nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Automated early detection of diabetic retinopathy.

To compare the performance of automated diabetic retinopathy (DR) detection, using the algorithm that won the 2009 Retinopathy Online Challenge Competition in 2009, the Challenge2009, against that of the one currently used in EyeCheck, a large computer-aided early DR detection project.



Evaluation of diagnostic test or technology.



Fundus photographic sets, consisting of 2 fundus images from each eye, were evaluated from 16670 patient visits of 16,670 people with diabetes who had not previously been diagnosed with DR.



The fundus photographic set from each visit was analyzed by a single retinal expert; 793 of the 16,670 sets were classified as containing more than minimal DR (threshold for referral). The outcomes of the 2 algorithmic detectors were applied separately to the dataset and were compared by standard statistical measures.



The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), a measure of the sensitivity and specificity of DR detection.



Agreement was high, and examination results indicating more than minimal DR were detected with an AUC of 0.839 by the EyeCheck algorithm and an AUC of 0.821 for the Challenge2009 algorithm, a statistically nonsignificant difference (z-score, 1.91). If either of the algorithms detected DR in combination, the AUC for detection was 0.86, the same as the theoretically expected maximum. At 90% sensitivity, the specificity of the EyeCheck algorithm was 47.7% and that of the Challenge2009 algorithm was 43.6%.



Diabetic retinopathy detection algorithms seem to be maturing, and further improvements in detection performance cannot be differentiated from best clinical practices, because the performance of competitive algorithm development now has reached the human intrareader variability limit. Additional validation studies on larger, well-defined, but more diverse populations of patients with diabetes are needed urgently, anticipating cost-effective early detection of DR in millions of people with diabetes to triage those patients who need further care at a time when they have early rather than advanced DR.
A Log-Euclidean Framework for Statistics on Diffeomorphisms

In this article, we focus on the computation of statistics of invertible geometrical deformations (i.e., diffeomorphisms), based on the generalization to this type of data of the notion of principal logarithm. Remarkably, this logarithm is a simple 3D vector field, and is well-defined for diffeomorphisms close enough to the identity. This allows to perform vectorial statistics on diffeomorphisms, while preserving the invertibility constraint, contrary to Euclidean statistics on displacement fields. We also present here two efficient algorithms to compute logarithms of diffeomorphisms and exponentials of vector fields, whose accuracy is studied on synthetic data. Finally, we apply these tools to compute the mean of a set of diffeomorphisms, in the context of a registration experiment between an atlas an a database of 9 T1 MR images of the human brain.
Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)

Das Treffen richtiger Entscheidungen ist für den langfristigen Fortbestand eines Unternehmens von essentieller Bedeutung. Das Controlling hat die Aufgabe, das Management bei komplexen Fragestellungen mit geeigneten Methoden zur Entscheidungsfindung zu unterstützen. Komplexe Entscheidungssituationen entstehen in erster Linie dann, wenn verschiedene Ziele zueinander in Konflikt stehen, mehrere Kriterien zu berücksichtigen sind oder die Konsequenzen einer Entscheidung nicht genau prognostiziert werden können. Dazu zählen z. B. die Bewertung von Forschungsund Entwicklungsprojekten, Standortentscheidungen sowie die Vorbereitung von strategischen Entscheidungen. Aufgrund ihrer Komplexität ist es nicht möglich, sie anhand von nur einem Zielkriterium, wie etwa Kosten, zu bewerten. Es muss die Berücksichtigung einer Vielzahl von Kriterien unterschiedlichster Art erfolgen. So sind etwa im Rahmen der Bewertung und Auswahl von Forschungsund Entwicklungsprojekten neben monetäreren, wirtschaftlichkeitsbezogenen Kriterien, auch andere Kriterien in die Entscheidung einzubeziehen. Beispielhaft sind regulatorische oder auch nachhaltigkeitsbezogene Aspekte, wie der Ausstoß von klimaschädlichem CO2, zu nennen. Auch im Bereich der Budgetierung treten regelmäßig Probleme auf, das operative Budget bestmöglich auch unter Berücksichtigung qualitativer Merkmale zu verteilen. Im Hinblick auf das Portfoliomanagement liegen generell Schwierigkeiten in der Auswahl der optimalen Projektportfolios vor, da eine beträchtliche Anzahl von Wechselwirkungen zu berücksichtigen ist. Zur Unterstützung derartiger Problemstellungen stehen aus der Entscheidungstheorie eine Vielzahl mehrkriterieller Modelle und Verfahren zur Verfügung, mit deren Hilfe die Auswahl von Handlungsalternativen erleichtert und systematisch vorbereitet werden kann. Diese Modelle und Verfahren werden unter dem Begriff Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) zusammengefasst.
Mechanisms of decompensation and organ failure in cirrhosis: From peripheral arterial vasodilation to systemic inflammation hypothesis.

The peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis has been most influential in the field of cirrhosis and its complications. It has given rise to hundreds of pathophysiological studies in experimental and human cirrhosis and is the theoretical basis of life-saving treatments. It is undisputed that splanchnic arterial vasodilation contributes to portal hypertension and is the basis for manifestations such as ascites and hepatorenal syndrome, but the body of research generated by the hypothesis has revealed gaps in the original pathophysiological interpretation of these complications. The expansion of our knowledge on the mechanisms regulating vascular tone, inflammation and the host-microbiota interaction require a broader approach to advanced cirrhosis encompassing the whole spectrum of its manifestations. Indeed, multiorgan dysfunction and failure likely result from a complex interplay where the systemic spread of bacterial products represents the primary event. The consequent activation of the host innate immune response triggers endothelial molecular mechanisms responsible for arterial vasodilation, and also jeopardizes organ integrity with a storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Thus, the picture of advanced cirrhosis could be seen as the result of an inflammatory syndrome in contradiction with a simple hemodynamic disturbance.
A four-electrode low frequency impedance spectroscopy measurement system using the AD5933 measurement chip.

This paper presents the design of a four electrode impedance measurement circuit dedicated to bioimpedance embedded applications. It extends the use of the AD5933 measurement chip to allow it to operate in a four electrode configuration in order to limit the effects of the parasitic impedances between the medium under test and the electrodes. The circuit has shown a good measurement accuracy on various test circuits. In association with a four microband electrode system it has been successfully used to characterize small physiological samples (50 μl) with conductivities ranging from 0.14 to 1.2 S m(-1). It can be used as an alternative bioimpedance measurement approach for embedded applications operating in the four electrode configuration.
Cup-to-disk ratio (CDR) determination for glaucoma screening

Glaucoma is the major reason that causes blindness today. It results in total loss of vision which is irreparable which makes it mandatory to detect it at early stages. This paper proposes a simple method to evaluate the Cup-to-Disc Ratio (CDR) of a retinal fundus image to screen it for Glaucoma. It is a contrasting feature taken up to check whether the subject is at risk for Glaucoma or not. The technique proposed applies simple morphological techniques to extract out CDR value and ultimately classify the subjects as suspected or normal. The proposed methodology achieved a detection accuracy of 80% and a classification accuracy of 95Sensitivity and 91% Specificity.
Mis problems and failures: a socio-technical perspective

Many of the problems arjd failures of Management Information Systems (MIS) and Management Science/Operations Research (MS/OR) projects have been attributed to organizational behavioral problems. The millions of dollars organizations spend on MIS and MS/OR development are of little benefit because systems continue to fail. Steps can be taken to understand and solve these behavioral probiems. This article argues that in most oases these behavioral problems are the result of inadequate designs. These bad designs are attributed to the way MIS systems designers view organizations, their members, and the function of an MIS within them. I.e., systems designers' frames of reference. These frames of reference cause faulty design choices and failures to perceive better design alternatives. Seven conditions are discussed which reflect current systems designers' points of view. The discussion of these conditions demonstrates the need to refrawe MIS design methodology within the Socio-Technicai Systems (STS) design approach and change systems designers' perspectives. The STS approach is introduced as a realistic view of organizations and a way to change them. This article is the first of two to appear in consecutive issues of the MIS Quarterly. The purpose of this first article is to demonstrate the need for the srs approaj:h. The second will present the basic concepts and principles of the STS methodology and how it can be utilized in the design of an MIS.
The Effects of Interaction Goals on Negotiation Tactics and Outcomes: A Dyad-Level Analysis Across Two Cultures

This study investigates how negotiators’ interaction goals influence their own and their counterparts’ negotiation tactics and outcomes across two cultures using a simulated employment contract negotiation. Results show that when negotiators placed greater importance on competitive goals, they used more distributive persuasion and fewer priority information exchange tactics, which reduced their counterparts’ profit; negotiators’ competitive goals also caused their counterparts to use fewer priority information exchange tactics, which in turn hurt their own profit. Dyad members’ competitive goals have an indirect, negative impact on joint profit. In addition, Chinese negotiators placed greater importance on competitive goals and used more distributive and fewer integrative tactics than Americans, but the associations between goals and tactics did not differ across cultures. Nevertheless, members of the two cultures took different paths to improve joint profit; as a result, Chinese dyads achieved no less joint profit than American dyads. The study sheds light on culture’s effect on the interactive processes by which goals impact negotiation performance.
A dynamic multi-level collaborative filtering method for improved recommendations

