nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Nitro: Hardware-Based System Call Tracing for Virtual Machines

Virtual machine introspection (VMI) describes the method of monitoring and analyzing the state of a virtual machine from the hypervisor level. This lends itself well to security applications, though the hardware virtualization support from Intel and AMD was not designed with VMI in mind. This results in many challenges for developers of hardware-supported VMI systems. This paper describes the design and implementation of our prototype framework, Nitro, for system call tracing and monitoring. Since Nitro is a purely VMI-based system, it remains isolated from attacks originating within the guest operating system and is not directly visible from within the guest. Nitro is extremely flexible as it supports all three system call mechanisms provided by the Intel x86 architecture and has been proven to work in Windows, Linux, 32-bit, and 64-bit environments. The high performance of our system allows for real-time capturing and dissemination of data without hindering usability. This is supported by extensive testing with various guest operating systems. In addition, Nitro is resistant to circumvention attempts due to a construction called hardware rooting. Finally, Nitro surpasses similar systems in both performance and functionality.
Gratifications for using CMC technologies: A comparison among SNS, IM, and e-mail

Why and how people choose to use a particular computer-mediated communication (CMC) technology is a major concern. This study seeks to address the issues by applying the uses and gratifications theory, and attempts to explore the general and specific gratifications sought from the use of three CMC technologies. Three separate empirical surveys were conducted to investigate the gratifications sought from social networking sites, instant messaging, and e-mail. Then factor analysis was undertaken to extract the gratifications sought from each CMC technology. The extracted gratifications sought were then compared among the three technologies for concluding the general and specific gratifications. Four general gratifications were extracted among the three CMC technologies, including relationship maintenance, information seeking, amusement, and style. Two gratifications were specific: the sociability gratification sought from using instant messaging and social networking sites; and the gratification of kill time sought from using instant messaging. Moreover, the important levels of gratifications sought from the three CMC technologies were found to be different. Our findings provide evidence to explain why not all traditional CMC technologies are replaced by innovative and advanced ones. The results of this study may be applied to CMC technology design and provide implications for future research.
Constants across cultures in the face and emotion.

This study addresses the question of whether any facial expressions of emotion are universal. Recent studies showing that members of literate cultures associated the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors could not demonstrate that at least some facial expressions of emotion are universal; the cultures compared had all been exposed to some of the same mass media presentations of facial expression, and these may have taught the people in each culture to recognize the unique facial expressions of other cultures. To show that members of a preliterate culture who had minimal exposure to literate cultures would associate the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors as do members of Western and Eastern literate cultures, data were gathered in New Guinea by telling subjects a story, showing them a set of three faces, and asking them to select the face which showed the emotion appropriate to the story. The results provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the association between particular facial muscular patterns and discrete emotions is universal.
Comparison and Evaluation of Clone Detection Tools

Many techniques for detecting duplicated source code (software clones) have been proposed in the past. However, it is not yet clear how these techniques compare in terms of recall and precision as well as space and time requirements. This paper presents an experiment that evaluates six clone detectors based on eight large C and Java programs (altogether almost 850 KLOC). Their clone candidates were evaluated by one of the authors as an independent third party. The selected techniques cover the whole spectrum of the state-of-the-art in clone detection. The techniques work on text, lexical and syntactic information, software metrics, and program dependency graphs.
Development of a superior frontal–intraparietal network for visuo-spatial working memory

Working memory capacity increases throughout childhood and adolescence, which is important for the development of a wide range of cognitive abilities, including complex reasoning. The spatial-span task, in which subjects retain information about the order and position of a number of objects, is a sensitive task to measure development of spatial working memory. This review considers results from previous neuroimaging studies investigating the neural correlates of this development. Older children and adolescents, with higher capacity, have been found to have higher brain activity in the intraparietal cortex and in the posterior part of the superior frontal sulcus, during the performance of working memory tasks. The structural maturation of white matter has been investigated by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI). This has revealed several regions in the frontal lobes in which white matter maturation is correlated with the development of working memory. Among these is a superior fronto-parietal white matter region, located close to the grey matter regions that are implicated in the development of working memory. Furthermore, the degree of white matter maturation is positively correlated with the degree of cortical activation in the frontal and parietal regions. This suggests that during childhood and adolescence, there is development of networks related to specific cognitive functions, such as visuo-spatial working memory. These networks not only consist of cortical areas but also the white matter tracts connecting them. For visuo-spatial working memory, this network could consist of the superior frontal and intraparietal cortex.
Will Life Be Worth Living in a World Without Work? Technological Unemployment and the Meaning of Life

