nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Google Android a mobile platform: A review

At present smart phone usage is increasing dramatically due to their extended functionality than cell phones. Smartphones are like small computer which accompany us everywhere and allow us to access various functionalities. Smart phone is a personnel device which provides entertainment, information, making call, writing SMS and accessing different applications like check the email, to browse the Internet or to play games with our friends. We have to install applications on our smartphone in order to take all the advantage that these devices offer. The increasing importance of smart phones has increased competition among technology giants to take over the bigger part of the market share for mobile platform. As a result, in 2005 Google introduced Android (developed by Andy Rubin the Director of Mobile Platforms for Google), an open source mobile platform for smart phone devices which is consisting of a Linux Kernel, runtime environment, development framework, libraries and key applications. This paper aims to deal with the comparison between different smartphones like Android OS (Google), iOS (Apple), Symbian (Nokia) & Blackberry OS (RIM).
Combating Pathogenic Microorganisms Using Plant-Derived Antimicrobials: A Minireview of the Mechanistic Basis

The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has led to renewed interest in exploring the potential of plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) as an alternative therapeutic strategy to combat microbial infections. Historically, plant extracts have been used as a safe, effective, and natural remedy for ailments and diseases in traditional medicine. Extensive research in the last two decades has identified a plethora of PDAs with a wide spectrum of activity against a variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens causing infections in humans and animals. Active components of many plant extracts have been characterized and are commercially available; however, research delineating the mechanistic basis of their antimicrobial action is scanty. This review highlights the potential of various plant-derived compounds to control pathogenic bacteria, especially the diverse effects exerted by plant compounds on various virulence factors that are critical for pathogenicity inside the host. In addition, the potential effect of PDAs on gut microbiota is discussed.
Cross Feedforward Cascode Compensation for Low-Power Three-Stage Amplifier With Large Capacitive Load

An area-efficient cross feedforward cascode compensation (CFCC) technique is presented for a three-stage amplifier. The proposed amplifier is capable of driving heavy capacitive load at low power consumption but not dedicated to heavy load currents or heavy resistive loading. The CFCC technique enables the nondominant complex poles of the amplifier to be located at high frequencies, resulting in bandwidth extension. The amplifier can be stabilized with a cascode compensation capacitor of only 1.15 pF when driving a 500-pF capacitive load, greatly reducing the overall area of the amplifier. In addition, the presence of two left-hand-plane (LHP) zeros in the proposed scheme improves the phase margin and relaxes the stability criteria. The proposed technique has been implemented and fabricated in a UMC 65-nm CMOS process and it achieves a 2-MHz gain-bandwidth product (GBW) when driving a 500-pF capacitive load by consuming only 20.4 μW at a 1.2-V supply. The proposed compensation technique compares favorably in terms of figures-of-merit (FOM) to previously reported works. Most significantly, the CFCC amplifier achieves the highest load capacitance to total compensation capacitance ratio (CL/CT) of all its counterparts.
Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic screening.

Epidemiologic studies of the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease have used clinical screening with echocardiographic confirmation of suspected cases. We hypothesized that echocardiographic screening of all surveyed children would show a significantly higher prevalence of rheumatic heart disease.



Randomly selected schoolchildren from 6 through 17 years of age in Cambodia and Mozambique were screened for rheumatic heart disease according to standard clinical and echocardiographic criteria.



Clinical examination detected rheumatic heart disease that was confirmed by echocardiography in 8 of 3677 children in Cambodia and 5 of 2170 children in Mozambique; the corresponding prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 2.2 cases per 1000 (95% CI, 0.7 to 3.7) for Cambodia and 2.3 cases per 1000 (95% CI, 0.3 to 4.3) for Mozambique. In contrast, echocardiographic screening detected 79 cases of rheumatic heart disease in Cambodia and 66 cases in Mozambique, corresponding to prevalence rates of 21.5 cases per 1000 (95% CI, 16.8 to 26.2) and 30.4 cases per 1000 (95% CI, 23.2 to 37.6), respectively. The mitral valve was involved in the great majority of cases (87.3% in Cambodia and 98.4% in Mozambique).



Systematic screening with echocardiography, as compared with clinical screening, reveals a much higher prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (approximately 10 times as great). Since rheumatic heart disease frequently has devastating clinical consequences and secondary prevention may be effective after accurate identification of early cases, these results have important public health implications.
Antacid therapy and nutritional supplementation in the prevention of Curling's ulcer.

