nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Music Information Retrieval 1.1 Introduction

Volume II of the subject guide for 2910227, Interactive Multimedia introduced the very basics of metadata-and content-based mutimedia information retrieval. This chapter expands on that introduction in the specific context of music, giving an overview of the field of music information retrieval, some currently existing systems (whether research prototypes or commercially-deployed) and how they work, and some examples of problems yet unsolved. Figure 1.1 enumerates a number of tasks commonly attempted in the field of Music Information Retrieval, arranged by 'specificity', which can be thought of as how discriminating a particular task is, or how clear is the demarcation between relevant and non-relevant (or 'right' and 'wrong') retrieval results. As will become clear through the course of this chapter, these and other tasks in Music Information Retrieval have applications in domains as varied digital libraries, consumer digital devices, content delivery and musical performance. specificity high low music identification rights management, plagiarism detection multiple version handling melody extraction and retrieval performer or composer identification recommender systems style, mood, genre detection music-speech segmentation Figure  An enumeration of some tasks in the general field of Music Information Retrieval, arranged on a scale of 'specificity' after Byrd (2008); Casey et al. (2008). The specificity of a retrieval task relates to how much acoustic and musical material a retrieved result must share with a query to be considered relevant, and how many documents in total could be considered relevant retrieval results. This chapter includes a number of references to the published scientific literature.
Optimization and comparison of continuous and discontinuous Current Source Drivers for MHz boost PFC converters

Comprehensive comparison of continuous and discontinuous Current Source Drivers (CSDs) are presented in terms of switching loss reduction and optimal design for MHz boost PFC converters. The advantages and disadvantages of the continuous and discontinuous CSDs are summarized based on the analysis and experimental results. Both of two drivers are able to achieve the functionality of the PFC boost converters. Overall, the discontinuous CSD achieve high efficiency over the continuous CSD owing to higher gate drive current. A 380V/200W output and 1-MHz boost PFC converter was built to verify the difference between these two types of the CSDs.
Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice.

Three experiments supported the hypothesis that people are more willing to express attitudes that could be viewed as prejudiced when their past behavior has established their credentials as nonprejudiced persons. In Study 1, participants given the opportunity to disagree with blatantly sexist statements were later more willing to favor a man for a stereotypically male job. In Study 2, participants who first had the opportunity to select a member of a stereotyped group (a woman or an African American) for a category-neutral job were more likely to reject a member of that group for a job stereotypically suited for majority members. In Study 3, participants who had established credentials as nonprejudiced persons revealed a greater willingness to express a politically incorrect opinion even when the audience was unaware of their credentials. The general conditions under which people feel licensed to act on illicit motives are discussed.
A Review on the Impact of Smartphones on Academic Performance of Students in Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania

Smartphones act as mobile entertainment units where a user can: watch videos, listen to music, update blogs, as well as audio and video blogging. The aim of this study was to review the impact of smartphones on academic performance of students in higher learning institutions. Intensive literature review was done finding out the disadvantages and advantages brought by smartphones in academic arena. In the future, research will be conducted at Ruaha Catholic University to find out whether students are benefiting from using smartphones in their daily studies and whether do they affect their GPA at the end of the year.  Smartphones, Academic performance, higher learning students, Addictions, GPA,
Cinnamon Converts Poor Learning Mice to Good Learners: Implications for Memory Improvement

This study underlines the importance of cinnamon, a commonly used natural spice and flavoring material, and its metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB) in converting poor learning mice to good learning ones. NaB, but not sodium formate, was found to upregulate plasticity-related molecules, stimulate NMDA- and AMPA-sensitive calcium influx and increase of spine density in cultured hippocampal neurons. NaB induced the activation of CREB in hippocampal neurons via protein kinase A (PKA), which was responsible for the upregulation of plasticity-related molecules. Finally, spatial memory consolidation-induced activation of CREB and expression of different plasticity-related molecules were less in the hippocampus of poor learning mice as compared to good learning ones. However, oral treatment of cinnamon and NaB increased spatial memory consolidation-induced activation of CREB and expression of plasticity-related molecules in the hippocampus of poor-learning mice and converted poor learners into good learners. These results describe a novel property of cinnamon in switching poor learners to good learners via stimulating hippocampal plasticity.
Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multi-site, placebo-controlled pilot trial.

To determine whether acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), a metabolite necessary for energy metabolism and essential fatty acid anabolism, might help attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Trials in Down's syndrome, migraine, and Alzheimer's disease showed benefit for attention. A preliminary trial in ADHD using L-carnitine reported significant benefit.