Suppose we are about to enter an era of increasing technological unemployment. What implications does this have for society? Two distinct ethical/social issues would seem to arise. The first is one of distributive justice: how will the (presumed) efficiency gains from automated labour be distributed through society? The second is one of personal fulfillment and meaning: if people no longer have to work, what will they do with their lives? In this article, I set aside the first issue and focus on the second. In doing so, I make three arguments. First, I argue that there are good reasons to embrace non-work and that these reasons become more compelling in an era of technological unemployment. Second, I argue that the technological advances that make widespread technological unemployment possible could still threaten or undermine human flourishing and meaning, especially if (as is to be expected) they do not remain confined to the economic sphere. And third, I argue that this threat could be contained if we adopt an integrative approach to our relationship with technology. In advancing these arguments, I draw on three distinct literatures: (1) the literature on technological unemployment and workplace automation; (2) the antiwork critique-which I argue gives reasons to embrace technological unemployment; and (3) the philosophical debate about the conditions for meaning in life-which I argue gives reasons for concern.
A Relation-Based Search Engine in Semantic Web

With the development of the Web, an information "Big Bang" has taken place on the Internet. Search engines have become one of the most helpful tools for obtaining useful information from the Internet. However, instead of caring about the semantics of information, the machine on the current Web cares about the location and display of information only. Because of this shortcoming of the current Web, the search results by even the most popular search engines cannot produce satisfactory results. The development of the next generation Web, semantic Web, will turn the situation around completely. This paper proposes a prototype relation-based search engine, "OntoLook," which has been implemented in a virtual semantic Web environment in our lab. We also present its system architecture and analyze the key algorithm
Show Me You Care: Trait Empathy, Linguistic Style, and Mimicry on Facebook

Linguistic mimicry, the adoption of another’s language patterns, is a subconscious behavior with pro-social benefits. However, some professions advocate its conscious use in empathic communication. This involves mutual mimicry; effective communicators mimic their interlocutors, who also mimic them back. Since mimicry has often been studied in face-to-face contexts, we ask whether individuals with empathic dispositions have unique communication styles and/or elicit mimicry in mediated communication on Facebook. Participants completed Davis’s Interpersonal Reactivity Index and provided access to Facebook activity. We confirm that dispositional empathy is correlated to the use of particular stylistic features. In addition, we identify four empathy profiles and find correlations to writing style. When a linguistic feature is used, this often “triggers” use by friends. However, the presence of particular features, rather than participant disposition, best predicts mimicry. This suggests that machine-human communications could be enhanced based on recently used features, without extensive user profiling.
A 76- to 81-GHz Multi-Channel Radar Transceiver

This paper presents a packaged 76- to 81-GHz transceiver chip implemented in SiGe BiCMOS for both long-range and short-range automotive radars. The chip contains a two-channel transmitter (TX), a six-channel receiver (RX), a local-oscillator (LO) chain, and built-in self-test (BIST) circuitry. Each transmit channel includes multiple variable-gain amplifiers and a two-stage power amplifier. Measured on-die output power per channel is +18 dBm at 25 °C, decreasing to +16 dBm at 125 °C. Each receive channel includes a current-mode mixer, followed by intermediate-frequency buffers. At 25 °C, measured on-die noise figure is 10–11 dB, conversion gain is 14–15 dB, and input 1-dB compression point exceeds +1 dBm. An integrated LO chain drives the transmit and receive chains and includes an 18.5- to 20.6-GHz voltage-controlled oscillator connected to cascaded frequency doublers and a divide-by-four prescaler. At 25 °C, measured phase noise is −100 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from a 77-GHz carrier. Integrated BIST circuits enable the measurement of signal power, RX gain, channel-to-channel phase, and internal temperature. The chip is flip-chip packaged into a ball-grid array and extracted interconnect loss for the package is 1.5 to 2 dB. Total power consumption for the chip is 1.8 W from 3.3 V for a single-TX, six-RX mode.
Position Paper: Physical Unclonable Functions for IoT Security

Devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) introduce unique security challenges due to their operating conditions and device limitations. Existing security solutions based on classical cryptography have significant drawbacks in IoT devices, primarily due to the possibility of physical and side channel attacks. As an alternative approach, this position paper advocates the use of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) as a security primitive for developing security solutions for IoT devices. Preliminary work on developing a PUF based mutual authentication protocol is also presented.
Vascular Complications After Chin Augmentation Using Hyaluronic Acid

