nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient rendering of heterogeneous polydisperse granular media

We address the challenge of efficiently rendering massive assemblies of grains within a forward path-tracing framework. Previous approaches exist for accelerating high-order scattering for a limited, and static, set of granular materials, often requiring scene-dependent precomputation. We significantly expand the admissible regime of granular materials by considering heterogeneous and dynamic granular mixtures with spatially varying grain concentrations, pack rates, and sizes. Our method supports both procedurally generated grain assemblies and dynamic assemblies authored in off-the-shelf particle simulation tools. The key to our speedup lies in two complementary aggregate scattering approximations which we introduced to jointly accelerate construction of short and long light paths. For low-order scattering, we accelerate path construction using novel grain scattering distribution functions (GSDF) which aggregate intra-grain light transport while retaining important grain-level structure. For high-order scattering, we extend prior work on shell transport functions (STF) to support dynamic, heterogeneous mixtures of grains with varying sizes. We do this without a scene-dependent precomputation and show how this can also be used to accelerate light transport in arbitrary continuous heterogeneous media. Our multi-scale rendering automatically minimizes the usage of explicit path tracing to only the first grain along a light path, or can avoid it completely, when appropriate, by switching to our aggregate transport approximations. We demonstrate our technique on animated scenes containing heterogeneous mixtures of various types of grains that could not previously be rendered efficiently. We also compare to previous work on a simpler class of granular assemblies, reporting significant computation savings, often yielding higher accuracy results.
Four Bar Linkage Knee Analysis

Modern prosthetists have a wide selec­ tion of prosthetic knees to fulfill many in­ dividual specifications. The names "fric­ tion," "safety," "lock," "hydraulic," etc. quickly recall particular classes of single axis knees. For these single axis knees, the name (friction, safety, etc.) simply states a unique feature which defines the major mechanical advantage of that class of knees. Polycentric knees, however, may pre­ sent the prosthetist with confusion. This confusion results from the fact that the term "polycentric" does not define any specific function. Secondly, these knees require more than a simple knowledge of mechanics to fully understand their func­ tions. This paper will examine one category of polycentric knees which are known as "four bar linkages." Simple methods for evaluating these knees will be presented. These evaluating methods will enable the prosthetist to determine the major mechanical or cosmetic advantage of most four bar designs. The prosthetist will also learn comparative methods of evaluating the efficiency of a particular four bar de­ sign in attaining its specific mechanical or cosmetic goals. This skill is extremely im­ portant since each four bar design is unique in its operation. Specifically, each four bar knee has been designed to en­ hance individual characteristics such as safety, cosmesis, energy conservation and/or swing phase motion.
Deep Learning for Plant Identification in Natural Environment

Plant image identification has become an interdisciplinary focus in both botanical taxonomy and computer vision. The first plant image dataset collected by mobile phone in natural scene is presented, which contains 10,000 images of 100 ornamental plant species in Beijing Forestry University campus. A 26-layer deep learning model consisting of 8 residual building blocks is designed for large-scale plant classification in natural environment. The proposed model achieves a recognition rate of 91.78% on the BJFU100 dataset, demonstrating that deep learning is a promising technology for smart forestry.
Efficient and portable multiple recursive generators of large order

Deng and Xu [2003] proposed a system of multiple recursive generators of prime modulus <i>p</i> and order <i>k</i>, where all nonzero coefficients of the recurrence are equal. This type of generator is efficient because only a single multiplication is required. It is common to choose <i>p</i> = 2<sup>31</sup>−1 and some multipliers to further improve the speed of the generator. In this case, some fast implementations are available without using explicit division or multiplication. For such a <i>p</i>, Deng and Xu [2003] provided specific parameters, yielding the maximum period for recurrence of order <i>k</i>, up to 120. One problem of extending it to a larger <i>k</i> is the difficulty of finding a complete factorization of <i>p</i><sup><i>k</i></sup>−1. In this article, we apply an efficient technique to find <i>k</i> such that it is easy to factor <i>p</i><sup><i>k</i></sup>−1, with <i>p</i> = 2<sup>31</sup>−1. The largest one found is <i>k</i> = 1597. To find multiple recursive generators of large order <i>k</i>, we introduce an efficient search algorithm with an early exit strategy in case of a failed search. For <i>k</i> = 1597, we constructed several efficient and portable generators with the period length approximately 10<sup>14903.1</sup>.
Turbo and Turbo-Like Codes: Principles and Applications in Telecommunications

