nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
ANGULAR MOMENTUM: AN APPROACH TO COMBINATORIAL SPACE-TIME

I want to describe an idea which is related to other things that were suggested in the colloquium, though my approach will be quite different. The basic theme of these suggestions have been to try to get rid of the continuum and build up physical theory from discreteness. The most obvious place in which the continuum comes into physics is the structure of space-time. But, apparently independently of this, there is also another place in which the continuum is built into present physical theory. This is in quantum theory, where there is the superposition law: if you have two states, you’re supposed to be able to form any linear combination of these two states. These are complex linear combinations, so again you have a continuum coming in—namely the two-dimensional complex continuum— in a fundamental way. My basic idea is to try and build up both space-time and quantum mechanics simultaneously—from combinatorial principles—but not (at least in the first instance) to try and change physical theory. In the first place it is a reformulation, though ultimately, perhaps, there will be some changes. Different things will suggest themselves in a reformulated theory, than in the original formulation. One scarcely wants to take every concept in existing theory and try to make it combinatorial: there are too many things which look continuous in existing theory. And to try to eliminate the continuum by approximating it by some discrete structure would be to change the theory. The idea, instead, is to concentrate only on things which, in fact, are discrete in existing theory and try and use them as primary concepts—then to build up other things using these discrete primary concepts as the basic building blocks. Continuous concepts could emerge in a limit, when we take more and more complicated systems. The most obvious physical concept that one has to start with, where quantum mechanics says something is discrete, and which is connected with the structure of space-time in a very intimate way, is in angular momentum. The idea here, then, is to start with the concept of angular momentum— here one has a discrete spectrum—and use the rules for combining angular
THE POTENTIAL OF OIL PALM TRUNK BIOMASS AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE FOR COMPRESSED WOOD

Compressed wood, which is formed by a process that increases the wood’s density, aims to improve its strength and dimensional stability. Compressed wood can be used in building and construction, especially for construction of walls and flooring. Currently, supplies of wood are becoming limited, and the oil palm tree has become one of the largest plantation species in Malaysia. Oil palm trunk could be an appropriate choice for an alternative source for compressed wood. This paper aims to review the current status of oil palm biomass, including the availability of this tree, in order to illustrate the potential of oil palm biomass as an alternative source for compressed wood. Up to the present there has been insufficient information regarding the manufacturing conditions and properties of compressed wood from oil palm trunk. This paper will cover the background of compressed wood and the possibilities of producing compressed wood using oil palm trunk as a raw material.
Orthognathic surgery in the presence of temporomandibular dysfunction: what happens next?

One of the most well-known yet perhaps controversial conditions affecting temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) and the signs and symptoms of facial pain and clinical outcomes after orthognathic surgery procedures is temporomandibular joint internal derangement. This article provides an overview of the mutual relationship between orthognathic surgery and TMD, with especial consideration to internal derangement. The existing literature is reviewed and analyzed and the pertinent findings are summarized. The objective is to guide oral and maxillofacial surgeons in their clinical decision making when contemplating orthognathic surgery in patients with preexisting TMD.
Cascaded Scene Flow Prediction Using Semantic Segmentation

We live in a dynamic visual world where the appearance of scenes changes dramatically from hour to hour or season to season. In this work we study "transient scene attributes" -- high level properties which affect scene appearance, such as "snow", "autumn", "dusk", "fog". We define 40 transient attributes and use crowdsourcing to annotate thousands of images from 101 webcams. We use this "transient attribute database" to train regressors that can predict the presence of attributes in novel images. We demonstrate a photo organization method based on predicted attributes. Finally we propose a high-level image editing method which allows a user to adjust the attributes of a scene, e.g. change a scene to be "snowy" or "sunset". To support attribute manipulation we introduce a novel appearance transfer technique which is simple and fast yet competitive with the state-of-the-art. We show that we can convincingly modify many transient attributes in outdoor scenes.
MEMS-based micropumps in drug delivery and biomedical applications

