nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Synophthalmia and cyclopia: A histopathologic, radiographic, and organogenetic analysis

This paper presents the results of a detailed gross and histologic examination of the eyes and brain in a case of synophthalmia as well as radiographic studies of the skull. Data on 34 other cases of synophthalmia-cyclopia on file in the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), are also summarized. In synophthalmia-cyclopia, the median ocular structure is symmetrical and displays two gradients of ocular organization: (1) The anterior segments are usually paired and comparatively well differentiated, whereas, posteriorly, a single, more disorganized compartment is present; (2) the lateral components show more advanced differentiation than the medial. There is invariably a single optic nerve and no chiasm. The brain, the nose, and the bones and soft tissues of the upper facial region, while malformed, are symmetrical and show a similar gradient of organization in that the lateral parts are better developed than the medial. The constant occurrence of a profound cerebral malformation along with the ocular deformity suggests a widespread abnormality of the anterior neural plate from which both the eyes and brain emerge. The data indicate that the defect occurs at or before the time of closure of the neural folds when the neural plate is still labile. The probability of fusion of two ocular anlagen in synophthalmia-cyclopia seems less likely than the emergence of incomplete bicentricity in the ocular fields of the neural plate during the period when the eye primordia are initially induced by the mesoderm. Embryologic studies in experimental animals provide insight into possible mechanisms by which inperfect eye and brain primordia are established. Nonetheless, once established, the eye and brain primordia in synophthalmia-cyclopia are capable of and do complete each step of the usual sequence of ocular and cerebral organogenesis in an orderly manner. The resulting eyes and brain are organogenetically incomplete but histogenetically mature. Ancillary facial and osseous defects result from the faulty migration of neural crests and development of embryonic facial processes secondary to the abnormal ocular and cerebral rudiments. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense. Presented in part at the annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology in Sarasota, Florida, April 28, 1975, and at the biennial meeting of the AFIP-Ophthalmic Pathology Alumni Meeting in Washington, D.C., June 18, 1976.
Efficiently measuring a quantum device using machine learning

D.T. Lennon†1, H. Moon†1, L.C. Camenzind, Liuqi Yu, D.M. Zumbühl, G.A.D. Briggs, M.A. Osborne, E.A. Laird, and N. Ares Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Department of Engineering, University of Oxford, Walton Well Road, Oxford OX2 6ED, United Kingdom Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom ( October 25, 2018)
Ninf-G: A Reference Implementation of RPC-based Programming Middleware for Grid Computing

GridRPC, which is an RPC mechanism tailored for the Grid, is an attractive programming model for Grid computing. This paper reports on the design and implementation of a GridRPC programming system called Ninf-G. Ninf-G is a reference implementation of the GridRPC API which has been proposed for standardization at the Global Grid Forum. In this paper, we describe the design, implementations and typical usage of Ninf-G. A preliminary performance evaluation in both WAN and LAN environments is also reported. Implemented on top of the Globus Toolkit, Ninf-G provides a simple and easy programming interface based on standard Grid protocols and the API for Grid Computing. The overhead of remote procedure calls in Ninf-G is acceptable in both WAN and LAN environments.
betaCube: Enhancing Training for Climbing by a Self-Calibrating Camera-Projection Unit

In rock climbing, discussing climbing techniques with others to master a specific route and getting practical advice from more experienced climbers is an inherent part of the culture and tradition of the sport. Spatial information, such as the position of holds, as well as learning complex body postures plays a major role in this process. A typical problem that occurs during advising is an alignment effect when trying to picture orientation-specific knowledge, e.g. explaining how to perform a certain self-climbed move to others. We propose betaCube, a self-calibrating camera-projection unit that features 3D tracking and distortion-free projection. The system enables a life-sized video replay and climbing route creation using augmented reality. We contribute an interface for automatic setup of mobile distortion-free projection, blob detection for climbing holds, as well as an automatic method for extracting planar trackables from artificial climbing walls.
Exploring Normalization in Deep Residual Networks with Concatenated Rectified Linear Units

