nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy

Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease has a major negative effect on patient quality of life and is a predictor of poor long-term outcomes. Factors involved in the pathogenesis of perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease include an increased production of transforming growth factor β, TNF and IL-13 in the inflammatory infiltrate that induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases, leading to tissue remodelling and fistula formation. Care of patients with perianal Crohn's disease requires a multidisciplinary approach. A complete assessment of fistula characteristics is the basis for optimal management and must include the clinical evaluation of fistula openings, endoscopic assessment of the presence of proctitis, and MRI to determine the anatomy of fistula tracts and presence of abscesses. Local injection of mesenchymal stem cells can induce remission in patients not responding to medical therapies, or to avoid the exposure to systemic immunosuppression in patients naive to biologics in the absence of active luminal disease. Surgery is still required in a high proportion of patients and should not be delayed when criteria for drug failure is met. In this Review, we provide an up-to-date overview on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of fistulizing Crohn's disease, as well as therapeutic strategies.
Joint Distribution Optimal Transportation for Domain Adaptation

This paper deals with the unsupervised domain adaptation problem, where one wants to estimate a prediction function f in a given target domain without any labeled sample by exploiting the knowledge available from a source domain where labels are known. Our work makes the following assumption: there exists a nonlinear transformation between the joint feature/label space distributions of the two domain Ps and Pt that can be estimated with optimal transport. We propose a solution of this problem that allows to recover an estimated target P t = (X, f(X)) by optimizing simultaneously the optimal coupling and f . We show that our method corresponds to the minimization of a bound on the target error, and provide an efficient algorithmic solution, for which convergence is proved. The versatility of our approach, both in terms of class of hypothesis or loss functions is demonstrated with real world classification and regression problems, for which we reach or surpass state-of-the-art results.
Design of reinforced concrete detection system based on STM32

Reinforced concrete detection system design is based on the principle of electromagnetic detection to STM32 chip as the core, the design of the various components of the system modules, built a sophisticated detection system, in STM32 chip as the core, it design the various components of the system modules, and built a sophisticated detection system. Through mutual cooperation between the various modules, the system can achieve accurate measurements reinforced the position and thickness of the protective layer. The software part of the system's design, the system can be detected timely data processing and storage.
A Simple Planar Polarization Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for GNSS/PCS

The design of a simple planar polarization reconfigurable monopole antenna for the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Personal Communications System (PCS) is presented. The antenna consists of two meandered monopoles, a feeding network using the Wilkinson power divider, two switchable 90 0-phase shifters implemented using λ/4-microstrip lines and a defected ground structure (DGS). The meandered monopoles resonating at about 1.55 GHz are placed perpendicular to each other. The input signal is divided into two signals with equal amplitude and phase by the power divider and fed to the meandered monopoles via the phase shifters. The two signals arriving at the two monopoles have a phase difference of 90 0, -900 or 0 0, depending on the phase shifters controlled using six PIN-diode switches, hence generating a right/left-handed circularly polarized (CP) or linearly polarized (LP) signal. We propose a novel biasing technique to control the six PIN diodes using five voltages. Measurement results show that the antenna in CP has an impedance bandwidth of 1.06-1.64 GHz and an axial-ratio bandwidth of 1.43-1.84 GHz, and in LP has an impedance bandwidth of 1.63-1.88 GHz. Simulated and measured results on S11, AR, radiation pattern, and gains show good agreements.
Challenges in sleep transistor design and implementation in low-power designs

Optimum power gating sleep transistor design and implementation are critical to a successful low-power design. This paper describes important considerations for the sleep transistor design and implementation including header or footer switch selection, sleep transistor distribution choices and sleep transistor gate length, width and body bias optimization for area, leakage and efficiency. It also investigated various power-on current rush control methods for the sleep transistor implementation.
Boiling points of halogenated aliphatic compounds: a quantitative structure-property relationship for prediction and validation.

Halogenated aliphatic compounds have many technical uses, but substances within this group are also ubiquitous environmental pollutants that can affect the ozone layer and contribute to global warming. The establishment of quantitative structure-property relationships is of interest not only to fill in gaps in the available database but also to validate experimental data already acquired. The three-dimensional structures of 240 compounds were modeled with molecular mechanics prior to the generation of empirical descriptors. Two bilinear projection methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial-least-squares regression (PLSR), were used to identify outliers. PLSR was subsequently used to build a multivariate calibration model by extracting the latent variables that describe most of the covariation between the molecular structure and the boiling point. Boiling points were also estimated with an extension of the group contribution method of Stein and Brown.
[The isolation and characterization of type 1 pili from pathogenic Escherichia coli of chicken origin].