This paper briefly overviews progress on the development of MEMS-based micropumps and their applications in drug delivery and other iomedical applications such as micrototal analysis systems ( TAS) or lab-on-a-chip and point of care testing systems (POCT). The focus of the eview is to present key features of micropumps such as actuation methods, working principles, construction, fabrication methods, performance arameters and their medical applications. Micropumps have been categorized as mechanical or non-mechanical based on the method by which ctuation energy is obtained to drive fluid flow. The survey attempts to provide a comprehensive reference for researchers working on design nd development of MEMS-based micropumps and a source for those outside the field who wish to select the best available micropump for a pecific drug delivery or biomedical application. Micropumps for transdermal insulin delivery, artificial sphincter prosthesis, antithrombogenic icropumps for blood transportation, micropump for injection of glucose for diabetes patients and administration of neurotransmitters to neurons nd micropumps for chemical and biological sensing have been reported. Various performance parameters such as flow rate, pressure generated nd size of the micropump have been compared to facilitate selection of appropriate micropump for a particular application. Electrowetting, lectrochemical and ion conductive polymer film (ICPF) actuator micropumps appear to be the most promising ones which provide adequate flow ates at very low applied voltage. Electroosmotic micropumps consume high voltages but exhibit high pressures and are intended for applications here compactness in terms of small size is required along with high-pressure generation. Bimetallic and electrostatic micropumps are smaller n size but exhibit high self-pumping frequency and further research on their design could improve their performance. Micropumps based on iezoelectric actuation require relatively high-applied voltage but exhibit high flow rates and have grown to be the dominant type of micropumps n drug delivery systems and other biomedical applications. Although a lot of progress has been made in micropump research and performance of icropumps has been continuously increasing, there is still a need to incorporate various categories of micropumps in practical drug delivery and iomedical devices and this will continue to provide a substantial stimulus for micropump research and development in future.
On the effectiveness of multi-variant program execution for vulnerability detection and prevention

Multi-variant program execution is an application of n-version programming, in which several slightly different instances of the same program are executed in lockstep on a multiprocessor. These variants are created in such a way that they behave identically under "normal" operation and diverge when "out of specification" events occur, which may be indicative of attacks. This paper assess the effectiveness of different code variation techniques to address different classes of vulnerabilities. In choosing a variant or combination of variants, security demands need to be balanced against runtime overhead. Our study indicates that a good combination of variations when running two variants is to choose one of instruction set randomization, system call number randomization, and register randomization, and use that together with library entry point randomization. Running more variants simultaneously makes it exponentially more difficult to take over the system.
The Impact of Perceived Need and Relational Factors on Mental Health Service Use Among Generations of Asian Americans

The present study examined generational differences in the patterns and predictors of formal and informal mental health service utilization among a nationally representative sample of 1850 Asian Americans from the National Latino and Asian American Study. We focused on the effects of perceived need and relational factors on service utilization among 1st-, 1.5-, and 2nd-generation Asian Americans. Results of hierarchical logistic regression showed significant intergenerational differences. Specifically, 1.5-generation Asian Americans exhibited distinctive pattern of service use, with perceived need being associated with a higher likelihood of using formal mental health services, but only for those with high level of social support. First- and second-generation Asian Americans, on the other hand, perceived need was independently associated with formal service use, and a significant predictor of informal service use for first generation. Greater family conflict was also associated with greater use of formal and informal services for both first- and second generations. However, family cohesion was associated with only informal service use among first -generation Asian Americans. Implications for mental health service policy were discussed.
The Generality of Interview-Informed Functional Analyses: Systematic Replications in School and Home.

Behavioral interventions preceded by a functional analysis have been proven efficacious in treating severe problem behavior associated with autism. There is, however, a lack of research showing socially validated outcomes when assessment and treatment procedures are conducted by ecologically relevant individuals in typical settings. In this study, interview-informed functional analyses and skill-based treatments (Hanley et al.  2014) were applied by a teacher and home-based provider in the classroom and home of two children with autism. The function-based treatments resulted in socially validated reductions in severe problem behavior (self-injury, aggression, property destruction). Furthermore, skills lacking in baseline-functional communication, denial and delay tolerance, and compliance with adult instructions-occurred with regularity following intervention. The generality and costs of the process are discussed.
A Classification Approach to Word Prediction

The eventual goal of a language model is to accurately predict the value of a missing word given its context. We present an approach to word prediction that is based on learning a representation for each word as a function of words and linguistics predicates in its context. This approach raises a few new questions that we address. First, in order to learn good word representations it is necessary to use an expressive representation of the context. We present a way that uses external knowledge to generate expressive context representations, along with a learning method capable of handling the large number of features generated this way that can, potentially, contribute to each prediction. Second, since the number of words “competing” for each prediction is large, there is a need to “focus the attention” on a smaller subset of these. We exhibit the contribution of a “focus of attention” mechanism to the performance of the word predictor. Finally, we describe a large scale experimental study in which the approach presented is shown to yield significant improvements in word prediction tasks.
Statistical and structural approaches to texture

