nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
3. Topological Vector Spaces 3.1 Definitions

Banach spaces, and more generally normed spaces, are endowed with two structures: a linear structure and a notion of limits, i.e., a topology. Many useful spaces are Banach spaces, and indeed, we saw many examples of those. In certain cases, however, one deals with vector spaces with a notion of convergence that is not normable. Perhaps the best example is the space of C ∞ 0 (K) functions that are compactly supported inside some open domain K (this space is the basis for the theory of distributions). Another such example is the space of continuous functions C(W) defined on some open set W ⊂ R n. In such cases, we need a more general construct that embodies both the vector space structure and a topology, without having a norm. In certain cases, the topology is not only not normable, but even not metrizable (there are situations in which it is metrizable but not normable). We start by recalling basic definition in topological spaces: Definition 3.1 — Topological space. A topological space (*#&-&5&) "(9/) is a set S with a collection t of subsets (called the open sets) that contains both S and ï¿¿, and is closed under arbitrary union and finite intersections. A topological space is the most basic concept of a set endowed with a notion of neighborhood. Definition 3.2 — Open neighborhood. In a topological space (S,t), a neighborhood (%"*"2) of a point x is an open set that contains x. We will denote the collection of all the neighborhoods of x by N x = {U ∈ t ï¿¿ x ∈ U}.
Vertical Slit Transistor Based Integrated Circuits ( VeSTICs ) : Overview and Highlights of Feasibility Study

In this note, the concept of Vertical Slit Transistor Based Integrated Circuits (VeSTICs) is introduced and its feasibility discussed. VeSTICs paradigm has been conceived in response to the rapidly growing complexity/cost of the traditional bulk-CMOS-based approach and to challenges posed by the nano-scale era. This paradigm is based on strictly regular layouts. The central element of the proposed vision is a new junctionless Vertical Slit Field Effect Transistor (JL VeSFET) with twin independent gates. It is expected that VeSTICs will enable much denser, much easier to design, test and manufacture ICs, as well as, will be 3Dextendable and OPC-free.
Measurement and analysis of tennis swing motion using 3D gyro sensor

This paper describes the measurement and analysis of the motion of a tennis swing. Over the past decade, people have taken a greater interest in their physical condition in an effort to avoid health problems due to aging. Exercise, especially sports, is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle. As a popular lifelong sport, tennis was selected as the subject of this study, with the focus on the correct form for playing tennis, which is difficult to learn. We used a 3D gyro sensor fixed at the waist to detect the angular velocity in the movement of the stroke and serve of expert and novice tennis players for comparison.
Flask Web Development - Developing Web Applications with Python

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Augmented Reality-Based Indoor Navigation Using Google Glass as a Wearable Head-Mounted Display

This research comprehensively illustrates the design, implementation and evaluation of a novel marker less environment tracking technology for an augmented reality based indoor navigation application, adapted to efficiently operate on a proprietary head-mounted display. Although the display device used, Google Glass, had certain pitfalls such as short battery life, slow processing speed, and lower quality visual display but the tracking technology was able to complement these limitations by rendering a very efficient, precise, and intuitive navigation experience. The performance assessments, conducted on the basis of efficiency and accuracy, substantiated the utility of the device for everyday navigation scenarios, whereas a later conducted subjective evaluation of handheld and wearable devices also corroborated the wearable as the preferred device for indoor navigation.
Consumers' Satisfaction With Online Information Quality: The Moderating Roles Of Consumer Decision-Making Style, Gender And Product Involvement

In the absence of an opportunity to physically interact with products in the online environment, online information plays a critical role in enabling e-Commerce consumers’ purchase decisions. Thus, it is critical to understand what leads to consumer satisfaction with online information quality. However, despite the rapidly increasing number of consumers who use websites to gather pre-purchase product information, very little is known about how to increase consumers’ satisfaction with online product information quality in different contexts. This research-in-progress study proposes a comprehensive model to investigate the impacts of perceived verbal information, nonverbal information and decision support tools qualities on consumers’ satisfaction with information quality within e-Commerce websites. Further, we also plan to investigate how the relations between the constructs in the proposed model might vary by factors such as gender, decision making style, and product involvement. A survey-based methodology is outlined to empirically validate the proposed research model using structural equation modelling techniques.
Kidney biomarkers in cirrhosis.