The pili from pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates 566, 1794 and TK3 of chicken and turkey origin were purified. After mechanic detachment from the bacterial cells, the pili were concentrated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, dialyzed, and solubilized in buffer containing deoxycholate. The fraction containing the pilus was purified further by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient. After ultracentrifugation, the pili at the density of 1.10 to 1.15 g.cm-3 (between 10%-20% of sucrose gradients) were collected, and the purified pili from strain 566, 1794 and TK3 had an apparent molecular weight of 17,500, 17,000 and 17,000 respectively, which retained their ability to bind the erythrocyte in a mannose-inhibitable fashion. Hyperimmunesera raised in BALB/C mice against the purified pili from strain 1794 reacted positively with type 1 pili from both isolates 566 and TK3 by immuno blot. These results revealed that the three strains either Chinese or north american isolates expressed type 1 pili which had molecular weights from 17,000 to 17,500, and they have common antigenic epitopes.
Evidence of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics in Intestinal Chronic Diseases

Probiotics and synbiotics are used to treat chronic diseases, principally due to their role in immune system modulation and the anti-inflammatory response. The present study reviewed the effects of probiotics and synbiotics on intestinal chronic diseases in in vitro, animal, and human studies, particularly in randomized clinical trials. The selected probiotics exhibit in vitro anti-inflammatory properties. Probiotic strains and cell-free supernatants reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines via action that is principally mediated by toll-like receptors. Probiotic administration improved the clinical symptoms, histological alterations, and mucus production in most of the evaluated animal studies, but some results suggest that caution should be taken when administering these agents in the relapse stages of IBD. In addition, no effects on chronic enteropathies were reported. Probiotic supplementation appears to be potentially well tolerated, effective, and safe in patients with IBD, in both CD and UC. Indeed, probiotics such as Bifidobacterium longum 536 improved the clinical symptoms in patients with mild to moderate active UC. Although it has been proposed that probiotics can provide benefits in certain conditions, the risks and benefits should be carefully assessed before initiating any therapy in patients with IBD. For this reason, further studies are required to understand the precise mechanism by which probiotics and synbiotics affect these diseases.
Wavelet Domain Residual Network (WavResNet) for Low-Dose X-ray CT Reconstruction

Model based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) algorithms for low-dose X-ray CT are computationally complex because of the repeated use of the forward and backward projection. Inspired by this success of deep learning in computer vision applications, we recently proposed a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for low-dose X-ray CT and won the second place in 2016 AAPM Low-Dose CT Grand Challenge. However, some of the texture are not fully recovered, which was unfamiliar to the radiologists. To cope with this problem, here we propose a direct residual learning approach on directional wavelet domain to solve this problem and to improve the performance against previous work. In particular, the new network estimates the noise of each input wavelet transform, and then the de-noised wavelet coefficients are obtained by subtracting the noise from the input wavelet transform bands. The experimental results confirm that the proposed network has significantly improved performance, preserving the detail texture of the original images.
Personality and subjective well-being : big five correlates and demographic variables

This work examines the association between the Big Five personality dimensions, the most relevant demographic factors (sex, age and relationship status), and subjective well-being. A total of 236 nursing professionals completed the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Affect-Balance Scale (ABS). Regression analysis showed personality as one of the most important correlates of subjective well-being, especially through Extraversion and Neuroticism. There was a positive association between Openness to experience and the positive and negative components of affect. Likewise, the most basic demographic variables (sex, age and relationship status) are found to be differentially associated with the different elements of subjective well-being, and the explanation for these associations is highly likely to be found in the links between demographic variables and personality. In the same way as control of the effect of demographic variables is necessary for isolating the effect of personality on subjective well-being, control of personality should permit more accurate analysis of the role of demographic variables in relation to the subjective well-being construct.
Real-Time YCoCg-DXT Compression

A high performance texture compression technique is introduced, which exploits the DXT5 format available on today's graphics cards. The compression technique provides a very good middle ground between DXT1 compression and no compression. Using the DXT5 format, textures consume twice the amount of memory of DXT1-compressed textures (a 4:1 compression ratio instead of 8:1). In return, however, the technique provides a significant gain in quality, and for most images, there is almost no noticeable loss in quality. In particular there is a consistent gain in RGB-PSNR of 6 dB or more for the Kodak Lossless True Color Image Suite. Furthermore, the technique allows for both real-time texture decompression during rasterization on current graphics cards, and high quality realtime compression on the CPU and GPU.
The influence of product aesthetics and usability over the course of time: a longitudinal field experiment.

