nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase Retrieval via Polytope Optimization: Geometry, Phase Transitions, and New Algorithms

We study algorithms for solving quadratic systems of equations based on optimization methods over polytopes. Our work is inspired by a recently proposed convex formulation of the phase retrieval problem, which estimates the unknown signal by solving a simple linear program over a polytope constructed from the measurements. We present a sharp characterization of the high-dimensional geometry of the aforementioned polytope under Gaussian measurements. This characterization allows us to derive asymptotically exact performance guarantees for PhaseMax, which also reveal a phase transition phenomenon with respect to its sample complexity. Moreover, the geometric insights gained from our analysis lead to a new nonconvex formulation of the phase retrieval problem and an accompanying iterative algorithm, which we call PhaseLamp. We show that this new algorithm has superior recovery performance over the original PhaseMax method. Finally, as yet another variation on the theme of performing phase retrieval via polytope optimization, we propose a weighted version of PhaseLamp and demonstrate, through numerical simulations, that it outperforms several stateof-the-art algorithms under both generic Gaussian measurements as well as more realistic Fourier-type measurements that arise in phase retrieval applications.
Autovectorization in GCC

Vectorization is an optimization technique that has traditionally targeted vector processors. The importance of this optimization has increased in recent years with the introduction of SIMD (single instruction multiple data) extensions to general purpose processors, and with the growing significance of applications that can benefit from this functionality. With the adoption of the new Tree SSA optimization framework, GCC is ready to take on the challenge of automatic vectorization. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of a loop-based vectorizer in GCC. We discuss the new issues that arise when vectorizing for SIMD extensions as opposed to traditional vectorization. We also present preliminary results and future work.
Real-time data-driven interactive rough sketch inking

We present an interactive approach for inking, which is the process of turning a pencil rough sketch into a clean line drawing. The approach, which we call the Smart Inker, consists of several "smart" tools that intuitively react to user input, while guided by the input rough sketch, to efficiently and naturally connect lines, erase shading, and fine-tune the line drawing output. Our approach is data-driven: the tools are based on fully convolutional networks, which we train to exploit both the user edits and inaccurate rough sketch to produce accurate line drawings, allowing high-performance interactive editing in real-time on a variety of challenging rough sketch images. For the training of the tools, we developed two key techniques: one is the creation of training data by simulation of vague and quick user edits; the other is a line normalization based on learning from vector data. These techniques, in combination with our sketch-specific data augmentation, allow us to train the tools on heterogeneous data without actual user interaction. We validate our approach with an in-depth user study, comparing it with professional illustration software, and show that our approach is able to reduce inking time by a factor of 1.8X, while improving the results of amateur users.
Handwritten Digit Recognition: A Neural Network Demo

A handwritten digit recognition system was used in a demonstration project to visualize artificial neural networks, in particular Kohonen’s self-organizing feature map. The purpose of this project was to introduce neural networks through a relatively easy-to-understand application to the general public. This paper describes several techniques used for preprocessing the handwritten digits, as well as a number of ways in which neural networks were used for the recognition task. Whereas the main goal was a purely educational one, a moderate recognition rate of 98% was reached on a test set.
Embedding Knowledge Graphs Based on Transitivity and Antisymmetry of Rules

Representation learning of knowledge graphs encodes entities and relation types into a continuous low-dimensional vector space, learns embeddings of entities and relation types. Most existing methods only concentrate on knowledge triples, ignoring logic rules which contain rich background knowledge. Although there has been some work aiming at leveraging both knowledge triples and logic rules, they ignore the transitivity and asymmetry of logic rules. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to learn knowledge representations with entities and ordered relations in knowledges and logic rules. The key idea is to integrate knowledge triples and logic rules, and approximately order the relation types in logic rules to utilize the transitivity and asymmetry of logic rules. All entries of the embeddings of relation types are constrained to be non-negative. We translate the general constrained optimization problem into an unconstrained optimization problem to solve the non-negative matrix factorization. Experimental results show that our model significantly outperforms other baselines on knowledge graph completion task. It indicates that our model is capable of capturing the transitivity and asymmetry information, which is significant when learning embeddings of knowledge graphs.
Substrate Integrated Waveguide Loaded by Complementary Split-Ring Resonators and Its Applications to Miniaturized Waveguide Filters

