nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Compressed representations of sequences and full-text indexes

Given a sequence <i>S</i> = <i>s</i><sub>1</sub><i>s</i><sub>2</sub>…<i>s</i><sub><i>n</i></sub> of integers smaller than <i>r</i> = <i>O</i>(polylog(<i>n</i>)), we show how <i>S</i> can be represented using <i>nH</i><sub>0</sub>(<i>S</i>) + <i>o</i>(<i>n</i>) bits, so that we can know any <i>s</i><sub><i>q</i></sub>, as well as answer <i>rank</i> and <i>select</i> queries on <i>S</i>, in constant time. <i>H</i><sub>0</sub>(<i>S</i>) is the zero-order empirical entropy of <i>S</i> and <i>nH</i><sub>0</sub>(<i>S</i>) provides an information-theoretic lower bound to the bit storage of any sequence <i>S</i> via a fixed encoding of its symbols. This extends previous results on binary sequences, and improves previous results on general sequences where those queries are answered in <i>O</i>(log <i>r</i>) time. For larger <i>r</i>, we can still represent <i>S</i> in <i>nH</i><sub>0</sub>(<i>S</i>) + <i>o</i>(<i>n</i> log <i>r</i>) bits and answer queries in <i>O</i>(log <i>r</i>/log log <i>n</i>) time.
 Another contribution of this article is to show how to combine our compressed representation of integer sequences with a compression boosting technique to design <i>compressed full-text indexes</i> that scale well with the size of the input alphabet Σ. Specifically, we design a variant of the FM-index that indexes a string <i>T</i>[1, <i>n</i>] within <i>nH</i><sub><i>k</i></sub>(<i>T</i>) + <i>o</i>(<i>n</i>) bits of storage, where <i>H</i><sub><i>k</i></sub>(<i>T</i>) is the <i>k</i>th-order empirical entropy of <i>T</i>. This space bound holds simultaneously for all <i>k</i> ≤ α log<sub>|Σ|</sub> <i>n</i>, constant 0 < α < 1, and |Σ| = <i>O</i>(polylog(<i>n</i>)). This index counts the occurrences of an arbitrary pattern <i>P</i>[1, <i>p</i>] as a substring of <i>T</i> in <i>O</i>(<i>p</i>) time; it locates each pattern occurrence in <i>O</i>(log<sup>1+ϵ</sup> <i>n</i>) time for any constant 0 < ϵ < 1; and reports a text substring of length ℓ in <i>O</i>(ℓ + log<sup>1+ϵ</sup> <i>n</i>) time.
 Compared to all previous works, our index is the first that removes the alphabet-size dependance from all query times, in particular, counting time is linear in the pattern length. Still, our index uses essentially the same space of the <i>k</i>th-order entropy of the text <i>T</i>, which is the best space obtained in previous work. We can also handle larger alphabets of size |Σ| = <i>O</i>(<i>n</i><sup>β</sup>), for any 0 < β < 1, by paying <i>o</i>(<i>n</i> log|Σ|) extra space and multiplying all query times by <i>O</i>(log |Σ|/log log <i>n</i>).
A Sub-0.1°/h Bias-Instability Split-Mode MEMS Gyroscope With CMOS Readout Circuit

This paper describes a split-mode tuning fork MEMS gyroscope with CMOS readout circuit. The gyroscope achieves 0.008°/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\surd \text{h}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> angle random walk (ARW) and 0.08°/h bias instability (BI). The noise and phase requirements of the MEMS sensing element and the readout circuit are analyzed, from which the system-level design guidelines are proposed. The MEMS sensing element is optimized to enhance its mechanical sensitivity with reduced quadrature coupling and thermoelastic damping. Front ends with 5.9-fA/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\surd $ </tex-math></inline-formula>Hz input-referred current noise floor and less than 0.5° phase delay are achieved to reduce the gyroscope’s ARW and thermal drift. A low flicker noise automatic amplitude control circuit and digitized phase-sensitive demodulation are adopted to improve the gyroscope’s BI. After temperature compensation, the temperature coefficients (TCOs) of the scale factor and the zero-rate output are 27 ppm/°C and 1.7°/h/°C from −40 °C to +60 °C, respectively. The overall power consumption is 8.5 mW under a 3.3-V supply.
xPrint: A Modularized Liquid Printer for Smart Materials Deposition

To meet the increasing requirements of HCI researchers who are looking into using liquid-based materials (e.g., hydrogels) to create novel interfaces, we present a design strategy for HCI researchers to build and customize a liquid-based smart material printing platform with off-the-shelf or easy-to-machine parts. For the hardware, we suggest a magnetic assembly-based modular design. These modularized parts can be easily and precisely reconfigured with off-the-shelf or easy-to-machine parts that can meet different processing requirements such as mechanical mixing, chemical reaction, light activation, and solution vaporization. In addition, xPrint supports an open-source, highly customizable software design and simulation platform, which is applicable for simulating and facilitating smart material constructions. Furthermore, compared to inkjet or pneumatic syringe-based printing systems, xPrint has a large range of printable materials from synthesized polymers to natural micro-organism-living cells with a printing resolution from 10μm up to 5mm (droplet size). In this paper, we will introduce the system design in detail and three use cases to demonstrate the material variability and the customizability for users with different demands (e.g., designers, scientific researchers, or artists).
Design of a D-Band CMOS Amplifier Utilizing Coupled Slow-Wave Coplanar Waveguides