The incidence of clinically evident Curling's ulcer among 109 potentially salvageable severely burned patients was reviewed. These patients, who had greater than a 40 per cent body surface area burn, received one of these three treatment regimens: antacids hourly until autografting was complete, antacids hourly during the early postburn period followed by nutritional supplementation with Vivonex until autografting was complete or no antacids during the early postburn period but subsequent nutritional supplementation with Vivonex until autografting was complete. Clinically evident Curling's ulcer occurred in three patients. This incidence approximates the lowest reported among severely burned patients treated prophylactically with acid-reducing regimens to minimize clinically evident Curling's ulcer. In addition to its protective effect on Curling's ulcer, Vivonex, when used in combination with a high protein, high caloric diet, meets the caloric needs of the severely burned patient. Probably, Vivonex, which has a pH range of 4.5 to 5.4 protects against clinically evident Curling's ulcer by a dilutional alkalinization of gastric secretion.
Online Communication and Adolescent Well-Being: Testing the Stimulation Versus the Displacement Hypothesis

The aim of this study was to contrast the validity of two opposing explanatory hypotheses about the effect of online communication on adolescents' well-being. The displacement hypothesis predicts that online communication reduces adolescents' well-being because it displaces time spent with existing friends, thereby reducing the quality of these friendships. In contrast, the stimulation hypothesis states that online communication stimulates well-being via its positive effect on time spent with existing friends and the quality of these friendships. We conducted an online survey among 1,210 Dutch teenagers between 10 and 17 years of age. Using mediation analyses, we found support for the stimulation hypothesis but not for the displacement hypothesis. We also found a moderating effect of type of online communication on adolescents' well-being: Instant messaging, which was mostly used to communicate with existing friends, positively predicted well-being via the mediating variables (a) time spent with existing friends and (b) the quality of these friendships. Chat in a public chatroom, which was relatively often used to talk with strangers, had no effect on adolescents' wellbeing via the mediating variables.
The Potential of Natural Waste ( Corn Husk ) for Production of Environmental Friendly Biodegradable Film for Seedling

The use of plastic materials in agriculture causes serious hazards to the environment. The introduction of biodegradable materials, which can be disposed directly into the soil can be one possible solution to this problem. In the present research results of experimental tests carried out on biodegradable film fabricated from natural waste (corn husk) are presented. The film was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic force microscope (AFM) observation. The film is shown to be readily degraded within 7-9 months under controlled soil conditions, indicating a high biodegradability rate. The film fabricated was use to produce biodegradable pot (BioPot) for seedlings plantation. The introduction and the expanding use of biodegradable materials represent a really promising alternative for enhancing sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural activities. Environment, waste, plastic, biodegradable.
Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Intercontinental air travel can be stressful, especially for respiratory health. Elderberries have been used traditionally, and in some observational and clinical studies, as supportive agents against the common cold and influenza. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of 312 economy class passengers travelling from Australia to an overseas destination aimed to investigate if a standardised membrane filtered elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract has beneficial effects on physical, especially respiratory, and mental health. Cold episodes, cold duration and symptoms were noted in a daily diary and assessed using the Jackson score. Participants also completed three surveys containing questions regarding upper respiratory symptoms (WURSS-21) and quality of life (SF-12) at baseline, just before travel and at 4-days after travel. Most cold episodes occurred in the placebo group (17 vs. 12), however the difference was not significant (p = 0.4). Placebo group participants had a significantly longer duration of cold episode days (117 vs. 57, p = 0.02) and the average symptom score over these days was also significantly higher (583 vs. 247, p = 0.05). These data suggest a significant reduction of cold duration and severity in air travelers. More research is warranted to confirm this effect and to evaluate elderberry's physical and mental health benefits.
Analyzing and predicting news popularity on Twitter

