nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Origins of human cooperation and morality.

From an evolutionary perspective, morality is a form of cooperation. Cooperation requires individuals either to suppress their own self-interest or to equate it with that of others. We review recent research on the origins of human morality, both phylogenetic (research with apes) and ontogenetic (research with children). For both time frames we propose a two-step sequence: first a second-personal morality in which individuals are sympathetic or fair to particular others, and second an agent-neutral morality in which individuals follow and enforce group-wide social norms. Human morality arose evolutionarily as a set of skills and motives for cooperating with others, and the ontogeny of these skills and motives unfolds in part naturally and in part as a result of sociocultural contexts and interactions.
ITIL in small to medium-sized enterprises software companies: towards an implementation sequence

Information Technology Infrastructure Library, ITIL framework, is a set of comprehensive publications providing descriptive guidance on the management of IT processes, functions, roles and responsibilities related to Information Technology Service Management. However, and in spite of its repercussion and popularity, the ITIL framework does not suggest an implementation order for their processes. This decision constitutes the first challenge that an organization must overcome when starting an ITIL implementation, the enterprise size being one of the leading factors to be considered in the decision making process. In the scenario of Small and Medium Enterprises dedicated to producing software, this paper is devoted to investigating which processes are the most selected to start the implementation of ITIL in these organizations. This is done by means of two different instruments. Firstly, a systematic literature review on the topic and secondly, a survey conducted among experts and practitioners. Results show in both cases that Incident Management Process should be the first process when implementing ITIL framework.
The recognition of rice images by UAV based on capsule network

It is important to recognize the rice image captured by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for monitoring the growth of rice and preventing the diseases and pests. Aiming at the image recognition, we use rice images captured by UAV as our data source, the structure of capsule network (CapsNet) is built to recognize rice images in this paper. The images are preprocessed through histogram equalization method into grayscale images and through superpixel algorithm into the superpixel segmentation results. The both results are output into the CapsNet. The function of CapsNet is to perform the reverse analysis of rice images. The CapsNet consists of five layers: an input layer, a convolution layer, a primary capsules layer, a digital capsules layer and an output layer. The CapsNet trains classification and predicts the output vector based on routing-by-agreement protocol. Therefore, the features of rice image by UAV can be precisely and efficiently extracted. The method is more convenient than the traditional artificial recognition. It provides the scientific support and reference for decision-making process of precision agriculture.
Predicting Dropout-Prone Students in E-Learning Education System

High rate of students dropout in courses has been a major problem for many universities or educational institutions that offer online education. If the dropout-prone students can be identified in their early stages, the dropout rate can be reduced by providing individualized care to the students at-risk. Due to the electronic nature of the e-learning courses, various attributes of the student progress can be monitored and analyzed automatically over time. In this paper, a technique for predicting students who are prone to dropout from the online courses has been proposed that progressively analyzes a set of per-learner attributes of the students' activities overtime. Since a single machine learning technique may fail to accurately identify some dropout-prone students whereas others may succeed, this technique uses a combination of multiple classifiers (ensemble of classifiers) for this analysis. The results of the validation found the technique to be promising in predicting dropout-prone students.
TS-CLOCK: temporal and spatial locality aware buffer replacement algorithm for NAND flash storages

NAND flash storage is widely adopted in all classes of computing devices. However, random write performance and lifetime issues remain to be addressed. In this paper, we propose a novel buffer replacement algorithm called TS-CLOCK that effectively resolves the remaining problems. Our experimental results show that TS-CLOCK outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of performance and lifetime.
Ongoing and online : children and youth ’ s perceptions of cyber bullying

The use of online technology is exploding worldwide and is fast becoming a preferred method of interacting. While most online interactions are neutral or positive the Internet provides a new means through which children and youth are bullied. The aim of this grounded theory approach was to explore technology, virtual relationships and cyber bullying from the perspectives of students. Seven focus groups were held with 38 students between fifth and eighth grades. The participants considered cyber bullying to be a serious problem and some characterized online bullying as more serious than ‘traditional’ bullying because of the associated anonymity. Although the students depicted anonymity as integral to cyber bullying, the findings suggest that much of the cyber bullying occurred within the context of their social groups and relationships. Findings revealed five major themes: technology embraced at younger ages and becoming the dominant medium for communication; definitions and views of cyber bullying; factors unique to cyber bullying; types of cyber bullying; and telling adults. The findings highlight the complexity of the perceived anonymity provided by the Internet and how AC C EP TE D M AN U SC R IP T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 this may impact cyber bullying. The study offers greater awareness of the meanings of online relationships for children and youth.
Demystifying 3D ICs: the pros and cons of going vertical