Deep Residual Networks (ResNets) have recently achieved state-of-the-art results on many challenging computer vision tasks. In this work we analyze the role of Batch Normalization (BatchNorm) layers on ResNets in the hope of improving the current architecture and better incorporating other normalization techniques, such as Normalization Propagation (NormProp), into ResNets. Firstly, we verify that BatchNorm helps distribute representation learning to residual blocks at all layers, as opposed to a plain ResNet without BatchNorm where learning happens mostly in the latter part of the network. We also observe that BatchNorm well regularizes Concatenated ReLU (CReLU) activation scheme on ResNets, whose magnitude of activation grows by preserving both positive and negative responses when going deeper into the network. Secondly, we investigate the use of NormProp as a replacement for BatchNorm in ResNets. Though NormProp theoretically attains the same effect as BatchNorm on generic convolutional neural networks, the identity mapping of ResNets invalidates its theoretical promise and NormProp exhibits a significant performance drop when naively applied. To bridge the gap between BatchNorm and NormProp in ResNets, we propose a simple modification to NormProp and employ the CReLU activation scheme. We experiment on visual object recognition benchmark datasets such as CIFAR10/100 and ImageNet and demonstrate that 1) the modified NormProp performs better than the original NormProp but is still not comparable to BatchNorm and 2) CReLU improves the performance of ResNets with or without normalizations.
Practitioner review: Non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD: a lifespan approach.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and pervasive developmental disorder that is not restricted to the childhood years.



This paper reviews non-pharmacological interventions that are available at present for preschoolers, school-age children, adolescents and adults.



The most appropriate intervention for preschoolers is parent training. For school-age children with moderate impairments there is some evidence to suggest that group parent training programmes and classroom behavioural interventions may suffice as a first-line treatment. For school-age children with severe impairments, interventions are more appropriate when combined with stimulant medication (i.e., integrated treatment packages are likely to be more successful than 'standalone' treatments). Multimodal interventions seem to be best suited for middle school/adolescent children, which most likely reflects that these interventions usually integrate home and school treatment strategies and often include an element of social skills training. Stimulant medication is generally the first line of treatment for adults but CBT has also been found to be effective at addressing the complex needs of this population.



Current research has largely ignored that ADHD is a developmental disorder that spans the preschool to adult years. Most studies focus on young school-age children and outside of this age group there is a dearth of controlled trials that provide conclusive evidence. As children mature the mode and agent of intervention will shift to reflect the developmental needs and circumstances of the individual.
Mammalian hibernation: cellular and molecular responses to depressed metabolism and low temperature.

Mammalian hibernators undergo a remarkable phenotypic switch that involves profound changes in physiology, morphology, and behavior in response to periods of unfavorable environmental conditions. The ability to hibernate is found throughout the class Mammalia and appears to involve differential expression of genes common to all mammals, rather than the induction of novel gene products unique to the hibernating state. The hibernation season is characterized by extended bouts of torpor, during which minimal body temperature (Tb) can fall as low as -2.9 degrees C and metabolism can be reduced to 1% of euthermic rates. Many global biochemical and physiological processes exploit low temperatures to lower reaction rates but retain the ability to resume full activity upon rewarming. Other critical functions must continue at physiologically relevant levels during torpor and be precisely regulated even at Tb values near 0 degrees C. Research using new tools of molecular and cellular biology is beginning to reveal how hibernators survive repeated cycles of torpor and arousal during the hibernation season. Comprehensive approaches that exploit advances in genomic and proteomic technologies are needed to further define the differentially expressed genes that distinguish the summer euthermic from winter hibernating states. Detailed understanding of hibernation from the molecular to organismal levels should enable the translation of this information to the development of a variety of hypothermic and hypometabolic strategies to improve outcomes for human and animal health.
Enhanced visual processing contributes to matrix reasoning in autism.

Recent behavioral investigations have revealed that autistics perform more proficiently on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) than would be predicted by their Wechsler intelligence scores. A widely-used test of fluid reasoning and intelligence, the RSPM assays abilities to flexibly infer rules, manage goal hierarchies, and perform high-level abstractions. The neural substrates for these abilities are known to encompass a large frontoparietal network, with different processing models placing variable emphasis on the specific roles of the prefrontal or posterior regions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the neural bases of autistics' RSPM problem solving. Fifteen autistic and eighteen non-autistic participants, matched on age, sex, manual preference and Wechsler IQ, completed 60 self-paced randomly-ordered RSPM items along with a visually similar 60-item pattern matching comparison task. Accuracy and response times did not differ between groups in the pattern matching task. In the RSPM task, autistics performed with similar accuracy, but with shorter response times, compared to their non-autistic controls. In both the entire sample and a subsample of participants additionally matched on RSPM performance to control for potential response time confounds, neural activity was similar in both groups for the pattern matching task. However, for the RSPM task, autistics displayed relatively increased task-related activity in extrastriate areas (BA18), and decreased activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex (BA9) and the medial posterior parietal cortex (BA7). Visual processing mechanisms may therefore play a more prominent role in reasoning in autistics.
Chapter 2 The Evolution of Competition in the Automotive Industry 1

