nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Blue-Noise Multitone Dithering

The introduction of the blue-noise spectra-high-frequency white noise with minimal energy at low frequencies-has had a profound impact on digital halftoning for binary display devices, such as inkjet printers, because it represents an optimal distribution of black and white pixels producing the illusion of a given shade of gray. The blue-noise model, however, does not directly translate to printing with multiple ink intensities. New multilevel printing and display technologies require the development of corresponding quantization algorithms for continuous tone images, namely multitoning. In order to define an optimal distribution of multitone pixels, this paper develops the theory and design of multitone, blue-noise dithering. Here, arbitrary multitone dot patterns are modeled as a layered superposition of stack-constrained binary patterns. Multitone blue-noise exhibits minimum energy at low frequencies and a staircase-like, ascending, spectral pattern at higher frequencies. The optimum spectral profile is described by a set of principal frequencies and amplitudes whose calculation requires the definition of a spectral coherence structure governing the interaction between patterns of dots of different intensities. Efficient algorithms for the generation of multitone, blue-noise dither patterns are also introduced.
SMS flood alert system

Flood disaster is considered a norm for Malaysians since Malaysia is located near the Equator. Flood disaster usually happens due to improper irrigation method in a housing area or the sudden increase of water volume in a river. Flood disaster often causes lost of property, damages and life. Since this disaster is considered dangerous to human life, an efficient countermeasure or alert system must be implemented in order to notify people in the early stage so that safety precautions can be taken to avoid any mishaps. This paper presents a remote water level alarm system developed by applying liquid sensors and GSM technology. System focuses on monitoring water level remotely and utilizes Global System of Mobile Connections (GSM) and Short Message Service (SMS) to convey data from sensors to the respective users through their mobile phone. The hardware of the system includes Micro Controller Unit (MCU) PIC18F452, three (3) liquid sensors, Inverter and Easygate GSM Module. Software used for the system is C compiler thru (ATtention) AT commands. It is hoped that this project would be beneficial to the community and would act as a precautionary measure in case of flood disaster at any flood prone area. By having early detection, users could take swift action such as evacuation so that cases of loss of lives could be minimized.
The Factor Structure of the Aggression Questionnaire With Violent Offenders.

The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) is a self-report measure of aggressiveness commonly employed in nonforensic and forensic settings and is included in violent offender pre- and posttreatment assessment batteries. The aim of the current study was to assess the fit of the four-factor model of the AQ with violent offenders ( N = 271), a population for which the factor structure of the English version of the AQ has not previously been examined. Confirmatory factor analyses did not yield support for the four-factor model of the original 29-item AQ. Acceptable fit was obtained with the 12-item short form, but careful examination of the relationships between the latent factors revealed that the four subscales of the AQ may not represent distinct aspects of aggressiveness. Our findings call into question whether the AQ optimally measures trait aggressiveness among violent offenders.
‘Maintaining balance and harmony’: Javanese perceptions of health and cardiovascular disease

Community intervention programmes to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors within urban communities in developing countries are rare. One possible explanation is the difficulty of designing an intervention that corresponds to the local context and culture.



To understand people's perceptions of health and CVD, and how people prevent CVD in an urban setting in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.



A qualitative study was performed through focus group discussions and individual research interviews. Participants were selected purposively in terms of socio-economic status (SES), lay people, community leaders and government officers. Data were analysed by using content analysis.



SEVEN CATEGORIES WERE IDENTIFIED: (1) heart disease is dangerous, (2) the cause of heart disease, (3) men have no time for health, (4) women are caretakers for health, (5) different information-seeking patterns, (6) the role of community leaders and (7) patterns of lay people's action. Each category consists of sub-categories according to the SES of participants. The main theme that emerged was one of balance and harmony, indicating the necessity of assuring a balance between 'good' and 'bad' habits.



The basic concepts of balance and harmony, which differ between low and high SES groups, must be understood when tailoring community interventions to reduce CVD risk factors.
Root and root canal morphology of the human permanent maxillary first molar: a literature review.

