nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A PROPOSED HYBRID AGILE FRAMEWORK MODEL FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT

With the increasing in mobile application systems and a high competition between companies, that led to increase in the number of mobile application projects. Mobile software development is a group of process for creating software for mobile devices with limited resources like small screen, low-power. The development of mobile applications is a big challenging because of rapidly changing business requirements and technical constraints for mobile systems. So, developers faced the challenge of a dynamic environment and the Changing of mobile application requirements. Moreover, Mobile applications should adapt appropriate software development methods that act in response efficiently to these challenges. However, at the moment, there is limited knowledge about the suitability of different software practices for the development of mobile applications. According to many researchers ,Agile methodologies was found to be most suitable for mobile development projects as they are short time, require flexibility, reduces waste and time to market. Finally, in this research we are looking for a suitable process model that conforms to the requirement of mobile application, we are going to investigate agile development methods to find a way, making the development of mobile application easy and compatible with mobile device features.
Is removal of the implants needed after fixation of burst fractures of the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine without fusion? a retrospective evaluation of radiological and functional outcomes.

In this study of patients who underwent internal fixation without fusion for a burst thoracolumbar or lumbar fracture, we compared the serial changes in the injured disc height (DH), and the fractured vertebral body height (VBH) and kyphotic angle between patients in whom the implants were removed and those in whom they were not. Radiological parameters such as injured DH, fractured VBH and kyphotic angle were measured. Functional outcomes were evaluated using the Greenough low back outcome scale and a VAS scale for pain.



Between June 1996 and May 2012, 69 patients were analysed retrospectively; 47 were included in the implant removal group and 22 in the implant retention group. After a mean follow-up of 66 months (48 to 107), eight patients (36.3%) in the implant retention group had screw breakage. There was no screw breakage in the implant removal group. All radiological and functional outcomes were similar between these two groups. Although solid union of the fractured vertebrae was achieved, the kyphotic angle and the anterior third of the injured DH changed significantly with time (p < 0.05).



The radiological and functional outcomes of both implant removal and retention were similar. Although screw breakage may occur, the implants may not need to be removed.


TAKE HOME MESSAGE
Implant removal may not be needed for patients with burst fractures of the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine after fixation without fusion. However, information should be provided beforehand regarding the possibility of screw breakage.
Exercise-induced ST-segment elevation. Correlation of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning and coronary arteriography.

Exercise-induced ST-segment elevation was correlated with myocardial perfusion abnormalities and coronary artery obstruction in 35 patients. Ten patients (group 1) developed exercise ST elevation in leads without Q waves on the resting ECG. The site of ST elevation corresponded to both a reversible perfusion defect and a severely obstructed coronary artery. Associated ST-segment depression in other leads occurred in seven patients, but only one had a second perfusion defect at the site of ST depression. In three of the 10 patients, abnormal left ventricular wall motion at the site of exercise-induced ST elevation was demonstrated by ventriculography. Twenty-five patients (group 2) developed exercise ST elevation in leads with Q waves on the resting ECG. The site ofST elevation corresponded to severe coronary artery stenosis and a thallium perfusion defect that persisted on the 4-hour scan (constant in 12 patients, decreased in 13). Associated ST depression in other leads occurred in 11 patients and eight (73%) had a second perfusion defect at the site of ST depression. In all 25 patients with previous transmural infarction, abnormal left ventricular wall motion at the site of the Q waves was shown by ventriculography. In patients without previous myocardial infarction, the site of exercise-induced ST-segment elevation indicates the site of severe transient myocardial ischemia, and associated ST depression is usually reciprocal. In patients with Q waves on the resting ECG, exercise ST elevation way be due to peri-infarctional ischemia, abnormal ventricular wall motion or both. Exercise ST-segment depression may be due to a second area of myocardial ischemia rather than being reciprocal to ST elevation.
Extracting Definitions of Mathematical Expressions in Scientific Papers (人工知能学会全国大会(第26回)文化,科学技術と未来) -- (International Organized Session「Alan Turing Year Special Session on AI Research That Can Change The World」)

Natural language definitions of mathematical expressions are essential for understanding the mathematical content of scientific papers. A textual description corresponding to a mathematical expression determines the type of symbol or function and the specific name for reference. Our objective is to create an automatic way of extracting definitions of mathematical expressions. We needed to create an annotated corpus since there was no annotated data available on relations between mathematical expressions and their definitions and such annotated data would enable us to compare different approaches to the relation extraction task. This paper introduces guidelines for annotating definitions of mathematical expressions. By using 14 manually annotated papers from Springer, we investigated pattern matching and machine learning based methods in comparison with naive practice based on the nearest noun of the preceding text. The result shows potential of our approach in detecting definitions and the usefulness of our annotated data.
ms ­ a program for generating samples under neutral models