At the dawn of the second automotive century it is apparent that the competitive realm of the automotive industry is shifting away from traditional classifications based on firms’ production systems or geographical homes. Companies across the regional and volume spectrum have adopted a portfolio of manufacturing concepts derived from both mass and lean production paradigms, and the recent wave of consolidation means that regional comparisons can no longer be made without considering the complexities induced by the diverse ownership structure and plethora of international collaborations. In this chapter we review these dynamics and propose a double helix model illustrating how the basis of competition has shifted from cost-leadership during the heyday of Ford’s original mass production, to variety and choice following Sloan’s portfolio strategy, to diversification through leadership in design, technology or manufacturing excellence, as in the case of Toyota, and to mass customisation, which marks the current competitive frontier. We will explore how the production paradigms that have determined much of the competition in the first automotive century have evolved, what trends shape the industry today, and what it will take to succeed in the automotive industry of the future. 1 This chapter provides a summary of research conducted as part of the ILIPT Integrated Project and the MIT International Motor Vehicle Program (IMVP), and expands on earlier works, including the book The second century: reconnecting customer and value chain through build-toorder (Holweg and Pil 2004) and the paper Beyond mass and lean production: on the dynamics of competition in the automotive industry (Économies et Sociétés: Série K: Économie de l’Enterprise, 2005, 15:245–270).
A Rough Set-Based Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Categorical Data

In this paper, rough set theory is applied to the clustering analysis. The clustering decision table is formed through the introduction of decision attribute into data table, thereby further defining the attribute membership matrix. The consistent degree and aggregate degree are present, and their functions in the clustering process are deeply analyzed. The clustering level calculation formula is designed, in which two factors such as consistent degree and aggregate degree are taken into comprehensive account. Also, this paper gives the categorical similarity measure based on Euclidean distance so as to better solve the problem of difficult measurement of categorical data because of the non-numerical data nature. On the basis of the above work, a novel categorical clustering algorithm is designed.
Speci ® c interactions of distamycin with G-quadruplex DNA

Distamycin binds the minor groove of duplex DNA at AT-rich regions and has been a valuable probe of protein interactions with double-stranded DNA. We ®nd that distamycin can also inhibit protein interactions with G-quadruplex (G4) DNA, a stable fourstranded structure in which the repeating unit is a G-quartet. Using NMR, we show that distamycin binds speci®cally to G4 DNA, stacking on the terminal G-quartets and contacting the  ̄anking bases. These results demonstrate the utility of distamycin as a probe of G4 DNA±protein interactions and show that there are (at least) two distinct modes of protein±G4 DNA recognition which can be distinguished by sensitivity to distamycin.
Sliding Mode Observer Based Sliding Mode Controller for Slosh-Free Motion Through PID Scheme

This paper presents a new approach to design a sliding mode controller for a class of mismatched uncertain systems. A method is proposed for the design of a switching surface in the presence of mismatched uncertainties. A design method for a sliding mode observer based on high gain is also proposed in this paper to reconstruct the states of the system for the implementation of sliding mode control. The design technique is simple and computationally efficient. A control problem for the slosh-free motion of a container is considered as the representative of a typical class of systems. A simple pendulum model is considered to represent the lateral slosh. The validity of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by simulation along with the experimental results.
Single View Stereo Matching

Previous monocular depth estimation methods take a single view and directly regress the expected results. Though recent advances are made by applying geometrically inspired loss functions during training, the inference procedure does not explicitly impose any geometrical constraint. Therefore these models purely rely on the quality of data and the effectiveness of learning to generalize. This either leads to suboptimal results or the demand of huge amount of expensive ground truth labelled data to generate reasonable results. In this paper, we show for the first time that the monocular depth estimation problem can be reformulated as two sub-problems, a view synthesis procedure followed by stereo matching, with two intriguing properties, namely i) geometrical constraints can be explicitly imposed during inference; ii) demand on labelled depth data can be greatly alleviated. We show that the whole pipeline can still be trained in an end-to-end fashion and this new formulation plays a critical role in advancing the performance. The resulting model outperforms all the previous monocular depth estimation methods as well as the stereo block matching method in the challenging KITTI dataset by only using a small number of real training data. The model also generalizes well to other monocular depth estimation benchmarks. We also discuss the implications and the advantages of solving monocular depth estimation using stereo methods.
Comparing the efficacy of low-dose vs high-dose cyclophosphamide regimen as induction therapy in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a single center study