Twitter is not only a social network, but also an increasingly important news media. In Twitter, retweeting is the most important information propagation mechanism, and supernodes (news medias) that have many followers are the most important information sources. Therefore, it is important to understand the news retweet propagation from supernodes and predict news popularity quickly at the very first few seconds upon publishing. Such understanding and prediction will benefit many applications such as social media management, advertisement and interaction optimization between news medias and followers. In this paper, we identify the characteristics of news propagation from supernodes from the trace data we crawled from Twitter. Based on the characteristics, we build a news popularity prediction model that can predict the final number of retweets of a news tweet very quickly. Through trace-driven experiments, we then validate our prediction model by comparing our predicted popularity and real popularity, and show its superior performance in comparison with the regression prediction model. From the study, we found that the average interaction frequency between the retweeters and the news source is correlated with news popularity. Also, the negative sentiment of news has some correlations with retweet popularity while the positive sentiment of news does not have such obvious correlation.
Estimation of absolute vehicle speed using fuzzy logic rule-based Kalman filter

Accurate knowledge on the absolute or true speed of a vehicle, if and when available, can be used to enhance advanced vehicle dynamics control systems such as anti-lock brake systems (ABS) and auto-traction systems (ATS) control schemes. Current conventional method uses wheel speed measurements to estimate the speed of the vehicle. As a result, indication of the vehicle speed becomes erroneous and, thus, unreliable when large slips occur between the wheels and terrain. This paper describes a fuzzy rule-based Kalman filtering technique which employs an additional accelerometer to complement the wheel-based speed sensor, and produce an accurate estimation of the true speed of a vehicle. We use the Kalman filters to deal with the noise and uncertainties in the speed and acceleration models, and fuzzy logic to tune the covariances and reset the initialization of the filter according to slip conditions detected and measurement-estimation condition. Experiments were conducted using an actual vehicle to verify the proposed strategy. Application of the fuzzy logic rule-based Kalman filter shows that accurate estimates of the absolute speed can be achieved euen under sagnapcant brakang skzd and traction slip conditions.
Virtual Machine Introspection: Techniques and Applications

Virtual Machine Introspection (VMI) is a technique that enables monitoring virtual machines at the hypervisor layer. This monitoring concept has gained recently a considerable focus in computer security research due to its complete but semantic less visibility on virtual machines activities and isolation from them. VMI works range from addressing the semantic gap problem to leveraging explored VMI techniques in order to provide novel hypervisor-based services that belong to different fields. This paper aims to survey and classify existing VMI techniques and their applications.
Learning to Map Natural Language Statements into Knowledge Base Representations for Knowledge Base Construction

Directly adding the knowledge triples obtained from open information extraction systems into a knowledge base is often impractical due to a vocabulary gap between natural language (NL) expressions and knowledge base (KB) representation. This paper aims at learning to map relational phrases in triples from natural-language-like statement to knowledge base predicate format. We train a word representation model on a vector space and link each NL relational pattern to the semantically equivalent KB predicate. Our mapping result shows not only high quality, but also promising coverage on relational phrases compared to previous research.
Speech Emotion Recognition Considering Local Dynamic Features

Recently, increasing attention has been directed to the study of the speech emotion recognition, in which global acoustic features of an utterance are mostly used to eliminate the content differences. However, the expression of speech emotion is a dynamic process, which is reflected through dynamic durations, energies, and some other prosodic information when one speaks. In this paper, a novel local dynamic pitch probability distribution feature, which is obtained by drawing the histogram, is proposed to improve the accuracy of speech emotion recognition. Compared with most of the previous works using global features, the proposed method takes advantage of the local dynamic information conveyed by the emotional speech. Several experiments on Berlin Database of Emotional Speech are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results demonstrate that the local dynamic information obtained with the proposed method is more effective for speech emotion recognition than the traditional global features.
Advanced Grid Synchronization System for Power Converters under Unbalanced and Distorted Operating Conditions

This paper proposes a new technique for grid synchronization under unbalanced and distorted conditions, i.e., the dual second order generalised integrator - frequency-locked loop (DSOGI-FLL). This grid synchronization system results from the application of the instantaneous symmetrical components method on the stationary and orthogonal alphabeta reference frame. The second order generalized integrator concept (SOGI) is exploited to generate in-quadrature signals used on the alphabeta reference frame. The frequency-adaptive characteristic is achieved by a simple control loop, without using either phase-angles or trigonometric functions. In this paper, the development of the DSOGI-FLL is plainly exposed and hypothesis and conclusions are verified by simulation and experimental results
App Inventor - Create Your Own Android Apps