For decades, the de facto standard for forward error correction was a convolutional code decoded with the Viterbi algorithm, often concatenated with another code (e.g., a Reed-Solomon code). But since the introduction of turbo codes in 1993, much more powerful codes referred to collectively as turbo and turbo-like codes have eclipsed classical methods. These powerful error-correcting techniques achieve excellent error-rate performance that can closely approach Shannon's channel capacity limit. The lure of these large coding gains has resulted in their incorporation into a widening array of telecommunications standards and systems. This paper will briefly characterize turbo and turbo-like codes, examine their implications for physical layer system design, and discuss standards and systems where they are being used. The emphasis will be on telecommunications applications, particularly wireless, though others are mentioned. Some thoughts on the use of turbo and turbo-like codes in the future will also be given.
PLATELET COUNT IN WOMEN WITH PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION IN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CENTER OF MOTHER AND CHILD HEALTHCARE “KOçO GLIOZHENI”, TIRANA, ALBANIA

One of the most common and potential life threatening complications of pregnancy is pregnancy induced hypertension. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between platelet count and pregnancy induced hypertension.



Twenty (20) patients (subjects) and twenty (20) healthy pregnant women (control) visiting the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital University of "Koço Gliozheni" Tirana Albania were registered in the study and followed during their pregnancy. Both, subjects and control participants were subject to platelet count manually performed using standard methods on.



The mean platelet count of the control group (38448±235500) was significantly higher than that of the subject group (217050±50780.7) (p<0.03). In the first and second trimester was more prevalent low platelet counting with the mean platelet count (107 ±57.3) and (101 ±63.4), respectively. The mean age at marriage in subjects with PIH was found to be with low platelet count. Regular monitoring of platelet counts in women with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension must be subject of the management protocols.
Decentralized Stochastic Control with Partial History Sharing: A Common Information Approach

A general model of decentralized stochastic control called partial history sharing information structure is presented. In this model, at each step the controllers share part of their observation and control history with each other. This general model subsumes several existing models of information sharing as special cases. Based on the information commonly known to all the controllers, the decentralized problem is reformulated as an equivalent centralized problem from the perspective of a coordinator. The coordinator knows the common information and selects prescriptions that map each controller's local information to its control actions. The optimal control problem at the coordinator is shown to be a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) which is solved using techniques from Markov decision theory. This approach provides 1) structural results for optimal strategies and 2) a dynamic program for obtaining optimal strategies for all controllers in the original decentralized problem. Thus, this approach unifies the various ad-hoc approaches taken in the literature. In addition, the structural results on optimal control strategies obtained by the proposed approach cannot be obtained by the existing generic approach (the person-by-person approach) for obtaining structural results in decentralized problems; and the dynamic program obtained by the proposed approach is simpler than that obtained by the existing generic approach (the designer's approach) for obtaining dynamic programs in decentralized problems.
Development of CR2-Haptic: A compact and portable rehabilitation robot for wrist and forearm training

Stroke has now become the leading cause of severe disability. Rehabilitation robots are gradually becoming popular for stroke rehabilitation to improve motor recovery, as robotic technology can assist, enhance, and further quantify rehabilitation training for stroke patients. However, most of the available rehabilitation robots are complex and involve multiple degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) causing it to be very expensive and huge in size. Rehabilitation robots should be useful but also need to be affordable and portable enabling more patients to afford and train independently at home. This paper presents a development of an affordable, portable and compact rehabilitation robot that implements different rehabilitation strategies for stroke patient to train forearm and wrist movement in an enhanced virtual reality environment with haptic feedback.
MATH 5707 HOMEWORK 4 SOLUTIONS

i=1 pivi as stated in the question. For each i = 1, . . . , n, let Xi be the projection / indicator function Xi : {0, 1} → {0, 1} ε = (ε1, . . . , εn) 7→ εi . Next, let V = ∑n i=1Xivi ∈ R and D = |w − V | ∈ [0,∞). Note that we haven’t put a probability space structure on {0, 1} yet. Once we do so, Xi’s and in turn V and D will become random variables. Since our aim is to show the existence of an ε ∈ {0, 1} with D(ε) ≤ n 4 , it suffices to find a probability distribution on {0, 1} which satisfies E(D) ≤ n 4 . Writing 〈−,−〉 for the Euclidean inner product, we have
Perspective/navigation-The Global Positioning System

