nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
An Effective CU Size Decision Method for HEVC Encoders

The emerging high efficiency video coding standard (HEVC) adopts the quadtree-structured coding unit (CU). Each CU allows recursive splitting into four equal sub-CUs. At each depth level (CU size), the test model of HEVC (HM) performs motion estimation (ME) with different sizes including 2N × 2N, 2N × N, N × 2N and N × N. ME process in HM is performed using all the possible depth levels and prediction modes to find the one with the least rate distortion (RD) cost using Lagrange multiplier. This achieves the highest coding efficiency but requires a very high computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a fast CU size decision algorithm for HM. Since the optimal depth level is highly content-dependent, it is not efficient to use all levels. We can determine CU depth range (including the minimum depth level and the maximum depth level) and skip some specific depth levels rarely used in the previous frame and neighboring CUs. Besides, the proposed algorithm also introduces early termination methods based on motion homogeneity checking, RD cost checking and SKIP mode checking to skip ME on unnecessary CU sizes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce computational complexity while maintaining almost the same RD performance as the original HEVC encoder.
Minimal criterion coevolution: a new approach to open-ended search

Recent studies have emphasized the merits of search processes that lack overarching objectives, instead promoting divergence by rewarding behavioral novelty. While this less objective search paradigm is more open-ended and divergent, it still differs significantly from nature's mechanism of divergence. Rather than measuring novelty explicitly nature is guided by a single, fundamental constraint: survive long enough to reproduce. Surprisingly, this simple constraint produces both complexity and diversity in a continual process unparalleled by any algorithm to date. Inspired by the relative simplicity of open-endedness in nature in comparison to recent non-objective algorithms, this paper investigates the extent to which interactions between two coevolving populations, both subject to their own constraint, or minimal criterion, can produce results that are both functional and diverse even without any behavior characterization or novelty archive. To test this new approach, a novel maze navigation domain is introduced wherein evolved agents must learn to navigate mazes whose structures are simultaneously coevolving and increasing in complexity. The result is a broad range of maze topologies and successful agent trajectories in a single run, thereby suggesting the viability of minimal criterion coevolution as a new approach to non-objective search and a step towards genuinely open-ended algorithms.
The ASK Corpus - a Language Learner Corpus of Norwegian as a Second Language

In our paper we present the design and interface of ASK, a language learner corpus of Norwegian as a second language which contains essays collected from language tests on two different proficiency levels as well as personal data from the test takers. In addition, the corpus also contains texts and relevant personal data from native Norwegians as control data. The texts as well as the personal data are marked up in XML according to the TEI Guidelines. In order to be able to classify “errors” in the texts, we have introduced new attributes to the TEI corr and sic tags. For each error tag, a correct form is also in the text annotation. Finally, we employ an automatic tagger developed for standard Norwegian, the “Oslo-Bergen Tagger”, together with a facility for manual tag correction. As corpus query system, we are using the Corpus Workbench developed at the University of Stuttgart together with a web search interface developed at Aksis, University of Bergen. The system allows for searching for combinations of words, error types, grammatical annotation and personal data.
Capstan brake: Passive brake for tendon-driven mechanism

Tendon-driven mechanisms are one of the most popular mechanisms for transmitting force and power from a distance. The energy efficiency of a tendon-driven system can be improved if it can maintain the actuation force while not moving, without mechanical work. This can be achieved by using a brake. A brake without an additional actuator is preferred for achieving compactness of the entire system. We present a novel passive brake mechanism - the capstan brake, which consists of a capstan, rollers, and one-way clutches. The friction between the capstan and tendon amplifies a small resisting force (originating from an inactivated motor) to gain enough brake force. Because no additional actuator is involved, no energy is consumed to generate the brake force. In addition, the one-way clutch enables the capstan to rotate in the winding direction. Therefore, the brake force is only exerted when needed, and the performance of the entire device does not decrease owing to the use of the capstan brake. The brake force of the system is limited to handling the safety issues. If the external load exceeds the maximum brake force, the brake becomes back-drivable again. The limit level can be controlled by changing the number of times the tendon is wound around the capstan. Another issue for a tendon-driven system is that the tendon escapes from a spooler when the tendon does not maintain proper tension. By implementing the rollers with the capstan brake, the tendon cannot escape from a spooler even though the tendon is not pulled by an external load in all actuating situations. The performance of the proposed brake mechanism was evaluated through several tests. The results showed that the capstan brake is suitable to be applied to the wearable robotic hand, which is one of the prospective applications of the brake. The force loss caused by the brake was negligible and the brake operated properly even though the tendon was not pulled by an external load in all actuating situations.
Secure data processing framework for mobile cloud computing