This article provides a practical introduction to the design trade-offs of the currently available 3D IC technology options. It begins with an overview of techniques, such as wire bonding, microbumps, through vias, and contactless interconnection, comparing them in terms of vertical density and practical limits to their use. We then present a high-level discussion of the pros and cons of 3D technologies, with an analysis relating the number of transistors on a chip to the vertical interconnect density using estimates based on Rent's rule. Next, we provide a more detailed design example of inductively coupled interconnects, with measured results of a system fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m technology and an analysis of misalignment and crosstalk tolerances. Lastly, we present a case study of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) placed and routed in a 0.18-/spl mu/m through-via silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, comparing the 3D design to a traditional 2D approach in terms of wire length and critical-path delay.
Isolated microspore culture techniques and recent progress for haploid and doubled haploid plant production

An isolated microspore culture provides an excellent system for the study of microspore induction and embryogenesis, provides a platform for an ever-increasing array of molecular studies, and can produce doubled haploid (DH) plants, which are used to accelerate plant-breeding programs. Moreover, isolated microspore cultures have several advantages over anther culture, wherein presence of the anther walls can lead to the development of diploid, somatic calli and plants. Although protocols for isolated microspore culture vary from laboratory to laboratory, the basic steps of growing donor plants, harvesting floral organs, isolating microspores, culturing and inducing microspores, regenerating embryos, and doubling the chromosomes, remain the same. Over the past few years, a large proportion of the research reports on isolated microspore culture have focused on cereal and Brassica species. For some of these species, isolated microspore culture protocols are well established and routinely used in laboratories around the world for developing new varieties, as well as for basic research in areas such as genomics, gene expression, and genetic mapping. Although these species are considered highly responsive to microspore culture, improvements in efficiency are still being made. However, with many species, isolated microspore culture is simply not yet efficient enough at producing DH plants to be cost-effective for breeding programs. There has been a recent resurgence of haploidy research with response being reported in some species once considered recalcitrant. Future research programs aimed at elucidating pathways involved in microspore induction and embryogenesis will be of benefit, as will novel approaches to improve the efficiency of microspore culture for DH production. With many species, anther culture has proven to be more effective than isolated microspore culture, necessitating more research to clarify the contribution of the anther wall to embryogenesis. The development of molecular markers for use in determining the gametic origin of regenerated plants, irrespective of their ploidy, would also be beneficial. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the basic isolated microspore culture protocol with an emphasis on recent progress in several crop species.
A Dual Linear Polarization Highly Isolated Crossed Dipole Antenna for MPAR Application

The design of a dual-polarization antenna with high isolation between ports has always been a challenge in the antenna community. To overcome this issue, a pair of printed collocated bent dipoles with a unique excitation method, is introduced in this letter. A balun and parallel transmission line are concurrently designed for multifunction phased array radar in the frequency bandwidth of 2.7–3 GHz. To maximize the polarization purity of the antenna and eliminate the parasitic radiation of the balun, the radiating element is isolated from the balun by a set of ground planes. A better than 10-dB return loss and a measured port-to-port isolation of 52 dB over the whole bandwidth are achieved. The cross-polarization pattern remains 40 dB below the copolarization peak in the principal planes. Having a compact geometry, the proposed antenna can readily be extended to form an array.
A comparative study of metamodeling methods for multiobjective crashworthiness optimization

The response surface methodology (RSM), which typically uses quadratic polynomials, is predominantly used for metamodeling in crashworthiness optimization because of the high computational cost of vehicle crash simulations. Research shows, however, that RSM may not be suitable for modeling highly nonlinear responses that can often be found in impact related problems, especially when using limited quantity of response samples. The radial basis functions (RBF) have been shown to be promising for highly nonlinear problems, but no application to crashworthiness problems has been found in the literature. In this study, metamodels by RSM and RBF are used for multiobjective optimization of a vehicle body in frontal collision, with validations by finite element simulations using the full-scale vehicle model. The results show that RSM is able to produce good approximation models for energy absorption, and the model appropriateness can be well predicted by ANOVA. However, in the case of peak acceleration, RBF is found to generate better models than RSM based on the same number of response samples, with the multiquadric function identified to be the most stable RBF. Although RBF models are computationally more expensive, the optimization results of RBF models are found to be more accurate.
A High-Power Low-Distortion GaAs HBT Power Amplifier for Mobile Terminals Used in Broadband Wireless Applications