A brief history of navigation is given, highlighting the needs that led ultimately to the development of 3-D satellite based navigation. The evolution of Navstar, commonly known as GPS (Global Positioning System), is traced from its initial conception in 1960. The use of bandwidth compression to overcome the SNR problem is discussed. An explanation of how the GPS works is provided. Civilian as well as military applications are examined.<<ETX>>
Simulation of Unsteady Laminar Flow around a Circular Cylinder Morteza Bayareh

In this paper, unsteady laminar flow around a circular cylinder has been studied. Navier-stokes equations solved by Simple C algorithm exerted to specified structured and unstructured grids. Equations solved by staggered method and discretization of those done by upwind method. The mean drag coefficient, lift coefficient and strouhal number are compared from current work at three different Reynolds numbers with experimental and numerical values.
Context aware mobile application architecture (CAMAA) for health care systems

Context awareness was introduced recently in several fields in quotidian human activities. Among context aware applications, health care systems are the most important ones. Such applications, in order to perceive the context, rely on sensors which may be physical or virtual. However, these applications lack of standardization in handling the context and the perceived sensors data. In this work, we propose a formal context aware application architecture model to deal with the context taking into account the scalability and interoperability as key features towards an abstraction of the context relatively to end user applications. As a proof of concept, we present also a case study and simulation explaining the operational aspect of this architecture in health care systems.
Results from the International Consensus Conference on Myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol in Obstetrics and Gynecology: the link between metabolic syndrome and PCOS.

In recent years, interest has been focused to the study of the two major inositol stereoisomers: myo-inositol (MI) and d-chiro-inositol (DCI), because of their involvement, as second messengers of insulin, in several insulin-dependent processes, such as metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome. Although these molecules have different functions, very often their roles have been confused, while the meaning of several observations still needs to be interpreted under a more rigorous physiological framework. With the aim of clarifying this issue, the 2013 International Consensus Conference on MI and DCI in Obstetrics and Gynecology identified opinion leaders in all fields related to this area of research. They examined seminal experimental papers and randomized clinical trials reporting the role and the use of inositol(s) in clinical practice. The main topics were the relation between inositol(s) and metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome (with a focus on both metabolic and reproductive aspects), congenital anomalies, gestational diabetes. Clinical trials demonstrated that inositol(s) supplementation could fruitfully affect different pathophysiological aspects of disorders pertaining Obstetrics and Gynecology. The treatment of PCOS women as well as the prevention of GDM seem those clinical conditions which take more advantages from MI supplementation, when used at a dose of 2g twice/day. The clinical experience with MI is largely superior to the one with DCI. However, the existence of tissue-specific ratios, namely in the ovary, has prompted researchers to recently develop a treatment based on both molecules in the proportion of 40 (MI) to 1 (DCI).
Indoor positioning: A review of indoor ultrasonic positioning systems

In order to provide location information for indoor applications and context-aware computing, a lot of research is being done since last decade for development of real-time Indoor location system. In this paper, we have investigated indoor location concepts and have focused two major technologies used in many indoor location systems i.e. RF and ultrasonic. An overview of various RF systems that use different RF properties for location estimation has been given. Ultrasonic systems have been reviewed in detail as they provide low cost fine grained location systems. A few well known ultrasonic location systems have been investigated with a comparison of the system based on performance, accuracy and limitations.
Mobile offloading in the wild: Findings and lessons learned through a real-life experiment with a new cloud-aware system

Mobile-cloud offloading mechanisms delegate heavy mobile computation to the cloud. In real life use, the energy tradeoff of computing the task locally or sending the input data and the code of the task to the cloud is often negative, especially with popular communication intensive jobs like social-networking, gaming, and emailing. We design and build a working implementation of CDroid, a system that tightly couples the device OS to its cloud counterpart. The cloud-side handles data traffic through the device efficiently and, at the same time, caches code and data optimally for possible future offloading. In our system, when offloading decision takes place, input and code are likely to be already on the cloud. CDroid makes mobile cloud offloading more practical enabling offloading of lightweight jobs and communication intensive apps. Our experiments with real users in everyday life show excellent results in terms of energy savings and user experience.
Evolution and Morphogenesis of Differentiated Multicellular Organisms - Autonomously Generated Diffusion Gradients for Positional Information