The objective of this study was to review the literature with respect to the root and canal systems in the maxillary first molar. Root anatomy studies were divided into laboratory studies (in vitro), clinical root canal system anatomy studies (in vivo) and clinical case reports of anomalies. Over 95% (95.9%) of maxillary first molars had three roots and 3.9% had two roots. The incidence of fusion of any two or three roots was approximately 5.2%. Conical and C-shaped roots and canals were rarely found (0.12%). This review contained the most data on the canal morphology of the mesiobuccal root with a total of 8399 teeth from 34 studies. The incidence of two canals in the mesiobuccal root was 56.8% and of one canal was 43.1% in a weighted average of all reported studies. The incidence of two canals in the mesiobuccal root was higher in laboratory studies (60.5%) compared to clinical studies (54.7%). Less variation was found in the distobuccal and palatal roots and the results were reported from fourteen studies consisting of 2576 teeth. One canal was found in the distobuccal root in 98.3% of teeth whereas the palatal root had one canal in over 99% of the teeth studied.
TRPV4: Molecular Conductor of a Diverse Orchestra.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) is a calcium-permeable nonselective cation channel, originally described in 2000 by research teams led by Schultz ( 695-702, 2000) and Liedtke ( 525-535, 2000). TRPV4 is now recognized as being a polymodal ionotropic receptor that is activated by a disparate array of stimuli, ranging from hypotonicity to heat and acidic pH. Importantly, this ion channel is constitutively expressed and capable of spontaneous activity in the absence of agonist stimulation, which suggests that it serves important physiological functions, as does its widespread dissemination throughout the body and its capacity to interact with other proteins. Not surprisingly, therefore, it has emerged more recently that TRPV4 fulfills a great number of important physiological roles and that various disease states are attributable to the absence, or abnormal functioning, of this ion channel. Here, we review the known characteristics of this ion channel's structure, localization and function, including its activators, and examine its functional importance in health and disease.
A classification of citation roles for the social sciences and related fields

The paper proposes a classification scheme for the roles of citations in empirical studies from the social sciences and related fields. The use of the classification, which has eight categories, is illustrated in sociology, education, demography, epidemiology and librarianship; its association with the citations' location within the paper is presented. The question of repeated citations of the same document is discussed. Several research questions to which this classification is relevant are proposed. The need for further critique, validation and experimentation is pointed out.
Umbilical arterial and venous catheters: placement, use, and complications.

Umbilical catheters have been used in NICUs for drawing blood samples, measuring blood pressure, and administering fluid and medications for more than 25 years. Complications associated with umbilical catheters include thrombosis; embolism; vasospasm; vessel perforation; hemorrhage; infection; gastrointestinal, renal, and limb tissue damage; hepatic necrosis; hydrothorax; cardiac arrhythmias; pericardial effusion and tamponade; and erosion of the atrium and ventricle. A review of the literature provides conflicting accounts of the superiority of high versus low placement of umbilical arterial catheters. This article reviews the current literature regarding use of umbilical catheters in neonates. It also highlights the policy developed for the authors' NICU, a 34-bed tertiary care unit of a children's hospital, and analyzes complications associated with umbilical catheter use for 1 year in that unit.
High-Performance Ternary Adder Using CNTFET

Ternary logic is a promising alternative to the conventional binary logic in VLSI design as it provides the advantages of reduced interconnects, higher operating speeds, and smaller chip area. This paper presents a pair of circuits for implementing a ternary half adder using carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. The proposed designs combine both futuristic ternary and conventional binary logic design approach. One of the proposed circuits for ternary to binary decoder simplifies further circuit implementation and provides excellent delay and power advantages in data path circuit such as adder. These circuits have been extensively simulated using HSPICE to obtain power, delay, and power delay product. The circuit performances are compared with alternative designs reported in recent literature. One of the proposed ternary adders has been demonstrated power, power delay product improvement up to 63% and 66% respectively, with lesser transistor count. So, the use of these half adders in complex arithmetic circuits will be advantageous.
Road Segmentation Using CNN with GRU

This paper presents an accurate and fast algorithm for road segmentation using convolutional neural network (CNN) and gated recurrent units (GRU). For autonomous vehicles, road segmentation is a fundamental task that can provide the drivable area for path planning. The existing deep neural network based segmentation algorithms usually take a very deep encoder-decoder structure to fuse pixels, which requires heavy computations, large memory and long processing time. Hereby, a CNN-GRU network model is proposed and trained to perform road segmentation using data captured by the front camera of a vehicle. GRU network obtains a long spatial sequence with lower computational complexity, comparing to traditional encoderdecoder architecture. The proposed road detector is evaluated on the KITTI road benchmark and achieves high accuracy for road segmentation at real-time processing speed.
Influence-Directed Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networks

