nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Seismicity of the New Madrid Seismic Zone Derived from a Deep-Seated Strike-Slip Fault 1657

A conceptual three-dimensional flower structure model of strike-slip faulting is proposed to explain the occurrence of earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) and to illustrate the potential rupture faults for the 1811–1812 earthquake sequences. The proposed NMSZ model is based on elastic dislocation theory and concepts of material failure under a stress field. Using a conceptual model of a strike-slip subsidiary fault array, we identify tectonic features (geological structures) that are oriented properly relative to regional stresses and classify the regions where stresses might be expected to be amplified. The brittle upper crust in the vicinity of the NMSZ is modeled as a uniform overburden with a horizontal-basal surface, which rests on a horizontal ductile lower crust that is cut by a vertical, northeast-striking right-lateral strike-slip shear zone. We acknowledge that many favorably oriented preexisting faults have been exploited as components of the flower structure. The brittle overburden material is subject to simple shearing stress parallel to the deep-seated lower crustal shear zone, and preexisting faults of the Reelfoot rift system give the upper crust a mechanical anisotropy (planes of weakness striking northeast) that is the correct orientation for development of P shear faults. The deep-seated fault movement deforms the overlying upper crust that controls the structural geometry, the modern seismicity, and the large earthquake sequences in the NMSZ. The three-dimensional NMSZ model of faulting developed in this study shows that the Bootheel and Big Creek lineaments, inferred to be two subparallel P shear faults rooted in a deep-seated fault in the lower crust, are significant in shaping the geometry of the NMSZ. These series of faults produce a large-scale flower structure in cross section. The proposed NMSZ model uses the intersections of the deep-seated fault and the two subparallel P shear faults for the locations of the 1811 and 1812 earthquakes. The model gives rise to a predictable pattern of surface deformation that is in good agreement with the observed seismicity patterns in the region.
Okazaki fragment maturation: nucleases take centre stage.

Completion of lagging strand DNA synthesis requires processing of up to 50 million Okazaki fragments per cell cycle in mammalian cells. Even in yeast, the Okazaki fragment maturation happens approximately a million times during a single round of DNA replication. Therefore, efficient processing of Okazaki fragments is vital for DNA replication and cell proliferation. During this process, primase-synthesized RNA/DNA primers are removed, and Okazaki fragments are joined into an intact lagging strand DNA. The processing of RNA/DNA primers requires a group of structure-specific nucleases typified by flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1). Here, we summarize the distinct roles of these nucleases in different pathways for removal of RNA/DNA primers. Recent findings reveal that Okazaki fragment maturation is highly coordinated. The dynamic interactions of polymerase δ, FEN1 and DNA ligase I with proliferating cell nuclear antigen allow these enzymes to act sequentially during Okazaki fragment maturation. Such protein-protein interactions may be regulated by post-translational modifications. We also discuss studies using mutant mouse models that suggest two distinct cancer etiological mechanisms arising from defects in different steps of Okazaki fragment maturation. Mutations that affect the efficiency of RNA primer removal may result in accumulation of unligated nicks and DNA double-strand breaks. These DNA strand breaks can cause varying forms of chromosome aberrations, contributing to development of cancer that associates with aneuploidy and gross chromosomal rearrangement. On the other hand, mutations that impair editing out of polymerase α incorporation errors result in cancer displaying a strong mutator phenotype.
Arthroscopically-Asissted Achilles Tendon Repair; Long-Term Results

This open-access article is published and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial No Derivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits the noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction of the article in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. You may not alter, transform, or build upon this article without the permission of the Author(s). For reprints and permission queries, please visit SAGE’s Web site at http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav. Arthroscopically-Asissted Achilles Tendon Repair; Long-Term Results
Simple, Robust and Optimal Ranking from Pairwise Comparisons

