nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Reflection Analysis for Face Morphing Attack Detection

A facial morph is a synthetically created image of a face that looks similar to two different individuals and can even trick biometric facial recognition systems into recognizing both individuals. This attack is known as face morphing attack. The process of creating such a facial morph is well documented and a lot of tutorials and software to create them are freely available. Therefore, it is mandatory to be able to detect this kind of fraud to ensure the integrity of the face as reliable biometric feature. In this work, we study the effects of face morphing on the physically correctness of the illumination. We estimate the direction to the light sources based on specular highlights in the eyes and use them to generate a synthetic map for highlights on the skin. This map is compared with the highlights in the image that is suspected to be a fraud. Morphing faces with different geometries, a bad alignment of the source images or using images with different illuminations, can lead to inconsistencies in reflections that indicate the existence of a morphing attack.
Extended Transconjunctival Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty with Release of the Tear Trough Ligament and Fat Redistribution.

The transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty is advantageous for its quick recovery and low complication rates. Conventional techniques rely on fat removal to contour the lower eyelid. This article describes the authors' extended transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty technique that takes dissection beyond the orbital rim to address aging changes on the midcheek.



From December of 2012 to December of 2015, 54 patients underwent this procedure. Through a transconjunctival incision, the preseptal space was entered and excess orbital fat pads were excised. Medially, the origins of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi, the tear trough ligament, and orbital part of the orbicularis oculi were sequentially released, connecting the dissection with the premaxillary space. More laterally, the orbicularis retaining ligament was released, connecting the dissection with the prezygomatic space. Excised orbital fat was then grafted under the released tear trough ligament to correct the tear trough deformity. When the patients had significant maxillary retrusion, structural fat grafting was performed at the same time.



The mean follow-up was 10 months. High satisfaction was noted among the patients treated with this technique. The revision rate was 2 percent. Complication rates were low. No chemosis, prolonged swelling, lower eyelid retraction, or ectropion was seen in any patients.



The extended transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty using the midcheek soft-tissue spaces is a safe and effective approach for treating patients presenting with eye bags and tear trough deformity.



Therapeutic, V.
The influence of tumour-derived extracellular vesicles on local and distal metastatic dissemination.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators of intercellular communication that have been ignored for decades. Tumour cells benefit from the secretion of vesicles as they can influence the behaviour of neighbouring tumour cells within the tumour microenvironment. Several studies have shown that extracellular vesicles play an active role in pre-metastatic niche formation and importantly, they are involved in the metastatic organotropism of different tumour types. Tumour-derived EVs carry and transfer molecules to recipient cells, modifying their behaviour through a process defined as "EV-driven education". EVs favour metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes and distal organs by reinforcing angiogenesis, inflammation and lymphangiogenesis. Hence, in this review we will summarize the main mechanisms by which tumour-derived EVs regulate lymph node and distal organ metastasis. Moreover, since some cancers metastasize through the lymphatic system, we will discuss recent discoveries about the presence and function of tumour EVs in the lymph. Finally, we will address the potential value of tumour EVs as prognostic biomarkers in liquid biopsies, specially blood and lymphatic fluid, and the use of these tools as early detectors of metastases.
Analysis of Atmospheric Propagation Effects in TerraSAR-X Images

TerraSAR-X, the first civil German synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite has been successfully launched in 2007, June 15th. After 4.5 days the first processed image has been obtained. The overall quality of the image was outstanding, however, suspicious features could be identified which showed precipitation related signatures. These rain-cell signatures motivated a further in-depth study of the physical background of the related propagation effects. During the commissioning phase, a total of 12000 scenes have been investigated for potential propagation effects and about 100 scenes have revealed atmospheric effects to a visible extent. An interesting case of a data acquisition over New York will be presented which shows typical rain-cell signatures and the SAR image will be compared with weather-radar data acquired nearly simultaneously (within the same minute). Furthermore, in this contribution we discuss the influence of the atmosphere (troposphere) on the external calibration (XCAL) of TerraSAR-X. By acquiring simultaneous weather-radar data over the test-site and the SAR-acquisition it was possibleto improve the absolute calibration constant by 0.15 dB.
Fluid status and fluid responsiveness.

Fluid boluses are a key element of hemodynamic resuscitation, but overuse of fluids also can be harmful. It is thus important to understand how fluids actually improve clinical problems and how one can predict fluid responsiveness. It is also important to understand potential limitations of fluid therapy.