A substrate integrated waveguide with square complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) etched on the waveguide surface is investigated in this paper. The proposed structures allow the implementation of a forward-wave passband propagating below the characteristic cutoff frequency of the waveguide. By changing the orientations of the CSRRs, which are incorporated in the waveguide surface and can be interpreted in terms of electric dipoles, varied passband characteristics are observed. A detailed explanation for the generation and variations of the passbands has been illuminated. The application of this waveguide and CSRR combination technique to the design of miniaturized waveguide bandpass filters characterized by transmission zeros is then illustrated. Filter design methodology is examined. These proposed filters exhibit high selectivity and compact size due to the employment of the subwavelength resonators and an evanescent-wave transmission. By slightly altering the configuration of the CSRRs, we find that the propagation of the TE10 mode can be suppressed and filters with improved selectivity and stopband rejection can be obtained. To verify the presented concept, three different types of filters are fabricated based on the standard printed circuit board process. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulation.
Instagram and WhatsApp in Health and Healthcare: An Overview

Instagram and WhatsApp are two social media and networking services introduced in 2010. They are currently subsidiaries of Facebook, Inc., California, USA. Using evidence from the published literature and case reports indexed in PubMed and other sources, we present an overview of the various applications of Instagram and WhatsApp in health and healthcare. We also briefly describe the main issues surrounding the uses of these two apps in health and medicine.
Evaluating the Effect of Total Quality Management Practices on Business Performance : A Study of Manufacturing Firms of Pakistan

The present study has evaluated the effect of TQM practices on business performance of manufacturing firms in Pakistan. A sample of 65 managers working in the quality assurance department was taken from these manufacturing firms and their responses were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to demonstrate the effect of different levels of TQM practices on business performance in terms of financial performance, product quality performance, customer satisfaction. The study had also considered organizational level variables like size of firm, year of existence, top management commitment as moderating variables, the results have shown that TQM was implemented only at the first three levels i.e. quality control ,quality assurance and continuous improvement in the selected firms and that top management commitment is the most important variable effecting on TQM implementation which then directly effect on business performance in these manufacturing firms.
Scalable Realistic Rendering with Many-Light Methods

Recent years have seen increasing attention and significant progress in many-light rendering, a class of methods for the efficient computation of global illumination. The many-light formulation offers a unified mathematical framework for the problem reducing the full lighting transport simulation to the calculation of the direct illumination from many virtual light sources. These methods are unrivaled in their scalability: they are able to produce artifact-free images in a fraction of a second but also converge to the full solution over time. In this state-of-the-art report, we have three goals: give an easy-to-follow, introductory tutorial of many-light theory; provide a comprehensive, unified survey of the topic with a comparison of the main algorithms; and present a vision to motivate and guide future research. We will cover both the fundamental concepts as well as improvements, extensions, and applications of many-light rendering.
Musculoskeletal symptoms among mobile hand-held device users and their relationship to device use: A preliminary study in a Canadian university population.

The study aims were, in a population of university students, staff, and faculty (n = 140), to: 1) determine the distribution of seven measures of mobile device use; 2) determine the distribution of musculoskeletal symptoms of the upper extremity, upper back and neck; and 3) assess the relationship between device use and symptoms. 137 of 140 participants (98%) reported using a mobile device. Most participants (84%) reported pain in at least one body part. Right hand pain was most common at the base of the thumb. Significant associations found included time spent internet browsing and pain in the base of the right thumb (odds ratio 2.21, 95% confidence interval 1.02-4.78), and total time spent using a mobile device and pain in the right shoulder (2.55, 1.25-5.21) and neck (2.72, 1.24-5.96). Although this research is preliminary, the observed associations, together with the rising use of these devices, raise concern for heavy users.
Measuring the Immeasurables : Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables ( SOFI ) Scale Based on Buddhist Teachings on Loving Kindness , Compassion , Joy , and Equanimity

Multiple measures exist that examine the attentional aspects of meditation practice, but measurement of the compassion component is relatively understudied. This paper describes the development and initial validation of a scale designed to measure application of the four immeasurable qualities at the heart of Buddhist teachings: loving kindness, compassion, joy and acceptance toward both self and others. Our analyses suggest four distinct subscales: positive qualities toward self, positive qualities toward others, negative qualities toward self and negative qualities toward others. Initial examination of reliability and validity showed high internal consistency for the subscales as well as strong concurrent, discriminant, and construct validity. We believe the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) scale has broad utility for research on mindfulness, positive psychology, and social psychology.
Prevalence of chronic low back pain: systematic review

To estimate worldwide prevalence of chronic low back pain according to age and sex.