Impaired renal function due to acute kidney injury (AKI) and/or chronic kidney diseases (CKD) is frequent in cirrhosis. Recurrent episodes of AKI may occur in end-stage cirrhosis. Differential diagnosis between functional (prerenal and hepatorenal syndrome) and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is crucial. The concept that AKI and CKD represent a continuum rather than distinct entities, is now emerging. Not all patients with AKI have a potential for full recovery. Precise evaluation of kidney function and identification of kidney changes in patients with cirrhosis is central in predicting reversibility. This review examines current biomarkers for assessing renal function and identifying the cause and mechanisms of impaired renal function. When CKD is suspected, clearance of exogenous markers is the reference to assess glomerular filtration rate, as creatinine is inaccurate and cystatin C needs further evaluation. Recent biomarkers may help differentiate ATN from hepatorenal syndrome. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin has been the most extensively studied biomarker yet, however, there are no clear-cut values that differentiate each of these conditions. Studies comparing ATN and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis, do not include a gold standard. Combinations of innovative biomarkers are attractive to identify patients justifying simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation. Accurate biomarkers of underlying CKD are lacking and kidney biopsy is often contraindicated in this population. Urinary microRNAs are attractive although not definitely validated. Efforts should be made to develop biomarkers of kidney fibrosis, a common and irreversible feature of CKD, whatever the cause. Biomarkers of maladaptative repair leading to irreversible changes and CKD after AKI are also promising.
Mnemotechnics in Second-Language Learning

For some time I have been involved in efforts to develop computer-controlled systems for instruction. One such effort has been a computer-assistedinstruction (CAI) program for teaching reading in the primary grades (Atkinson, 1974) and another for teaching computer science at the college level (Atkinson, in press). The goal has been to use psychological theory to devise optimal instructional procedures—procedures that make moment-by-moment decisions based on the student's unique response history. To help guide some of the theoretical aspects of this work, research has also been done on the restricted but well-defined problem of optimizing the teaching of a foreign language vocabulary. This is an area in which mathematical models provide an accurate description of learning, and these models can be used in conjunction with the methods of control theory to develop precise algorithms for sequencing instruction among vocabulary items. Some of this work has been published, and those who have read about it know that the optimization schemes are quite effective—far more effective than procedures that permit the learner to make his own instructional decisions (Atkinson, 1972a, 1972b; Atkinson & Paulson, 1972). In conducting these vocabulary learning experiments, I have been struck by the incredible variability in learning rates across subjects. Even Stanford University students, who are a fairly select sample, display impressively large betweensubject differences. These differences may reflect differences in fundamental abilities, but it is easy to demonstrate that they also depend on the strategies that subjects bring to bear on the task. Good learners can introspect with ease about a "bag of tricks" for learning vocabulary items, whereas poor
Comparison of mesenchymal stem cells and autogenous cortical bone graft in the treatment of class II furcation defects in dogs

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as scaffold and autogenous cortical bone (ACB) graft with and without PRP in the regenerative treatment of class II furcation defects in dogs. The mandibular second, third, and fourth premolars (P2, P3, P4) and maxillary P3 and P4 of both sides in three dogs were selected for experimentation. Class II furcation defects (5 mm in height and 2 mm in depth) were surgically created. Five weeks after the first operation, scaling + root planning (group 1), PRP (group 2), ACB (group 3), combination of ACB/PRP (group 4), and combination of MSCs/PRP (group 5) treatments were performed during open flap debridement. The percentage of cementum and alveolar bone formation was evaluated by histomorphometric analysis after a healing period of 8 weeks. There was new cementum along with periodontal ligament and coronal growth of alveolar bone in all groups. Cementum formation was significantly higher in groups 3, 4, and 5 compared to the control group (P < 0.05) with no significant difference between groups 2, 3, 4, and 5. Alveolar bone formation was similar in all groups (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that periodontal regeneration with complete filling of class II furcation defects with cementum, alveolar bone, and periodontal ligament is obtained 8 weeks after ACB, ACB/PRP, and MSCs/PRP treatments; however, efficacy of none is higher than another.
Bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane blocks in breast cancer and reconstruction surgery.

