nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Control and protection of power electronics interfaced distributed generation systems in a customer-driven microgrid

This paper discusses control and protection of power electronics interfaced distributed generation (DG) systems in a customer-driven microgrid (CDM). Particularly, the following topics will be addressed: microgrid system configurations and features, DG interfacing converter topologies and control, power flow control in grid-connected operation, islanding detection, autonomous islanding operation with load shedding and load demand sharing among DG units, and system/DG protection. Most of the above mentioned control and protection issues should be embedded into the DG interfacing converter control scheme. Some case study results are also shown in this paper to further illustrate the above mentioned issues.
A Database of Infant Cry Sounds to Study the Likely Cause of Cry

Infant cry is a mode of communication, for interacting and drawing attention. The infants cry due to physiological, emotional or some ailment reasons. Cry involves high pitch changes in the signal. In this paper we describe an ‘Infant Cry Sounds Database’ (ICSD), collected especially for the study of likely cause of an infant’s cry. The database consists of infant cry sounds due to six causes: pain, discomfort, emotional need, ailment, environmental factors and hunger/thirst. The ground truth cause of cry is established with the help of two medical experts and parents of the infants. Preliminary analysis is carried out using the sound production features, the instantaneous fundamental frequency and frame energy derived from the cry acoustic signal, using auto correlation and linear prediction (LP) analysis. Spectrograms give the base reference. The infant cry sounds due to pain and discomfort are distinguished. The database should be helpful towards automated diagnosis of the causes of infant cry.
BACTERIOCINS PRODUCED BY LACTIC ACID BACTERIA - A REVIEW

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have an essential role in the production of fermented products. With their metabolic activity, they influence the ripening processes leading to desired sensory qualities while at the same time inhibiting the growth of undesired microorganisms. Because of their dominant role during fermentation and because of a long tradition of utilization, LAB have been designated as “safe microbiota”. Biological protection of LAB, as a naturally present and/or selected and intentionally added microflora, is realized through the production of non-specific (lactic acid, acetic acid and other volatile organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl, etc) and specific metabolites, bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are extracellularly released proteins or peptides which possess certain antibacterial activity towards certain types of microorganisms, usually related to the producing bacteria. Today, bacteriocins represent a very interesting potential for their application in the food industry. Their application can reduce the use of synthetic preservatives and/or the intensity of thermal treatment during food production consumer’s need for safe, fresh and minimally-processed food. With the intention of realizing this potential to the fullest, it is necessary to understand the nature of bacteriocins, their production mechanisms, regulations and actions, as well as the influence of external factors on the their antimicrobial activity. The composition of food, i.e. its characteristics (pH, temperature, ingredients and additives, types and quantities of epiphytic microbiota) and the actual technological process used in production, can all influence the stability and activity of the added bacteriocins. The future research in this field should also aim to clarify this unknown aspect of the application of bacteriocins, to provide the necessary knowledge about the optimization of the external conditions and open up the possibility of discovering their new producers.
Automatic detection of fracture in femur bones using image processing

The femur is the enlarged and the vigorous bone in the human body, ranging from the hip to the knee. This bone is responsible for the creation of Red Blood Cell in the body. Since this bone is a major part of the body, a method is proposed through this paper to visualize and classify deformities for locating fractures in the femur through image processing techniques. The input image is preprocessed to highlight the domain of interest. In the process, the foreground which is the major domain of interest is figured out by suppressing the background details. The mathematical morphological techniques are used for these operations. With the help of basic morphological operations, the foreground is highlighted and edge detection is used to highlight the objects in the foreground. The processed image is classified using the support vector machine (SVM) to distinguish fractured and unfractured sides of the bone.
The ERP response to the amount of information conveyed by words in sentences

Reading times on words in a sentence depend on the amount of information the words convey, which can be estimated by probabilistic language models. We investigate whether event-related potentials (ERPs), too, are predicted by information measures. Three types of language models estimated four different information measures on each word of a sample of English sentences. Six different ERP deflections were extracted from the EEG signal of participants reading the same sentences. A comparison between the information measures and ERPs revealed a reliable correlation between N400 amplitude and word surprisal. Language models that make no use of syntactic structure fitted the data better than did a phrase-structure grammar, which did not account for unique variance in N400 amplitude. These findings suggest that different information measures quantify cognitively different processes and that readers do not make use of a sentence's hierarchical structure for generating expectations about the upcoming word.
Microwave dielectric spectroscopy of a single biological cell with improved sensitivity up to 40 GHz