We consulted Medline (PubMed), LILACS and EMBASE electronic databases. The search strategy used the following descriptors and combinations: back pain, prevalence, musculoskeletal diseases, chronic musculoskeletal pain, rheumatic, low back pain, musculoskeletal disorders and chronic low back pain. We selected cross-sectional population-based or cohort studies that assessed chronic low back pain as an outcome. We also assessed the quality of the selected studies as well as the chronic low back pain prevalence according to age and sex.



The review included 28 studies. Based on our qualitative evaluation, around one third of the studies had low scores, mainly due to high non-response rates. Chronic low back pain prevalence was 4.2% in individuals aged between 24 and 39 years old and 19.6% in those aged between 20 and 59. Of nine studies with individuals aged 18 and above, six reported chronic low back pain between 3.9% and 10.2% and three, prevalence between 13.1% and 20.3%. In the Brazilian older population, chronic low back pain prevalence was 25.4%.



Chronic low back pain prevalence increases linearly from the third decade of life on, until the 60 years of age, being more prevalent in women. Methodological approaches aiming to reduce high heterogeneity in case definitions of chronic low back pain are essential to consistency and comparative analysis between studies. A standard chronic low back pain definition should include the precise description of the anatomical area, pain duration and limitation level.
Ring-LWE Ciphertext Compression and Error Correction: Tools for Lightweight Post-Quantum Cryptography

Some lattice-based public key cryptosystems allow one to transform ciphertext from one lattice or ring representation to another efficiently and without knowledge of public and private keys. In this work we explore this lattice transformation property from cryptographic engineering viewpoint. We apply ciphertext transformation to compress Ring-LWE ciphertexts and to enable efficient decryption on an ultra-lightweight implementation targets such as Internet of Things, Smart Cards, and RFID applications. Significantly, this can be done without modifying the original encryption procedure or its security parameters. Such flexibility is unique to lattice-based cryptography and may find additional, unique real-life applications.
 Ciphertext compression can significantly increase the probability of decryption errors. We show that the frequency of such errors can be analyzed, measured and used to derive precise failure bounds for n-bit error correction. We introduce XECC, a fast multi-error correcting code that allows constant time implementation in software.
 We use these tools to construct and explore TRUNC8, a concrete Ring-LWE encryption and authentication system. We analyze its implementation, security, and performance. We show that our lattice compression technique reduces ciphertext size by more than 40% at equivalent security level, while also enabling public key cryptography on previously unreachable ultra-lightweight platforms.
 The experimental public key encryption and authentication system has been implemented on an 8-bit AVR target, where it easily outperforms elliptic curve and RSA-based proposals at similar security level. Similar results have been obtained with a Cortex M0 implementation. The new decryption code requires only a fraction of the software footprint of previous Ring-LWE implementations with the same encryption parameters, and is well suited for hardware implementation.
An ultra-low-power CMOS OTA for low-frequency G mC applications

In this paper, we have designed and simulated an ultralow-power CMOS OTA in weak inversion for lowfrequency Gm-C applications. In this OTA using DC shifting and bulk-driven differential pair configuration can be made large common mode input range and linear input range without using complex approaches. The symmetricalOTA was successfully verified in a standard 0.35-μm CMOS process. This OTA is optimized for 800mV supply voltage. The simulated OTA consumes 45μA, performing 46 dB open loop gain, 187 Hz unity gain frequency. The simulated transconductance of this OTA is 66nS, which is suitable for low-frequency Gm-C applications. This OTA can be used in band-gap, physical transducers, process controllers and mainly on small battery operated devices.
The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: Review of literature and implications for future research