We consider data in the form of pairwise comparisons of n items, with the goal of identifying the top k items for some value of k < n, or alternatively, recovering a ranking of all the items. We analyze the Borda counting algorithm that ranks the items in order of the number of pairwise comparisons won, and show it has three attractive features: (a) it is an optimal method achieving the information-theoretic limits up to constant factors; (b) it is robust in that its optimality holds without imposing conditions on the underlying matrix of pairwise-comparison probabilities, in contrast to some prior work that applies only to the BTL parametric model; and (c) its computational efficiency leads to speed-ups of several orders of magnitude. We address the problem of exact recovery, and for the top-k recovery problem we also extend our results to obtain sharp guarantees for approximate recovery under the Hamming distortion metric, and more generally, to any arbitrary error requirement that satisfies a simple and natural monotonicity condition. In doing so, we introduce a general framework that allows us to treat a variety of problems in the literature in an unified manner.
Metal-to-semiconductor transition in squashed armchair carbon nanotubes.

We investigate electronic transport properties of the squashed armchair carbon nanotubes, using tight-binding molecular dynamics and the Green's function method. We demonstrate a metal-to-semiconductor transition while squashing the nanotubes and a general mechanism for such a transition. It is the distinction of the two sublattices in the nanotube that opens an energy gap near the Fermi energy. We show that the transition has to be achieved by a combined effect of breaking of mirror symmetry and bond formation between the flattened faces in the squashed nanotubes.
Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) often display symptoms from other diagnostic categories. Studies of clinical and psychosocial outcome in adult patients with ASDs without concomitant intellectual disability are few. The objective of this paper is to describe the clinical psychiatric presentation and important outcome measures of a large group of normal-intelligence adult patients with ASDs.



Autistic symptomatology according to the DSM-IV-criteria and the Gillberg & Gillberg research criteria, patterns of comorbid psychopathology and psychosocial outcome were assessed in 122 consecutively referred adults with normal intelligence ASDs. The subjects consisted of 5 patients with autistic disorder (AD), 67 with Asperger's disorder (AS) and 50 with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD NOS). This study group consists of subjects pooled from two studies with highly similar protocols, all seen on an outpatient basis by one of three clinicians.



Core autistic symptoms were highly prevalent in all ASD subgroups. Though AD subjects had the most pervasive problems, restrictions in non-verbal communication were common across all three subgroups and, contrary to current DSM criteria, so were verbal communication deficits. Lifetime psychiatric axis I comorbidity was very common, most notably mood and anxiety disorders, but also ADHD and psychotic disorders. The frequency of these diagnoses did not differ between the ASD subgroups or between males and females. Antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse were more common in the PDD NOS group. Of all subjects, few led an independent life and very few had ever had a long-term relationship. Female subjects more often reported having been bullied at school than male subjects.



ASDs are clinical syndromes characterized by impaired social interaction and non-verbal communication in adulthood as well as in childhood. They also carry a high risk for co-existing mental health problems from a broad spectrum of disorders and for unfavourable psychosocial life circumstances. For the next revision of DSM, our findings especially stress the importance of careful examination of the exclusion criterion for adult patients with ASDs.
Differences in frequency of violence and reported injury between relationships with reciprocal and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence.

We sought to examine the prevalence of reciprocal (i.e., perpetrated by both partners) and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence and to determine whether reciprocity is related to violence frequency and injury.



We analyzed data on young US adults aged 18 to 28 years from the 2001 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which contained information about partner violence and injury reported by 11,370 respondents on 18761 heterosexual relationships.



Almost 24% of all relationships had some violence, and half (49.7%) of those were reciprocally violent. In nonreciprocally violent relationships, women were the perpetrators in more than 70% of the cases. Reciprocity was associated with more frequent violence among women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.9, 2.8), but not men (AOR=1.26; 95% CI=0.9, 1.7). Regarding injury, men were more likely to inflict injury than were women (AOR=1.3; 95% CI=1.1, 1.5), and reciprocal intimate partner violence was associated with greater injury than was nonreciprocal intimate partner violence regardless of the gender of the perpetrator (AOR=4.4; 95% CI=3.6, 5.5).