A longitudinal field experiment was carried out over a period of 2 weeks to examine the influence of product aesthetics and inherent product usability. A 2 × 2 × 3 mixed design was used in the study, with product aesthetics (high/low) and usability (high/low) being manipulated as between-subjects variables and exposure time as a repeated-measures variable (three levels). A sample of 60 mobile phone users was tested during a multiple-session usability test. A range of outcome variables was measured, including performance, perceived usability, perceived aesthetics and emotion. A major finding was that the positive effect of an aesthetically appealing product on perceived usability, reported in many previous studies, began to wane with increasing exposure time. The data provided similar evidence for emotion, which also showed changes as a function of exposure time. The study has methodological implications for the future design of usability tests, notably suggesting the need for longitudinal approaches in usability research.



This study indicates that product aesthetics influences perceived usability considerably in one-off usability tests but this influence wanes over time. When completing a usability test it is therefore advisable to adopt a longitudinal multiple-session approach to reduce the possibly undesirable influence of aesthetics on usability ratings.
Multi-dueling Bandits with Dependent Arms

The dueling bandits problem is an online learning framework for learning from pairwise preference feedback, and is particularly wellsuited for modeling settings that elicit subjective or implicit human feedback. In this paper, we study the problem of multi-dueling bandits with dependent arms, which extends the original dueling bandits setting by simultaneously dueling multiple arms as well as modeling dependencies between arms. These extensions capture key characteristics found in many realworld applications, and allow for the opportunity to develop significantly more efficient algorithms than were possible in the original setting. We propose the SELFSPARRING algorithm, which reduces the multi-dueling bandits problem to a conventional bandit setting that can be solved using a stochastic bandit algorithm such as Thompson Sampling, and can naturally model dependencies using a Gaussian process prior. We present a no-regret analysis for multi-dueling setting, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm empirically on a wide range of simulation settings.
Soft Typing PHP with PHP-validator

PHP is a popular language for building websites, but also notoriously lax in that almost every value can be coerced into a value of any imaginable type. Therefore it often happens that PHP code does not behave as expected. We have devised a flexible system that can assist a programmer in discovering suspicious pieces of PHP code, accompanied by a measure of suspicion. The analysis we employ is constraint-based, uses a limited amount of context to improve precision for non-global variables, and applies widening to ensure termination. We have applied the system to a number of implementations made by programmers of various degrees of proficiency, showing that even with these technically rather simple means it is quite possible to obtain good results.
ClaimFinder: A Framework for Identifying Claims in Microblogs

Twitter is a microblogging platform that allows users to post public short messages. Posts shared by users pertaining to real-world events or themes can provide a rich “on-theground” live update of the events for the benefit of everyone. Unfortunately, the posted information may not be all credible and rumours can spread over this platform. Existing credibility assessment work have focused on identifying features for discriminating the credibility of messages at the tweet level. However, they do not handle tweets that contain multiple pieces of information, each of which may have different level of credibility. In this work, we introduce the notion of a claim based on subject and predicate terms, and propose a framework to identify claims from a corpus of tweets related to some major event or theme. Specifically, we draw upon work done in open information extraction to extract from tweets, tuples that comprises of subjects and their predicate. Then we cluster these tuples to identify claims such that each claim refers to only one aspect of the event. Tweets corresponding to the tuples in each cluster serve as evidence supporting subsequent credibility assessment task. Extensive experiments on two real world datasets shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach in identifying claims.
Issues in intervention with battered women in collectivist societies.

Over the past three decades, several models for individual and group intervention with battered women have been developed. The common assumption underlying all of these models is that violence and abuse are never appropriate in an intimate relationship, and that battered women have a basic right to safety, which is not negotiable. Because almost all of those models were developed in the individualistic contexts of Western societies, some questions and concerns have been raised as to their suitability for intervention with battered women in collectivist contexts. In this article, we explore the characteristics of collectivist societies based on the conceptual framework of Triandis, Brislin, and Hui, (1988) which focuses on five dimensions: the self, attitudes, values, activities, and behaviors. Furthermore, we explore each of those dimensions and their relevance to various aspects of wife abuse in collectivist societies, such as the way that battered women cope with violence against them, and possibilities for professional intervention.
Plant adaptation to drought stress