In this survey we review the image processing literature on the various approaches and models investigators have used for texture. These include statistical approaches of autocorrelation function, optical transforms, digital transforms, textural edgeness, structural element, gray tone cooccurrence, run lengths, and autoregressive models. We discuss and generalize some structural approaches to texture based on more complex primitives than gray tone. We conclude with some structural-statistical generalizations which apply the statistical techniques to the structural primitives.
Outcome of ultrasonographic imaging in infants with sacral dimple

Sacral dimples are a common cutaneous anomaly in infants. Spine ultrasonography (USG) is an effective and safe screening tool for patients with a sacral dimple. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical manifestations in patients with an isolated sacral dimple and to review the management of spinal cord abnormalities identified with USG.



We reviewed clinical records and collected data on admissions for a sacral dimple from March 2014 through February 2017 that were evaluated with spine USG by a pediatric radiologist. During the same period, patients who were admitted for other complaints, but were found to have a sacral dimple were also included.



This study included 230 infants under 6-months-old (130 males and 100 females; mean age 52.8±42.6 days). Thirty-one infants with a sacral dimple had an echogenic filum terminale, and 57 children had a filar cyst. Twenty-seven patients had a low-lying spinal cord, and only one patient was suspected of having a tethered cord. Follow-up spine USG was performed in 28 patients, which showed normalization or insignificant change.



In this study, all but one infant with a sacral dimple had benign imaging findings. USG can be recommended in infants with a sacral dimple for its convenience and safety.
A Modified Priority Based Probe Algorithm for Distributed Deadlock Detection and Resolution

This paper presents a modified priority based probe algorithm for deadlock detection and resolution in distributed database systems. The original priority based probe algorithm was presented by Sinha and Natarajan based on work by Chandy, Misra, and Haas. Various examples are used to show that the original priority based algorithm either fails to detect deadlocks or reports deadlocks which do not exist in many situations. A modified algorithm which eliminates these problems is proposed. This algorithm has been tested through simulation and appears to be error free. Finally, the performance of the modified algorithm is briefly discussed.
Successful management of a parasitic ischiopagus conjoined twins in a low‐income setting

Ischiopagus parasites are fetal defects attached to a relatively normal twin by pelvis. This is the first reported case of parasitic ischiopagus twins without prenatal diagnosis successfully managed in Mozambique. A multidisciplinary team was involved in the supernumerary limbs excision. After 7 months, the infant has a normal development.
Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease

The diverse collection of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, collectively called the gut microbiota, profoundly influences many aspects of host physiology, including nutrient metabolism, resistance to infection and immune system development. Studies investigating the gut–brain axis demonstrate a critical role for the gut microbiota in orchestrating brain development and behavior, and the immune system is emerging as an important regulator of these interactions. Intestinal microbes modulate the maturation and function of tissue-resident immune cells in the CNS. Microbes also influence the activation of peripheral immune cells, which regulate responses to neuroinflammation, brain injury, autoimmunity and neurogenesis. Accordingly, both the gut microbiota and immune system are implicated in the etiopathogenesis or manifestation of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder, depression and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss the role of CNS-resident and peripheral immune pathways in microbiota–gut–brain communication during health and neurological disease.
Perspectives of pharmacological treatment in otosclerosis

To review our current knowledge of the pathologic bone metabolism in otosclerosis and to discuss the possibilities of non-surgical, pharmacological intervention. Otosclerosis has been suspected to be associated with defective measles virus infection, local inflammation and consecutive bone deterioration in the human otic capsule. In the early stages of otosclerosis, different pharmacological agents may delay the progression or prevent further deterioration of the disease and consecutive hearing loss. Although effective anti-osteoporotic drugs have become available, the use of sodium fluoride and bisphosphonates in otosclerosis has not yet been successful. Bioflavonoids may relieve tinnitus due to otosclerosis, but there is no data available on long-term application and effects on sensorineural hearing loss. In the initial inflammatory phase, corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be effective; however, extended systemic application may lead to serious side effects. Vitamin D administration may have effects on the pathological bone loss, as well as on inflammation. No information has been reported on the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Anti-cytokine targeted biological therapy, however, may be feasible. Indeed, one study on the local administration of infliximab has been reported. Potential targets of future therapy may include osteoprotegerin, RANK ligand, cathepsins and also the Wnt-β-catenin pathway. Finally, anti-measles vaccination may delay the progression of the disease and potentially decrease the number of new cases. In conclusion, stapes surgery remains to be widely accepted treatment of conductive hearing loss due to otosclerosis. Due to lack of solid evidence, the place of pharmacological treatment targeting inflammation and bone metabolism needs to be determined by future studies.
Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping.

