nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Privacy Issues on the Internet

An increasing number of people are using the Internet, in many instances unaware of the information being collected about them. In contrast, other people concerned about the privacy and security issues are limiting their use of the Internet, abstaining from purchasing products online. Businesses should be aware that consumers are looking for privacy protection and a privacy statement can help to ease consumers' concerns. New Zealand based web sites are expected to have privacy statements on their web sites under the New Zealand Privacy Act 1993. The incidence of the information gathered from New Zealand web sites and their use of privacy statements is examined here. In particular, web sites utilizing cookies and statements about them are scanned. Global consistency on Internet privacy protection is important to boost the growth of electronic commerce. To protect consumers in a globally consistent manner, legislation, self-regulation, technical solutions and combination solutions are different ways that can be implemented.
6 Years of SMT-COMP

The annual Satisfiability Modulo Theories Competition (SMT-COMP) was initiated in 2005 in order to stimulate the advance of state-of-the-art techniques and tools developed by the Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) community. This paper summarizes the first six editions of the competition. We present the evolution of the competition’s organization and rules, show how the state of the art has improved over the course of the competition, and discuss the impact SMT-COMP has had on the SMT community and beyond. Additionally, we include an exhaustive list of all competitors, and present experimental results showing significant improvement in SMT solvers during these six years. Finally, we analyze to what extent the initial goals of the competition have been achieved, and sketch future directions for the competition.
What does it mean to be responsible ? Addressing the missing responsibility dimension in ethical leadership research

This paper extends research on ethical leadership by proposing a responsibility orientation for leaders. Responsible leadership is based on the concept of leaders who are not isolated from the environment, who critically evaluate prevailing norms, are forward-looking, share responsibility, and aim to solve problems collectively. Adding such a responsibility orientation helps to address critical issues that persist in research on ethical leadership. The paper discusses important aspects of responsible leadership, which include being able to make informed ethical judgments about prevailing norms and rules, communicating effectively with stakeholders, engaging in long-term thinking and in perspective-taking, displaying moral courage, and aspiring to positive change. Furthermore, responsible leadership means actively engaging stakeholders, encouraging participative decision-making, and aiming for shared problem-solving. A case study that draws on in-depth interviews with the representatives of businesses and non-governmental organizations illustrates the practical relevance of thinking about responsibility and reveals the challenges of responsible leadership.
Multitask Learning and Extensions of Dynamic Coattention Network

Dynamic Coattention Network (DCN) was introduced in late 2016 and achieved state-of-the-art performance on Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD). In this paper, we re-implement DCN and explore different extensions to DCN, including multi-task learning with Quora question pairs dataset, different loss function that account for distance from truth, variation of sentinel vectors, novel pre-processing trick, modification to coattention encoder architecture, as well as hyperparameter tuning. After joint training, we observe a 2% increase in f1 on Quora dataset. Our conclusion is that multi-task learning benefits the simpler task more than the more complicated task. On CodaLab leaderboard, we achieved Test f1 = 67.282, EM = 56.278.
Analysis of Ribosome-Associated mRNAs in Rice Reveals the Importance of Transcript Size and GC Content in Translation

Gene expression is controlled at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels including decoding of messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptides via ribosome-mediated translation. Translational regulation has been intensively studied in the model dicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and in this study, we assessed the translational status [proportion of steady-state mRNA associated with ribosomes] of mRNAs by Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification followed by mRNA-sequencing (TRAP-seq) in rice (Oryza sativa), a model monocot plant and the most important food crop. A survey of three tissues found that most transcribed rice genes are translated whereas few transposable elements are associated with ribosomes. Genes with short and GC-rich coding regions are overrepresented in ribosome-associated mRNAs, suggesting that the GC-richness characteristic of coding sequences in grasses may be an adaptation that favors efficient translation. Transcripts with retained introns and extended 5' untranslated regions are underrepresented on ribosomes, and rice genes belonging to different evolutionary lineages exhibited differential enrichment on the ribosomes that was associated with GC content. Genes involved in photosynthesis and stress responses are preferentially associated with ribosomes, whereas genes in epigenetic regulation pathways are the least enriched on ribosomes. Such variation is more dramatic in rice than that in Arabidopsis and is correlated with the wide variation of GC content of transcripts in rice. Taken together, variation in the translation status of individual transcripts reflects important mechanisms of gene regulation, which may have a role in evolution and diversification.
Goal scoring in elite male football : A systematic review