This paper presents the sensitivity optimization of a microwave biosensor dedicated to the analysis of a single living biological cell from 40 MHz to 40 GHz, directly in its culture medium. To enhance the sensor sensitivity, different capacitive gap located in the center of the biosensor, below the cell position, have been evaluated with different beads sizes. The best capacitive and conductive contrasts have been reached for a gap width of 5 μm with beads exhibiting diameters of 10 and 20 μm, due to electromagnetic field penetration in the beads. Contrasts improvement of 40 and 60 % have been achieved with standard deviations in the order of only 4% and 6% for the capacitive and conductive contrasts respectively. This sensor therefore permits to measure single living biological cells directly in their culture medium with capacitive and conductive contrasts of 0.4 fF at 5 GHz and 85 μS at 40 GHz, and associated standard deviations estimated at 7% and 14% respectively.
Current state of virtual reality simulation in robotic surgery training: a review

Worldwide, the annual number of robotic surgical procedures continues to increase. Robotic surgical skills are unique from those used in either open or laparoscopic surgery. The acquisition of a basic robotic surgical skill set may be best accomplished in the simulation laboratory. We sought to review the current literature pertaining to the use of virtual reality (VR) simulation in the acquisition of robotic surgical skills on the da Vinci Surgical System. A PubMed search was conducted between December 2014 and January 2015 utilizing the following keywords: virtual reality, robotic surgery, da Vinci, da Vinci skills simulator, SimSurgery Educational Platform, Mimic dV-Trainer, and Robotic Surgery Simulator. Articles were included if they were published between 2007 and 2015, utilized VR simulation for the da Vinci Surgical System, and utilized a commercially available VR platform. The initial search criteria returned 227 published articles. After all inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, a total of 47 peer-reviewed manuscripts were included in the final review. There are many benefits to utilizing VR simulation for robotic skills acquisition. Four commercially available simulators have been demonstrated to be capable of assessing robotic skill. Three of the four simulators demonstrate the ability of a VR training curriculum to improve basic robotic skills, with proficiency-based training being the most effective training style. The skills obtained on a VR training curriculum are comparable with those obtained on dry laboratory simulation. The future of VR simulation includes utilization in assessment for re-credentialing purposes, advanced procedural-based training, and as a warm-up tool prior to surgery.
Bottlenecks and Their Performance Implications in E-commerce Systems

We present a detailed workload characterization of a multi-tiered system that hosts an e-commerce site. Using the TPC-W workload and via experimental measurements, we illustrate how workload characteristics affect system behavior and operation, focusing on the statistical properties of dynamic page generation. This analysis allows to identify bottlenecks and the system conditions under which there is degradation in performance. Consistent with the literature, we find that the distribution of the dynamic page generation is heavy-tailed, which is caused by the interaction of the database server with the storage system. Furthermore, by examining the queuing behavior at the database server, we present experimental evidence of the existence of statistical correlation in the distribution of dynamic page generation times, especially under high load conditions. We couple this observation with the existence (and switching) of bottlenecks in the system.
Beating 1-1/e for ordered prophets

Hill and Kertz studied the prophet inequality on iid distributions [The Annals of Probability 1982]. They proved a theoretical bound of 1 â 1/e on the approximation factor of their algorithm. They conjectured that the best approximation factor for arbitrarily large n is 1/1+1/eâ 0.731. This conjecture remained open prior to this paper for over 30 years. In this paper we present a threshold-based algorithm for the prophet inequality with n iid distributions. Using a nontrivial and novel approach we show that our algorithm is a 0.738-approximation algorithm. By beating the bound of 1/1+1/e, this refutes the conjecture of Hill and Kertz. Moreover, we generalize our results to non-uniform distributions and discuss its applications in mechanism design.
Offline geometric parameters for automatic signature verification using fixed-point arithmetic

This paper presents a set of geometric signature features for offline automatic signature verification based on the description of the signature envelope and the interior stroke distribution in polar and Cartesian coordinates. The features have been calculated using 16 bits fixed-point arithmetic and tested with different classifiers, such as hidden Markov models, support vector machines, and Euclidean distance classifier. The experiments have shown promising results in the task of discriminating random and simple forgeries.
RoadNet-v2: A 10 ms Road Segmentation Using Spatial Sequence Layer