In mobile cloud computing, mobile devices can rely on cloud computing and information storage resource to perform computationally intensive operations such as searching, data mining, and multimedia processing. In addition to providing traditional computation services, mobile cloud also enhances the operation of traditional ad hoc network by treating mobile devices as service nodes, e.g., sensing services. The sensed information, such as location coordinates, health related information, should be processed and stored in a secure fashion to protect user's privacy in the cloud. To this end, we present a new mobile cloud data processing framework through trust management and private data isolation. Finally, an implementation pilot for improving teenagers' driving safety, which is called FocusDrive, is presented to demonstrate the solution.
A Survey and Typology of Human Computation Games

Human computation games (HCGs) can be seen as a paradigm that makes use of human brain power to solve computational problems as a byproduct of game play. In recent years, HCGs are increasing in popularity within various application areas which aim to harvest human problem solving skills by seamlessly integrating computational tasks into games. Thus, a proper system of describing such games is necessary in order to obtain a better understanding of the current body of work and identify new opportunities for future research directions. As a starting point, in this paper, we review existing literature on HCGs and present a typology consisting of 12 dimensions based on the key features of HCGs. With this typology, all HCGs could be classified and compared in a systematic manner.
Wideband Millimeter-Wave Substrate Integrated Waveguide Slotted Narrow-Wall Fed Cavity Antennas

A technique to design substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) slotted narrow-wall fed cavity antennas is presented and investigated for millimeter-wave systems. The proposed antenna consists of a feeding SIW and a slotted narrow-wall fed high permittivity dielectric loaded substrate integrated cavity (SIC) in a co-planar configuration. First, the cavity modes are analyzed for selecting the feeding structure. Then, the equivalent circuit of the feeding structure is formulated to reveal the mechanism of wideband operation of the proposed antenna. The antennas and arrays operating at 35 and 60 GHz bands fabricated with printed circuit board (PCB) technology are exemplified to validate the concepts. The prototypes with single cavity achieve a bandwidth of 10% for 15-dB return loss and gain of 6 dBi at both 35 GHz and 60 GHz. The 2 × 2 35-GHz SIC antenna array shows a bandwidth of 11.7% for 15-dB return loss and gain of up to 10.8 dBi. The SIW-fed SIC millimeter-wave antenna arrays feature a wideband operation with low loss, low cost, low profile, easy integration configuration.
Analysis and Simulation of Theme Park Queuing System

It has been an important issue to improve customers' satisfaction in theme parks for which become a major role of recreation in our daily life. Waiting for rides has been identified as a factor decreasing satisfaction. A previous study indicated that a virtual queuing system can reduce the total waiting time so the customer's satisfaction is improved. The results from a simulation tool Arena show that an index Satisfaction Value (SV) increases when the queuing system is introduced. In this study, a more complex scenario of theme park queuing system (TPQS) is first designed, followed by comparison of a number of combinations of the rides with various waiting time and distribution factors. Analysis is also carried out.
The art of scenarios and strategic planning : tools and pitfalls

The term strategy has been misused and even abused. Worse, the word scenario is often confused with strategy to the point that clarification is needed if we are to understand one another. As a prolongation of the work done by the Rand Corporation in the 1960s, strategic planning, management and prospective approaches have been developed to help organizations master change. Over the past 25 years, we have contributed by creating or further developing various methodologies and procedures such as the Mactor and MICMAC methods for use in scenario building. These tools are doubly powerful in that they stimulate the imagination, reduce collective biases, and promote appropriation. One of the main functions of the strategic futures exercise is to eliminate two errors that we usually describe as the “hammer’s risk” and the “nail’s dream.” In other words, we forget what a hammer’s function is when staring at a nail (the nail’s dream) or we know how to use a hammer and imagine that every problem is like a nail (the hammer’s risk). In our case, we strive to give simple tools that may be appropriated. However, these simple tools are inspired by intellectual rigor that enables one to ask the right questions. Of course, these tools do not come with a guarantee. The natural talent, common sense, and intuition of the futurist also count!  2000 Elsevier Science Inc.  Anticipation is not widely practiced by decision makers because when things are going well, they can manage without it, and when things are going badly, it is too late to see beyond the ends of their noses. Fast action is already urgently required! Yet reaction is not an end in itself. Although desirable in the short term, it leads nowhere if not directed towards the firm’s long-term objectives. As Seneca said, “there is no favourable wind for the man who knows not where he is going.” Action becomes meaningless without a goal, and only anticipation points the way to action and gives it both meaning and direction. MICHEL GODET is Professor and holder of the Chaire de prospective industrielle du Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Paris, France, Director of the Laboratory of Investigation in Prospective and Strategy (LIPS).  A Toolbox for Scenario Planning. Address correspondence to Michel Godet, LIPS, CNAM, 2 rue Conte, 75141 Paris, Cedex 03, France. Tel.: 33-01-4027 2530;  Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65, 3–22 (2000)  New York, NY 10010 PII S0040-1625(99)00120-1
Cross-Lingual Mixture Model for Sentiment Classification