Currently there is a lot of attention being paid to the assessment of fluid responsiveness, but there is a lack of studies evaluating indications for fluid treatment and the potential harm from excess fluid use. This review emphasizes the physiological factors that determine the response to fluids, the limitations of these responses, and the predictors of fluid responsiveness. A key principle is that fluid resuscitation improves clinical indicators by increasing cardiac output, and if the volume infusion does not increase cardiac output there will be no benefit.



Assessment of changes in cardiac output, either directly or indirectly, is a key component of managing fluid therapy. Avoiding harm with the use of fluids requires understanding what is physiologically possible.
Learning Navigation Behaviors End to End

A longstanding goal of behavior-based robotics is to solve high-level navigation tasks using end to end navigation behaviors that directly map sensors to actions. Navigation behaviors, such as reaching a goal or following a path without collisions, can be learned from exploration and interaction with the environment, but are constrained by the type and quality of a robot’s sensors, dynamics, and actuators. Traditional motion planning handles varied robot geometry and dynamics, but typically assumes high-quality observations. Modern vision-based navigation typically considers imperfect or partial observations, but simplifies the robot action space. With both approaches, the transition from simulation to reality can be difficult. Here, we learn two end to end navigation behaviors that avoid moving obstacles: point to point and path following. These policies receive noisy lidar observations and output robot linear and angular velocities. We train these policies in small, static environments with Shaped-DDPG, an adaptation of the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) reinforcement learning method which optimizes reward and network architecture. Over 500 meters of on-robot experiments show , these policies generalize to new environments and moving obstacles, are robust to sensor, actuator, and localization noise, and can serve as robust building blocks for larger navigation tasks. The path following and point and point policies are 83% and 56% more successful than the baseline, respectively.
A stochastically verifiable decision making framework for autonomous ground vehicles

A framework is presented for probabilistic verification of Autonomous Vehicles' (AV) decisions by rational agents onboard. The AV's are assumed to be equipped with the necessary perception and control systems, which are needed for their awareness of the environment and enable them to make decisions. The decisions arrived at by the agents are verified by the probabilistic model checking techniques presented. The objective of the new framework is to reduce design complexity of decision making while ensuring verifiability of the decisions made by the rational agents. Probabilistic Timed Programs (PTPs) are used to model the environmental scenarios and Probabilistic Computational Tree Logic (PCTL) to specify the properties to be verified. Both PTP and PCTL are deployed by use of the PRISM model checker. For demonstration purposes, the Robot Operating System (ROS) and the Gazebo simulator are used to model and test the vehicle systems and their signal processing. sEnglish Publisher, the high abstraction level programming tool, is used along with a Jason agent architecture to provide rules and plans for decision making. Matlab is relied on to assist in programming the perception and control systems in the demonstration.
Fast Implementations of AES on Various Platforms

This paper presents new software speed records for encryption and decryption using the block cipher AES-128 for different architectures. Target platforms are 8-bit AVR microcontrollers, NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs) and the Cell broadband engine. The new AVR implementation requires 124.6 and 181.3 cycles per byte for encryption and decryption with a code size of less than two kilobyte. Compared to the previous AVR records for encryption our code is 38 percent smaller and 1.24 times faster. The byte-sliced implementation for the synergistic processing elements of the Cell architecture achieves speed of 11.7 and 14.4 cycles per byte for encryption and decryption. Similarly, our fastest GPU implementation, running on the GTX 295 and handling many input streams in parallel, delivers throughputs of 0.17 and 0.19 cycles per byte for encryption and decryption respectively. Furthermore, this is the first AES implementation for the GPU which implements both encryption and decryption.
Structural Health Monitoring Using Statistical Pattern Recognition Techniques

Hoon Sohn Engineering Sciences & Applications Division, Engineering Analysis Group, M/S C926 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 e-mail: sohn@lanl.gov Charles R. Farrar Engineering Sciences & Applications Division, Engineering Analysis Group, M/S C946 e-mail: farrar@lanl.gov Norman F. Hunter Engineering Sciences & Applications Division, Measurement Technology Group, M/S C931 e-mail: hunter@lanl.gov Keith Worden Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Sheffield Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom e-mail: k.worden@sheffield.ac.uk
Cloud based Big Data Analytics: A Survey of Current Research and Future Directions

The advent of the digital age has led to a rise in different types of data with every passing day. In fact, it is expected that half of the total data will be on the cloud by 2016. This data is complex and needs to be stored, processed and analyzed for information that can be used by organizations. Cloud computing provides an apt platform for big data analytics in view of the storage and computing requirements of the latter. This makes cloud-based analytics a viable research field. However, several issues need to be addressed and risks need to be mitigated before practical applications of this synergistic model can be popularly used. This paper explores the existing research, challenges, open issues and future research direction for this field of study.
A comparison of the performance of children with and without autism on the Sensory Profile.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Sensory Profile discriminates between children with and without autism and which items on the profile best discriminate between these groups.