Vascular complications after hyaluronic acid (HA) filling of the chin have rarely been reported. In this report, two cases of vascular occlusion after HA augmentation of the mentum are presented. The first case involved local skin necrosis that resulted from a massive microcirculatory embolism and/or external compression of the chin skin microvasculature. The second case involved vascular compromise in the tongue that resulted from HA injection in the chin. The diagnosis was established on the basis of interventional angiography findings. Concerning the pathogenesis, we hypothesized that the filler embolus flowed into the branches of the deep lingual artery through the rich vascular anastomoses among the submental, sublingual, and deep lingual arteries, after being accidentally injected into the submental artery (or its branches).
Improving additive manufacturing by image processing and robotic milling

This paper describes an improvement of Additive Manufacturing (AM) to process products with complex inner and outer geometries such as turbine blades by using a combination of AM, optical measuring techniques and robotics. One problem of AM is the rough surface caused by the layer-by-layer 3D printing with granular material, so the geometries need to be post-processed with milling techniques. To overcome this problem, we implement an inline quality control management to post-process several manufactured layers by a integrated imaging and robotic techniques, especially while the geometries are still accessible. The produced surfaces are measured by an inline stereo vision system and are compared with the real 3D CAD model data. Detected differences are translated to movements of a robot arm which then follows the contours to smoothen the surfaces with a milling tool. We show our current state on the 3D imaging, on developing the driver for the deployed robot arm and on a 3D simulation using the Robot Operating System (ROS).
Evaluating abdominal core muscle fatigue: Assessment of the validity and reliability of the prone bridging test.

The aims of this study were to research the amplitude and median frequency characteristics of selected abdominal, back, and hip muscles of healthy subjects during a prone bridging endurance test, based on surface electromyography (sEMG), (a) to determine if the prone bridging test is a valid field test to measure abdominal muscle fatigue, and (b) to evaluate if the current method of administrating the prone bridging test is reliable. Thirty healthy subjects participated in this experiment. The sEMG activity of seven abdominal, back, and hip muscles was bilaterally measured. Normalized median frequencies were computed from the EMG power spectra. The prone bridging tests were repeated on separate days to evaluate inter and intratester reliability. Significant differences in normalized median frequency slope (NMFslope ) values between several abdominal, back, and hip muscles could be demonstrated. Moderate-to-high correlation coefficients were shown between NMFslope values and endurance time. Multiple backward linear regression revealed that the test endurance time could only be significantly predicted by the NMFslope of the rectus abdominis. Statistical analysis showed excellent reliability (ICC=0.87-0.89). The findings of this study support the validity and reliability of the prone bridging test for evaluating abdominal muscle fatigue.
Factors that relate to good and poor handwriting.

This study investigated the relationships between specific performance components, eye-hand coordination, visuomotor integration, in-hand manipulation, and handwriting skill.



A sample of 48 typical first grade students were identified as good and poor handwriters by their teachers. Each child completed the Motor Accuracy Test; the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI); two tests of in-hand manipulation, including a rotation and a translation task; and the Minnesota Handwriting Test (MHT).



All test scores for the subjects with good handwriting were significantly higher than those of the subjects with poor handwriting. Each performance component test was significantly correlated to MHT scores. Translation, VMI, and rotation scores were significant predictors of MHT scores, accounting for almost 73% of variance. A discriminant analysis using the performance components correctly classified 98% of the students as good or poor handwriters.



In-hand manipulation has significant association to handwriting skill.
Fibroblasts form a body-wide cellular network

“Loose” connective tissue forms a network extending throughout the body including subcutaneous and interstitial connective tissues. The existence of a cellular network of fibroblasts within loose connective tissue may have considerable significance as it may support yet unknown body-wide cellular signaling systems. We used a combination of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, confocal scanning laser microscopy (confocal microscopy), and electron microscopy to investigate the extent and nature of cell-to-cell connections within mouse subcutaneous connective tissue. We found that fibroblasts formed a reticular web throughout the tissue. With confocal microscopy, 30% of fibroblasts’ processes could be followed continuously from one cell to another. Connexin 43 immunoreactivity was present at apparent points of cell-to-cell contact. Electron microscopy revealed that processes from adjacent cells were in close apposition to one another, but gap junctions were not observed. Our findings indicate that soft tissue fibroblasts form an extensively interconnected cellular network, suggesting they may have important and so far unsuspected integrative functions at the level of the whole body.
Selection of the number of clusters via the bootstrap method

Here the problem of selecting the number of clusters in cluster analysis is considered. Recently, the concept of clustering stability, which measures the robustness of any given clustering algorithm, has been utilized in Wang (2010) for selecting the number of clusters through cross validation. In this manuscript, an estimation scheme for clustering instability is developed based on the bootstrap, and then the number of clusters is selected so that the corresponding estimated clustering instability is minimized. The proposed selection criterion’s effectiveness is demonstrated on simulations and real examples.
The return of AdaBoost.MH: multi-class Hamming trees

