF demonstrated higher (P < 0.05) [blood glucose] compared to PLA and NaHCO3 (5.5 ± 0.7 vs. 4.2 ± 0.9 vs. 4.1 ± 0.9 mmol.L(-1), respectively). RPE was lower (P < 0.05) during the Yo-Yo IR2 test in the NaHCO3 trial in comparison to CAF and PLA, while no difference in heart rate was observed between trials.



Caffeine and sodium bicarbonate administration improved Yo-Yo IR2 performance and lowered perceived exertion after intense arm cranking exercise, with greater overall effects of sodium bicarbonate intake.
Image steganography with using QR code and cryptography

This paper is focused on proposal of image steganographic method that is able to embedding of encoded secret message using Quick Response Code (QR) code into image data. Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT) domain is used for the embedding of QR code, while embedding process is additionally protected by Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher algorithm. In addition, typical characteristics of QR code was broken using the encryption, therefore it makes the method more secure. The aim of this paper is design of image steganographic method with high secure level and high non-perceptibility level. The relation between security and capacity of the method was improved by special compression of QR code before the embedding process. Efficiency of the proposed method was measured by Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and achieved results were compared with other steganographic tools.
Phenotypic and genetic parameters for body weights and antibody response against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine for Kuchi chicken ecotype of Tanzania under extensive management

This study was carried out to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters for body weights and primary antibody response (Ab) against Newcastle diseases virus (NDV) vaccine for Kuchi chicken ecotype of Tanzania managed extensively. Body weight was evaluated at 8 (Bwt8), 12 (Bwt12), 16 (Bwt16) and 20 (Bwt20) weeks of age, while Ab against NDV vaccine was evaluated at 6 weeks of age (2 weeks post-vaccination). Number of birds per trait varied from 373 to 430. Mean value ± standard error (SE) over both sexes for Bwt8, Bwt12, Bwt12 and Bwt20 were 348 ± 2.8, 685 ± 5.3 g, 974 ± 6.4 g and 1,188 ± 7.3 g, respectively. Mean Ab value (HI titre in log2) against NDV vaccine was 4.69 ± 0.06. Heritability values ± SE for Bwt8, Bwt12, Bwt16, Bwt20 and Ab against NDV vaccine were 0.30 ± 0.13, 0.34 ± 0.12, 0.37 ± 0.11, 0.39 ± 0.12 and 0.22 ± 0.08, respectively. Genetic (r g) and phenotypic (r p) correlations were positive and high among body weights (i.e. r g = 0.53 to 0.74 and r p = 0.44 to 0.64), and were negative and low (i.e. around 0.10 and below) among Ab against NDV vaccine and body weights. Based on these estimates, it was concluded that growth performance for Kuchi chicken under extensive management is still poor. Adequate additive genetic variations exist for body weights and Ab against NDV vaccine under extensive management, thus they can be improved through selection under such environment, and further that both traits (body weight(s) and Ab) can be improved/selected simultaneously without significant reduction in genetic gain (response) for each trait.
Price Rigidity : Microeconomic Evidence and Macroeconomic Implications

We review recent evidence on price rigidity from themacroeconomics literature and discuss how this evidence is used to inform macroeconomic modeling. Sluggish price adjustment is a leading explanation for the large effects of demand shocks on output and, in particular, the effects of monetary policy on output. A recent influx of data on individual prices has greatly deepenedmacroeconomists’ understanding of individual price dynamics. However, the analysis of these new data raises a host of new empirical issues that have not traditionally been confronted by parsimonious macroeconomic models of price setting. Simple statistics such as the frequency of price change may be misleading guides to the flexibility of the aggregate price level in a setting in which temporary sales, product churning, cross-sectional heterogeneity, and large idiosyncratic price movements play an important role. We discuss empirical evidence on these and other important features of micro price adjustment and ask how they affect the sluggishness of aggregate price adjustment and the economy’s response to demand shocks. 133 A nn u. R ev . E co n. 2 01 3. 5: 13 316 3. D ow nl oa de d fr om w w w .a nn ua lr ev ie w s. or g by P ro f. J on S te in ss on o n 08 /0 5/ 13 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y.
Ghrelin increases slow wave sleep and stage 2 sleep and decreases stage 1 sleep and REM sleep in elderly men but does not affect sleep in elderly women

Ghrelin increases non-REM sleep and decreases REM sleep in young men but does not affect sleep in young women. In both sexes, ghrelin stimulates the activity of the somatotropic and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as indicated by increased growth hormone (GH) and cortisol plasma levels. These two endocrine axes are crucially involved in sleep regulation. As various endocrine effects are age-dependent, aim was to study ghrelin's effect on sleep and secretion of GH and cortisol in elderly humans. Sleep-EEGs (2300-0700 h) and secretion profiles of GH and cortisol (2000-0700 h) were determined in 10 elderly men (64.0+/-2.2 years) and 10 elderly, postmenopausal women (63.0+/-2.9 years) twice, receiving 50 microg ghrelin or placebo at 2200, 2300, 0000, and 0100 h, in this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study. In men, ghrelin compared to placebo was associated with significantly more stage 2 sleep (placebo: 183.3+/-6.1; ghrelin: 221.0+/-12.2 min), slow wave sleep (placebo: 33.4+/-5.1; ghrelin: 44.3+/-7.7 min) and non-REM sleep (placebo: 272.6+/-12.8; ghrelin: 318.2+/-11.0 min). Stage 1 sleep (placebo: 56.9+/-8.7; ghrelin: 50.9+/-7.6 min) and REM sleep (placebo: 71.9+/-9.1; ghrelin: 52.5+/-5.9 min) were significantly reduced. Furthermore, delta power in men was significantly higher and alpha power and beta power were significantly lower after ghrelin than after placebo injection during the first half of night. In women, no effects on sleep were observed. In both sexes, ghrelin caused comparable increases and secretion patterns of GH and cortisol. In conclusion, ghrelin affects sleep in elderly men but not women resembling findings in young subjects.
Modified shoelace technique for delayed primary closure of the thigh after acute compartment syndrome.

The authors report a case of acute compartment syndrome in the thigh in a 19-year-old man with multiple injuries including fracture of the femoral diaphysis. Decompressive fasciotomy was performed emergently. Complete progressive closure of the wound without split-thickness skin grafting was achieved using a modified shoelace technique: sutures were run inside wide drains placed in contact with the muscles and were then tightened over the skin. These drains enlarged the contact area between sutures and muscles, preventing damage to muscles.
Gene Therapy.

Gene therapy refers to a rapidly growing field of medicine in which genes are introduced into the body to treat or prevent diseases. Although a variety of methods can be used to deliver the genetic materials into the target cells and tissues, modified viral vectors represent one of the more common delivery routes because of its transduction efficiency for therapeutic genes. Since the introduction of gene therapy concept in the 1970s, the field has advanced considerably with notable clinical successes being demonstrated in many clinical indications in which no standard treatment options are currently available. It is anticipated that the clinical success the field observed in recent years can drive requirements for more scalable, robust, cost effective, and regulatory-compliant manufacturing processes. This review provides a brief overview of the current manufacturing technologies for viral vectors production, drawing attention to the common upstream and downstream production process platform that is applicable across various classes of viral vectors and their unique manufacturing challenges as compared to other biologics. In addition, a case study of an industry-scale cGMP production of an AAV-based gene therapy product performed at 2,000 L-scale is presented. The experience and lessons learned from this largest viral gene therapy vector production run conducted to date as discussed and highlighted in this review should contribute to future development of commercial viable scalable processes for vial gene therapies.