We study the problem of explaining a rich class of behavioral properties of deep neural networks. Distinctively, our influence-directed explanations approach this problem by peering inside the network to identify neurons with high influence on a quantity and distribution of interest, using an axiomatically-justified influence measure, and then providing an interpretation for the concepts these neurons represent. We evaluate our approach by demonstrating a number of its unique capabilities on convolutional neural networks trained on ImageNet. Our evaluation demonstrates that influence-directed explanations (1) identify influential concepts that generalize across instances, (2) can be used to extract the “essence” of what the network learned about a class, and (3) isolate individual features the network uses to make decisions and distinguish related classes.
Cognitive models of discourse comprehension for narrative generation

This article presents an approach to using cognitive models of narrative discourse comprehension to define an explicit computational model of a reader’s comprehension process during reading, predicting aspects of narrative focus and inferencing with precision. This computational model is employed in a narrative discourse generation system to select and sequence content from a partial plan representing story world facts, objects, and events, creating discourses that satisfy comprehension criteria. Cognitive theories of narrative discourse comprehension define explicit models of a reader’s mental state during reading. These cognitive models are created to test hypotheses and explain empirical results about reader comprehension, but do not often contain sufficient precision for implementation on a computer. Therefore, they have not previously been suitable for computational narrative generation. The results of three experiments are presented and discussed, exhibiting empirical support for the approach presented. This work makes a number of contributions that advance the state-of-the-art in narrative discourse generation: a formal model of narrative focus, a formal model of online inferencing in narrative, a method of selecting narrative discourse content to satisfy comprehension criteria, and both implementation and evaluation of these models. .................................................................................................................................................................................
Architectural Styles, Design Patterns, And Objects

Architectural styles, object-oriented design, and design patterns all hold promise as approaches that simplify software design and reuse by capturing and exploiting system design knowledge. This article explores the capabilities and roles of the various approaches, their strengths, and their limitations. oftware system builders increasingly recognize the importance of exploiting design knowledge in the engineering of new systems. Several distinct but related approaches hold promise. One approach is to focus on the architectural level of system design—the gross structure of a system as a composition of interacting parts. Architectural designs illuminate such key issues as scaling and portability, the assignment of functionality to design elements, interaction protocols between elements, and global system properties such as processing rates, end-to-end capacities, and overall  Architectural descriptions tend to be informal and idiosyncratic: box-and-line diagrams convey essential system structure, with accompanying prose explaining the meaning of the symbols. Nonetheless, they provide a critical staging point for determining whether a system can meet its essential requirements, and they guide implementers in constructing the system. More recently, architectural descriptions have been used for codifying and reusing design knowledge. Much of their power comes from use of idiomatic architectural terms, such as “clientserver system,” “layered system,” or “blackboard organization.”
Enhancing Students ’ Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes Through Community-Based Learning

One of the ultimate goals of education is to provide strategies that will promote knowledge transfer, wherein the students realize the relevance and applications of the subject matter in their lives. In environmental education, the concern is not only the enhancement of the students’ conceptual understanding, but also the development of awareness and concern for the environment. Community-based learning in environmental education is a pedagogical approach that is based on the premise that students learn to connect environmental concepts with the real world, hence, creating meaningful learning experience. This study aims to design and evaluate community-based approach in learning environmental science for senior high school students. The mixed method approach was used in this study, which was done through quasi-experimental design and qualitative analysis of the students’ written responses to open-ended questions. Two groups of students have participated in this study: (I) the traditional learning group and; (II) the community-based learning group. Results revealed an improved academic performance based on the gain score analysis wherein the community-based learning group had a statistically significant higher achievement than the traditional learning group. Moreover, the development of more positive environmental attitudes was also observed in the community-based learning group. In addition, the role of the community members appeared to be significant in the learning process, based on the students’ responses to the open-ended questions. In learning real environmental issues, community-based learning is a promising approach in enhancing students’ environmental knowledge, and in developing more positive environmental attitudes. Moreover, this approach provides an opportunity for personal and social growth, and the development of one’s sense of responsibility and accountability.
Coplanar-Waveguide-Fed Microstrip Bandpass Filters With Capacitively Broadside-Coupled Structures for Multiple Spurious Suppression

Coplanar-waveguide (CPW)-fed microstrip bandpass filters are proposed with capacitive couplings suitably introduced at the input/output (I/O) ports, as well as between the resonators for spurious suppression. By adopting these capacitive couplings, several open stubs are established so that adjustable multiple transmission zeros may independently be created to suppress several unwanted spurious passbands, thereby extending the stopband and improving the rejection level. In this study, the capacitive couplings required at the I/O ports, as well as across the resonators, are realized by the broadside-coupled transition structures between the top microstrip layer and the bottom CPW layer so that the I/O ports may properly be matched and the spurious responses may effectively be suppressed. Specifically, a fifth-order bandpass filter, centered at f0=1.33 GHz with a stopband extended up to 8.67 GHz (6.52 f0) and a rejection level better than 30 dB, is implemented and carefully examined
TENSEGRITY BASED PROBES FOR PLANETARY EXPLORATION : ENTRY , DESCENT AND LANDING ( EDL ) AND SURFACE MOBILITY ANALYSIS