This document describes how to use ms, a program to generate samples under a variety of neutral models. The purpose of this program is to allow one to investigate the statistical properties of such samples, to evaluate estimators or statistical tests, and generally to aid in the interpretation of polymorphism data sets. The typical data set is obtained in a resequencing study in which the same homologous segment is sequenced in several individuals sampled from a population. The classic example of such a data set is the Adh study of Kreitman(1983) in which 11 copies of the Adh gene of Drosophila melanogaster were sequenced. In this case, the copies were isolated from 11 different strains of D. melanogaster collected from scattered locations around the globe. The program ms can be used to generate many independent replicate samples under a variety of assumptions about migration, recombination rate and population size to aid in the interpretation of such polymorphism studies. The samples are generated using the now standard coalescent approach in which the random genealogy of the sample is first generated and then mutations are randomly place on the genealogy (Kingman, 1982; Hudson, 1990; Nordborg, 2001). The usual small sample approximations of the coalescent are used. An infinitesites model of mutation is assumed, and thus multiple-hits and back mutations do not occur. However, when used in conjunction with other programs, finitesite mutation models or micro-satellite models can be studied. For example, the gene trees themselves can be output, and these gene trees can be used as input to other programs which will evolve the sequences under a variety of finite-site models. These are described later. The program is intended to run on Unix, or Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux or MacOsX. The next section describes how to download and compile the program. The subsequent sections described how to run the program and in particular how to specify the parameter values for the simulations. If you use ms for published research, the appropriate citation is:
TIP CLEARANCE INVESTIGATION OF A DUCTED FAN USED IN VTOL UAVS PART 1 : BASELINE EXPERIMENTS AND COMPUTATIONAL VALIDATION

Ducted fans that are popular choices in vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) offer a higher static thrust/power ratio for a given diameter than open propellers. Although ducted fans provide high performance in many VTOL applications, there are still unresolved problems associated with these systems. Fan rotor tip leakage flow is a significant source of aerodynamic loss for ducted fan VTOL UAVs and adversely affects the general aerodynamic performance of these vehicles. The present study utilized experimental and computational techniques in a 22” diameter ducted fan test system that has been custom designed and manufactured. Experimental investigation consisted of total pressure measurements using Kiel total pressure probes and real time six-component force and torque measurements. The computational technique used in this study included a 3D Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) based CFD model of the ducted fan test system. RANS simulations of the flow around rotor blades and duct geometry in the rotating frame of reference provided a comprehensive description of the tip leakage and passage flow. The experimental and computational analysis performed for various tip clearances were utilized in understanding the effect of the tip leakage flow on aerodynamic performance of ducted fans used in VTOL UAVs. The aerodynamic measurements and results of the RANS simulations showed good agreement especially near the tip region. ∗Postdoctoral Research Fellow †Professor of Aerospace Engineering, corresponding author NOMENCLATURE
Requirements of Software Visualization Tools: A Literature Survey

Our objective is to identify requirements (i.e., quality attributes and functional requirements) for software visualization tools. We especially focus on requirements for research tools that target the domains of visualization for software maintenance, reengineering, and reverse engineering. The requirements are identified with a comprehensive literature survey based on relevant publications in journals, conference proceedings, and theses. The literature survey has identified seven quality attributes (i.e., rendering scalability, information scalability, interoperability, customizability, interactivity, usability, and adoptability) and seven functional requirements (i.e., views, abstraction, search, filters, code proximity, automatic layouts, and undo/history). The identified requirements are useful for researchers in the software visualization field to build and evaluate tools, and to reason about the domain of software visualization.
Markov Model Based Jamming and Anti-Jamming Performance Analysis for Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, we conduct a cross-layer analysis of both the jamming capability of the cognitiveradio-based jammers and the anti-jamming capability of the cognitive radio networks (CRN). We use a Markov chain to model the CRN operations in spectrum sensing, channel access and channel switching under jamming. With various jamming models, the jamming probabilities and the throughputs of the CRN are obtained in closed-form expressions. Furthermore, the models and expressions are simplified to determine the minimum and the maximum CRN throughput expressions under jamming, and to optimize important anti-jamming parameters. The results are helpful for the optimal anti-jamming CRN design. The model and the analysis results are verified by simulations.
Ankle-Foot-Orthosis Control in Inclinations and Stairs