In automated driving systems (ADS) and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), an efficient road segmentation module is required to present the drivable region and to build an occupancy grid for path planning components. The existing road algorithms build gigantic convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that are computationally expensive and time consuming. In this paper, we explore the usage of recurrent neural network (RNN) in image processing and propose an efficient network layer named spatial sequence. This layer is then applied to our new road segmentation network RoadNet-v2, which combines convolutional layers and spatial sequence layers. In the end, the network is trained and tested in KITTI road benchmark and Cityscapes dataset. We claim the proposed network achieves comparable accuracy to the existing road segmentation algorithms but much faster processing speed, 10 ms per frame.
System modeling and signal processing for a switch antenna array radar

A system composed of a single transmitter, M receiving antennas, and a single receiving channel is studied. Echo radar signals are acquired in a number of the cycles and used for estimation of the angle, velocity, and range in a multiple moving target scenario. The receiving antennas are switched to the single receiving channel periodically once every cycle. The developed algorithms are based on minimum variance (Capon) beamforming. A new nonstationary version of Capon beamforming is developed for the time-varying steering vector model. It is shown in simulations done for an automotive scenario that the proposed algorithms yield very good performance in terms of both estimation accuracy and multiple-target resolution. The Capon-based estimation gives results close to the corresponding Crame/spl acute/r-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs).
Associations between ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and foot and ankle
strength in young adults

This study assessed the relationships between the ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and foot and ankle strength.  Twenty-nine healthy (young adults) volunteers participated in this study. Each participant completed tests for ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, hallux flexor strength, and ankle plantar and dorsiflexor strength.  The results showed (1) a moderate correlation between ankle dorsiflexor strength and dorsiflexion range of motion and (2) a moderate correlation between ankle dorsiflexor strength and first toe flexor muscle strength. Ankle dorsiflexor strength is the main contributor ankle dorsiflexion range of motion to and first toe flexor muscle strength.  Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion can play an important role in determining ankle dorsiflexor strength in young adults.
The language faculty that wasn't: a usage-based account of natural language recursion

In the generative tradition, the language faculty has been shrinking-perhaps to include only the mechanism of recursion. This paper argues that even this view of the language faculty is too expansive. We first argue that a language faculty is difficult to reconcile with evolutionary considerations. We then focus on recursion as a detailed case study, arguing that our ability to process recursive structure does not rely on recursion as a property of the grammar, but instead emerges gradually by piggybacking on domain-general sequence learning abilities. Evidence from genetics, comparative work on non-human primates, and cognitive neuroscience suggests that humans have evolved complex sequence learning skills, which were subsequently pressed into service to accommodate language. Constraints on sequence learning therefore have played an important role in shaping the cultural evolution of linguistic structure, including our limited abilities for processing recursive structure. Finally, we re-evaluate some of the key considerations that have often been taken to require the postulation of a language faculty.
A Graphical Filter/Flow Representation of Boolean Queries: A Prototype Implementation and Evaluation

One of the powerful applications of Booiean expression is to allow users to extract relevant information from a database. Unfortunately, previous research has shown that users have difficulty specifying Boolean queries. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, a graphical Filter/Flow representation of Boolean queries was designed to provide users with an interface that visually conveys the meaning of the Booiean operators (AND, OR, and NOT). This was accomplished by impiementing a graphical interface prototype that uses the metaphor of water flowing through filters. Twenty subjects having no experience with Boolean logic participated in an experiment comparing the Booiean operations represented in the Filter/Flow interface with a text-oniy SQL interface. The subjects independently performed five comprehension tasks and five composition tasks in each of the interfaces. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in the total number of correct queries in each of the comprehension and composition tasks was found favoring Filter/Flow.
Adolescent Perceptions of Dating Violence: A Qualitative Study.