Parents of 32 children with autism aged 3 to 13 years and of 64 children without autism aged 3 to 10 years completed the Sensory Profile. A descriptive analysis of the data set of children with autism identified the distribution of responses on each item. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) of each category of the Sensory Profile identified possible differences among subjects without autism, with mild or moderate autism, and with severe autism. Follow-up univariate analyses were conducted for any category that yielded a significant result on the MANCOVA:



Eight-four of 99 items (85%) on the Sensory Profile differentiated the sensory processing skills of subjects with autism from those without autism. There were no group differences between subjects with mild or moderate autism and subjects with severe autism.



The Sensory Profile can provide information about the sensory processing skills of children with autism to assist occupational therapists in assessing and planning intervention for these children.
Design of line-of-sight stabilized control system using inertial and optical-mechanical combined method

To improve the stability accuracy of stable platform of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a line-of-sight stabilized control system is developed by using an inertial and optical-mechanical (fast steering mirror) combined method in a closed loop with visual feedback. The system is based on Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), included an image-deviation-obtained system and a combined controller using a PQ method. The method changes the series-wound structure to the shunt-wound structure of dual-input/single-output (DISO), and decouples the actuator range and frequency of inertial stabilization and fast steering mirror stabilization. Test results show the stability accuracy improves from 20μrad of inertial method to 5μrad of inertial and optical-mechanical combined method, and prove the effectiveness of the combined line-of-sight stabilization control system.
Sjögren's syndrome: another facet of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA).

Recently, a new syndrome, namely the "Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants" (ASIA) has been defined. In this syndrome different conditions characterized by common signs and symptoms and induced by the presence of an adjuvant are included. The adjuvant is a substance capable of boosting the immune response and of acting as a trigger in the development of autoimmune diseases. Post-vaccination autoimmune phenomena represent a major issue of ASIA. Indeed, despite vaccines represent a mainstay in the improvement of human health, several of these have been implicated as a potential trigger for autoimmune diseases. Sjogren's Syndrome (SjS) is a systemic chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of an inflammatory involvement of exocrine glands accompanied by systemic manifestations. Own to the straight association between infectious agents exposure (mainly viruses) and sicca syndrome development, the possible link between vaccine and SjS is not surprising. Indeed, a few cases of SjS following vaccine delivery have been reported. At the same extent, the induction of SjS following silicone exposure has been described too. Thus, the aim of this review was to focus on SjS and its possible development following vaccine or silicone exposure in order to define another possible facet of the ASIA syndrome.
Simple photovoltaic solar cell dynamic sliding mode controlled maximum power point tracker for battery charging applications

In this paper, we present a maximum power point tracker and estimator for a PV system to estimate the point of maximum power, to track this point and force it to reach this point in finite time and to stay there for all future time in order to provide the maximum power available to the load. The load will be composed of a battery bank. This is obtained by controlling the duty cycle of a DC-DC converter using sliding mode control. The sliding mode controller is given the estimated maximum power point as a reference for it to track that point and force the PV system to operate in this point. This method has the advantage that it will guarantee the maximum output power possible by the array configuration while considering the dynamic parameters temperature and solar irradiance and delivering more power to charge the battery. The procedure of designing, simulating and results are presented in this paper.
On the use of LPWAN for EVehicle to grid communication

The expected diffusion of EVehicles (EVs) to limit the impact of fossil fuel on mobility is going to cause severe issues to the management of electric grid. A large number of charging stations is going to be installed on the power grid to support EVs. Each of the charging station could require more than 100 kW from the grid. The grid consumption is unpredictable and it depends from the need of EVs in the neighborhood. The impact of the EV on the power grid can be limited by the proper exploitation of Vehicle to Grid communication (V2G). The advent of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) promoted by Internet Of Things applications offers new opportunity for wireless communications. In this work, an example of such a technology (the LoRaWAN solution) is tested in a real-world scenario as a candidate for EV to grid communications. The experimental results highlight as LoRaWAN technology can be used to cover an area with a radius under 2 km, in an urban environment. At this distance, the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) is about −117 dBm. Such a result demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Cardiac CT assessment of left atrial accessory appendages and diverticula.