A control procedure is proposed for an ankle-foot-orthosis (AFO) for different gait situations, such as inclinations and stairs. This paper presents a novel AFO control of the ankle angle. A magneto-rheological damper was used to achieve ankle damping during foot down and locking at swing, thereby avoiding foot slap as well as foot drop. The controller used feedback from the ankle angle only. Still it was capable of not only adjusting damping within a gait step but also changing control behavior depending on level walking, ascending and descending stairs. As a consequence, toe strike was possible in stair gait as opposed to heel strike in level walking. Tests verified the expected behavior in stair gait and in level walking where gait speed and ground inclinations varied. The self-adjusted AFO is believed to improve gait comfort in slopes and stairs.
Overlapping mechanisms of attention and spatial working memory

Spatial selective attention and spatial working memory have largely been studied in isolation. Studies of spatial attention have provided clear evidence that observers can bias visual processing towards specific locations, enabling faster and better processing of information at those locations than at unattended locations. We present evidence supporting the view that this process of visual selection is a key component of rehearsal in spatial working memory. Thus, although working memory has sometimes been depicted as a storage system that emerges 'downstream' of early sensory processing, current evidence suggests that spatial rehearsal recruits top-down processes that modulate the earliest stages of visual analysis.
A Taxonomy Characterizing Complexity of Consumer eHealth Literacy

There are a range of barriers precluding patients from fully engaging in and benefiting from the spectrum of eHealth interventions developed to support patient access to health information, disease self-management efforts, and patient-provider communication. Consumers with low eHealth literacy skills often stand to gain the greatest benefit from the use of eHealth tools. eHealth skills are comprised of reading/writing/numeracy skills, health literacy, computer literacy, information literacy, media literacy, and scientific literacy . We aim to develop an approach to characterize dimensions of complexity and to reveal knowledge and skill-related barriers to eHealth engagement. We use Bloom's Taxonomy to guide development of an eHealth literacy taxonomy that categorizes and describes each type of literacy by complexity level. Illustrative examples demonstrate the utility of the taxonomy in characterizing dimensions of complexity of eHealth skills used and associated with each step in completing an eHealth task.
Solving the Prerequisites : Improving Question Answering on the bAbI Dataset

The aim of this project is to make progress towards building a machine learning agent that understands natural language and can perform basic reasoning. Towards this nebulous goal, we focus on question answering: Can an agent answer a query based on a given set of natural language facts? We combine LSTM sentence embedding models with an attention mechanism and obtain good results on the Facebook bAbI dataset , outperforming [2] on 1 task and achieving similar performance on several others.
TextRunner: Open Information Extraction on the Web

Traditional information extraction systems have focused on satisfying precise, narrow, pre-specified requests from small, homogeneous corpora. In contrast, the TextRunner system demonstrates a new kind of information extraction, called Open Information Extraction (OIE), in which the system makes a single, data-driven pass over the entire corpus and extracts a large set of relational tuples, without requiring any human input. (Banko et al., 2007) TextRunner is a fullyimplemented, highly scalable example of OIE. TextRunner’s extractions are indexed, allowing a fast query mechanism. Our first public demonstration of the TextRunner system shows the results of performing OIE on a set of 117 million web pages. It demonstrates the power of TextRunner in terms of the raw number of facts it has extracted, as well as its precision using our novel assessment mechanism. And it shows the ability to automatically determine synonymous relations and objects using large sets of extractions. We have built a fast user interface for querying the results.
PackNet: Adding Multiple Tasks to a Single Network by Iterative Pruning

This paper presents a method for adding multiple tasks to a single deep neural network while avoiding catastrophic forgetting. Inspired by network pruning techniques, we exploit redundancies in large deep networks to free up parameters that can then be employed to learn new tasks. By performing iterative pruning and network re-training, we are able to sequentially "pack" multiple tasks into a single network while ensuring minimal drop in performance and minimal storage overhead. Unlike prior work that uses proxy losses to maintain accuracy on older tasks, we always optimize for the task at hand. We perform extensive experiments on a variety of network architectures and large-scale datasets, and observe much better robustness against catastrophic forgetting than prior work. In particular, we are able to add three fine-grained classification tasks to a single ImageNet-trained VGG-16 network and achieve accuracies close to those of separately trained networks for each task.
Arithmetic Properties of Apollonian Circle Packings

An Apollonian circle packing (ACP) is an ancient Greek construction which is made by repeatedly inscribing circles into the triangular interstices in a Descartes configuration of four mutually tangent circles. Remarkably, if the original four circles have integer curvature, all of the circles in the packing will have integer curvature as well, making the packings of great interest from a number theoretic point of view. This point of view has been explored extensively by Graham, Lagarias, Mallows, Wilkes, and Yan as part of a series of papers on ACP’s. In this thesis, we use the correspondence between integer ACP’s and orbits of a certain Schottky group combined with the recently developed affine linear sieve of Bourgain, Gamburd, and Sarnak to answer many of the questions raised by Graham et.al. in their account.
Dynamic model with slip for wheeled omnidirectional robots