A multi-site 16-week pilot study randomized 112 children (83 boys, 29 girls) age 5-12 with systematically diagnosed ADHD to placebo or ALC in weight-based doses from 500 to 1500 mg b.i.d. The 2001 revisions of the Conners' parent and teacher scales (including DSM-IV ADHD symptoms) were administered at baseline, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Analyses were ANOVA of change from baseline to 16 weeks with treatment, center, and treatment-by-center interaction as independent variables.



The primary intent-to-treat analysis, of 9 DSM-IV teacher-rated inattentive symptoms, was not significant. However, secondary analyses were interesting. There was significant (p = 0.02) moderation by subtype: superiority of ALC over placebo in the inattentive type, with an opposite tendency in combined type. There was also a geographic effect (p = 0.047). Side effects were negligible; electrocardiograms, lab work, and physical exam unremarkable.



ALC appears safe, but with no effect on the overall ADHD population (especially combined type). It deserves further exploration for possible benefit specifically in the inattentive type.
Effect of Foot Orthoses on Ankle and Foot Injuries in Military Service Recruits: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lower extremity injuries are common among military recruits and leads to poor military outcome. Orthotics are shown to reduce injuries in runners. Effect of orthotics on military recruit foot injuries have not been adequately studied. We aimed to assess orthotics’ effect on ankle sprains, foot pain, tenderness and injury intensity in military recruits. 610 recruits entered this randomized, non-blinded, single centered controlled trial, 300 recruits were given a semi-rigid orthotic to put in their boots and 310 recruits who were not given anything were assigned as the control group. They were asked about history of foot pain in seven distinct parts of the lower limb and ankle sprains and their severity and were examined regarding tenderness in those foot parts for 2 times: at the beginning and the end of the two-month military trainings. Ankle sprain frequency did not differ significantly in trials (0.27±1.2) compared with controls (0.12±0.55) while ankle tenderness was significantly more common (p=0.02) and heel, foot arc and metatarsal pain and tenderness were significantly less common among trials. Pain induced inability to march or walk was less common in trials (p<0.00). Orthotics reduce foot sole pain and injury intensity and help to reduce pain induced training inability in military recruits. Further studies should assess their effect on ankle and leg pain.
Homopolar motor technology development

Homopolar motors are compact and, therefore, are attractive for use in a direct electric drive for a ship. The critical components for the motor are the brushes, the superconducting coils, and the power conversion system to produce the high current, low voltage DC required for the motor. A program is underway at General Atomics for the Office of Naval Research in which a 500 kW Test Stand Motor and a 3.7 MW Motor are being built for demonstration of the technology. The Test Stand Motor will use one superconducting coil and about 25% of the copper fiber brushes needed for the 3.7 MW motor. The latter will use the rotor from the Test Stand Motor, a full complement of brushes, and two superconducting coils. NbTi superconducting coils are being used, but the design allows for a direct transition to high temperature superconductors when it is cost effective and practical to do so. Selected features of the test facility and designs for both motors are discussed together with projections for motors at the 19 MW level in terms of size and weight.
Correct recognition and continuum belief of mental disorders in a nursing student population

The current study aimed to explore the correct recognition of mental disorders across dementia, alcohol abuse, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia and depression, along with its correlates in a nursing student population. The belief in a continuum of symptoms from mental health to mental illness and its relationship with the non-identification of mental illness was also explored.



Five hundred students from four nursing institutions in Singapore participated in this cross-sectional online study. Respondents were randomly assigned to a vignette describing one of the five mental disorders before being asked to identify what the person in the vignette is suffering from. Continuum belief was assessed by rating their agreeableness with the following statement: "Sometimes we all behave like X. It is just a question of how severe or obvious this condition is".



OCD had the highest correct recognition rate (86%), followed by depression (85%), dementia (77%), alcohol abuse (58%) and schizophrenia (46%). For continuum belief, the percentage of respondents who endorsed symptom continuity were 70% for depression, 61% for OCD, 58% for alcohol abuse, 56% for dementia and 46% for schizophrenia. Of concern, we found stronger continuum belief to be associated with the non-identification of mental illness after controlling for covariates.



