nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of malware activities with rules

The article describes the method of malware activities identification using ontology and rules. The method supports detection of malware at host level by observing its behavior. It sifts through hundred thousands of regular events and allows to identify suspicious ones. They are then passed on to the second building block responsible for malware tracking and matching stored models with observed malicious actions. The presented method was implemented and verified in the infected computer environment. As opposed to signature-based antivirus mechanisms it allows to detect malware the code of which has been obfuscated.
Systematic review of nursing simulation literature for use of learning theory.

The purpose of this systematic analysis of nursing simulation literature between 2000 -2007 was to determine how learning theory was used to design and assess learning that occurs in simulations. Out of the 120 articles in which designing nursing simulations was reported, 16 referenced learning or developmental theory as the basis of how and why they set up the simulation. Of the 16 articles that used a learning type of foundation, only two considered learning as a cognitive task. More research is needed that investigates the efficacy of simulation for improving student learning. The study concludes that most nursing faculty approach simulation from a teaching paradigm rather than a learning paradigm. For simulation to foster student learning there must be a fundamental shift from a teaching paradigm to a learning paradigm and a foundational learning theory to design and evaluate simulation should be used. Examples of how to match simulation with learning theory are included.
BANA: Body Area Network Authentication Exploiting Channel Characteristics

Wireless body area network (BAN) is a promising technology for real-time monitoring of physiological signals to support medical applications. In order to ensure the trustworthy and reliable gathering of patient's critical health information, it is essential to provide node authentication service in a BAN, which prevents an attacker from impersonation and false data/command injection. Although quite fundamental, the authentication in BAN still remains a challenging issue. On one hand, traditional authentication solutions depend on prior trust among nodes whose establishment would require either key pre-distribution or non-intuitive participation by inexperienced users, while they are vulnerable to key compromise. On the other hand, most existing non-cryptographic authentication schemes require advanced hardware capabilities or significant modifications to the system software, which are impractical for BANs.
 In this paper, for the first time, we propose a lightweight body area network authentication scheme (BANA) that does not depend on prior-trust among the nodes and can be efficiently realized on commercial off-the-shelf low-end sensor devices. This is achieved by exploiting physical layer characteristics unique to a BAN, namely, the distinct received signal strength (RSS) variation behaviors between an on-body communication channel and an off-body channel. Our main finding is that the latter is more unpredictable over time, especially under various body motion scenarios. This unique channel characteristic naturally arises from the multi-path environment surrounding a BAN, and cannot be easily forged by attackers. We then adopt clustering analysis to differentiate the signals from an attacker and a legitimate node. The effectiveness of BANA is validated through extensive real-world experiments under various scenarios. It is shown that BANA can accurately identify multiple attackers with minimal amount of overhead.
Electrical muscle stimulation preserves the muscle mass of critically ill patients: a randomized study

Critically ill patients are characterized by increased loss of muscle mass, partially attributed to sepsis and multiple organ failure, as well as immobilization. Recent studies have shown that electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) may be an alternative to active exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic heart failure (CHF) patients with myopathy. The aim of our study was to investigate the EMS effects on muscle mass preservation of critically ill patients with the use of ultrasonography (US).



Forty-nine critically ill patients (age: 59 +/- 21 years) with an APACHE II admission score >or=13 were randomly assigned after stratification upon admission to receive daily EMS sessions of both lower extremities (EMS-group) or to the control group (control group). Muscle mass was evaluated with US, by measuring the cross sectional diameter (CSD) of the vastus intermedius and the rectus femoris of the quadriceps muscle.



