nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Brain Networks of Explicit and Implicit Learning

Are explicit versus implicit learning mechanisms reflected in the brain as distinct neural structures, as previous research indicates, or are they distinguished by brain networks that involve overlapping systems with differential connectivity? In this functional MRI study we examined the neural correlates of explicit and implicit learning of artificial grammar sequences. Using effective connectivity analyses we found that brain networks of different connectivity underlie the two types of learning: while both processes involve activation in a set of cortical and subcortical structures, explicit learners engage a network that uses the insula as a key mediator whereas implicit learners evoke a direct frontal-striatal network. Individual differences in working memory also differentially impact the two types of sequence learning.
Coreference and lexical repetition: mechanisms of discourse integration.

The use of repeated expressions to establish coreference allows an investigation of the relationship between basic processes of word recognition and higher level language processes that involve the integration of information into a discourse model. In two experiments on reading, we used eye tracking and event-related potentials to examine whether repeated expressions that are coreferential within a local discourse context show the kind of repetition priming that is shown in lists of words. In both experiments, the effects of lexical repetition were modulated by the effects of local discourse context that arose from manipulations of the linguistic prominence of the antecedent of a coreferentially repeated name. These results are interpreted within the context of discourse prominence theory, which suggests that processes of coreferential interpretation interact with basic mechanisms of memory integration during the construction of a model of discourse.
E-SATISFACTION AND E-LOYALTY OF CONSUMERS SHOPPING ONLINE

The objective of this research is to study the impact of emotional state and perceived risk of remote purchase on e-satisfaction during the Internet shopping. As well, it aims to study the influence of e-satisfaction on e-loyalty. The data gathering was carried out by a laboratory experiment followed by a questionnaire. The results show that three dimensions of the emotional state during Internet shopping (the pleasure, stimulation JIBC April 2012,  2 and dominance) have a significant positive impact on e-satisfaction. Dimensions of the perceived risk of remote purchase, (the total risk, the financial risk, the social risk, the psychological risk, the functional risk, and the physical risk) don’t have a significant impact on e-satisfaction, except the risk of loss of time has a negative impact. Finally esatisfaction influences positively and significantly the e-loyalty of the cyber consumers.
TASKer: behavioral insights via campus-based experimental mobile crowd-sourcing

While mobile crowd-sourcing has become a game-changer for many urban operations, such as last mile logistics and municipal monitoring, we believe that the design of such crowd-sourcing strategies must better accommodate the real-world behavioral preferences and characteristics of users. To provide a real-world testbed to study the impact of novel mobile crowd-sourcing strategies, we have designed, developed and experimented with a real-world mobile crowd-tasking platform on the SMU campus, called TA&Sslash;Ker. We enhanced the TA$Ker platform to support several new features (e.g., task bundling, differential pricing and cheating analytics) and experimentally investigated these features via a two-month deployment of TA$Ker, involving 900 real users on the SMU campus who performed over 30,000 tasks. Our studies (i) show the benefits of bundling tasks as a combined package, (ii) reveal the effectiveness of differential pricing strategies and (iii) illustrate key aspects of cheating (false reporting) behavior observed among workers.
NONDAMAGING RETINAL LASER THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY: What is the Evidence?

To summarize the literature addressing subthreshold or nondamaging retinal laser therapy (NRT) for central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and to discuss results and trends that provoke further investigation.



Analysis of current literature evaluating NRT with micropulse or continuous wave lasers for CSCR.



Sixteen studies including 398 patients consisted of retrospective case series, prospective nonrandomized interventional case series, and prospective randomized clinical trials. All studies but one evaluated chronic CSCR, and laser parameters varied greatly between studies. Mean central macular thickness decreased, on average, by ∼80 μm by 3 months. Mean best-corrected visual acuity increased, on average, by about 9 letters by 3 months, and no study reported a decrease in acuity below presentation. No retinal complications were observed with the various forms of NRT used, but six patients in two studies with micropulse laser experienced pigmentary changes in the retinal pigment epithelium attributed to excessive laser settings.



Based on the current evidence, NRT demonstrates efficacy and safety in 12-month follow-up in patients with chronic and possibly acute CSCR. The NRT would benefit from better standardization of the laser settings and understanding of mechanisms of action, as well as further prospective randomized clinical trials.
Treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures with polymethyl methacrylate vertebroplasty and short-segment pedicle screw fixation.

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of reinforcing short-segment pedicle screw fixation with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) vertebroplasty in patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures.