The amount of labeled sentiment data in English is much larger than that in other languages. Such a disproportion arouse interest in cross-lingual sentiment classification, which aims to conduct sentiment classification in the target language (e.g. Chinese) using labeled data in the source language (e.g. English). Most existing work relies on machine translation engines to directly adapt labeled data from the source language to the target language. This approach suffers from the limited coverage of vocabulary in the machine translation results. In this paper, we propose a generative cross-lingual mixture model (CLMM) to leverage unlabeled bilingual parallel data. By fitting parameters to maximize the likelihood of the bilingual parallel data, the proposed model learns previously unseen sentiment words from the large bilingual parallel data and improves vocabulary coverage significantly. Experiments on multiple data sets show that CLMM is consistently effective in two settings: (1) labeled data in the target language are unavailable; and (2) labeled data in the target language are also available.
A comparison of spotlight synthetic aperture radar image formation techniques

Spotlight synthetic aperture radar images can be formed from the complex phase history data using two main techniques: 1) polar-to-Cartesian interpolation followed by twodimensional inverse Fourier transform (2DFFT) , and 2) convolution backprojection (CBP) . CBP has been widely used to reconstruct medical images in computer aided tomography, and only recently has been applied to form synthetic aperture radar imagery. It is alleged that CBP yields higher quality images because 1) all the Fourier data are used and 2) the polar formatted data is used directly to form a 2D Cartesian image and therefore 2D interpolation is not required. This report compares the quality of images formed by CBP and several modified versions of the 2DFFT method. We show from an image quality point of view that CBP is equivalent to first windowing the phase history data and then interpolating to an exscribed rectangle. From a mathematical perspective, we should expect this conclusion since the same Fourier data are used to form the SAR image. We next address the issue of parallel implementation of each algorithm. We dispute previous claims that CBP is more readily parallelizable than the 2DFFT method. Our conclusions are supported by comparing execution times between massively parallel implementations of both algorithms, showing that both experience similar decreases in computation time, but that CBP takes significantly longer to form an image. This page intentionally left blank
Frontal fibrosing alopecia – A Case report * Alopecia frontal fibrosante-Relato de caso

Frontal fibrosing alopecia is a kind of progressive and frequently irreversible cicatricial alopecia marked by a lichenoid infiltrate in histology. Since its first description, in 1994, in Australia, some cases have been documented all over the world. The article reports, for the second time in the medical literature, a Brazilian case and reviews the main aspects of this dermatosis.
Boosting Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis Using PET Images

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most frequent type of dementia. Currently there is no cure for AD and early diagnosis is crucial to the development of treatments that can delay the disease progression. Brain imaging can be a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. This has been shown in several works with MR Images, but in the case of functional imaging such as PET, further investigation is still needed to determine their ability to diagnose AD, especially at the early stage of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). In this paper we study the use of PET images of the ADNI database for the diagnosis of AD and MCI. We adopt a Boosting classification method, a technique based on a mixture of simple classifiers, which performs feature selection concurrently with the segmentation thus is well suited to high dimensional problems. The Boosting classifier achieved an accuracy of 90.97% in the detection of AD and 79.63% in the detection of MCI.
A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes.

Recent studies suggest that thousands of genes may contribute to breast cancer pathophysiologies when deregulated by genomic or epigenomic events. Here, we describe a model "system" to appraise the functional contributions of these genes to breast cancer subsets. In general, the recurrent genomic and transcriptional characteristics of 51 breast cancer cell lines mirror those of 145 primary breast tumors, although some significant differences are documented. The cell lines that comprise the system also exhibit the substantial genomic, transcriptional, and biological heterogeneity found in primary tumors. We show, using Trastuzumab (Herceptin) monotherapy as an example, that the system can be used to identify molecular features that predict or indicate response to targeted therapies or other physiological perturbations.
PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants.