The context of the violence (reciprocal vs nonreciprocal) is a strong predictor of reported injury. Prevention approaches that address the escalation of partner violence may be needed to address reciprocal violence.
An alternative position for the BIS-Vista montage in frontal approach neurosurgical cases.

Appropriate placement of the bispectral index (BIS)-vista montage for frontal approach neurosurgical procedures is a neuromonitoring challenge. The standard bifrontal application interferes with the operative field; yet to date, no other placements have demonstrated good agreement. The purpose of our study was to compare the standard BIS montage with an alternate BIS montage across the nasal dorsum for neuromonitoring.



The authors performed a prospective study, enrolling patients and performing neuromonitoring using both the standard and the alternative montage on each patient. Data from the 2 placements were compared and analyzed using a Bland-Altman analysis, a Scatter plot analysis, and a matched-pair analysis.



Overall, 2567 minutes of data from each montage was collected on 28 subjects. Comparing the overall difference in score, the alternate BIS montage score was, on average, 2.0 (6.2) greater than the standard BIS montage score (P<0.0001). The Bland-Altman analysis revealed a difference in score of -2.0 (95% confidence interval, -14.1, 10.1), with 108/2567 (4.2%) of the values lying outside of the limit of agreement. The scatter plot analysis overall produced a trend line with the equation y=0.94x+0.82, with an R coefficient of 0.82.



We determined that the nasal montage produces values that have slightly more variability compared with that ideally desired, but the variability is not clinically significant. In cases where the standard BIS-vista montage would interfere with the operative field, an alternative positioning of the BIS montage across the nasal bridge and under the eye can be used.
West : Bio-Psycho-Social Investigation of Psychopathic Sexual Serial Killer

This paper looks briefly at the case study of psychopathic sexual serial killer Frederick Walter Stephen West. His criminal behaviour and other behavioural problems are often assumed to be rooted in the home, inadequate discipline, or poor role models. However, based on research arguments presented in this paper, it is obvious that the answer to what significantly contributed to the development of this complex distorted personality and subsequent violent behaviour is far more multifaceted. It seems to be a result of a highly complex interaction of biological, psychological and sociological factors.
Compound lesion of a basal cell carcinoma and a malignant melanoma: Is there a common genetic origin?

A compound or collision tumor is a rare occurrence in dermatological findings . The coincidence of malignant melanoma (MM) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) within the same lesion have only been described in few cases in the literature [2–5]. However, until now the pathogenesis of collision tumors existing of MM and BCC remains unclear . To our knowledge it has not been yet established whether there is a concordant genetic background or independent origin as a possible cause for the development of such a compound tumor. We, therefore, present the extremely rare case of a collision tumor of MM and BCC and the results of a genome-wide analysis by single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP-Array) for detection of identical genomic aberrations.
Compact U-shaped dual planar EBG microstrip low-pass filter

In this paper, a novel high-performance compact dual planar electromagnetic bandgap (DP-EBG) microstrip low-pass filter with a U-shaped geometry is proposed. By employing the unique DP-EBG configuration and the U-shaped geometry of the microstrip line (MLIN), the proposed structure achieves a wide stopband with high attenuation and a high selectivity within a small circuit area. Its passband ripple level is low due to the U-shaped geometry and the electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with square patches inserted at the bends of the MLIN. The Chebyshev tapering technique is used to taper components of the proposed structure in order to eliminate ripples caused by the EBG periodicity. The structure was fabricated and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results. This novel design demonstrates superior low-pass filtering functionality and can easily be applied to monolithic circuits.
Distributed Localization Scheme for Mobile Sensor Networks

Localization is an essential and important research issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Most localization schemes focus on static sensor networks. However, mobile sensors are required in some applications such that the sensed area can be enlarged. As such, a localization scheme designed for mobile sensor networks is necessary. In this paper, we propose a localization scheme to improve the localization accuracy of previous work. In this proposed scheme, the normal nodes without location information can estimate their own locations by gathering the positions of location-aware nodes (anchor nodes) and the one-hop normal nodes whose locations are estimated from the anchor nodes. In addition, we propose a scheme that predicts the moving direction of sensor nodes to increase localization accuracy. Simulation results show that the localization error in our proposed scheme is lower than the previous schemes in various mobility models and moving speeds.
The circadian clock and hypoxia in tumor cell de-differentiation and metastasis.