We enrolled 70 patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures for treatment with short-segment pedicle screw fixation. Fractures in Group A (n = 20) were reinforced with PMMA vertebroplasty during surgery. Group B patients (n = 50) were not treated with PMMA vertebroplasty. Kyphotic deformity, anterior vertebral height, instrument failure rates, and neurological function outcomes were compared between the two groups.



Kyphosis correction was achieved in Group A (PMMA vertebroplasty) and Group B (Group A, 6.4 degrees; Group B, 5.4 degrees). At the end of the follow-up period, kyphosis correction was maintained in Group A but lost in Group B (Group A, 0.33-degree loss; Group B, 6.20-degree loss) (P = 0.0001). After surgery, greater anterior vertebral height was achieved in Group A than in Group B (Group A, 12.9%; Group B, 2.3%) (P < 0.001). During follow-up, anterior vertebral height was maintained only in Group A (Group A, 0.13 +/- 4.06%; Group B, -6.17 +/- 1.21%) (P < 0.001). Patients in both Groups A and B demonstrated good postoperative Denis Pain Scale grades (P1 and P2), but Group A had better results than Group B in terms of the control of severe and constant pain (P4 and P5) (P < 0.001). The Frankel Performance Scale scores increased by nearly 1 in both Groups A and B. Group B was subdivided into Group B1 and B2. Group B1 consisted of patients who experienced instrument failure, including screw pullout, breakage, disconnection, and dislodgement (n = 11). Group B2 comprised patients from Group B who did not experience instrument failure (n = 39). There were no instrument failures among patients in Group A. Preoperative kyphotic deformity was greater in Group B1 (23.5 +/- 7.9 degrees) than in Group B2 (16.8 +/- 8.40 degrees), P < 0.05. Severe and constant pain (P4 and P5) was noted in 36% of Group B1 patients (P < 0.001), and three of these patients required removal of their implants.



Reinforcement of short-segment pedicle fixation with PMMA vertebroplasty for the treatment of patients with thoracolumbar burst fracture may achieve and maintain kyphosis correction, and it may also increase and maintain anterior vertebral height. Good Denis Pain Scale grades and improvement in Frankel Performance Scale scores were found in patients without instrument failure (Groups A and B2). Patients with greater preoperative kyphotic deformity had a higher risk of instrument failure if they did not undergo reinforcement with vertebroplasty. PMMA vertebroplasty offers immediate spinal stability in patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures, decreases the instrument failure rate, and provides better postoperative pain control than without vertebroplasty.
Alcohol misuse, firearm violence perpetration, and public policy in the United States.

Firearm violence is a significant public health problem in the United States, and alcohol is frequently involved. This article reviews existing research on the relationships between alcohol misuse; ownership, access to, and use of firearms; and the commission of firearm violence, and discusses the policy implications of these findings.



Narrative review augmented by new tabulations of publicly-available data.



Acute and chronic alcohol misuse is positively associated with firearm ownership, risk behaviors involving firearms, and risk for perpetrating both interpersonal and self-directed firearm violence. In an average month, an estimated 8.9 to 11.7 million firearm owners binge drink. For men, deaths from alcohol-related firearm violence equal those from alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes. Enforceable policies restricting access to firearms for persons who misuse alcohol are uncommon. Policies that restrict access on the basis of other risk factors have been shown to reduce risk for subsequent violence.



The evidence suggests that restricting access to firearms for persons with a documented history of alcohol misuse would be an effective violence prevention measure. Restrictions should rely on unambiguous definitions of alcohol misuse to facilitate enforcement and should be rigorously evaluated.
Fatality involving the ingestion of phenazepam and poppy seed tea.

Phenazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative that has been in clinical use in Russia since 1978 and is not available by prescription in the United States; however, it is attainable through various internet websites, sold either as tablets or as a reference grade crystalline powder. Presented here is the case of a 42-year old Caucasian male who died as the result of combined phenazepam, morphine, codeine, and thebaine intoxication. A vial of white powder labeled "Phenazepam, Purity 99%, CAS No. 51753-57-2, Research Sample", a short straw, and several poppy seed pods were found on the scene. Investigation revealed that the decedent had a history of ordering medications over the internet and that he had consumed poppy seed tea prior to his death. Phenazepam, morphine, codeine, and thebaine were present in the blood at 386, 116, 85, and 72 ng/mL, respectively.
HAIRY POLYP on the dorsum of the tongue – detection and comprehension of its possible dinamics

The formation of a Hairy Polyp on the dorsum of the tongue is a rare condition that may hinder vital functions such as swallowing and breathing due to mechanical obstruction. The authors present the situation on a child with an approach of significant academic value.



Imaging diagnostics with the application of a topical oral radiocontrastant was used to determine the extent of the tumor. Performed treatment was complete excision and diagnostics was confirmed with anatomopathological analysis.