Twenty-six patients were finally evaluated. Right rectus femoris and right vastus intermedius CSD decreased in both groups (EMS group: from 1.42 +/- 0.48 to 1.31 +/- 0.45 cm, P = 0.001 control group: from 1.59 +/- 0.53 to 1.37 +/- 0.5 cm, P = 0.002; EMS group: from 0.91 +/- 0.39 to 0.81 +/- 0.38 cm, P = 0.001 control group: from 1.40 +/- 0.64 to 1.11 +/- 0.56 cm, P = 0.004, respectively). However, the CSD of the right rectus femoris decreased significantly less in the EMS group (-0.11 +/- 0.06 cm, -8 +/- 3.9%) as compared to the control group (-0.21 +/- 0.10 cm, -13.9 +/- 6.4%; P < 0.05) and the CSD of the right vastus intermedius decreased significantly less in the EMS group (-0.10 +/- 0.05 cm, -12.5 +/- 7.4%) as compared to the control group (-0.29 +/- 0.28 cm, -21.5 +/- 15.3%; P < 0.05).



EMS is well tolerated and seems to preserve the muscle mass of critically ill patients. The potential use of EMS as a preventive and rehabilitation tool in ICU patients with polyneuromyopathy needs to be further investigated.
A CMOS Rectifier With a Cross-Coupled Latched Comparator for Wireless Power Transfer in Biomedical Applications

A highly efficient rectifier for wireless power transfer in biomedical implant applications is implemented using 0.18-m CMOS technology. The proposed rectifier with active nMOS and pMOS diodes employs a four-input common-gate-type capacitively cross-coupled latched comparator to control the reverse leakage current in order to maximize the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the rectifier. The designed rectifier achieves a maximum measured PCE of 81.9% at 13.56 MHz under conditions of a low 1.5-Vpp RF input signal with a 1- k output load resistance and occupies 0.009 mm2 of core die area.
Improved heat dissipation in gallium nitride light-emitting diodes with embedded graphene oxide pattern.

The future of solid-state lighting relies on how the performance parameters will be improved further for developing high-brightness light-emitting diodes. Eventually, heat removal is becoming a crucial issue because the requirement of high brightness necessitates high-operating current densities that would trigger more joule heating. Here we demonstrate that the embedded graphene oxide in a gallium nitride light-emitting diode alleviates the self-heating issues by virtue of its heat-spreading ability and reducing the thermal boundary resistance. The fabrication process involves the generation of scalable graphene oxide microscale patterns on a sapphire substrate, followed by its thermal reduction and epitaxial lateral overgrowth of gallium nitride in a metal-organic chemical vapour deposition system under one-step process. The device with embedded graphene oxide outperforms its conventional counterpart by emitting bright light with relatively low-junction temperature and thermal resistance. This facile strategy may enable integration of large-scale graphene into practical devices for effective heat removal.
Vending machine assessment methodology. A systematic review

The nutritional quality of food and beverage products sold in vending machines has been implicated as a contributing factor to the development of an obesogenic food environment. How comprehensive, reliable, and valid are the current assessment tools for vending machines to support or refute these claims? A systematic review was conducted to summarize, compare, and evaluate the current methodologies and available tools for vending machine assessment. A total of 24 relevant research studies published between 1981 and 2013 met inclusion criteria for this review. The methodological variables reviewed in this study include assessment tool type, study location, machine accessibility, product availability, healthfulness criteria, portion size, price, product promotion, and quality of scientific practice. There were wide variations in the depth of the assessment methodologies and product healthfulness criteria utilized among the reviewed studies. Of the reviewed studies, 39% evaluated machine accessibility, 91% evaluated product availability, 96% established healthfulness criteria, 70% evaluated portion size, 48% evaluated price, 52% evaluated product promotion, and 22% evaluated the quality of scientific practice. Of all reviewed articles, 87% reached conclusions that provided insight into the healthfulness of vended products and/or vending environment. Product healthfulness criteria and complexity for snack and beverage products was also found to be variable between the reviewed studies. These findings make it difficult to compare results between studies. A universal, valid, and reliable vending machine assessment tool that is comprehensive yet user-friendly is recommended.
A Delphi-AHP-TOPSIS based benchmarking framework for performance improvement of a cold chain

