nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A 77-GHz Phased-Array Transceiver With On-Chip Antennas in Silicon: Transmitter and Local LO-Path Phase Shifting

Integration of mm-wave multiple-antenna systems on silicon-based processes enables complex, low-cost systems for high-frequency communication and sensing applications. In this paper, the transmitter and LO-path phase-shifting sections of the first fully integrated 77-GHz phased-array transceiver are presented. The SiGe transceiver utilizes a local LO-path phase-shifting architecture to achieve beam steering and includes four transmit and receive elements, along with the LO frequency generation and distribution circuitry. The local LO-path phase-shifting scheme enables a robust distribution network that scales well with increasing frequency and/or number of elements while providing high-resolution phase shifts. Each element of the heterodyne transmitter generates +12.5 dBm of output power at 77 GHz with a bandwidth of 2.5 GHz leading to a 4-element effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 24.5 dBm. Each on-chip PA has a maximum saturated power of +17.5 dBm at 77 GHz. The phased-array performance is measured using an internal test option and achieves 12-dB peak-to-null ratio with two transmit and receive elements active
Robust and fast moving object detection in a non-stationary camera via foreground probability based sampling

This paper proposes a robust and fast scheme to detect moving objects in a non-stationary camera. The state-of-the art methods still do not give a satisfactory performance due to drastic frame changes in a non-stationary camera. To improve the robustness in performance, we additionally use the spatio-temporal properties of moving objects. We build the foreground probability map which reflects the spatio-temporal properties, then we selectively apply the detection procedure and update the background model only to the selected pixels using the foreground probability. The foreground probability is also used to refine the initial detection results to obtain a clear foreground region. We compare our scheme quantitatively and qualitatively to the state-of-the-art methods in the detection quality and speed. The experimental results show that our scheme outperforms all other compared methods.
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Smile Recognition

This thesis describes the design and implementation of a smile detector based on deep convolutional neural networks. It starts with a summary of neural networks, the difficulties of training them and new training methods, such as Restricted Boltzmann Machines or autoencoders. It then provides a literature review of convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks. In order to select databases for smile recognition, comprehensive statistics of databases popular in the field of facial expression recognition were generated and are summarized in this thesis. It then proposes a model for smile detection, of which the main part is implemented. The experimental results are discussed in this thesis and justified based on a comprehensive model selection performed. All experiments were run on a Tesla K40c GPU benefiting from a speedup of up to factor 10 over the computations on a CPU. A smile detection test accuracy of 99.45% is achieved for the Denver Intensity of Spontaneous Facial Action (DISFA) database, significantly outperforming existing approaches with accuracies ranging from 65.55% to 79.67%. This experiment is re-run under various variations, such as retaining less neutral images or only the low or high intensities, of which the results are extensively compared.
An Interval Classifier for Database Mining Applications

We are given a large population database that contains information about population instances. The population is known to comprise of m groups, but the population instances are not labeled with the group identi cation. Also given is a population sample (much smaller than the population but representative of it) in which the group labels of the instances are known. We present an interval classi er (IC) which generates a classi cation function for each group that can be used to e ciently retrieve all instances of the specied group from the population database. To allow IC to be embedded in interactive loops to answer adhoc queries about attributes with missing values, IC has been designed to be e cient in the generation of classi cation functions. Preliminary experimental results indicate that IC not only has retrieval and classi er generation e ciency advantages, but also compares favorably in the classi cation accuracy with current tree classi ers, such as ID3, which were primarily designed for minimizing classi cation errors. We also describe some new applications that arise from encapsulating the classi cation capability in database systems and discuss extensions to IC for it to be used in these new application domains. Current address: Computer Science Department, Rutgers University, NJ 08903 Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the VLDB copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or special permission from the Endowment.
Reentrant Origami-Based Metamaterials with Negative Poisson's Ratio and Bistability.