The patient was controlled for five months and, showing no signs of relapse, was considered free from the lesion.



Accurate diagnostics of such a lesion must be performed in depth so that proper surgical treatment may be performed. The imaging method proposed has permitted the visualization of the tumoral insertion and volume, as well as the comprehension of its threatening dynamics.
A Blackboard Based Hybrid Multi-Agent System for Improving Classification Accuracy Using Reinforcement Learning Techniques

In this paper, a general purpose multi-agent classifier system based on the blackboard architecture using reinforcement Learning techniques is proposed for tackling complex data classification problems. A trust metric for evaluating agent’s performance and expertise based on Q-learning and employing different voting processes is formulated. Specifically, multiple heterogeneous machine learning agents, are devised to form the expertise group for the proposed Coordinated Heterogeneous Intelligent Multi-Agent Classifier System (CHIMACS). To evaluate the effectiveness of CHIMACS, a variety of benchmark problems are used, including small and high dimensional datasets with and without noise. The results from CHIMACS are compared with those of individual ML models and ensemble methods. The results indicate that CHIMACS is effective in identifying classifier agent expertise and can combine their knowledge to improve the overall prediction performance.
On the Performance of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in 5G Systems with Randomly Deployed Users

In this letter, the performance of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is investigated in a cellular downlink scenario with randomly deployed users. The developed analytical results show that NOMA can achieve superior performance in terms of ergodic sum rates; however, the outage performance of NOMA depends critically on the choices of the users' targeted data rates and allocated power. In particular, a wrong choice of the targeted data rates and allocated power can lead to a situation in which the user's outage probability is always one, i.e. the user's targeted quality of service will never be met.
On the Cell Search and Initial Synchronization for NB-IoT LTE Systems

In the Narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT) LTE systems, the device shall be able to blindly lock to a cell within 200-KHz bandwidth and with only one receive antenna. In addition, the device is required to setup a call at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of −12.6 dB in the extended coverage mode. A new set of synchronization signals have been introduced to provide data-aided synchronization and cell search. In this letter, we present a procedure for NB-IoT cell search and initial synchronization subject to the new challenges given the new specifications. Simulation results show that this method not only provides the required performance at very low SNRs, but also can be quickly camped on a cell, if any.
Prenatal and pre-weaning growth and nutrition of cattle: long-term consequences for beef production.

Severe, chronic growth retardation of cattle early in life reduces growth potential, resulting in smaller animals at any given age. Capacity for long-term compensatory growth diminishes as the age of onset of nutritional restriction resulting in prolonged growth retardation declines. Hence, more extreme intrauterine growth retardation can result in slower growth throughout postnatal life. However, within the limits of beef production systems, neither severely restricted growth in utero nor from birth to weaning influences efficiency of nutrient utilisation later in life. Retail yield from cattle severely restricted in growth during pregnancy or from birth to weaning is reduced compared with cattle well grown early in life, when compared at the same age later in life. However, retail yield and carcass composition of low- and high-birth-weight calves are similar at the same carcass weight. At equivalent carcass weights, cattle grown slowly from birth to weaning have carcasses of similar or leaner composition than those grown rapidly. However, if high energy, concentrate feed is provided following severe growth restriction from birth to weaning, then at equivalent weights post-weaning the slowly-grown, small weaners may be fatter than their well-grown counterparts. Restricted prenatal and pre-weaning nutrition and growth do not adversely affect measures of beef quality. Similarly, bovine myofibre characteristics are little affected in the long term by growth in utero or from birth to weaning. Interactions were not evident between prenatal and pre-weaning growth for subsequent growth, efficiency, carcass, yield and beef-quality characteristics, within our pasture-based production systems. Furthermore, interactions between genotype and nutrition early in life, studied using offspring of Piedmontese and Wagyu sired cattle, were not evident for any growth, efficiency, carcass, yield and beef-quality parameters. We propose that within pasture-based production systems for beef cattle, the plasticity of the carcass tissues, particularly of muscle, allows animals that are growth-retarded early in life to attain normal composition at equivalent weights in the long term, albeit at older ages. However, the quality of nutrition during recovery from early life growth retardation may be important in determining the subsequent composition of young, light-weight cattle relative to their heavier counterparts. Finally, it should be emphasised that long-term consequences of more specific and/or acute environmental influences during specific stages of embryonic, foetal and neonatal calf development remain to be determined. This need for further research extends to consequences of nutrition and growth early in life for reproductive capacity.
Microwave Power Transmission – A Next Generation Power Transmission System