Scholars have identified dating violence as a public health issue among adolescents. Yet, minimal research has detailed adolescents' perceptions of dating violence, specifically gender differences in perceptions. Research suggests that in order for dating violence prevention and intervention to be effective, services need to be delivered in a manner that is understood by adolescents. Therefore, this study used a qualitative phenomenology study to investigate adolescents' perceptions of dating violence, including gender differences in adolescents' perceptions. Thirty adolescents between the ages of 14 and 19 from a Midwest public high school participated in focus groups. Focus group participants were asked semistructured interview questions regarding the definition of dating violence, risk and protective factors for dating violence, support for victims and perpetrators, and prevention efforts. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods, and common themes were identified. Adolescents' language revealed gender differences in perceptions toward dating violence. Males perceive dating violence through action, perpetration, and physical consequences. Females discuss dating violence by relating to the victim and the victim's emotions. Although gender differences existed in participants' perceptions, both males and females explained that dating violence is more often perpetrated by females, despite the view from society that males are more likely to perpetrate dating violence. Findings suggest that schools, practitioners, and policy makers are not meeting the needs of adolescents in regard to dating violence prevention and intervention. Prevention and intervention efforts could be improved by delivering education and services using language that adolescents find relevant. Findings also suggest that adolescents may benefit from prevention and intervention with gender specific components.
Traumatic neuroma of the penis.

Traumatic neuromas are tumors produced by a reactive process to regenerate injured nerves that result in a disordered proliferation of nerve bundles. These tumors are usually related to previous surgery or trauma. We describe a case of traumatic neuroma on the penis of a 24-year-old man; the tumor was initially suspected to be a condyloma. A shave biopsy was both diagnostic and curative.
Accuracy of stereolithography additive casts used in a digital workflow.

Despite the increasing demand for a digital workflow in the fabrication of indirect restorations, information on the accuracy of the resulting definitive casts is limited.



The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the accuracy of definitive casts produced with digital scans and conventional impressions.



Chamfer preparations were made on the maxillary right canine and second molar of a typodont. Subsequently, 9 conventional impressions were made to produce 9 gypsum casts, and 9 digital scans were made to produce stereolithography additive (SLA) casts from 2 manufacturers: 9 Dreve SLA casts and 9 Scanbiz SLA casts. All casts were then scanned 9 times with an extraoral scanner to produce the reference data set. Trueness was evaluated by superimposing the data sets obtained by scanning the casts with the reference data set. Precision was evaluated by analyzing the deviations among repeated scans. The root mean square (RMS) and percentage of points aligned within the nominal values (±50 μm) of the 3-dimensional analysis were calculated by the software.



Gypsum had the best alignment (within 50 μm) with the reference data set (median 95.3%, IQR 16.7) and the least RMS (median 25.8 μm, IQR 14.6), followed by Dreve and Scanbiz. Differences in RMS were observed between gypsum and the SLA casts (P<.001). Within 50 μm, gypsum was superior to Scanbiz (P<.001). Gypsum casts exhibited the highest precision, showing the best alignment (within 50 μm) and the least RMS, followed by Scanbiz and Dreve.



This study found that gypsum casts had higher accuracy than SLA casts. Within 50 μm, gypsum casts were better than Scanbiz SLA casts, while gypsum casts and Dreve SLA casts had similar trueness. Significant differences were found among the investigated SLA casts used in the digital workflow.
Image Inpainting Based on Exemplar and Sparse Representation

We propose a novel image inpainting approach in which the exemplar and the sparse representation are combined together skillfully. In the process of image inpainting, often there will be such a situation: although the sum of squared differences (SSD) of exemplar patch is the smallest among all the candidate patches, there may be a noticeable visual discontinuity in the recovered image when using the exemplar patch to replace the target patch. In this case, we cleverly use the sparse representation of image over a redundant dictionary to recover the target patch, instead of using the exemplar patch to replace it, so that we can promptly prevent the occurrence and accumulation of errors, and obtain satisfied results. Experiments on a number of real and synthetic images demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed algorithm, and the recovered images can better meet the requirements of human vision.
A run-pause-resume silicon debug technique with cycle granularity for multiple clock domain systems

A novel run-pause-resume (RPR) debug methodology that can achieve complete cycle-level granularity of debug resolution for multiple clock domain systems is proposed. With this methodology one can pause the normal operation of a system at any cycle of any clock domain and resume the system without causing any data invalidation problem. Bidirectional transactions among different clock domains are analyzed and supported with this methodology. A debug platform with both breakpoint-setup software and clock-gating hardware is developed. The former allows the user to setup the breakpoint and calculate the exact time to transmit the pause control signal. The latter converts the pause signal to appropriate gating signals for the circuits under debug and the clock domain crossing interface. Experimental results show that the hardware area overhead is very small and 100% debug resolution is achieved. The experimented circuits include an industrial JPEG decoder system, several open-source cores and a system containing three clock domains.