One of the most used approaches for providing recommendations in various online environments such as e-commerce is collaborative filtering. Although, this is a simple method for recommending items or services, accuracy and quality problems still exist. Thus, we propose a method that is based on positive and negative adjustments with its main purpose to improve the quality of the recommendations provided. The proposed method can be used in different domains that use collaborative filtering to improve the experience of the users. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by providing an extensive experimental evaluation based on three real datasets and by comparisons to alternative methods.
Reliable Fusion of ToF and Stereo Depth Driven by Confidence Measures

In this paper we propose a framework for the fusion of depth data produced by a Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera and stereo vision system. Initially, depth data acquired by the ToF camera are upsampled by an ad-hoc algorithm based on image segmentation and bilateral filtering. In parallel a dense disparity map is obtained using the Semi-Global Matching stereo algorithm. Reliable confidence measures are extracted for both the ToF and stereo depth data. In particular, ToF confidence also accounts for the mixed-pixel effect and the stereo confidence accounts for the relationship between the pointwise matching costs and the cost obtained by the semi-global optimization. Finally, the two depth maps are synergically fused by enforcing the local consistency of depth data accounting for the confidence of the two data sources at each location. Experimental results clearly show that the proposed method produces accurate high resolution depth maps and outperforms the compared fusion algorithms.
The role of prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex in task switching.

Human ability to switch from one cognitive task to another involves both endogenous preparation without an external stimulus and exogenous adjustment in response to the external stimulus. In an event-related functional MRI study, participants performed pairs of two tasks that are either the same (task repetition) or different (task switch) from each other. On half of the trials, foreknowledge about task repetition or task switch was available. On the other half, it was not. Endogenous preparation seems to involve lateral prefrontal cortex (BA 46/45) and posterior parietal cortex (BA 40). During preparation, higher activation increases in inferior lateral prefrontal cortex and superior posterior parietal cortex were associated with foreknowledge than with no foreknowledge. Exogenous adjustment seems to involve superior prefrontal cortex (BA 8) and posterior parietal cortex (BA 39/40) in general. During a task switch with no foreknowledge, activations in these areas were relatively higher than during a task repetition with no foreknowledge. These results suggest that endogenous preparation and exogenous adjustment for a task switch may be independent processes involving different brain areas.
Image Retrieval by Examples

A currently relevant research field in information sciences is the management of nontraditional distributed multimedia databases. Two related key issues are to achieve an efficient content-basedquery by exampleretrieval and a fast response time. This paper presents the architecture of a distributed image retrieval system which provides novel solutions to these key issues. In particular, a way to quantify the effectiveness of low level visual descriptors in database query tasks is presented. The results are also used to improve the system response time, which is an important issue when querying very large databases. A new mechanism to adapt system query strategies to user behavior is also introduced in order to improve the effectiveness of relevance feedback and overall system response time. Finally, the issue of browsing multiple distributed databases is considered and a solution is proposed using multidimensional scaling techniques.
Analysis of circulating tumor DNA to monitor metastatic breast cancer.

The management of metastatic breast cancer requires monitoring of the tumor burden to determine the response to treatment, and improved biomarkers are needed. Biomarkers such as cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and circulating tumor cells have been widely studied. However, circulating cell-free DNA carrying tumor-specific alterations (circulating tumor DNA) has not been extensively investigated or compared with other circulating biomarkers in breast cancer.



We compared the radiographic imaging of tumors with the assay of circulating tumor DNA, CA 15-3, and circulating tumor cells in 30 women with metastatic breast cancer who were receiving systemic therapy. We used targeted or whole-genome sequencing to identify somatic genomic alterations and designed personalized assays to quantify circulating tumor DNA in serially collected plasma specimens. CA 15-3 levels and numbers of circulating tumor cells were measured at identical time points.



Circulating tumor DNA was successfully detected in 29 of the 30 women (97%) in whom somatic genomic alterations were identified; CA 15-3 and circulating tumor cells were detected in 21 of 27 women (78%) and 26 of 30 women (87%), respectively. Circulating tumor DNA levels showed a greater dynamic range, and greater correlation with changes in tumor burden, than did CA 15-3 or circulating tumor cells. Among the measures tested, circulating tumor DNA provided the earliest measure of treatment response in 10 of 19 women (53%).