The aim of this paper is to review the available literature on goal scoring in elite male football leagues. A systematic search of two electronic databases (SPORTDiscus with Full Text and ISI Web Knowledge All Databases) was conducted and of the 610 studies initially identified, 19 were fully analysed. Studies that fitted all the inclusion criteria were organised according to the research approach adopted (static or dynamic). The majority of these studies were conducted in accordance with the static approach (n=15), where the data were collected without considering dynamic of performance during matches and were analysed using standard statistical methods for data analysis. They focused predominantly on a description of key performance indicators (technical and tactical). Meanwhile, in a few studies the dynamic approach (n=4) was adopted, where performance variables were recorded taking into account the chronological and sequential order in which they occurred. Different advanced analysis techniques for assessing performance evolution over time during the match were used in this second group of studies. The strengths and limitations of both approaches in terms of providing the meaningful information for coaches are discussed in the present study.
A Novel Compact Butler Matrix Without Phase Shifter

A novel compact 4 × 4 Butler matrix using only microstrip couplers and a crossover is proposed in this letter. Compared with the conventional Butler matrix, the proposed one avoids the interconnecting mismatch loss and imbalanced amplitude introduced by the phase shifter. The measurements show accurate phase differences of 45±0.8° and -135±0.9° with an amplitude imbalance less than 0.4 dB. The 10 dB return loss bandwidth is 20.1%.
Warrior Model for Human Performance and Injury Prevention: Eagle Tactical Athlete Program (ETAP) Part I.

Physical training for United States military personnel requires a combination of injury prevention and performance optimization to counter unintentional musculoskeletal injuries and maximize warrior capabilities. Determining the most effective activities and tasks to meet these goals requires a systematic, research-based approach that is population specific based on the tasks and demands of the warrior.



We have modified the traditional approach to injury prevention to implement a comprehensive injury prevention and performance optimization research program with the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) at Ft. Campbell, KY. This is Part I of two papers that presents the research conducted during the first three steps of the program and includes Injury Surveillance, Task and Demand Analysis, and Predictors of Injury and Optimal Performance.



Injury surveillance based on a self-report of injuries was collected on all Soldiers participating in the study. Field-based analyses of the tasks and demands of Soldiers performing typical tasks of 101st Soldiers were performed to develop 101st-specific laboratory testing and to assist with the design of the intervention (Eagle Tactical Athlete Program (ETAP)). Laboratory testing of musculoskeletal, biomechanical, physiological, and nutritional characteristics was performed on Soldiers and benchmarked to triathletes to determine predictors of injury and optimal performance and to assist with the design of ETAP.



Injury surveillance demonstrated that Soldiers of the 101st are at risk for a wide range of preventable unintentional musculoskeletal injuries during physical training, tactical training, and recreational/sports activities. The field-based analyses provided quantitative data and qualitative information essential to guiding 101st specific laboratory testing and intervention design. Overall the laboratory testing revealed that Soldiers of the 101st would benefit from targeted physical training to meet the specific demands of their job and that sub-groups of Soldiers would benefit from targeted injury prevention activities.



The first three steps of the injury prevention and performance research program revealed that Soldiers of the 101st suffer preventable musculoskeletal injuries, have unique physical demands, and would benefit from targeted training to improve performance and prevent injury.
Asian Face Image Database PF 01 Intelligent Multimedia

We constructed a face database PF01(Postech Faces '01). PF01 contains the true-color face images of 103 people, 53 men and 50 women, representing 17 various images (1 normal face, 4 illumination variations, 8 pose variations, 4 expression variations) per person. All of the people in the database are Asians. There are three kinds of systematic variations, such as illumination, pose, and expression variations in the database. The database is expected to be used to evaluate the technology of face recognition for Asian people or for people with systematic variations.
Microsurgical strategies in 74 patients for restoration of dynamic depressor muscle mechanism: a neglected target in facial reanimation.

The facial depressor muscles are an essential component of a full denture smile. In addition, the depressor muscles are actively used to express other human emotions such as sadness, anger, depression, and sorrow. Despite advances in microsurgical techniques, it is surprising how little effort has been directed toward reanimation of the lower lip. This article presents innovative approaches used in 74 patients by the senior author since 1981 for the dynamic reanimation of depressor muscle function. The surgical techniques include transfer of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle (n 5 22) and transfer of the platysma muscle (n 5 26) as a pedicled muscle to the corner of the mouth. Other surgical interventions used are the mini-hypoglossal nerve transfer to the cervicofacial branch of the ipsilateral facial nerve (n 5 20), direct neurotization of the depressor muscles (n 5 6), and facialto-facial nerve transfer. The depressor muscle function was graded by four observers after reviewing standard preoperative and postoperative videotapes. Rating of the functional and aesthetic results was done according to the following arbitrary scale: excellent (2), good (1.5), moderate (1), fair (0.5), and poor (0). Sixty-nine percent of the patients who had a digastric muscle transfer displayed good to excellent results, and 24 percent showed moderate restoration of the depressor mechanism postoperatively. Eighty-three percent of patients who had platysma transfer to the lower lip demonstrated good to excellent outcome, and 11 percent had moderate depressor muscle function. In the hypoglossal nerve transfer group, 72 percent of the patients achieved good to excellent results and 15 percent had moderate function of the depressor mechanism. Of the patients who underwent direct neurotization, 34 percent showed good to excellent depressor muscle function postoperatively and 66 percent achieved fair depressor muscle function. Excellent outcome was noted in the patient with VII to VII nerve transfer. In conclusion, this article presents innovative approaches to restore dynamic depressor muscle function, which so far has been a neglected area of facial reanimation.
Endoscopic resection of a calcaneonavicular coalition