This paper describes technologies of miniaturized high-power low-distortion GaAs HBT power amplifiers with a low-voltage operation for mobile terminals used in 5-6 GHz broadband wireless applications. In conjunction with diode-based linearizing techniques, wideband matching network techniques including trap circuits for second harmonics allow us to obtain a compact broadband power amplifier module with harmonic filtering, achieving the high linear output power at a low supply voltage together with the low distortion and the low second-harmonic spurious outputs in a wide frequency range. The fabricated power amplifier exhibited linear output power levels of 21 and 22 dBm at EVM values of 2.0 and 3.0%, respectively, measured with 54 Mb/s 64-QAM-OFDM signals at a supply voltage of 3.3 V in a frequency range of 5-6 GHz. Second harmonic spurious outputs below -35 dBc were also attained.
E-government around the world: lessons, challenges, and future directions

As demonstrated by the articles in this symposium, e-government can create significant benefits for citizens, businesses, and governments around the world. “Although still in its adolescence, the core transformative capacities of the Internet include its potential for radically shrinking communications and information costs, maximizing speed, broadening reach, and eradicating distance.” E-government is a key method for achieving many of these goals. The articles in this symposium issue have presented a number of diverse e-government projects that are currently demonstrating the potential benefits of e-government. Gupta and Jana offer an adaptable framework that can be used to assess tangible and intangible benefits of e-government and, by applying the framework to an e-government initiative in New Delhi, India, suggest that the model offers the most information when applied to mature e-government initiatives. Kuk examines the relationship between the quality of local e-government services and the levels of Internet access in the 12 regions of the United Kingdom, finding that lower quality of local e-government services correlate with low levels of Internet access. Wang investigates electronic tax-filing systems in Taiwan, discussing the implications of technology acceptance and perceived credibility of the systems as factors that influence adoption of e-government services. Each of these articles contributes to the understanding of e-government by focusing on particular issues related to e-government in specific parts of the world. The initiatives discussed in this symposium provide a better understanding of e-government in each location and offer lessons that can be applied to e-government efforts anywhere.
The effect of presentation format on the persuasiveness of online consumer reviews

Computer-synthesized speech is emerging as a major human-computer interface in post-PC devices like smartphones, tablets or home assistants. Siri, Alexa and Cortana are just a few examples of voices that can be heard around households. However, there is limited research on the effects of computer-synthesized speech on the user experience. We contribute to this stream of research by focusing on the persuasiveness of online consumer reviews. While a typical consumer review’s presentation consists of text accompanied by images and numeric ratings, our study uses computer-synthesized speech as the delivery format of online consumer reviews. We find that individuals’ purchase intentions and trust beliefs increase when they listen to reviews produced with computer-synthesized speech, instead of reading text reviews. The same effect is not detectable with respect to perceived review credibility. Our work adds to the literature on online persuasiveness because of its timeliness and novelty. To our knowledge, it is the first empirical study testing the effect of computersynthesized speech as a mode of delivery for online reviews. More fundamentally our study calls for better theorizing the causes of increased persuasiveness of spoken versus text reviews and to expand this theorizing beyond the online opinions context.
Bidirectional Soft-Switching Series-Resonant Converter With Simple PWM Control and Load-Independent Voltage-Gain Characteristics for Energy Storage System in DC Microgrids

A fixed frequency operated bidirectional series-resonant (BSR) converter is proposed for energy storage system in dc microgrid. Simple pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control is applied to the proposed converter to regulate the power flows and achieve the following attractive features: 1) the voltage gain of the converter is only determined by the effective duty cycles of switches and has nothing to do with the amplitude and direction of the transferred power, which is a significant innovation and improvement in comparison with most of the existing resonant converters; 2) theoretically, the normalized voltage gain can be regulated from zero to infinite, which means the proposed BSR converter is a Buck–Boost converter and suitable for wide voltage range applications; 3) the direction of power flow and the operation mode, i.e., the forward or backward mode, can be changed automatically and smoothly with the simple PWM control; and 4) zero-voltage switching turn-on is achieved for all the active switches within the entire operation range. Operation principles, control strategies, characteristics, and design considerations of the proposed BSR are analyzed. A 1.6 kW prototype is built and tested to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed converter.
Quantifying immersion in virtual reality