This paper aims to develop a benchmarking framework that evaluates the cold chain performance of a company, reveals its strengths and weaknesses and finally identifies and prioritizes potential alternatives for continuous improvement. A Delphi-AHP-TOPSIS based methodology has divided the whole benchmarking into three stages. The first stage is Delphi method, where identification, synthesis and prioritization of key performance factors and sub-factors are done and a novel consistent measurement scale is developed. The second stage is Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based cold chain performance evaluation of a selected company against its competitors, so as to observe cold chain performance of individual factors and sub-factors, as well as overall performance index. And, the third stage is Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) based assessment of possible alternatives for the continuous improvement of the company’s cold chain performance. Finally a demonstration of proposed methodology in a retail industry is presented for better understanding. The proposed framework can assist managers to comprehend the present strengths and weaknesses of their cold. They can identify good practices from the market leader and can benchmark them for improving weaknesses keeping in view the current operational conditions and strategies of the company. This framework also facilitates the decision makers to better understand the complex relationships of the relevant cold chain performance factors in decision-making.
The need of high resolution μ-X-ray CT in dendrochronology and in wood identification

X-ray computed tomography is a widely used method for nondestructive visualization of the interior of different samples - also of wooden material. Different to usual applications very high resolution is needed to use such CT images in dendrochronology and to evaluate wood species. In dendrochronology big samples (up to 50 cm) are necessary to scan. The needed resolution is - depending on the species - about 20 mum. In wood identification usually very small samples have to be scanned, but wood anatomical characters of less than 1 mum in width have to be visualized. This paper deals with four examples of X-ray CT scanned images to be used for dendrochronology and wood identification.
A Looped-Bowtie RFID Tag Antenna Design for Metallic Objects

Design of a long read-range, reconfigurable operating frequency radio frequency identification (RFID) metal tag is proposed in this paper. The antenna structure consists of two nonconnected load bars and two bowtie patches electrically connected through four pairs of vias to a conducting backplane to form a looped-bowtie RFID tag antenna that is suitable for mounting on metallic objects. The design offers more degrees of freedom to tune the input impedance of the proposed antenna. The load bars, which have a cutoff point on each bar, can be used to reconfigure the operating frequency of the tag by exciting any one of the three possible frequency modes; hence, this tag can be used worldwide for the UHF RFID frequency band. Experimental tests show that the maximum read range of the prototype, placed on a metallic object, are found to be 3.0, 3.2, and 3.3 m, respectively, for the three operating modes, which has been tested for an RFID reader with only 0.4 W error interrupt pending register (EIPR). The paper shows that the simulated and measured results are in good agreement with each other.
Optic Disk Detection in Fundus Image Based on Structured Learning

Automated optic disk (OD) detection plays an important role in developing a computer aided system for eye diseases. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for the OD detection based on structured learning. A classifier model is trained based on structured learning. Then, we use the model to achieve the edge map of OD. Thresholding is performed on the edge map, thus a binary image of the OD is obtained. Finally, circle Hough transform is carried out to approximate the boundary of OD by a circle. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated on three public datasets and obtained promising results. The results (an area overlap and Dices coefficients of 0.8605 and 0.9181, respectively, an accuracy of 0.9777, and a true positive and false positive fraction of 0.9183 and 0.0102) show that the proposed method is very competitive with the state-of-the-art methods and is a reliable tool for the segmentation of OD.
On-line Chinese character recognition using ART-based stroke classification

This paper proposes an on-line Chinese character recognition method using Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) based stroke classification. Strokes, primitive components of Chinese characters, are usually warped into a cursive form and classifying them is very difficult. To deal with such cursive strokes, we consider them as a recognition unit and automatically classify them using an ART-2 neural network. The neural network has the advantage of assembling similar patterns together to form classes in a self-organized manner. This stroke classifier contributes to high stroke recognition rate and less recognition time. A database for character recognition also dynamically constructed with generalized character lists, and a new character can be included simply by adding a new sequence to the list. Character recognition is achieved by traversing the Chinese character database with a sequence of recognized strokes and positional relations between the strokes. To verify the performance of the system, we tested it on 1800 basic Chinese characters used daily in Korea, and obtained a good recognition rate of 93.13%. These results suggest that the proposed system is pertinent to be put into practical use.
Big-Data-Analyse im Informatikunterricht mit Datenstromsystemen: Ein Unterrichtsbeispiel