In this paper we evaluate tensegrity probes on the basis of the EDL phase performance of the probe in the context of a mission to Titan. Tensegrity probes are structurally designed around tension networks and are composed of tensile and compression elements. Such probes have unique physical force distribution properties and can be both landing and mobility platforms, allowing for dramatically simpler mission profile and reduced costs. Our concept is to develop a tensegrity probe in which the tensile network can be actively controlled to enable compact stowage for launch followed by deployment in preparation for landing. Due to their natural compliance and structural force distribution properties, tensegrity probes can safely absorb significant impact forces, enabling high speed Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) scenarios where the probe itself acts much like an airbag. However, unlike an airbag which must be discarded after a single use, the tensegrity probe can actively control its shape to provide compliant rolling mobility while still maintaining its ability to safely absorb impact shocks that might occur during exploration.  This combination of functions from a single structure enables compact and light-weight planetary exploration missions with the capabilities of traditional wheeled rovers, but with the mass and cost similar or less than a stationary probe. In this paper we cover this new mission concept and tensegrity probe technologies for compact storage, EDL, and surface mobility, with an focus on analyzing the landing phase performance and ability to protect and deliver scientific payloads. The analysis is then supported with results from physical prototype drop-tests.
Renewable Energy Pricing Driven Scheduling in Distributed Smart Community Systems

A smart community is a distributed system consisting of a set of smart homes which utilize the smart home scheduling techniques to enable customers to automatically schedule their energy loads targeting various purposes such as electricity bill reduction. Smart home scheduling is usually implemented in a decentralized fashion inside a smart community, where customers compete for the community level renewable energy due to their relatively low prices. Typically there exists an aggregator as a community wide electricity policy maker aiming to minimize the total electricity bill among all customers. This paper develops a new renewable energy aware pricing scheme to achieve this target. We establish the proof that under certain assumptions the optimal solution of decentralized smart home scheduling is equivalent to that of the centralized technique, reaching the theoretical lower bound of the community wide total electricity bill. In addition, an advanced cross entropy optimization technique is proposed to compute the pricing scheme of renewable energy, which is then integrated in smart home scheduling. The simulation results demonstrate that our pricing scheme facilitates the reduction of both the community wide electricity bill and individual electricity bills compared to the uniform pricing. In particular, the community wide electricity bill can be reduced to only 0.06 percent above the theoretic lower bound.
Understanding the role of nutrition and wound healing.

Optimal wound healing requires adequate nutrition. Nutrition deficiencies impede the normal processes that allow progression through stages of wound healing. Malnutrition has also been related to decreased wound tensile strength and increased infection rates. Malnourished patients can develop pressure ulcers, infections, and delayed wound healing that result in chronic nonhealing wounds. Chronic wounds are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for many patients and therefore constitute a serious clinical concern. Because most patients with chronic skin ulcers suffer micronutrient status alterations and malnutrition to some degree, current nutrition therapies are aimed at correcting nutrition deficiencies responsible for delayed wound healing. This review provides current information on nutrition management for simple acute wounds and complex nonhealing wounds and offers some insights into innovative future treatments.
Detection and Mitigation of Uplink Control Channel Jamming in LTE

In 3GPP LTE, the physical layer is divided into data and signaling, where the signaling (or control information) enables efficient data exchange/resource scheduling. The LTE uplink contains a physical channel known as the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), which carries uplink control information such as message acknowledgements, scheduling requests, and channel status information from user equipment (UE) to LTE base stations (eNodeB). The PUCCH is located on the edges of the system bandwidth in a static location. The static allocation of the PUCCH presents a dilemma: an adversary can disrupt the uplink channel with minimal effort and only needs to know the PUCCH's spectrum allocation. In this paper we (i) take a closer look at the purpose and specification of the PUCCH, (ii) we propose various strategies to be used for the detection of interference specifically on the PUCCH, and (iii) we outline strategies for mitigating 'protocol-aware' interference on the PUCCH. Some of the mitigation strategies, such as control information duplication, can be implemented with minimal changes to LTE eNodeBs and UEs, while other countermeasures require augmentations to both eNodeB and UE hardware or software.