Virtual Reality (VR) has generated much excitement but little formal proof that it is useful. Because VR interfaces are difficult and expensive to build, the computer graphics community needs to be able to predict which applications will benefit from VR. In this paper, we show that users with a VR interface complete a search task faster than users with a stationary monitor and a hand-based input device. We placed users in the center of the virtual room shown in Figure 1 and told them to look for camouflaged targets. VR users did not do significantly better than desktop users. However, when asked to search the room and conclude if a target existed, VR users were substantially better at determining when they had searched the entire room. Desktop users took 41% more time, re-examining areas they had already searched. We also found a positive transfer of training from VR to stationary displays and a negative transfer of training from stationary displays to VR.
Hardware Intrinsic Security from Physically Unclonable Functions

Counterfeiting of goods in general and of electronic goods in particular is a growing concern with a huge impact on the global economy, the society, and the security of its critical infrastructure. Various examples are known where companies suffer from economic and brand damage due to competition with counterfeit goods. In some cases the use of counterfeit components has even led to tragic accidents in which lives were lost. It has also recently become clear that counterfeit products can penetrate the critical and security infrastructure of our modern societies and hence cause a threat to national security. One of the difficulties to deal with this problem stems from the fact that counterfeit goods can originate from sources that are able to make copies that are very hard to distinguish from their legitimate counterpart. A first well-known aspect of counterfeiting is product cloning. A second much less known but increasingly dangerous aspect consists of overproduction of goods. A special, but modern, case of counterfeiting is theft of Intellectual Property such as software and designs. The attractive part from the attackers’ point of view is that it is relatively easy to steal and has a high value without having to do huge investments in research and development. From a high-level point of view one can state that the attack can be thwarted by using encryption and authentication techniques. Device configuration data or embedded software can, for example, be encrypted such that it will only run on the device possessing the correct cryptographic key. Since encrypted data is still easy to copy, it now becomes essential that the secret key is well protected against copying or cloning. In order to deal with these two aspects of counterfeiting, a secret unclonable identifier is required together with strong cryptographic protocols. In this chapter we focus on a new way to address these problems: Hardware Intrinsic Security. It is based on the implementation and generation of secret physically unclonable identifiers used in conjunction with cryptographic techniques such as encryption and
The estimation of the gradient of a density function, with applications in pattern recognition

Nonparametric density gradient estimation using a generalized kernel approach is investigated. Conditions on the kernel functions are derived to guarantee asymptotic unbiasedness, consistency, and uniform consistenby of the estimates. The results are generalized to obtain a simple mean-shift estimate that can be extended in a k-nearestneighbor approach. Applications of gradient estimation to pattern recognition are presented using clustering and intrinsic dimensionality problems, with the ultimate goal of providing further understanding of these problems in terms of density gradients.
Security risk assessment framework for cloud computing environments

Cloud computing has become today’s most common technology buzzword. Despite the promises of cloud computing to decrease computing implementation costs and deliver computing as a service, which allows clients to pay only for what they need and use, cloud computing also raises many security concerns. Most popular risk assessment standards, such as ISO27005, NIST SP800-30, and AS/NZS 4360, assume that an organization’s assets are fully managed by the organization itself and that all security management processes are imposed by the organization. These assumptions, however, do not apply to cloud computing environments. Hence, this paper proposes a security risk assessment framework that can enable cloud service providers to assess security risks in the cloud computing environment and allow cloud clients to contribute in risk assessment. The proposed framework provides a more realistic and accurate risk assessment outcome by considering the cloud clients’ evaluation of security risk factors and avoiding the complexity that can result from the involvement of clients in whole risk assessment process.
Cloud Computing Security: A Survey

1 Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar; E-Mail: ikhalil@uaeu.ac.ae 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark College of Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; E-Mail: abdallah@njit.edu 3 College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; E-Mail: azeemsamma@hotmail.com
QFN based packaging concepts for millimeter-wave transceivers

This paper introduces the idea of a low-cost surface-mountable millimeter-wave radar sensor. Different packaging topologies are compared with the potential of integrating the whole radar frontend together with the antennas into a single QFN package. The pros and cons of the different packaging concepts are discussed and finally, a 120 GHz off-chip antenna design for integration into a QFN package and its measurements are presented.