The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence, morphology, size, and location of left atrial abnormalities including diverticula and accessory appendages in consecutive patients undergoing cardiac-gated CT for coronary artery evaluation.



Routine retrospectively gated contrast-enhanced 64-MDCT angiography (0.75-mm collimation, 330-milliseconds gantry rotation time) was performed in 529 consecutive patients. CT data sets were evaluated using axial, sagittal, coronal, and interactive multiplanar reconstructions; maximum intensity projections (MIPs); and interactive volume rendering. The presence, type, and location of left atrial appendages and diverticula were recorded.



One hundred twenty-one patients had left atrial accessory appendages (n = 20) or left atrial diverticula (n = 81) or both (n = 20). One hundred four left atrial diverticula were found in 101 of the 529 patients (20%) and 44 accessory appendages in 41 patients (8%). Of the atrial diverticula, 88% were superior and anterior, 9% were right lateral superior, and 3% were inferior. Of accessory appendages, 34% were inferior posterior, 32% were left inferior, 18% were superior anterior, 14% were inferior posterior, and 2% were right inferior posterior. The average sizes of diverticula were 6.4 +/- 2.5 x 6.2 +/- 2.4 mm, and accessory appendages were 4.9 +/- 2.1 x 3.9 +/- 2.4 mm.



Left atrial diverticula and accessory appendages are commonly found on cardiac-gated CT.
Wideband, Low-Profile Patch Array Antenna With Corporate Stacked Microstrip and Substrate Integrated Waveguide Feeding Structure

In this communication, a corporate stacked microstrip and substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) feeding structure is reported to be used to broaden the impedance bandwidth of a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4 \times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> patch array antenna. The proposed array antenna is based on a multilayer printed circuit board structure containing two dielectric substrates and four copper cladding layers. The radiating elements, which consist of slim rectangular patches with surrounding U-shaped parasitic patches, are located on the top layer. Every four radiation elements are grouped together as a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2 \times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> subarray and fed by a microstrip power divider on the next copper layer through metalized blind vias. Four such subarrays are corporate-fed by an SIW feeding network underneath. The design process and analysis of the array antenna are discussed. A prototype of the proposed array antenna is fabricated and measured, showing a good agreement between the simulation and measurement, thus validating the correctness of the design. The measured results indicate that the proposed array antenna exhibits a wide <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert \text {S}_{11}\vert < -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB bandwidth of 17.7%, i.e., 25.3–30.2 GHz, a peak gain of 16.4 dBi, a high radiation efficiency above 80%, and a good orthogonal polarization discrimination of higher than 30 dB. In addition, the use of low-profile substrate in the SIW feeding network makes this array antenna easier to be integrated directly with millimeter-wave front-end integrated circuits. The demonstrated array antenna can be a good candidate for various <italic>Ka</italic>-band wireless applications, such as 5G, satellite communications and so on.
Populist Mobilization : A New Theoretical Approach to Populism *

Sociology has long shied away from the problem of populism. This may be due to suspicion about the concept or uncertainty about how to fit populist cases into broader comparative matrices. Such caution is warranted: the existing interdisciplinary literature has been plagued by conceptual confusion and disagreement. But given the recent resurgence of populist politics in Latin America and elsewhere, sociology can no longer afford to sidestep such analytical challenges. This article moves toward a political sociology of populism by identifying past theoretical deficiencies and proposing a new, practice-based approach that is not beholden to pejorative common sense understandings. This approach conceptualizes populism as a mode of political practice—as populist mobilization. Its utility is demonstrated through an application to mid-twentieth-century Latin American politics. The article concludes by sketching an agenda for future research on populist mobilization in Latin America and beyond.
Modeling software design diversity

Design diversity has been used for many years now as a means of achieving a degree of fault tolerance in software-based systems. While there is clear evidence that the approach can be expected to deliver some increase in reliability compared to a single version, there is no agreement about the extent of this. More importantly, it remains difficult to evaluate exactly how reliable a particular diverse fault-tolerant system is. This difficulty arises because assumptions of independence of failures between different versions have been shown to be untenable: assessment of the actual level of dependence present is therefore needed, and this is difficult. In this tutorial, we survey the modeling issues here, with an emphasis upon the impact these have upon the problem of assessing the reliability of fault-tolerant systems. The intended audience is one of designers, assessors, and project managers with only a basic knowledge of probabilities, as well as reliability experts without detailed knowledge of software, who seek an introduction to the probabilistic issues in decisions about design diversity.