Cancer is considered to develop due to disruptions in the tissue microenvironment in addition to genetic disruptions in the tumor cells themselves. The two most important microenvironmental disruptions in cancer are arguably tissue hypoxia and disrupted circadian rhythmicity. Endothelial cells, which line the luminal side of all blood vessels transport oxygen or endocrine circadian regulators to the tissue and are therefore of key importance for circadian disruption and hypoxia in tumors.



Here I review recent findings on the role of circadian rhythms and hypoxia in cancer and metastasis, with particular emphasis on how these pathways link tumor metastasis to pathological functions of blood vessels. The involvement of disrupted cell metabolism and redox homeostasis in this context and the use of novel zebrafish models for such studies will be discussed.



Circadian rhythms and hypoxia are involved in tumor metastasis on all levels from pathological deregulation of the cell to the tissue and the whole organism. Pathological tumor blood vessels cause hypoxia and disruption in circadian rhythmicity which in turn drives tumor metastasis. Zebrafish models may be used to increase our understanding of the mechanisms behind hypoxia and circadian regulation of metastasis.



Disrupted blood flow in tumors is currently seen as a therapeutic goal in cancer treatment, but may drive invasion and metastasis via pathological hypoxia and circadian clock signaling. Understanding the molecular details behind such regulation is important to optimize treatment for patients with solid tumors in the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
A Study of Security Isolation Techniques

Security isolation is a foundation of computing systems that enables resilience to different forms of attacks. This article seeks to understand existing security isolation techniques by systematically classifying different approaches and analyzing their properties. We provide a hierarchical classification structure for grouping different security isolation techniques. At the top level, we consider two principal aspects: mechanism and policy. Each aspect is broken down into salient dimensions that describe key properties. We break the mechanism into two dimensions, enforcement location and isolation granularity, and break the policy aspect down into three dimensions: policy generation, policy configurability, and policy lifetime. We apply our classification to a set of representative articles that cover a breadth of security isolation techniques and discuss tradeoffs among different design choices and limitations of existing approaches.
Efficacy of Omeprazole Powder Paste or Enteric‐Coated Formulation in Healing of Gastric Ulcers in Horses 

GastroGard, an omeprazole powder paste formulation, is considered the standard treatment for gastric ulcers in horses and is highly effective. Gastrozol, an enteric-coated omeprazole formulation for horses, has recently become available, but efficacy data are controversial and sparse.



To investigate the efficacy of GastroGard and Gastrozol at labeled doses (4 and 1 mg of omeprazole per kg bwt, respectively, PO q24h) in healing of gastric ulcers.



40 horses; 9.5 ± 4.6 years; 491 ± 135 kg.



Prospective, randomized, blinded study. Horses with an ulcer score ≥1 (Equine Gastric Ulcer Council) were randomly divided into 2 groups and treated for 2 weeks each with GastroGard followed by Gastrozol (A) or vice versa (B). After 2 and 4 weeks, scoring was repeated and compared with baseline. Plasma omeprazole concentrations were measured on the first day of treatment after administration of GastroGard (n = 5) or Gastrozol (n = 5).