Since the 1980s, polyaryletherketones (PAEKs) have been increasingly employed as biomaterials for trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants. We have synthesized the extensive polymer science literature as it relates to structure, mechanical properties, and chemical resistance of PAEK biomaterials. With this foundation, one can more readily appreciate why this family of polymers will be inherently strong, inert, and biocompatible. Due to its relative inertness, PEEK biomaterials are an attractive platform upon which to develop novel bioactive materials, and some steps have already been taken in that direction, with the blending of HA and TCP into sintered PEEK. However, to date, blended HA-PEEK composites have involved a trade-off in mechanical properties in exchange for their increased bioactivity. PEEK has had the greatest clinical impact in the field of spine implant design, and PEEK is now broadly accepted as a radiolucent alternative to metallic biomaterials in the spine community. For mature fields, such as total joint replacements and fracture fixation implants, radiolucency is an attractive but not necessarily critical material feature.
Ranking scientific publications: the effect of nonlinearity

Ranking the significance of scientific publications is a long-standing challenge. The network-based analysis is a natural and common approach for evaluating the scientific credit of papers. Although the number of citations has been widely used as a metric to rank papers, recently some iterative processes such as the well-known PageRank algorithm have been applied to the citation networks to address this problem. In this paper, we introduce nonlinearity to the PageRank algorithm when aggregating resources from different nodes to further enhance the effect of important papers. The validation of our method is performed on the data of American Physical Society (APS) journals. The results indicate that the nonlinearity improves the performance of the PageRank algorithm in terms of ranking effectiveness, as well as robustness against malicious manipulations. Although the nonlinearity analysis is based on the PageRank algorithm, it can be easily extended to other iterative ranking algorithms and similar improvements are expected.
Virtual reality vs. reality in engineering education

Virtual reality has become significantly popular in recent years. It is also widely used and more frequently implemented in education, training, and research. This article discusses the potential and the current state of virtual reality, and its tools in engineering education. The focus is put on some opportunities, challenges and dead ends of implementation faced by the authors. In this point of view, virtual reality is the future of creative learning, however it has its limits in terms of practical experiments, learning by doing, which is still more effective as virtual ones.
Facial reconstruction: soft tissue thickness values for South African black females.

In forensic science, investigators frequently have to deal with unidentified skeletonised remains. When conventional methods of identification are unsuccessful, forensic facial reconstruction (FFR) may be used, often as a last resort, to assist the process. FFR relies on the relationships between the facial features, subcutaneous soft tissues and underlying bony structure of the skull. The aim of this study was to develop soft tissue thickness (STT) values for South African black females for application to FFR, to compare these values to existing literature or databases and to add these values to existing population data. Computerised tomography scanning was used to determine average population-specific STT values at 28 facial landmarks of 154 black females. Descriptive statistics are provided for these STT values, which were also compared to those reported in three other comparable databases. Many of these STT values are significantly different from those reported for comparable groups, suggesting that individuals from different geographical areas have unique facial features thus requiring population-specific STT values. Repeatability tests indicated that most measurements could be recorded with a high degree of reliability.
Motor-learning-related changes in piano players and non-musicians revealed by functional magnetic-resonance signals

In this study, we investigated blood-flow-related magnetic-resonance (MR) signal changes and the time course underlying short-term motor learning of the dominant right hand in ten piano players (PPs) and 23 non-musicians (NMs), using a complex finger-tapping task. The activation patterns were analyzed for selected regions of interest (ROIs) within the two examined groups and were related to the subjects’ performance. A functional learning profile, based on the regional blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes, was assessed in both groups. All subjects achieved significant increases in tapping frequency during the training session of 35 min in the scanner. PPs, however, performed significantly better than NMs and showed increasing activation in the contralateral primary motor cortex throughout motor learning in the scanner. At the same time, involvement of secondary motor areas, such as bilateral supplementary motor area, premotor, and cerebellar areas, diminished relative to the NMs throughout the training session. Extended activation of primary and secondary motor areas in the initial training stage (7–14 min) and rapid attenuation were the main functional patterns underlying short-term learning in the NM group; attenuation was particularly marked in the primary motor cortices as compared with the PPs. When tapping of the rehearsed sequence was performed with the left hand, transfer effects of motor learning were evident in both groups. Involvement of all relevant motor components was smaller than after initial training with the right hand. Ipsilateral premotor and primary motor contributions, however, showed slight increases of activation, indicating that dominant cortices influence complex sequence learning of the non-dominant hand. In summary, the involvement of primary and secondary motor cortices in motor learning is dependent on experience. Interhemispheric transfer effects are present.