Social neuro-science has recently started to investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying our ability to understand the mental and emotional states of others. In this review, imaging research conducted on theory of mind (ToM or mentalizing) and empathy is selectively reviewed. It is proposed that even though these abilities are often used as synonyms in the literature these capacities represent different abilities that rely on different neuronal circuitry. ToM refers to our ability to understand mental states such as intentions, goals and beliefs, and relies on structures of the temporal lobe and the pre-frontal cortex. In contrast, empathy refers to our ability to share the feelings (emotions and sensations) of others and relies on sensorimotor cortices as well as limbic and para-limbic structures. It is further argued that the concept of empathy as used in lay terms refers to a multi-level construct extending from simple forms of emotion contagion to complex forms of cognitive perspective taking. Future research should investigate the relative contribution of empathizing and mentalizing abilities in the understanding of other people's states. Finally, it is suggested that the abilities to understand other people's thoughts and to share their affects display different ontogenetic trajectories reflecting the different developmental paths of their underlying neural structures. In particular, empathy develops much earlier than mentalizing abilities, because the former relys on limbic structures which develop early in ontogeny, whereas the latter rely on lateral temporal lobe and pre-frontal structures which are among the last to fully mature.
The mole concept using MS Excel

A program has been developed to assist chemistry students in understanding the mole concept. The mole concept is a fundamental concept in chemistry that students need to understand before they can solve problems such as calculating the number of atoms in an element, mass of a substance or finding the stoichiometric amounts of reactants or products in a given chemical reaction. This program will be able to calculate the number of moles of a substance, the empirical formula of a compound and solve problems related to reaction stoichiometry. In addition, there are short notes, glossary of terms and quiz in the form of true/false and multiple-choice type questions. Another feature of this program is the periodic table of elements where the physical properties of the elements can be displayed. The program is written in Visual Basic language using the Visual Basic editor of the Microsoft Excel software. The data required for developing this program are stored in the Excel worksheets and the user interface is linked to the data using Visual Basic programming. This program receives a positive feedback based on a perception survey on 50 students.
Technology-based Financial Frauds in Taiwan: Issues and Approaches

Financial fraud or deception for personal gain had become one of the major crimes in society. The situation worsened by the advance and widely application of information technology (IT). In recent years, the number of financial frauds in Taiwan increased dramatically, from 2,817 in 1997 to 43,342 in 2005, which means a 15 fold increase in 8 years. Besides the fact that the transcendence and the anonymity of network allow fraudsters to acquire their victims effectively and to avoid the risk of apprehension, the IT-enabled platform also makes it much more efficient and effective for fraudsters to exchange information with their victims and to transfer financial data. Major types of financial frauds in Taiwan include: computer fraud, credit card fraud, auction fraud, e-commerce fraud, and telemarketing fraud. Modus operandi of financial frauds are depicted and current remedies are summarized. A framework for developing countermeasures is also proposed for future research.
A survey on nature inspired metaheuristic algorithms for partitional clustering

The partitional clustering concept started with K-means algorithm which was published in 1957. Since then many classical partitional clustering algorithms have been reported based on gradient descent approach. The 1990 kick started a new era in cluster analysis with the application of nature inspired metaheuristics. After initial formulation nearly two decades have passed and researchers have developed numerous new algorithms in this field. This paper embodies an up-to-date review of all major nature inspired metaheuristic algorithms employed till date for partitional clustering. Further, key issues involved during formulation of various metaheuristics as a clustering problem and major application areas are discussed. & 2014
Novel low-cost ultra-wideband, ultra-short-pulse transmitter with MESFET impulse-shaping circuitry for reduced distortion and improved pulse repetition rate

A new ultra-wideband, ultra-short-pulse transmitter has been developed using microstrip lines, step-recovery and Schottky diodes, MESFET, and monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifier. This transmitter employs a novel MESFET impulse-shaping circuit to achieve several unique advantages, including less distortion, easy broadband matching, and increased pulse repetition rate. The transmitter produces 300-ps monocycle pulses with about 2 V peak-to-peak and a pulse repetition rate of 10 MHz. The measured pulses have good symmetry and low ringing level.
Integration of solid state transformer with DC microgrid system

This paper investigates a Solid State Transformer (SST) based DC microgrid architecture, addressing the design and control of the multiple SST power conversion stages and the power management strategy required for its integration with other microgrid elements, such as storage devices and local distributed generation. The advantages of a SST in relation to conventional low frequency transformers are commonly listed as a substantial reduction of volume and weight, fault isolation capability, voltage regulation, harmonic filtering, reactive power compensation and power factor correction. The SST also constitutes the required infrastructure that will enable DC power distribution to homes and commercial buildings in the near future and provides a more efficient way to integrate storage devices and distributed generation into the electrical grid. In this sense the SST behaves as an energy router, which represents a key element in an intelligent power system. The behavior of the proposed architecture for different operating conditions and disturbances will be assessed through computational simulations in the software MATLAB/Simulink.