We investigate the unique mechanical properties of reentrant 3D origami structures based on the Tachi-Miura polyhedron (TMP). We explore the potential usage as mechanical metamaterials that exhibit tunable negative Poisson's ratio and structural bistability simultaneously. We show analytically and experimentally that the Poisson's ratio changes from positive to negative and vice versa during its folding motion. In addition, we verify the bistable mechanism of the reentrant 3D TMP under rigid origami configurations without relying on the buckling motions of planar origami surfaces. This study forms a foundation in designing and constructing TMP-based metamaterials in the form of bellowslike structures for engineering applications.
SWI-Prolog and the web

Prolog is an excellent tool for representing and manipulating data written in formal languages as well as natural language. Its safe semantics and automatic memory management make it a prime candidate for programming robust Web services. Where Prolog is commonly seen as a component in a Web application that is either embedded or communicates using a proprietary protocol, we propose an architecture where Prolog communicates to other components in a Web application using the standard HTTP protocol. By avoiding embedding in external Web servers development and deployment become much easier. To support this architecture, in addition to the transfer protocol, we must also support parsing, representing and generating the key Web document types such as HTML, XML and RDF. This paper motivates the design decisions in the libraries and extensions to Prolog for handling Web documents and protocols. The design has been guided by the requirement to handle large documents efficiently. The described libraries support a wide range of Web applications ranging from HTML and XML documents to Semantic Web RDF processing. The benefits of using Prolog for Web related tasks is illustrated using three case studies.
An integrated CMOS micromechanical resonator high-Q oscillator

A completely monolithic high-Q oscillator, fabricated via a combined CMOS plus surface micromachining technology, is described, for which the oscillation frequency is controlled by a polysilicon micromechanical resonator with the intent of achieving high stability. The operation and performance of micromechanical resonators are modeled, with emphasis on circuit and noise modeling of multiport resonators. A series resonant oscillator design is discussed that utilizes a unique, gain-controllable transresistance sustaining amplifier. We show that in the absence of an automatic level control loop, the closed-loop, steady-state oscillation amplitude of this oscillator depends strongly upon the dc-bias voltage applied to the capacitively driven and sensed resonator. Although the high-Q of the micromechanical resonator does contribute to improved oscillator stability, its limited power-handling ability outweighs the Q benefits and prevents this oscillator from achieving the high short-term stability normally expected of high-Q oscillators.
The Semantics of the C Programming Language

We present formal operational semantics for the C programming language. Our starting point is the ANSI standard for C as described in . Knowledge of C is not necessary (though it may be helpful) for comprehension, since we explain all relevant aspects of C as we proceed. Our operational semantics is based on evolving algebras. An exposition on evolving algebras can be found in the tutorial [Gu]. In order to make this paper self-contained, we recall the notion of a (sequential) evolving algebra in Sect. 0.1. Our primary concern here is with semantics, not syntax. Consequently, we assume that all syntactic information regarding a given program is available to us at the beginning of the computation (via static functions). We intended to cover all constructs of the C programming language, but not the C standard library functions (e.g. fprintf(), fscanf()). It is not di cult to extend our description of C to include any desired library function or functions. Evolving algebra semantic speci cations may be provided on several abstraction levels for the same language. Having several such algebras is useful, for one can examine the semantics of a particular feature of a programming language at the desired level of abstraction, with unnecessary details omitted. It also makes comprehension easier. We present a series of four evolving algebras, each a re nement of the previous one. The nal algebra describes the C programming language in full detail. Our four algebras focus on the following topics respectively:
Dynamic virtual machine management via approximate Markov decision process

Efficient virtual machine (VM) management can dramatically reduce energy consumption in data centers. Existing VM management algorithms fall into two categories based on whether the VMs' resource demands are assumed to be static or dynamic. The former category fails to maximize the resource utilization as they cannot adapt to the dynamic nature of VMs' resource demands. Most approaches in the latter category are heuristical and lack theoretical performance guarantees. In this work, we formulate dynamic VM management as a large-scale Markov Decision Process (MDP) problem and derive an optimal solution. Our analysis of real-world data traces supports our choice of the modeling approach. However, solving the large-scale MDP problem suffers from the curse of dimensionality. Therefore, we further exploit the special structure of the problem and propose an approximate MDP-based dynamic VM management method, called MadVM. We prove the convergence of MadVM and analyze the bound of its approximation error. Moreover, MadVM can be implemented in a distributed system, which should suit the needs of real data centers. Extensive simulations based on two real-world workload traces show that MadVM achieves significant performance gains over two existing baseline approaches in power consumption, resource shortage and the number of VM migrations. Specifically, the more intensely the resource demands fluctuate, the more MadVM outperforms.
Mathematical Models for Local Nontexture Inpaintings