Computers, even small ones like the phone in your pocket, are good at performing thousands of operations in just a few seconds. Even more impressively, they can also make decisions based on the data in their memory banks and logic specified by the programmer. This decision-making capability is probably the key ingredient of what people think of as artificial intelligence—and it’s definitely a very important part of creating smart, interesting apps! In this chapter, we’ll explore how to build decision-making logic into your apps.
An Ontology-Based System for Cancer Diseases Knowledge Management

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 200 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected. This paper discusses the technical aspects of some of the ontology-based medical systems for cancer diseases. It also proposes an ontology based system for cancer diseases knowledge management. The system can be used to help patients, students and physicians to decide what cancer type the patient has, what is the stage of the cancer and how it can be treated. The system performance and accuracy are acceptable, with a cancer diseases classification accuracy of 92%.
Electromagnetic wave interactions with a metamaterial cloak.

We establish analytically the interactions of electromagnetic wave with a general class of spherical cloaks based on a full wave Mie scattering model. We show that for an ideal cloak the total scattering cross section is absolutely zero, but for a cloak with a specific type of loss, only the backscattering is exactly zero, which indicates the cloak can still be rendered invisible with a monostatic (transmitter and receiver in the same location) detection. Furthermore, we show that for a cloak with imperfect parameters the bistatic (transmitter and receiver in different locations) scattering performance is more sensitive to eta(t)=square root micro(t)/epsilon(t) than n(t)=square root micro(t)epsilon(t).
THE ROLE OF IMPUTATION IN DETECTING FRAUDULENT FINANCIAL REPORTING

Financial fraud detection plays a crucial role in the stability of institutions and the economy at large. Data mining methods have been used to detect/flag cases of fraud due to a large amount of data and possible concept drift. In the financial statement fraud detection domain, instances containing missing values are usually discarded from experiments and this may lead to a loss of crucial information. Imputation has been previously ruled out as an option to keep instances with missing values. This paper will examine the impact of imputation in financial statement fraud in two ways. Firstly, seven similarity measures are used to benchmark ground truth data against imputed datasets where seven imputation methods are used. Thereafter, the predictive performance of imputed datasets is compared to the original data classification using three cost-sensitive classifiers: Support Vector Machines, Näıve Bayes and Random Forest.
Information Propagation on Twitter

We analyze URL and tag propagation on Twitter social network with 54 million nodes and 1.5 billion edges, one of the largest social networks studied in academia. We specifically focus on the interplay of external and network influences. We attribute propagation to the network whenever a user mentions a tag or URL after one of its neighbors has previously mentioned it, and to external influence otherwise. We develop a new metric to measure external influence and an efficient algorithm to calculate it. The insight we obtain from the external influence metric paired with the analysis of cascade dynamics of the network influence, not only validates some of the previously observed phenomena in other social networks but also provides new insight into the interplay of network and external influences over the lifetime of memes in the network.
OFDM channel estimation and data detection with superimposed pilots

We propose three iterative superimposed-pilot based channel estimators for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Two are approximate maximum-likelihood, derived by using a Taylor expansion of the conditional probability density function of the received signal or by approximating the OFDM time signal as Gaussian, and one is minimum-mean square error. The complexity per iteration of these estimators is given by approximately O(NL2), O(N3) and O(NL), where N is the number of OFDM subcarriers and L is the channel length (time). Two direct (non-iterative) data detectors are also derived by averaging the log likelihood function over the channel statistics. These detectors require minimising the cost metric in an integer space, and we suggest the use of the sphere decoder for them. The Cramér--Rao bound for superimposed pilot based channel estimation is derived, and this bound is achieved by the proposed estimators. The optimal pilot placement is shown to be the equally spaced distribution of pilots. The bit error rate of the proposed estimators is simulated for N = 32 OFDM system. Our estimators perform fairly close to a separated training scheme, but without any loss of spectral efficiency.
Acute Compartment Syndrome in Orthopedics: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management

Almost all orthopaedic surgeons come across acute compartment syndrome (ACS) in their clinical practice. Diagnosis of ACS mostly relies on clinical findings. If the diagnosis is missed and left untreated, it can lead to serious consequences which can endanger limb and life of the patient and also risk the clinician to face lawsuits. This review article highlights the characteristic features of ACS which will help an orthopaedic surgeon to understand the pathophysiology, natural history, high risk patients, diagnosis, and surgical management of the condition.