Calcaneonavicular coalition is a congenital anomaly characterized by a connection between the calcaneus and the navicular. Surgery is required in case of chronic pain and after failure of conservative treatment. The authors present here the surgical technique and results of a 2-portals endoscopic resection of a calcaneonavicular synostosis. Both visualization and working portals must be identified with accuracy around the tarsal coalition with fluoroscopic control and according to the localization of the superficial peroneus nerve, to avoid neurologic damages during the resection. The endoscopic procedure provides a better visualization of the whole resection area and allows to achieve a complete resection and avoid plantar residual bone bar. The other important advantage of the endoscopic technique is the possibility to assess and treat in the same procedure-associated pathologies such as degenerative changes in the lateral side of the talar head with debridement and resection.
A three-chambed soft actuator module with omnidirectional bending motion

Unlike traditional rigid robots, soft robots can deform in a wide range to suit environment and contact compliantly with operating objects. Therefore, soft robots have wide potential application prospects in terms of physical rehabilitation, minimally invasive surgery and other fields. This paper presents the concept design and fabrication of a three-chambed soft actuator module with omnidirectional bending capability. The effect of geometrical parameters on the module bending properties was investigated by using finite element methods (FEM). Preliminary tests as proof of concept and assessment of performances were implemented, indicating that the module has good deformation capacity and can be used to assemble soft multi fingers hand, soft manipulators and other soft robotic systems.
Enabling secure and resource-efficient blockchain networks with VOLT

We consider the problem of creating secure and resourceefficient blockchain networks i.e., enable a group of mutually distrusting participants to efficiently share state and then agree on an append-only history of valid operations on that shared state. This paper proposes a new approach to build such blockchain networks. Our key observation is that an append-only, tamper-resistant ledger (when used as a communication medium for messages sent by participants in a blockchain network) offers a powerful primitive to build a simple, flexible, and efficient consensus protocol, which in turn serves as a solid foundation for building secure and resource-efficient blockchain networks. A key ingredient in our approach is the abstraction of a blockchain service provider (BSP), which oversees creating and updating an append-only, tamper-resistant ledger, and a new distributed protocol called Caesar consensus, which leverages the BSP’s interface to enable members of a blockchain network to reach consensus on the BSP’s ledger—even when the BSP or a threshold number of members misbehave arbitrarily. By design, the BSP is untrusted, so it can run on any untrusted infrastructure and can be optimized for better performance without affecting end-to-end security. We implement our proposal in a system called VOLT. Our experimental evaluation suggests that VOLT incurs low resource costs and provides better performance compared to alternate approaches.
Iterative Quantization: A Procrustean Approach to Learning Binary Codes for Large-Scale Image Retrieval

This paper addresses the problem of learning similarity-preserving binary codes for efficient similarity search in large-scale image collections. We formulate this problem in terms of finding a rotation of zero-centered data so as to minimize the quantization error of mapping this data to the vertices of a zero-centered binary hypercube, and propose a simple and efficient alternating minimization algorithm to accomplish this task. This algorithm, dubbed iterative quantization (ITQ), has connections to multiclass spectral clustering and to the orthogonal Procrustes problem, and it can be used both with unsupervised data embeddings such as PCA and supervised embeddings such as canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The resulting binary codes significantly outperform several other state-of-the-art methods. We also show that further performance improvements can result from transforming the data with a nonlinear kernel mapping prior to PCA or CCA. Finally, we demonstrate an application of ITQ to learning binary attributes or "classemes" on the ImageNet data set.
Pin gap investigations for the 1.85mm coaxial connector