Inspired by the recent work of Bertalmio et al. on digital inpaintings [SIGGRAPH 2000], we develop general mathematical models for local inpaintings of nontexture images. On smooth regions, inpaintings are connected to the harmonic and biharmonic extensions, and inpainting orders are analyzed. For inpaintings involving the recovery of edges, we study a variational model that is closely connected to the classical total variation (TV) denoising model of Rudin, Osher, and Fatemi . Other models are also discussed based on the Mumford–Shah regularity [ (1989), pp. 577–685] and curvature driven diffusions (CDD) of Chan and Shen [ (2001)]. The broad applications of the inpainting models are demonstrated through restoring scratched old photos, disocclusion in vision analysis, text removal, digital zooming, and edge-based image coding.
Design of Millimeter-wave Slotted-Waveguide Planar Antenna for Sub-array of Beam-scanning Antenna

Beam-scanning antennas are attractive for high-bit-rate data communication systems and high resolution sensing systems in millimeter-wave band. Waveguide antenna is one of the most attractive antennas for such millimeter-wave systems because of its low loss and high efficiency characteristics in high frequency band. Horizontally-beam-scanning antennas such as phased arrays and DBF (Digital Beam Forming) systems consist of multiple vertically-long sub-arrays arranged in horizontal direction as shown in Fig. 1. Beam scanning is achieved by giving individual phase to each sub-array from beamforming network. We developed a vertically-long slot-array antenna composed of two feeding waveguides in the millimeter-wave band. One of the solutions for grating lobe suppression is introduced in this paper. Feasibility of the proposed antenna is confirmed by experiments.
Meaning in life across the life span : Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Meaning in life is thought to be important to well-being throughout the human life span. We assessed the structure, levels, and correlates of the presence of meaning in life, and the search for meaning, within four life stage groups: emerging adulthood, young adulthood, middle-age adulthood, and older adulthood. Results from a sample of Internet users (N ¼ 8756) demonstrated the structural invariance of the meaning measure used across life stages. Those at later life stages generally reported a greater presence of meaning in their lives, whereas those at earlier life stages reported higher levels of searching for meaning. Correlations revealed that the presence of meaning has similar relations to well-being across life stages, whereas searching for meaning is more strongly associated with well-being deficits at later life stages.  Meaning in life has enjoyed a renaissance of interest in recent years, and is considered to be an important component of broader well-being (e. Perceptions of meaning in life are thought to be related to the development of a coherent sense of one's identity (Heine, Proulx, & Vohs, 2006), and the process of creating a sense of meaning theoretically begins in adolescence, continuing throughout life (Fry, 1998). Meaning creation should then be linked to individual development, and is likely to unfold in conjunction with other processes, such as the development of identity, relationships, and goals. Previous research has revealed that people experience different levels of the presence of meaning at different ages (e.g., Ryff & Essex, 1992), although these findings have been inconsistent, and inquiries have generally focused on limited age ranges (e.g., Pinquart, 2002). The present study aimed to integrate research on dimensions of meaning in life across the life span by providing an analysis …
Boundary Objects in Design: An Ecological View of Design Artifacts

Traditionally, Systems Analysis and Design (SAD) research has focused on ways of working and ways of modeling. Design ecology – the task, organizational and political context surrounding design – is less well understood. In particular, relationships between design routines and products within ecologies have not received sufficient attention. In this paper, we theorize about design product and ecology relationships and deliberate on how design products – viewed as boundary objects – bridge functional knowledge and stakeholder power gaps across different social worlds. We identify four essential features of design boundary objects: capability to promote shared representation, capability to transform design knowledge, capability to mobilize for action, and capability to legitimize design knowledge. We show how these features help align, integrate, and transform heterogeneous technical and domain knowledge across social worlds as well as mobilize, coordinate, and align stakeholder power. We illustrate through an ethnography of a large aerospace laboratory how two design artifacts – early proto-architectures and project plans – shared these four features to coalesce design processes and propel successful movement of designs across social worlds. These artifacts resolved uncertainty associated with functional requirements and garnered political momentum to choose among design solutions. Altogether, the study highlights the importance of design boundary objects in multi-stakeholder designs and stresses the need to formulate sociology-based design theories on how knowledge is produced and consumed in complex SAD tasks.
A comparison of static, adaptive, and adaptable menus