There is a need to improve mental health literacy among nursing students. Almost a quarter of the respondents identified excessive alcohol drinking as depression, even though there was no indication of any mood symptom in the vignette on alcohol abuse. Further education and training in schizophrenia may need to be conducted. Healthcare trainees should also be made aware on the possible influence of belief in symptom continuity on one's tendency to under-attribute mental health symptoms as a mental illness.
Design and development of spin coating system

This paper describes the conception and the construction of a low cost spin coating machine incorporating inexpensive electronic components and open-source technology based on Arduino platform. We present and discuss the details of the electrical, mechanical and control parts. This system will coat thin film in a micro level thickness and the microcontroller ATM 328 circuit controls and adjusts the spinning speed. We prepare thin films with good uniformity for various thicknesses by this spin coating system. The thickness and uniformity of deposited films were verified by determining electronic absorption spectra. We show that thin film thickness depends on the spin speed in the range of 2000–3500 rpm. We compare the results obtained on TiO2 layers deposited by our developed system to those grown by using a standard commercial spin coating systems.
Diagnostics Piller final C.indd

Assessment Clinic, Department of Surgery, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia Good understanding of a patient’s lymphoedema or their risk of it is based on accurate and appropriate assessment of their medical, surgical and familial history, as well as taking baseline measures which can provide an indication of structural and functional changes. If we want the holistic picture, we should also examine the impact that lymphoedema has on the patient’s quality of life and activities of daily living.
Output trends, characteristics, and measurements of three megavoltage radiotherapy linear accelerators

The purpose of this study is to characterize and understand the long-term behavior of the output from megavoltage radiotherapy linear accelerators. Output trends of nine beams from three linear accelerators over a period of more than three years are reported and analyzed. Output, taken during daily warm-up, forms the basis of this study. The output is measured using devices having ion chambers. These are not calibrated by accredited dosimetry laboratory, but are baseline-compared against monthly output which is measured using calibrated ion chambers. We consider the output from the daily check devices as it is, and sometimes normalized it by the actual output measured during the monthly calibration of the linacs. The data show noisy quasi-periodic behavior. The output variation, if normalized by monthly measured "real' output, is bounded between ± 3%. Beams of different energies from the same linac are correlated with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.97, for one particular linac, and as low as 0.44 for another. These maximum and minimum correlations drop to 0.78 and 0.25 when daily output is normalized by the monthly measurements. These results suggest that the origin of these correlations is both the linacs and the daily output check devices. Beams from different linacs, independent of their energies, have lower correlation coefficient, with a maximum of about 0.50 and a minimum of almost zero. The maximum correlation drops to almost zero if the output is normalized by the monthly measured output. Some scatter plots of pairs of beam output from the same linac show band-like structures. These structures are blurred when the output is normalized by the monthly calibrated output. Fourier decomposition of the quasi-periodic output is consistent with a 1/f power law. The output variation appears to come from a distorted normal distribution with a mean of slightly greater than unity. The quasi-periodic behavior is manifested in the seasonally averaged output, showing annual variability with negative variations in the winter and positive in the summer. This trend is weakened when the daily output is normalized by the monthly calibrated output, indicating that the variation of the periodic component may be intrinsic to both the linacs and the daily measurement devices. Actual linac output was measured monthly. It needs to be adjusted once every three to six months for our tolerance and action levels. If these adjustments are artificially removed, then there is an increase in output of about 2%-4% per year.
Selecting Wavelet Transforms Model in Forecasting Financial Time Series Data Based on ARIMA Model

Recently, wavelet transforms have gained very high attention in many fields and applications such as physics, engineering, signal processing, applied mathematics and statistics. In this paper, we present the advantage of wavelet transforms in forecasting financial time series data. Amman stock market (Jordan) was selected as a tool to show the ability of wavelet transform in forecasting financial time series, experimentally. This article suggests a novel technique for forecasting the financial time series data, based on Wavelet transforms and ARIMA model. Daily return data from 1993 until 2009 is used for this study. 316 S. Al Wadi et al
An Adversary-Centric Behavior Modeling of DDoS Attacks

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are some of the most persistent threats on the Internet today. The evolution of DDoS attacks calls for an in-depth analysis of those attacks. A better understanding of the attackers’ behavior can provide insights to unveil patterns and strategies utilized by attackers. The prior art on the attackers’ behavior analysis often falls in two aspects: it assumes that adversaries are static, and makes certain simplifying assumptions on their behavior, which often are not supported by real attack data. In this paper, we take a data-driven approach to designing and validating three DDoS attack models from temporal (e.g., attack magnitudes), spatial (e.g., attacker origin), and spatiotemporal (e.g., attack inter-launching time) perspectives. We design these models based on the analysis of traces consisting of more than 50,000 verified DDoS attacks from industrial mitigation operations. Each model is also validated by testing its effectiveness in accurately predicting future DDoS attacks. Comparisons against simple intuitive models further show that our models can more accurately capture the essential features of DDoS attacks.
Choosing the path to bargaining power: an empirical comparison of BATNAs and contributions in negotiation.