Big Data stellt heute ein zentrales Thema der Informatik dar: Insbesondere durch die zunehmende Datafizierung unserer Umwelt entstehen neue und umfangreiche Datenquellen, während sich gleichzeitig die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit von Daten wesentlich erhöht und diese Quellen somit immer häufiger in nahezu Echtzeit analysiert werden können. Neben der Bedeutung in der Informatik nimmt jedoch auch die Relevanz von Daten im täglichen Leben zu: Immer mehr Informationen sind das Ergebnis von Datenanalysen und immer häufiger werden Entscheidungen basierend auf Analyseergebnissen getroffen. Trotz der Relevanz von Daten und Datenverarbeitung im Alltag werden moderne Formen der Datenanalyse im Informatikunterricht bisher jedoch allenfalls am Rand betrachtet, sodass die Schülerinnen und Schüler weder die Möglichkeiten noch die Gefahren dieser Methoden erfahren können. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir daher ein prototypisches Unterrichtskonzept zum Thema Datenanalyse im Kontext von Big Data vor, in dem die Schülerinnen und Schüler wesentliche Grundlagen von Datenanalysen kennenlernen und nachvollziehen können. Um diese komplexen Systeme für den Informatikunterricht möglichst einfach zugänglich zu machen und mit realen Daten arbeiten zu können, wird dabei ein selbst implementiertes Datenstromsystem zur Verarbeitung des Datenstroms von Twitter eingesetzt.
sublinear segmented prime sieve

we introduce an algorithm that generates primes included in a given interval I = [a, b] , the algorithm is an optimization to the segmented sieve of eratosthenes,it finds primes up to N without any repetition of multiples of primes using the equation pn.pj + 2pn.pj.c = N with c ∈ Z , its time complexity is linear O(nloglog(n)− n(loglog(n))).
Serum insulin-like growth factor-I in diabetic retinopathy

To assess the relationship between serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and diabetic retinopathy.



This was a clinic-based cross-sectional study conducted at the Emory Eye Center. A total of 225 subjects were classified into four groups, based on diabetes status and retinopathy findings: no diabetes mellitus (no DM; n=99), diabetes with no background diabetic retinopathy (no BDR; n=42), nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR; n=41), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR; n=43). Key exclusion criteria included type 1 diabetes and disorders that affect serum IGF-I levels, such as acromegaly. Subjects underwent dilated fundoscopic examination and were tested for hemoglobin A1c, serum creatinine, and serum IGF-I, between December 2009 and March 2010. Serum IGF-I levels were measured using an immunoassay that was calibrated against an international standard.



Between the groups, there were no statistical differences with regards to age, race, or sex. Overall, diabetic subjects had similar serum IGF-I concentrations compared to nondiabetic subjects (117.6 µg/l versus 122.0 µg/l; p=0.497). There was no significant difference between serum IGF-I levels among the study groups (no DM=122.0 µg/l, no BDR=115.4 µg/l, NPDR=118.3 µg/l, PDR=119.1 µg/l; p=0.897). Among the diabetic groups, the mean IGF-I concentration was similar between insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent subjects (116.8 µg/l versus 118.2 µg/l; p=0.876). The univariate analysis of the IGF-I levels demonstrated statistical significance in regard to age (p=0.002, r=-0.20), body mass index (p=0.008, r=-0.18), and race (p=0.040).



There was no association between serum IGF-I concentrations and diabetic retinopathy in this large cross-sectional study.
Phylodiversity to inform conservation policy: An Australian example.