In this paper, we present the concept of transmitting power without using wires i.e., transmitting power as microwaves from one place to another is in order to reduce the cost, transmission and distribution losses. This concept is known as Microwave Power transmission (MPT). We also discussed the technological developments in Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) which are required for the improment .The components which are requiredfor the development of Microwave Power transmission(MPT)are also mentioned along with the performance when they are connected to various devices at different frequency levels . The advantages, disadvantages, biological impacts and applications of WPT are also presented.
The Broken Past : Fractals in Archaeology

Many archaeological patterns are fractal. Fractal analysis, therefore, has much to contribute to archaeology. This article offers an introduction to fractal analysis for archaeologists. We explain what fractals are, describe the essential methods of fractal analysis, and present archaeological examples. Some examples have been published previously, while others are presented here for the first time. We also explain the connection between fractal geometry and nonlinear dynamical systems. Fractals are the geometry of complex nonlinear systems. Therefore, fractal analysis is an indispensable method in our efforts to understand nonlinearities in past cultural dynamics.
Effects of Teachers ’ Experience and Training on Implementation of Information Communication Technology in Public Secondary Schools in Nyeri , Central District , Kenya

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of teachers’ demographic variables on implementation of Information Communication Technology in public secondary schools in Nyeri Central district, Kenya. The dependent variable was implementation of ICT and the independent variables were teachers’ teaching experience and training. The research design used was descriptive survey design. The target population was 275 teachers working in 15 public secondary schools in Nyeri Central district. The sampling design was stratified random sampling and sample size was 82 teachers. The study targeted 15 principals of the schools in Nyeri Central district. The data collection tools were questionnaires, interview schedule and observation schedule. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Teachers’ training in ICT and teaching experience are not consistent in affecting ICT implementation. Many schools especially in rural areas had not embraced ICT mainly because teachers lacked adequate training, had lower levels of education, and had negative attitude towards ICT implementation. This has led to schools facing major challenges in ICT implementation. The researcher recommends that Public secondary schools should find a way to purchase more ICT facilities and support teachers’ training on the use of ICT. The government needs to give more financial support through free education programme and donations to enhance ICT implementation in public secondary schools. The teachers should change their attitude towards the use and implementation of ICT in the schools so as to create information technology culture in all aspects of teaching and learning. Wachiuri Reuben Nguyo
Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics: New Developments and Challenges Since the Introduction of Levodopa

The demonstration that dopamine loss is the key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the subsequent introduction of levodopa have revolutionalized the field of PD therapeutics. This review will discuss the significant progress that has been made in the development of new pharmacological and surgical tools to treat PD motor symptoms since this major breakthrough in the 1960s. However, we will also highlight some of the challenges the field of PD therapeutics has been struggling with during the past decades. The lack of neuroprotective therapies and the limited treatment strategies for the nonmotor symptoms of the disease (ie, cognitive impairments, autonomic dysfunctions, psychiatric disorders, etc.) are among the most pressing issues to be addressed in the years to come. It appears that the combination of early PD nonmotor symptoms with imaging of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system offers a promising path toward the identification of PD biomarkers, which, once characterized, will set the stage for efficient use of neuroprotective agents that could slow down and alter the course of the disease.
A few-shot deep learning approach for improved intrusion detection

Our generation has seen the boom and ubiquitous advent of Internet connectivity. Adversaries have been exploiting this omnipresent connectivity as an opportunity to launch cyber attacks. As a consequence, researchers around the globe devoted a big attention to data mining and machine learning with emphasis on improving the accuracy of intrusion detection system (IDS). In this paper, we present a few-shot deep learning approach for improved intrusion detection. We first trained a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for intrusion detection. We then extracted outputs from different layers in the deep CNN and implemented a linear support vector machine (SVM) and 1-nearest neighbor (1-NN) classifier for few-shot intrusion detection. few-shot learning is a recently developed strategy to handle situation where training samples for a certain class are limited. We applied our proposed method to the two well-known datasets simulating intrusion in a military network: KDD 99 and NSL-KDD. These datasets are imbalanced, and some classes have much less training samples than others. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieved better performances than the state-of-the-art on those two datasets.
Computer gaming for vision therapy

Convergence insufficiency is characterized by an inability to maintain effortless alignment of the two eyes (binocular convergence) while performing near tasks. Conventional rehabilitative vision therapy for the condition is monotonous and dull, leading to low levels of compliance. If the therapy is not performed then improvements in the condition are unlikely. This paper examines the use of computer games as a new delivery paradigm for vision therapy, specifically at how they can be used in the treatment of convergence insufficiency while at home. A game was created and tested in a small scale clinical trial. Results show clinical improvements, as well as high levels of compliance and motivation. Additionally, the game was able to objectively track patient progress and compliance.