The widespread of ultrasound as a guide to regional anesthesia has allowed the development of numerous alternatives to paravertebral block in breast surgery named fascial or myofascial blocks . We chose to use a bilateral ultrasound-guided erector-spinae plane (ESP)blocks in a patient scheduled for breast cancer surgery that rejected epidural analgesia. We present this case report once obtained written informed consent from the patient. A 59-year-oldwoman, height 156 cmandweight 54 kg, ASA2 smoker with history of chronic hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was scheduled for right subcutaneous mastectomy with nipple-areola skin sparing due to a breast cancer. A sentinel lymph-
Automatic allocation of identifiers in linear wireless sensor networks using link-level processes

Wireless sensor networks, which are used for monitoring large-scale linear structures, are having a significant importance due to its implementation and low cost maintenance. The main challenges that this technology faces are the location and automatic identification of thousands of nodes that are part of a linear large-scale infrastructure, with minimum processing and low power consumption of the nodes. This paper proposes an automatic identification and location mechanism of the nodes that are part of a linear structure using link-level processes and the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. This mechanism improves the reliability in the allocation process of identifiers without using routing protocols to minimize the number of sent messages, also the computation process is done at the nodes, and therefore it reduces energy consumption. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using a prototype, for which we present initial performance analysis results focusing on delay. The implementation results confirm that with the proposed algorithm we obtain automatic allocations of identifiers.
Invariant Manifold Approach for the Stabilization of Nonholonomic Chained Systems : Application to a Mobile Robot

In this paper it is shown that a class of n-dimensional nonholonomic chained systems can be stabilized using the invariant manifold approach. First, we derive an invariant manifold for this class of systems and we show that, once on it, all the closed-loop trajectories tend to the origin under a linear smooth time-invariant state feedback. Thereafter, it is shown that this manifold can be made attractive by means of a discontinuous timeinvariant state feedback. Finally, a mobile robot is taken as an example demonstrating the effectiveness of our study.
Vocabulary Acquisition and Verbal Short-Term Memory: Computational and Neural Bases

In this paper, we explore the hypothesis that human vocabulary acquisition processes and verbal short-term memory abilities utilize a common cognitive and neural system. We begin by reviewing behavioral evidence for a shared set of processes. Next, we examine what the computational bases of such a shared system might be and how vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory might be related in mechanistic terms. We examine existing computational models of vocabulary acquisition and of verbal short-term memory, concluding that they fail to adequately relate these two domains. We then propose an alternative model which accounts not only for the relationship between word learning and verbal short-term memory, but also for a wide range of phenomena in verbal short-term memory. Furthermore, this new account provides a clear statement of the relationship between the proposed system and mechanisms of language processing more generally. We then consider possible neural substrates for this cognitive system. We begin by reviewing what is known of the neural substrates of speech processing and outline a conceptual framework within which a variety of seemingly contradictory neurophysiological and neuropsychological findings can be accommodated. The linkage of the shared system for vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory to neural areas specifically involved in speech processing lends further support to our functional-level identification of the mechanisms of vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory with those of language processing. The present work thus relates vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory to each other and to speech processing, at a cognitive, computational, and neural level.
Effective occupational therapy interventions in the rehabilitation of individuals with work-related low back injuries and illnesses: a systematic review.

A systematic review of the literature related to effective occupational therapy interventions in rehabilitation of individuals with work-related low back injuries and illnesses was carried out as part of the Evidence-Based Literature Review Project of the American Occupational Therapy Association. This review evaluated research on a broad range of occupational therapy-related intervention procedures and approaches. Findings from the review indicate that the evidence is insufficient to support or refute the effectiveness of exercise therapy and other conservative treatments for subacute and chronic low back injuries. The research reviewed strongly suggests that for interventions to be effective, occupational therapy practitioners should use a holistic, client-centered approach. The research supports the need for occupational therapy practitioners to consider multiple strategies for addressing clients' needs. Specifically, interventions for individuals with low back injuries and illnesses should incorporate a biopsychosocial, client-centered approach that includes actively involving the client in the rehabilitation process at the beginning of the intervention process and addressing the client's psychosocial needs in addition to his or her physical impairments. The implications for occupational therapy practice, research, and education are also discussed.
Resisting rape: the effects of victim self-protection on rape completion and injury.

The impact of victim resistance on rape completion and injury was examined utilizing a large probability sample of sexual assault incidents, derived from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1992-2002), and taking into account whether harm to the victim followed or preceded self-protection (SP) actions. Additional injuries besides rape, particularly serious injuries, following victim resistance are rare. Results indicate that most SP actions, both forceful and nonforceful, reduce the risk of rape completion, and do not significantly affect the risk of additional injury.
High-resolution mm-wave imaging techniques and systems for breast cancer detection