A dynamic model is presented for omnidirectional wheeled mobile robots, including wheel/motion surface slip. We derive the dynamics model, experimentally measure friction coefficients, and measure the force to cause slip (to validate our friction model). Dynamic simulation examples are presented to demonstrate omnidirectional motion with slip. After developing an improved friction model, compared to our initial model, the simulation results agree well with experimentally-measured trajectory data with slip. Initially, we thought that only high robot velocity and acceleration governed the resulting slipping motion. However, we learned that the rigid material existing in the discontinuities between omnidirectional wheel rollers plays an equally important role in determining omnidirectional mobile robot dynamic slip motion, even at low rates and accelerations.
Attack Graph Convolutional Networks by Adding Fake Nodes

Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) have been widely used for classifying graph nodes in the semi-supervised setting. Previous work have shown that GCNs are vulnerable to the perturbation on adjacency and feature matrices of existing nodes. However, it is unrealistic to change existing nodes in many applications, such as existing users in social networks. In this paper, we design algorithms to attack GCNs by adding fake nodes. A greedy algorithm is proposed to generate adjacency and feature matrices of fake nodes, aiming to minimize the classification accuracy on the existing nodes. In addition, we introduce a discriminator to classify fake nodes from real nodes, and propose a Greedy-GAN attack to simultaneously update the discriminator and the attacker, to make fake nodes indistinguishable to the real ones. Our non-targeted attack decreases the accuracy of GCN down to 0.10, and our targeted attack reaches a success rate of 99% on the whole datasets, and 94% on average for attacking a single target node.
A comparison of c++ concepts and haskell type classes

Earlier studies have introduced a list of high-level evaluation criteria to assess how well a language supports generic programming. Since each language that meets all criteria is considered generic, those criteria are not fine-grained enough to differentiate between languages for generic programming. We refine these criteria into a taxonomy that captures differences between type classes in Haskell and concepts in C++, and discuss which differences are incidental and which ones are due to other language features. The taxonomy allows for an improved understanding of language support for generic programming, and the comparison is useful for the ongoing discussions among language designers and users of both languages.
Investigation of Gallium Nitride Devices in High-Frequency LLC Resonant Converters

Newly emerged gallium nitride (GaN) devices feature ultrafast switching speed and low on-state resistance that potentially provide significant improvements for power converters. This paper investigates the benefits of GaN devices in an LLC resonant converter and quantitatively evaluates GaN devices' capabilities to improve converter efficiency. First, the relationship of device and converter design parameters to the device loss is established based on an analytical model of LLC resonant converter operating at the resonance. Due to the low effective output capacitance of GaN devices, the GaN-based design demonstrates about 50% device loss reduction compared with the Si-based design. Second, a new perspective on the extra transformer winding loss due to the asymmetrical primary-side and secondary-side current is proposed. The device and design parameters are tied to the winding loss based on the winding loss model in the finite element analysis (FEA) simulation. Compared with the Si-based design, the winding loss is reduced by 18% in the GaN-based design. Finally, in order to verify the GaN device benefits experimentally, 400- to 12-V, 300-W, 1-MHz GaN-based and Si-based LLC resonant converter prototypes are built and tested. One percent efficiency improvement, which is 24.8% loss reduction, is achieved in the GaN-based converter.
Neurofeedback-based functional near-infrared spectroscopy upregulates motor cortex activity in imagined motor tasks.

Neurofeedback is a method for using neural activity displayed on a computer to regulate one's own brain function and has been shown to be a promising technique for training individuals to interact with brain-machine interface applications such as neuroprosthetic limbs. The goal of this study was to develop a user-friendly functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based neurofeedback system to upregulate neural activity associated with motor imagery, which is frequently used in neuroprosthetic applications. We hypothesized that fNIRS neurofeedback would enhance activity in motor cortex during a motor imagery task. Twenty-two participants performed active and imaginary right-handed squeezing movements using an elastic ball while wearing a 98-channel fNIRS device. Neurofeedback traces representing localized cortical hemodynamic responses were graphically presented to participants in real time. Participants were instructed to observe this graphical representation and use the information to increase signal amplitude. Neural activity was compared during active and imaginary squeezing with and without neurofeedback. Active squeezing resulted in activity localized to the left premotor and supplementary motor cortex, and activity in the motor cortex was found to be modulated by neurofeedback. Activity in the motor cortex was also shown in the imaginary squeezing condition only in the presence of neurofeedback. These findings demonstrate that real-time fNIRS neurofeedback is a viable platform for brain-machine interface applications.