Plants in their natural habitats adapt to drought stress in the environment through a variety of mechanisms, ranging from transient responses to low soil moisture to major survival mechanisms of escape by early flowering in absence of seasonal rainfall. However, crop plants selected by humans to yield products such as grain, vegetable, or fruit in favorable environments with high inputs of water and fertilizer are expected to yield an economic product in response to inputs. Crop plants selected for their economic yield need to survive drought stress through mechanisms that maintain crop yield. Studies on model plants for their survival under stress do not, therefore, always translate to yield of crop plants under stress, and different aspects of drought stress response need to be emphasized. The crop plant model rice ( Oryza sativa) is used here as an example to highlight mechanisms and genes for adaptation of crop plants to drought stress.
An Architecture for Information Extraction from Figures in Digital Libraries

Scholarly documents contain multiple figures representing experimental findings. These figures are generated from data which is not reported anywhere else in the paper. We propose a modular architecture for analyzing such figures. Our architecture consists of the following modules: 1. An extractor for figures and associated metadata (figure captions and mentions) from PDF documents; 2. A Search engine on the extracted figures and metadata; 3. An image processing module for automated data extraction from the figures and 4. A natural language processing module to understand the semantics of the figure. We discuss the challenges in each step, report an extractor algorithm to extract vector graphics from scholarly documents and a classification algorithm for figures. Our extractor algorithm improves the state of the art by more than 10% and the classification process is very scalable, yet achieves 85\% accuracy. We also describe a semi-automatic system for data extraction from figures which is integrated with our search engine to improve user experience.
HETP Evaluation of Structured and Randomic Packing Distillation Column

Packed columns are equipment commonly found in absorption, distillation, stripping, heat exchangers and other operations, like removal of dust, mist and odors and for other purposes. Mass transfer between phases is promoted by their intimate contact through all the extent of the packed bed. The main factors involving the design of packed columns are mechanics and equipment efficiency. Among the mechanical factors one could mention liquid distributors, supports, pressure drop and capacity of the column. The factors related to column efficiency are liquid distribution and redistribution, in order to obtain the maximum area possible for liquid and vapor contact (Caldas and Lacerda, 1988). These columns are useful devices in the mass transfer and are available in various construction materials such as metal, plastic, porcelain, ceramic and so on. They also have good efficiency and capacity, moreover, are usually cheaper than other devices of mass transfer (Eckert, 1975). The main desirable requirements for the packing of distillation columns are: to promote a uniform distribution of gas and liquid, have large surface area (for greater contact between the liquid and vapor phase) and have an open structure, providing a low resistance to the gas flow. Packed columns are manufactured so they are able to gather, leaving small gaps without covering each other. Many types and shapes of packing can satisfactorily meet these requirements (Henley and Seader, 1981). The packing are divided in random – randomly distributed in the interior of the column – and structured – distributed in a regular geometry. There are some rules which should be followed when designing a packed column (Caldas and Lacerda, 1988): a. The column should operate in the loading region (40 to 80% flooding), which will assure the best surface area for the maximum mass transfer efficiency; b. The packing size (random) should not be greater than 1/8 the column diameter; c. The packing bed is limited to 6D (Raschig rings or sells) or 12D for Pall rings. It is not recommended bed sections grater than 10m; d. Liquid initial distribution and its redistribution at the top of each section are very important to correct liquid migration to the column walls. A preliminary design of a packed column involves the following steps: 1. Choice of packing; 2. Column diameter estimation;
Tackling the 'dyslexia paradox': reading brain and behavior for early markers of developmental dyslexia.

Developmental dyslexia is an unexplained inability to acquire accurate or fluent reading that affects approximately 5-17% of children. Dyslexia is associated with structural and functional alterations in various brain regions that support reading. Neuroimaging studies in infants and pre-reading children suggest that these alterations predate reading instruction and reading failure, supporting the hypothesis that variant function in dyslexia susceptibility genes lead to atypical neural migration and/or axonal growth during early, most likely in utero, brain development. Yet, dyslexia is typically not diagnosed until a child has failed to learn to read as expected (usually in second grade or later). There is emerging evidence that neuroimaging measures, when combined with key behavioral measures, can enhance the accuracy of identification of dyslexia risk in pre-reading children but its sensitivity, specificity, and cost-efficiency is still unclear. Early identification of dyslexia risk carries important implications for dyslexia remediation and the amelioration of the psychosocial consequences commonly associated with reading failure.