Phylodiversity measures summarise the phylogenetic diversity patterns of groups of organisms. By using branches of the tree of life, rather than its tips (e.g., species), phylodiversity measures provide important additional information about biodiversity that can improve conservation policy and outcomes. As a biodiverse nation with a strong legislative and policy framework, Australia provides an opportunity to use phylogenetic information to inform conservation decision-making. We explored the application of phylodiversity measures across Australia with a focus on two highly biodiverse regions, the south west of Western Australia (SWWA) and the South East Queensland bioregion (SEQ). We analysed seven diverse groups of organisms spanning five separate phyla on the evolutionary tree of life, the plant genera Acacia and Daviesia, mammals, hylid frogs, myobatrachid frogs, passerine birds, and camaenid land snails. We measured species richness, weighted species endemism (WE) and two phylodiversity measures, phylogenetic diversity (PD) and phylogenetic endemism (PE), as well as their respective complementarity scores (a measure of gains and losses) at 20 km resolution. Higher PD was identified within SEQ for all fauna groups, whereas more PD was found in SWWA for both plant groups. PD and PD complementarity were strongly correlated with species richness and species complementarity for most groups but less so for plants. PD and PE were found to complement traditional species-based measures for all groups studied: PD and PE follow similar spatial patterns to richness and WE, but highlighted different areas that would not be identified by conventional species-based biodiversity analyses alone. The application of phylodiversity measures, particularly the novel weighted complementary measures considered here, in conservation can enhance protection of the evolutionary history that contributes to present day biodiversity values of areas. Phylogenetic measures in conservation can include important elements of biodiversity in conservation planning, such as evolutionary potential and feature diversity that will improve decision-making and lead to better biodiversity conservation outcomes.
Whole-body-vibration training increases knee-extension strength and speed of movement in older women.

To investigate the effects of 24 weeks of whole-body-vibration (WBV) training on knee-extension strength and speed of movement and on counter-movement jump performance in older women.



A randomized, controlled trial.



Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory, Leuven, Belgium.



Eighty-nine postmenopausal women, off hormone replacement therapy, aged 58 to 74, were randomly assigned to a WBV group (n=30), a resistance-training group (RES, n=30), or a control group (n=29).



The WBV group and the RES group trained three times a week for 24 weeks. The WBV group performed unloaded static and dynamic knee-extensor exercises on a vibration platform, which provokes reflexive muscle activity. The RES group trained knee-extensors by performing dynamic leg-press and leg-extension exercises increasing from low (20 repetitions maximum (RM)) to high (8RM) resistance. The control group did not participate in any training.



Pre-, mid- (12 weeks), and post- (24 weeks) isometric strength and dynamic strength of knee extensors were measured using a motor-driven dynamometer. Speed of movement of knee extension was assessed using an external resistance equivalent to 1%, 20%, 40%, and 60% of isometric maximum. Counter-movement jump performance was determined using a contact mat.



Isometric and dynamic knee extensor strength increased significantly (P<.001) in the WBV group (mean+/-standard error 15.0+/-2.1% and 16.1+/-3.1%, respectively) and the RES group (18.4+/-2.8% and 13.9+/-2.7%, respectively) after 24 weeks of training, with the training effects not significantly different between the groups (P=.558). Speed of movement of knee extension significantly increased at low resistance (1% or 20% of isometric maximum) in the WBV group only (7.4+/-1.8% and 6.3+/-2.0%, respectively) after 24 weeks of training, with no significant differences in training effect between the WBV and the RES groups (P=.391; P=.142). Counter-movement jump height enhanced significantly (P<.001) in the WBV group (19.4+/-2.8%) and the RES group (12.9+/-2.9%) after 24 weeks of training. Most of the gain in knee-extension strength and speed of movement and in counter-movement jump performance had been realized after 12 weeks of training.



WBV is a suitable training method and is as efficient as conventional RES training to improve knee-extension strength and speed of movement and counter-movement jump performance in older women. As previously shown in young women, it is suggested that the strength gain in older women is mainly due to the vibration stimulus and not only to the unloaded exercises performed on the WBV platform.