Although the negotiations literature identifies a variety of approaches for improving one's power position, the relative benefits of these approaches remain largely unexplored. The empirical study presented in this article begins to address this issue by examining how the size of the bargaining zone affects the relative benefit of an advantage in one's BATNA (i.e., having a better alternative than one's counterpart) versus contribution (i.e., contributing more to the relationship than one's counterpart) for negotiator performance. Results indicate that whereas BATNAs exerted a stronger effect on resource allocations than contributions when the bargaining zone was small, an advantage in contributions exerted a stronger effect on resource allocations than BATNAs when the bargaining zone was large. These findings provide needed insight and supporting evidence for how to alter one's power relationship in negotiation.
Endophytic actinobacteria of medicinal plants: diversity and bioactivity

Endophytes are the microorganisms that exist inside the plant tissues without having any negative impact on the host plant. Medicinal plants constitute the huge diversity of endophytic actinobacteria of economical importance. These microbes have huge potential to synthesis of numerous novel compounds that can be exploited in pharmaceutical, agricultural and other industries. It is of prime importance to focus the present research on practical utilization of this microbial group in order to find out the solutions to the problems related to health, environment and agriculture. An extensive characterization of diverse population of endophytic actinobacteria associated with medicinal plants can provide a greater insight into the plant-endophyte interactions and evolution of mutualism. In the present review, we have discussed the diversity of endophytic actinobacteria of from medicinal plants their multiple bioactivities.
Intersphincteric resection in patients with very low rectal cancer: a review of the Japanese experience.

This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and oncologic and functional outcomes of intersphincteric resection for very low rectal cancer.



A feasibility study was performed using 213 specimens from abdominoperineal resections of rectal cancer. Oncologic and functional outcomes were investigated in 228 patients with rectal cancer located <5 cm from the anal verge who underwent intersphincteric resection at seven institutions in Japan between 1995 and 2004.



Curative operations were accomplished by intersphincteric resection in 86 percent of patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection. Complete microscopic curative surgery was achieved by intersphincteric resection in 225 of 228 patients. Morbidity was 24 percent, and mortality was 0.4 percent. During the median observation time of 41 months, rate of local recurrence was 5.8 percent at three years, and five-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 91.9 percent and 83.2 percent, respectively. In 181 patients who received stoma closure, 68 percent displayed good continence, and only 7 percent showed worsened continence at 24 months after stoma closure. Patients with total intersphincteric resection displayed significantly worse continence than patients with partial or subtotal resection.



Curability with intersphincteric resection was verified histologically, and acceptable oncologic and functional outcomes were obtained by using these procedures in patients with very low rectal cancer. However, information on potential functional adverse effects after intersphincteric resection should be provided to patients preoperatively.
Closed-edged graphene nanoribbons from large-diameter collapsed nanotubes.

The diameter dependence of the collapse of single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes to two- and four-walled graphene nanoribbons with closed edges (CE(x)GNRs) has been experimentally determined and compared to theory. TEM and AFM were used to characterize nanotubes grown from preformed 4.0 nm diameter aluminum-iron oxide particles. Experimental data indicate that the energy equivalence point (the diameter at which the energy of a round and fully collapsed nanotube is the same) is 2.6 and 4.0 nm for single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations predict similar energy equivalence diameters with the use of ε = 54 meV/pair to calculate the carbon-carbon van der Waals interaction.
Modeling and SIL simulation of a Tidal Stream device for marine energy conversion

This paper deals with the development and simulation of a MATLAB/Simulink model of a Tidal Stream Converter (TSC) to be installed in the breakwater at the harbour of Mutriku on the Basque coast in Spain. The developed model is that of a three-bladed tidal turbine connected to a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) for marine energy convertion. A Software-In-the-Loop (SIL) simulation of the established TSC model has been investigated using the NI VeriStand tool. This is achieved in order to prepare for the Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) implementation of the studied marine energy converter based on an NI Compact RIO real-time target. All simulation results, obtained by MATLAB/Simulink within a Model-In-the Loop (MIL) simulation framework and by NI VeriStand within SIL simulation one, are analyzed and compared in order to validate the developed TSC model.