Compared with baseline (squamous score (A) 1.65 ± 0.11, (B) 1.98 ± 0.11), ulcer scores at 2 weeks ((A) 0.89 ± 0.11, (B) 1.01 ± 0.11) and 4 weeks ((A) 1.10 ± 0.12, (B) 0.80 ± 0.12) had significantly decreased in both groups (P < .001), independent of treatment (P = .7). Plasma omeprazole concentrations were significantly higher after GastroGard compared with Gastrozol administration (AUCGG = 2856 (1405-4576) ng/mL × h, AUCGZ = 604 (430-1609) ng/mL × h; P = .03). The bioavailability for Gastrozol was 1.26 (95% CI 0.56-2.81) times higher than for GastroGard.



Both Gastrozol and GastroGard, combined with appropriate environmental changes, promote healing of gastric ulcers in horses. However, despite enteric coating of Gastrozol, plasma omeprazole concentrations after single labeled doses were significantly higher with GastroGard.
Evaluating wide-field-of-view augmented reality with mixed reality simulation

Full-surround augmented reality, with augmentations spanning the entire human field of view and beyond, is an under-explored topic since there is currently no hardware that can support it. As current AR displays only support relatively small fields of view, most AR applications to-date employ relatively small point-based annotations of the physical world. Anticipating a change in AR capabilities, we experiment with wide-field-of-view annotations that link elements far apart in the visual field. We have built a system that uses full-surround virtual reality to simulate augmented reality with different field of views, with and without tracking artifacts. We conducted a study comparing user performance on five different task groups within an information-seeking scenario, comparing two different fields of view and presence and absence of tracking artifacts. A constrained field of view significantly increased task completion time. We found indications for task time effects of tracking artifacts to vary depending on age.
Algorithms for Solving Rubik's Cubes

The Rubik’s Cube is perhaps the world’s most famous and iconic puzzle, well-known to have a rich underlying mathematical structure (group theory). In this paper, we show that the Rubik’s Cube also has a rich underlying algorithmic structure. Specifically, we show that the n×n×n Rubik’s Cube, as well as the n×n×1 variant, has a “God’s Number” (diameter of the configuration space) of Θ(n/ logn). The upper bound comes from effectively parallelizing standard Θ(n) solution algorithms, while the lower bound follows from a counting argument. The upper bound gives an asymptotically optimal algorithm for solving a general Rubik’s Cube in the worst case. Given a specific starting state, we show how to find the shortest solution in an n×O(1)×O(1) Rubik’s Cube. Finally, we show that finding this optimal solution becomes NPhard in an n×n×1 Rubik’s Cube when the positions and colors of some cubies are ignored (not used in determining whether the cube is solved).
A compact microstrip ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for VHF/UHF band applications

A compact ultra-wideband quasi log-periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) printed on dielectric substrate is proposed in this paper. The antenna is realized by cascading straight line LPDA with 29 elements and meander line LPDA with 11 elements. An ultra-wideband of 20-2200 MHz was obtained, and the antenna gain was about 6 dBi in the band of 100-2200 MHz. The simulation results indicate that the designed UWB LPDA has very stable radiation patterns throughout the whole frequency band combined with low profile and ease fabrication, which show great potential for VHF and UHF bands wireless communications.
Visualizing User Story Requirements at Multiple Granularity Levels via Semantic Relatedness

The majority of practitioners express software requirements using natural text notations such as user stories. Despite the readability of text, it is hard for people to build an accurate mental image of the most relevant entities and relationships. Even converting requirements to conceptual models is not sufficient: as the number of requirements and concepts grows, obtaining a holistic view of the requirements becomes increasingly difficult and, eventually, practically impossible. In this paper, we introduce and experiment with a novel, automated method for visualizing requirements—by showing the concepts the text references and their relationships—at different levels of granularity. We build on two pillars: (i) clustering techniques for grouping elements into coherent sets so that a simplified overview of the concepts can be created, and (ii) state-of-the-art, corpus-based semantic relatedness algorithms between words to measure the extent to which two concepts are related. We build a proof-of-concept tool and evaluate our approach by applying it to requirements from four real-world data sets.