This paper presents a detailed investigation of the influence of pin gap size on the S-parameters of the 1.85 mm connector. In contrast to earlier publications connector geometry is simulated with all chamfers, gaps and contact fingers. Simulation results are verified by cross-checking between finite element frequency domain and finite difference time domain methods. Based on reliable simulation results, a very fast tool was developed to calculate S-parameters for a given connector geometry. This was done using database and interpolation techniques. The most important result is that very small pin gaps in conjunction with large chamfers have a drastic impact on connector S-parameters for frequencies above 50 GHz.
Regulated necrosis: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities

The discovery of regulated cell death presents tantalizing possibilities for gaining control over the life–death decisions made by cells in disease. Although apoptosis has been the focus of drug discovery for many years, recent research has identified regulatory mechanisms and signalling pathways for previously unrecognized, regulated necrotic cell death routines. Distinct critical nodes have been characterized for some of these alternative cell death routines, whereas other cell death routines are just beginning to be unravelled. In this Review, we describe forms of regulated necrotic cell death, including necroptosis, the emerging cell death modality of ferroptosis (and the related oxytosis) and the less well comprehended parthanatos and cyclophilin D-mediated necrosis. We focus on small molecules, proteins and pathways that can induce and inhibit these non-apoptotic forms of cell death, and discuss strategies for translating this understanding into new therapeutics for certain disease contexts.
Economic Growth in Developing Countries: The Role of Human Capital

The focus on human capital as a driver of economic growth for developing countries has led to undue attention on school attainment. Developing countries have made considerable progress in closing the gap with developed countries in terms of school attainment, but recent research has underscored the importance of cognitive skills for economic growth. This result shifts attention to issues of school quality, and there developing countries have been much less successful in closing the gaps with developed countries. Without improving school quality, developing countries will find it difficult to improve their long run economic performance.  ! ! Improvements in long run growth are closely related to the level of cognitive skills of the population. ! ! Development policy has inappropriately emphasized school attainment as opposed to educational achievement, or cognitive skills. ! ! Developing countries, while improving in school attainment, have not improved in quality terms. ! ! School policy in developing countries should consider enhancing both basic and advanced skills.
Evolving intrinsic motivations for altruistic behavior

Multi-agent cooperation is an important feature of the natural world. Many tasks involve individual incentives that are misaligned with the common good, yet a wide range of organisms from bacteria to insects and humans are able to overcome their differences and collaborate. Therefore, the emergence of cooperative behavior amongst self-interested individuals is an important question for the fields of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) and evolutionary theory. Here, we study a particular class of multiagent problems called intertemporal social dilemmas (ISDs), where the conflict between the individual and the group is particularly sharp. By combining MARL with appropriately structured natural selection, we demonstrate that individual inductive biases for cooperation can be learned in a model-free way. To achieve this, we introduce an innovative modular architecture for deep reinforcement learning agents which supports multi-level selection. We present results in two challenging environments, and interpret these in the context of cultural and ecological evolution.
Personal self-concept and satisfaction with life in adolescence, youth and adulthood.

The main aim of this study was to explore the relationships between personal self-concept and satisfaction with life, with the latter as the key indicator for personal adjustment. The study tests a structural model which encompasses four dimensions of self-concept: self-fulfillment, autonomy, honesty and emotions.



The 801 participants in the study, all of whom were aged between 15 and 65 (M = 34.03, SD = 17.29), completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Personal Self-Concept (APE) Questionnaire.



Although the four dimensions of personal self-concept differ in their weight, the results show that, taken together, they explain 46% of the differences observed in satisfaction with life. This implies a weight that is as significant as that observed for general self-esteem in previous research studies.



This issue should be dealt with early on, during secondary education, in order to help prevent psychological distress or maladjustment.
Preference Elicitation For General Random Utility Models

This paper discusses General Random Utility Models (GRUMs). These are a class of parametric models that generate partial ranks over alternatives given attributes of agents and alternatives. We propose two preference elicitation scheme for GRUMs developed from principles in Bayesian experimental design, one for social choice and the other for personalized choice. We couple this with a general Monte-CarloExpectation-Maximization (MC-EM) based algorithm for MAP inference under GRUMs. We also prove uni-modality of the likelihood functions for a class of GRUMs. We examine the performance of various criteria by experimental studies, which show that the proposed elicitation scheme increases the precision of estimation.
Extending experiential learning in teacher professional development

This paper introduces the use of experiential learning during the early stages of teacher professional development. Teachers observe student outcomes from the very beginning of the process and experience new pedagogical approaches as learners themselves before adapting and implementing them in their own classrooms. This research explores the implementation of this approach with teachers in Irish second level schools who are being asked to make significant pedagogic changes as part of a major curriculum reform. Teachers’ self-reflections, observations and interviews demonstrate how the process and outcomes influenced their beliefs, resulting in meaningful changes in classroom practice.