Development is the powerful process involving a genome in the transformation from one egg cell to a multicellular organism with many cell types. The dividing cells manage to organize and assign themselves special, differentiated roles in a reliable manner, creating a spatio-temporal pattern and division of labor. This despite the fact that little positional information may be available to them initially to guide this patterning. Inspired by a model of developmental biologist L. Wolpert, we simulate this situation in an evolutionary setting where individuals have to grow into “French flag” patterns. The cells in our model exist in a 2-layer Potts model physical environment. Controlled by continuous genetic regulatory networks, identical for all cells of one individual, the cells can individually differ in parameters including target volume, shape, orientation, and diffusion. Intercellular communication is possible via secretion and sensing of diffusing morphogens. Evolved individuals growing from a single cell can develop the French flag pattern by setting up and maintaining asymmetric morphogen gradients – a behavior predicted by several theoretical models.
Two-dimensional packing problems: A survey

We consider problems requiring to allocate a set of rectangular items to larger rectangular standardized units by minimizing the waste. In two-dimensional bin packing problems these units are finite rectangles, and the objective is to pack all the items into the minimum number of units, while in two-dimensional strip packing problems there is a single standardized unit of given width, and the objective is to pack all the items within the minimum height. We discuss mathematical models, and survey lower bounds, classical approximation algorithms, recent heuristic and metaheuristic methods and exact enumerative approaches. The relevant special cases where the items have to be packed into rows forming levels are also discussed in detail.
Keeping Up with the Tweet-dashians: The Impact of 'Official' Accounts on Online Rumoring

This paper examines how âofficialâ accounts participate in the propagation and correction of online rumors in the context of crisis events. Using an emerging method for interpretive analysis of âbigâ social data, we investigate the spread of online rumors through digital tracesâin this case, tweets. Our study suggests that official accounts can help to slow the spread of a rumor by posting a denial, andâsupported by reflections from an organization that recently dealt with a rumor-crisisâoffers best practices for organizations around social media strategies and protocols. Based on tweet data and connections to existing literature, we also demonstrate and discuss how mainstream media participate in rumoring, and note the role of a new breed of online media, âbreaking newsâ accounts. This analysis offers a complementary perspective to existing studies that use surveys and interviews to characterize the role official accounts play in online rumoring.
Academic stress and Internet addiction from general strain theory framework

The goal of this study was to examine the mediating role of negative emotions in the link between academic stress and Internet addiction among Korean adolescents. We attempted to extend the general strain theory to Internet addiction by exploring psychological pathways from academic stress to Internet addiction using a national and longitudinal panel study. A total of 512 adolescents completed self-reported scales for academic stress, negative emotions, and Internet addiction. We found that academic stress was positively associated with negative emotions and Internet addiction, and negative emotions were positively associated with Internet addiction. Further, the results of structural equation modeling revealed that adolescents’ academic stress had indirectly influenced Internet addiction through negative emotions. The results of this study suggest that adolescents who experience academic stress might be at risk for Internet addiction, particularly when accompanied with negative emotions. These findings provided significant implications for counselors and policymakers to prevent adolescents’ Internet addiction, and extended the general strain theory to Internet addiction which is typically applicable to deviant behavior.
Nitric oxide in the penis: physiology and pathology.

The significance of nitric oxide in the physiology of the penis was evaluated, including its role in pathophysiological mechanisms and pathological consequences involving this organ.



Animal and human studies pertaining to nitric oxide in the penis were reviewed and analyzed in the context of current descriptions of the molecular biology and physiological effects of this chemical.



Potential sources of nitric oxide in the penis include neurons, sinusoidal endothelium and corporeal smooth muscle cells. Nitric oxide is perceived to exert a host of functional roles by binding with specific molecular targets. Its synthesis and action in the penis are influenced by many different regulatory factors.



Nitric oxide exerts a significant role in the physiology of the penis, operating chiefly as the principal mediator of erectile function. Alterations in the biology of nitric oxide likely account for various forms of erectile dysfunction. The diverse physiological roles of nitric oxide suggest that it may also directly contribute to or cause pathological consequences involving the penis.