Breast cancer places fifth as a cause of death from cancer, especially among women. However, screening techniques have increased the success rate of medical therapies. Based on the well-known limitations of the most commonly used screening methods, microwave imaging has been proposed as an alternative solution. By detecting the dielectric discontinuities in the tissues, microwave imaging systems are able to detect malignant lesions, without exposing the patient to ionizing radiations. With respect to the actual microwave prototypes, the novel system proposed in this paper works at an higher central frequency, i.e. 33.25 GHz, and with a bandwidth of about 13.5 GHz. These two values determine a higher achievable resolution, which would make it possible an early-stage cancer detection. However, at these frequencies the propagation medium is particularly challenging in terms of loss and penetration depth. Consequently, the beam-forming algorithms used to form the image play a crucial role to obtain optimum results even in a lossy medium. In this paper, the feasibility study of a system based on a mm-waves multi-static radar architecture is presented, focusing the attention on the comparison between two different beamforming algorithms.
CPU Scheduling for Power/Energy Management on Multicore Processors Using Cache Miss and Context Switch Data

Power and energy have become increasingly important concerns in the design and implementation of today's multicore/manycore chips. In this paper, we present two priority-based CPU scheduling algorithms, Algorithm Cache Miss Priority CPU Scheduler (CM-PCS) and Algorithm Context Switch Priority CPU Scheduler (CS-PCS), which take advantage of often ignored dynamic performance data, in order to reduce power consumption by over 20 percent with a significant increase in performance. Our algorithms utilize Linux cpusets and cores operating at different fixed frequencies. Many other techniques, including dynamic frequency scaling, can lower a core's frequency during the execution of a non-CPU intensive task, thus lowering performance. Our algorithms match processes to cores better suited to execute those processes in an effort to lower the average completion time of all processes in an entire task, thus improving performance. They also consider a process's cache miss/cache reference ratio, number of context switches and CPU migrations, and system load. Finally, our algorithms use dynamic process priorities as scheduling criteria. We have tested our algorithms using a real AMD Opteron 6134 multicore chip and measured results directly using the “KillAWatt” meter, which samples power periodically during execution. Our results show not only a power (energy/execution time) savings of 39 watts (21.43 percent) and 38 watts (20.88 percent), but also a significant improvement in the performance, performance per watt, and execution time · watt (energy) for a task consisting of 24 concurrently executing benchmarks, when compared to the default Linux scheduler and CPU frequency scaling governor.
Noise and its impact on the perception of food and drink

Noise is currently the second most common complaint amongst restaurant-goers, behind poor service. In fact, over the last decade or two, many restaurants have become so loud that some critics now regularly report on the noise levels alongside the quality of the food. In this review, I first highlight the growing problem of noise in restaurants and bars and look at the possible causes. I then critically evaluate the laboratory-based research that has examined the effect of loud background noise on taste perception. I distinguish between the effect of noise on the taste, aroma/flavour, and textural properties of food and drink. Taken together, the evidence now clearly demonstrates that both background noise and loud music can impair our ability to taste food and drink. It would appear that noise selectively impairs the ability to detect tastes such as sweet and sour while leaving certain other taste and flavour experiences relatively unaffected. Possible neuroscientific explanations for such effects are outlined, and directions for future research highlighted. Finally, having identified the growing problem with noise in restaurants, I end by looking at some of the possible solutions and touch on the concept of silent dining.
Impact of birth order on procrastination among college students in Eldoret town Chege

The study sought to investigate the impact of birth order on procrastination among college students in Eldoret town. The study sought to achieve the following objectives: (1) to find out the prevalence of procrastination among college students in Eldoret town, (2) to find out the relationship between birth order on procrastination among college students in Eldoret town, (3) to investigate the relationship between age and procrastination among college students in Eldoret town and, (4) to investigate the relationship between gender and procrastination among college students in Eldoret town. The study adopted the ex post facto design. This single survey study purposively recruited 20 firstborns, 20 middle children, and 20 last-borns, from the KIM school of management, Eldoret campus. The sample comprised 30 male and 30 female respondents. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Hypothesis testing was done using the chi-square test. The findings showed that a total of 33 (55%) felt that birth order did affect their motivation for doing things while 27 (45%) felt that it did not affect them. , it is apparent that those who procrastinated were 28 (46.7%) while those who did not procrastinate were 32 (53.3%). Out of the 28 who postponed things that they could do at that moment, 21 said they always did so while 7 postponed sometimes. A total of 35 respondents indicated that they often gave up on a task whenever it got difficult while 25 (41.7%) opined that they never did so. The study concluded that there is a statistically significant relationship between procrastination and the respondents’ birth position. An examination of the crosstabulation above shows that most of those who procrastinated were last borns and a few middle borns. Hypothesis testing result confirmed that there was a statistically significant association between procrastination and age of the respondents. Of the 28 respondents who procrastinated, 16 (57.1%) were female while 12 (42.9%) were males.