Within the framework of ADABOOST.MH, we propose to train vector-valued decision trees to optimize the multi-class edge without reducing the multi-class problem toK binary one-againstall classifications. The key element of the method is a vector-valued decision stump, factorized into an input-independent vector of length K and label-independent scalar classifier. At inner tree nodes, the label-dependent vector is discarded and the binary classifier can be used for partitioning the input space into two regions. The algorithm retains the conceptual elegance, power, and computational efficiency of binary ADABOOST. In experiments it is on par with support vector machines and with the best existing multi-class boosting algorithm AOSOLOGITBOOST, and it is significantly better than other known implementations of ADABOOST.MH.
Deep Networks with Stochastic Depth

Very deep convolutional networks with hundreds of layers have led to significant reductions in error on competitive benchmarks. Although the unmatched expressiveness of the many layers can be highly desirable at test time, training very deep networks comes with its own set of challenges. The gradients can vanish, the forward flow often diminishes, and the training time can be painfully slow. To address these problems, we propose stochastic depth, a training procedure that enables the seemingly contradictory setup to train short networks and use deep networks at test time. We start with very deep networks but during training, for each mini-batch, randomly drop a subset of layers and bypass them with the identity function. This simple approach complements the recent success of residual networks. It reduces training time substantially and improves the test error significantly on almost all data sets that we used for evaluation. With stochastic depth we can increase the depth of residual networks even beyond 1200 layers and still yield meaningful improvements in test error (4.91% on CIFAR-10).
Watersheds in Digital Spaces: An Efficient Algorithm Based on Immersion Simulations

In this paper, a fast and flexible algorithm for computing watersheds in digital grayscale images is introduced. A review of watersheds and related notion is first presented, and the major methods to determine watersheds are discussed. The present algorithm is based on an immersion process analogy, in which the flooding of the water in the picture is efficiently simulated using a queue of pixels. It is described in detail and provided in a pseudo C language. We prove the accuracy of this algorithm is superior to that of the existing implementations. Furthermore, it is shown that its adaptation to any kind of digital grid and its generalization to n-dimensional images and even to graphs are straightforward. In addition, its strongest point is that it is faster than any other watershed algorithm. Applications of this algorithm with regard to picture segmentation are presented for MR imagery and for digital elevation models. An example of 3-D watershed is also provided. Lastly, some ideas are given on how to solve complex segmentation tasks using watersheds on graphs. Zndex Terms-Algorithm, digital image, FIFO structure, graph, grid, mathematical morphology, picture segmentation, watersheds.
Episodic Memory and Beyond: The Hippocampus and Neocortex in Transformation.

The last decade has seen dramatic technological and conceptual changes in research on episodic memory and the brain. New technologies, and increased use of more naturalistic observations, have enabled investigators to delve deeply into the structures that mediate episodic memory, particularly the hippocampus, and to track functional and structural interactions among brain regions that support it. Conceptually, episodic memory is increasingly being viewed as subject to lifelong transformations that are reflected in the neural substrates that mediate it. In keeping with this dynamic perspective, research on episodic memory (and the hippocampus) has infiltrated domains, from perception to language and from empathy to problem solving, that were once considered outside its boundaries. Using the component process model as a framework, and focusing on the hippocampus, its subfields, and specialization along its longitudinal axis, along with its interaction with other brain regions, we consider these new developments and their implications for the organization of episodic memory and its contribution to functions in other domains.
A PID Compensator Control for the Synchronous Rectifier Buck DC-DC Converter

This paper aims to design a PID compensator for the control of Synchronous Rectifier (SR) Buck Converter to improve its conversion efficiency under different load conditions. Since the diode rectifier is replaced by a high frequency MOSFET switch, the SR control method itself will be sufficient under heavy load condition, to attain better normal mode performance. However, this technique does not hold well in light load condition, due to increased switching losses. A new control technique accompanied with PID compensator is introduced in the paper will enable synchronous buck converter to realize ZVS, while feeding light loads. This is also least cost and highly efficient easy technique without use of extra auxiliary switches and RLC components. This control technique also proved to be efficient under input voltage variations. Simulation is done in MATLAB Simulink for proving stabilization provided by the PID compensator for synchronous rectifier (SR) buck converter. Synchronous Rectifier (SR), Continuous Condu-ction Mode (CCM), Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM), Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS), Proportional-IntegralDerivative (PID).