Software applications continue to grow in terms of the number of features they offer, making personalization increasingly important. Research has shown that most users prefer the control afforded by an adaptable approach to personalization rather than a system-controlled adaptive approach. No study, however, has compared the efficiency of the two approaches. In a controlled lab study with 27 subjects we compared the measured and perceived efficiency of three menu conditions: static, adaptable and adaptive. Each was implemented as a split menu, in which the top four items remained static, were adaptable by the subject, or adapted according to the subject's frequently and recently used items. The static menu was found to be significantly faster than the adaptive menu, and the adaptable menu was found to be significantly faster than the adaptive menu under certain conditions. The majority of users preferred the adaptable menu overall. Implications for interface design are discussed.
Secure broadcast communication in wired and wireless networks

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A hybrid recurrent neural network for music transcription

We investigate the problem of incorporating higher-level symbolic score-like information into Automatic Music Transcription (AMT) systems to improve their performance. We use recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and their variants as music language models (MLMs) and present a generative architecture for combining these models with predictions from a frame level acoustic classifier. We also compare different neural network architectures for acoustic modeling. The proposed model computes a distribution over possible output sequences given the acoustic input signal and we present an algorithm for performing a global search for good candidate transcriptions. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated on piano music from the MAPS dataset and we observe that the proposed model consistently outperforms existing transcription methods.
Clustering and preferential attachment in growing networks.

We study empirically the time evolution of scientific collaboration networks in physics and biology. In these networks, two scientists are considered connected if they have coauthored one or more papers together. We show that the probability of a pair of scientists collaborating increases with the number of other collaborators they have in common, and that the probability of a particular scientist acquiring new collaborators increases with the number of his or her past collaborators. These results provide experimental evidence in favor of previously conjectured mechanisms for clustering and power-law degree distributions in networks.
Description of coupling between degenerate modes of a dual-mode microstrip loop resonator using a novel perturbation arrangement and its dual-mode bandpass filter applications

A novel dual-mode resonator with square-patch or corner-cut elements located at four corners of a conventional microstrip loop resonator is proposed. One of these patches or corner cuts is called the perturbation element, while the others are called reference elements. In the proposed design method, the transmission zeros are created or eliminated without sacrificing the passband response by changing the perturbation's size depending on the size of the reference elements. A simple transmission-line model is used to calculate the frequencies of the two transmission zeros. It is shown that the nature of the coupling between the degenerate modes determines the type of filter characteristic, whether it is Chebyshev or elliptic. Finally, two dual-mode microstrip bandpass filters are designed and realized using degenerate modes of the novel dual-mode resonator. The filters are evaluated by experiment and simulation with very good agreement.
Total phallic reconstruction in female-to-male transsexuals.

The goal of total phallic construction is the creation of a sensate and cosmetically acceptable phallus. An incorporated neourethra allows the patient to void while standing, and the insertion of a penile implant allows the patient to resume sexual activities, thus improving quality of life.



To report our experience of total phallic construction with the use of the radial artery free flap in female-to-male transsexuals.



The notes of the 115 patients who underwent total phallic construction with the use of the radial artery-based forearm free flap between January 1998 and December 2008 were reviewed retrospectively.



The surgical outcome, cosmesis of the phallus, complications, eventual need for revision surgery, and patient satisfaction were recorded during the follow-up.



This technique allowed the reconstruction of a cosmetically acceptable phallus in 112 patients; 3 patients lost the phallus due to venous thrombosis in the immediate postoperative period. After a median follow-up of 26 mo (range: 1-270 mo), 97% of patients are fully satisfied with cosmesis and size of the phallus. Sensation of the phallus was reported by 86% of patients. Urethral strictures and fistulae in the phallus and join-up site were the most common complications, occurring respectively in 9 and 20 patients; however, after revision surgery, 99% of patients were able to void from the tip of the phallus while standing.



The radial artery-based forearm free flap technique is excellent for total phallic construction, providing excellent cosmetic and functional results.