This proof-of-concept analysis showed that circulating tumor DNA is an informative, inherently specific, and highly sensitive biomarker of metastatic breast cancer.
Parsing sewing patterns into 3D garments

We present techniques for automatically parsing existing sewing patterns and converting them into 3D garment models. Our parser takes a sewing pattern in PDF format as input and starts by extracting the set of panels and styling elements (e.g. darts, pleats and hemlines) contained in the pattern. It then applies a combination of machine learning and integer programming to infer how the panels must be stitched together to form the garment. Our system includes an interactive garment simulator that takes the parsed result and generates the corresponding 3D model. Our fully automatic approach correctly parses 68% of the sewing patterns in our collection. Most of the remaining patterns contain only a few errors that can be quickly corrected within the garment simulator. Finally we present two applications that take advantage of our collection of parsed sewing patterns. Our garment hybrids application lets users smoothly interpolate multiple garments in the 2D space of patterns. Our sketch-based search application allows users to navigate the pattern collection by drawing the shape of panels.
A space-efficient flash translation layer for CompactFlash systems

Flash memory is becoming increasingly important as nonvolatile storage for mobile consumer electronics due to its low power consumption and shock resistance. However, it imposes technical challenges in that a write should be preceded by an erase operation, and that this erase operation can be performed only in a unit much larger than the write unit. To address these technical hurdles, an intermediate software layer called a flash translation layer (FTL) is generally employed to redirect logical addresses from the host system to physical addresses in flash memory. Previous approaches have performed this address translation at the granularity of either a write unit (page) or an erase unit (block). In this paper, we propose a novel FTL design that combines the two different granularities in address translation. This is motivated by the idea that coarse grain address translation lowers resources required to maintain translation information, which is crucial in mobile consumer products for cost and power consumption reasons, while fine grain address translation is efficient in handling small size writes. Performance evaluation based on trace-driven simulation shows that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms previously proposed approaches.
Autonomous Intersection Management: A Heuristic Approach

Self-driving cars do not sound like a part of science fiction movies anymore. With most of the automobile giants committed to launching their autonomous cars as soon as possible, it is expected that self-driving cars will hit the road in a very short time. Increasing the penetration factor of autonomous vehicles will need algorithms to control them in an efficient way in different scenarios. One such scenario is intersection management (IM). We propose an intuitive heuristic to resolve space–time conflicts in vehicle’s trip, enabling vehicles to cross the intersection safely, and with minimum delay. The intersection is modeled as a group of conflict points where intersecting internal links cross each other. For safe and efficient scheduling of vehicles, heuristics are proposed separately for: 1) entering in approach lane; 2) safe traversal in the approach lane; 3) safe and efficient crossing of intersection; and (4) safe departure along depart lane. Vehicle scheduling is done using a three-leveled heuristic in which each level serves a distinct purpose and together guarantee collision-free passing of vehicles. Performance evaluation of the proposed scheme is done in Simulation of Urban MObility simulator and a comparative analysis is done with three other IM schemes. Experiments show that the proposed scheme gives a smaller average trip delay of vehicles compared with other IM schemes.
A Method of Preventing Unauthorized Data Transmission in Controller Area Network

There is a strong demand for the security of Controller Area Network (CAN), a major in-vehicle network. A number of methods to detect unauthorized data transmission, such as anomaly detection and misuse detection, have already been proposed. However, all of them have no capability of preventing unauthorized data transmission itself. In this paper, we propose a novel method that realizes the prevention as well as detection. Our method can be effectively implemented with minimal changes in the current architecture of Electronic Control Unit. The method works even in a CAN with multiple buses interconnected by gateways.
Early Detection of Sudden Pedestrian Crossing for Safe Driving During Summer Nights

Sudden pedestrian crossing (SPC) is the major reason for pedestrian-vehicle crashes. In this paper, we focus on detecting SPCs at night for supporting an advanced driver assistance system using a far-infrared (FIR) camera mounted on the front roof of a vehicle. Although the thermal temperature of the road is similar to or higher than that of the pedestrians during summer nights, many previous researches have focused on pedestrian detection during the winter, spring, or autumn seasons. However, our research concentrates on SPC during the hot summer season because the number of collisions between pedestrians and vehicles in Korea is higher at that time than during the other seasons. For real-time processing, we first decide the optimal levels of image scaling and search area. We then use our proposed method for detecting virtual reference lines that are associated with road segmentation without using color information and change these lines according to the turning direction of the vehicle. Pedestrian detection is conducted using a cascade random forest with low-dimensional Haar-like features and oriented center-symmetric local binary patterns. The SPC is predicted based on the likelihood and the spatiotemporal features of the pedestrians, such as their overlapping ratio with virtual reference lines, as well as the direction and magnitude of each pedestrian’s movement. The proposed algorithm was successfully applied to various pedestrian data sets captured by an FIR camera, and the results show that its SPC detection performance is better than those of other methods.