An understanding of the basic defect in the inherited disorder cystic fibrosis requires cloning of the cystic fibrosis gene and definition of its protein product. In the absence of direct functional information, chromosomal map position is a guide for locating the gene. Chromosome walking and jumping and complementary DNA hybridization were used to isolate DNA sequences, encompassing more than 500,000 base pairs, from the cystic fibrosis region on the long arm of human chromosome 7. Several transcribed sequences and conserved segments were identified in this cloned region. One of these corresponds to the cystic fibrosis gene and spans approximately 250,000 base pairs of genomic DNA.
A Graph-based Approach for Rectangle Detection Using Corners

In this paper, a new rectangle detection approach is proposed. It is a bottom-up approach that contains four stages: line segment extraction, corner detection, corner-relation-graph generation and rectangle detection. Graph structure is used to construct the relations between corners and simplify the problem of rectangle detection. In addition, the approach can be extended to detect any polygons. Experiments on bin detection, traffic sign detection and license plate detection prove that the approach is robust.
Efficient fault injection in QEMU

Early analysis of software dependability and fault tolerance properties requires an efficient and effective fault modelling environment before the physical prototype of the target platform is available. In this context, fault injection on cycleaccurate models implemented by means of Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) is a quite common and valid solution. However, cycle-accurate simulation has revealed to be too timeconsuming when the objective is to emulate the effect of soft errors on complex microprocessors. To address this issue, the paper presents an efficient fault injection approach based on QEMU, which is one of the most efficient and popular instructionaccurate emulator for several microprocessor architectures. As main goal, the proposed approach represents a non intrusive technique that minimizes the impact of the fault injection procedure in the emulator performance. Experimental results for both x86 and ARM processors considering permanent and transient/intermittent faults are presented.
Efficient Tagged Memory

We characterize the cache behavior of an in-memory tag table and demonstrate that an optimized implementation can typically achieve a near-zero memory traffic overhead. Both industry and academia have repeatedly demonstrated tagged memory as a key mechanism to enable enforcement of powerful security invariants, including capabilities, pointer integrity, watchpoints, and information-flow tracking. A single-bit tag shadowspace is the most commonly proposed requirement, as one bit is the minimum metadata needed to distinguish between an untyped data word and any number of new hardware-enforced types. We survey various tag shadowspace approaches and identify their common requirements and positive features of their implementations. To avoid non-standard memory widths, we identify the most practical implementation for tag storage to be an in-memory table managed next to the DRAM controller. We characterize the caching performance of such a tag table and demonstrate a DRAM traffic overhead below 5% for the vast majority of applications. We identify spatial locality on a page scale as the primary factor that enables surprisingly high table cache-ability. We then demonstrate tag-table compression for a set of common applications. A hierarchical structure with elegantly simple optimizations reduces DRAM traffic overhead to below 1% for most applications. These insights and optimizations pave the way for commercial applications making use of single-bit tags stored in commodity memory.
Dynamics of vascular branching morphogenesis: the effect of blood and tissue flow.

Vascularization of embryonic organs or tumors starts from a primitive lattice of capillaries. Upon perfusion, this lattice is remodeled into branched arteries and veins. Adaptation to mechanical forces is implied to play a major role in arterial patterning. However, numerical simulations of vessel adaptation to haemodynamics has so far failed to predict any realistic vascular pattern. We present in this article a theoretical modeling of vascular development in the yolk sac based on three features of vascular morphogenesis: the disconnection of side branches from main branches, the reconnection of dangling sprouts ("dead ends"), and the plastic extension of interstitial tissue, which we have observed in vascular morphogenesis. We show that the effect of Poiseuille flow in the vessels can be modeled by aggregation of random walkers. Solid tissue expansion can be modeled by a Poiseuille (parabolic) deformation, hence by deformation under hits of random walkers. Incorporation of these features, which are of a mechanical nature, leads to realistic modeling of vessels, with important biological consequences. The model also predicts the outcome of simple mechanical actions, such as clamping of vessels or deformation of tissue by the presence of obstacles. This study offers an explanation for flow-driven control of vascular branching morphogenesis.