Cyclophosphamide (CYC) has been the backbone immunosuppressive drug to achieve sustained remission in lupus nephritis (LN). The aim was to evaluate the efficacy and compare adverse effects of low and high dose intravenous CYC therapy in Indian patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. An open-label, parallel group, randomized controlled trial involving 75 patients with class III/IV LN was conducted after obtaining informed consent. The low dose group (n = 38) received 6 × 500 mg CYC fortnightly and high dose group (n = 37) received 6 × 750 mg/m2 CYC four-weekly followed by azathioprine. The primary outcome was complete/partial/no response at 52 weeks. The secondary outcomes were renal and non-renal flares and adverse events. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed. At 52 weeks, 27 (73%) in high dose group achieved complete/partial response (CR/PR) vs 19 (50%) in low dose (p = 0.04). CR was higher in the high dose vs low dose [24 (65%) vs 17 (44%)], although not statistically significant. Non-responders (NR) in the high dose group were also significantly lower 10 (27%) vs low dose 19 (50%) (p = 0.04). The change in the SLEDAI (Median, IQR) was also higher in the high dose 16 (7–20) in contrast to the low dose 10 (5.5–14) (p = 0.04). There was significant alopecia and CYC-induced leucopenia in high dose group. Renal relapses were significantly higher in the low dose group vs high dose [9 (24%) vs 1(3%), (p = 0.01)]. At 52 weeks, high dose CYC was more effective in inducing remission with decreased renal relapses in our population.
A Gauss-Newton method for convex composite optimization

An extension of the Gauss-Newton method for nonlinear equations to convex composite optimization is described and analyzed. Local quadratic convergence is established for the minimization of h o F under two conditions, namely h has a set of weak sharp minima, C, and there is a regular point of the inclusion F ( x ) E C. This result extends a similar convergence result due to Womersley (this journal, 1985) which employs the assumption of a strongly unique solution of the composite function h o F. A backtracking line-search is proposed as a globalization strategy. For this algorithm, a global convergence result is established, with a quadratic rate under the regularity assumption.
In Vivo Performance and Properties of Tamoxifen Metabolites for CreERT2 Control

Mutant Estrogen Receptor (ERT2) ligand-binding domain fusions with Cre recombinase are a key tool for spatio-temporally controlled genetic recombination with the Cre/lox system. CreERT2 is efficiently activated in a concentration-dependent manner by the Tamoxifen metabolite trans-4-OH-Tamoxifen (trans-4-OHT). Reproducible and efficient Cre/lox experimentation is hindered by the gradual loss of CreERT2 induction potency upon prolonged storage of dissolved trans-4-OHT, which potentially results from gradual trans-to-cis isomerization or degradation. Here, we combined zebrafish CreERT2 recombination experiments and cell culture assays to document the gradual activity loss of trans-4-OHT and describe the alternative Tamoxifen metabolite Endoxifen as more stable alternative compound. Endoxifen retains potent activation upon prolonged storage (3 months), yet consistently induces half the ERT2 domain fusion activity compared to fresh trans-4-OHT. Using 1H-NMR analysis, we reveal that trans-4-OHT isomerization is undetectable upon prolonged storage in either DMSO or Ethanol, ruling out isomer transformation as cause for the gradual loss of trans-4-OHT activity. We further establish that both trans-4-OHT and Endoxifen are insensitive to light exposure under regular laboratory handling conditions. We attribute the gradual loss of trans-4-OHT potency to precipitation over time, and show that heating of aged trans-4-OHT aliquots reinstates their CreERT2 induction potential. Our data establish Endoxifen as potent and reproducible complementary compound to 4-OHT to control ERT2 domain fusion proteins in vivo, and provide a framework for efficient chemically controlled recombination experiments.
Automatic Summarization of Bug Reports

Software developers access bug reports in a project's bug repository to help with a number of different tasks, including understanding how previous changes have been made and understanding multiple aspects of particular defects. A developer's interaction with existing bug reports often requires perusing a substantial amount of text. In this article, we investigate whether it is possible to summarize bug reports automatically so that developers can perform their tasks by consulting shorter summaries instead of entire bug reports. We investigated whether existing conversation-based automated summarizers are applicable to bug reports and found that the quality of generated summaries is similar to summaries produced for e-mail threads and other conversations. We also trained a summarizer on a bug report corpus. This summarizer produces summaries that are statistically better than summaries produced by existing conversation-based generators. To determine if automatically produced bug report summaries can help a developer with their work, we conducted a task-based evaluation that considered the use of summaries for bug report duplicate detection tasks. We found that summaries helped the study participants save time, that there was no evidence that accuracy degraded when summaries were used and that most participants preferred working with summaries to working with original bug reports.