This paper validates a design and modeling methodology of coupled slow-wave waveguides (CS-CPW) by presenting a D-band CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) that utilizes the CS-CPW for impedance matching. The robustness and feasibility of using the CS-CPW as a matching element in wideband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) silicon circuit designs are studied. Furthermore, the key design details of a mm-wave LNA are discussed. The designed monolithic microwave integrated circuit amplifier has a gain greater than 10 dB from 135 to 170 GHz with a peak gain of 15.7 dB at 160 GHz. The amplifier has a measured noise figure of 8.5 dB from 135 to 170 GHz, and an output-referred 1-dB compression point of −16.5 dBm at 160 GHz. The total power consumption of the amplifier is 32 mW.
The MAC unreliability problem in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks

In recent years, the number of sensor network deployments for real-life applications has rapidly increased and it is expected to expand even more in the near future. Actually, for a credible deployment in a real environment three properties need to be fulfilled, i.e., energy efficiency, scalability and reliability. In this paper we focus on IEEE 802.15.4 sensor networks and show that they can suffer from a serious MAC unreliability problem, also in an ideal environment where transmission errors never occur. This problem arises whenever power management is enabled - for improving the energy efficiency - and results in a very low delivery ratio, even when the number of nodes in the network is very low (e.g., 5). We carried out an extensive analysis, based on simulations and real measurements, to investigate the ultimate reasons of this problem. We found that it is caused by the default MAC parameter setting suggested by the 802.15.4 standard. We also found that, with a more appropriate parameter setting, it is possible to achieve the desired level of reliability (as well as a better energy efficiency). However, in some scenarios this is possible only by choosing parameter values formally not allowed by the standard.
Statistical models of appearance for eye tracking and eye-blink detection and measurement

A statistical active appearance model (AAM) is developed to track and detect eye blinking. The model has been designed to be robust to variations of head pose or gaze. In particular we analyze and determine the model parameters which encode the variations caused by blinking. This global model is further extended using a series of sub-models to enable independent modeling and tracking of the two eye regions. Several methods to enable measurement and detection of eye-blink are proposed and evaluated. The results of various tests on different image databases are presented to validate each model.
An unsupervised topic segmentation model incorporating word order

We present a new unsupervised topic discovery model for a collection of text documents. In contrast to the majority of the state-of-the-art topic models, our model does not break the document's structure such as paragraphs and sentences. In addition, it preserves word order in the document. As a result, it can generate two levels of topics of different granularity, namely, segment-topics and word-topics. In addition, it can generate n-gram words in each topic. We also develop an approximate inference scheme using Gibbs sampling method. We conduct extensive experiments using publicly available data from different collections and show that our model improves the quality of several text mining tasks such as the ability to support fine grained topics with n-gram words in the correlation graph, the ability to segment a document into topically coherent sections, document classification, and document likelihood estimation.
Improving JavaScript performance by deconstructing the type system

Increased focus on JavaScript performance has resulted in vast performance improvements for many benchmarks. However, for actual code used in websites, the attained improvements often lag far behind those for popular benchmarks.
 This paper shows that the main reason behind this short-fall is how the compiler understands types. JavaScript has no concept of types, but the compiler assigns types to objects anyway for ease of code generation. We examine the way that the Chrome V8 compiler defines types, and identify two design decisions that are the main reasons for the lack of improvement: (1) the inherited prototype object is part of the current object's type definition, and (2) method bindings are also part of the type definition. These requirements make types very unpredictable, which hinders type specialization by the compiler. Hence, we modify V8 to remove these requirements, and use it to compile the JavaScript code assembled by JSBench from real websites. On average, we reduce the execution time of JSBench by 36%, and the dynamic instruction count by 49%.
Fast Model Predictive Control Using Online Optimization

A widely recognized shortcoming of model predictive control (MPC) is that it can usually only be used in applications with slow dynamics, where the sample time is measured in seconds or minutes. A well-known technique for implementing fast MPC is to compute the entire control law offline, in which case the online controller can be implemented as a lookup table. This method works well for systems with small state and input dimensions (say, no more than five), few constraints, and short time horizons. In this paper, we describe a collection of methods for improving the speed of MPC, using online optimization. These custom methods, which exploit the particular structure of the MPC problem, can compute the control action on the order of 100 times faster than a method that uses a generic optimizer. As an example, our method computes the control actions for a problem with 12 states, 3 controls, and horizon of 30 time steps (which entails solving a quadratic program with 450 variables and 1284 constraints) in around 5 ms, allowing MPC to be carried out at 200 Hz.
PyDEC: Software and Algorithms for Discretization of Exterior Calculus

This article describes the algorithms, features, and implementation of PyDEC, a Python library for computations related to the discretization of exterior calculus. PyDEC facilitates inquiry into both physical problems on manifolds as well as purely topological problems on abstract complexes. We describe efficient algorithms for constructing the operators and objects that arise in discrete exterior calculus, lowest-order finite element exterior calculus, and in related topological problems. Our algorithms are formulated in terms of high-level matrix operations which extend to arbitrary dimension. As a result, our implementations map well to the facilities of numerical libraries such as NumPy and SciPy. The availability of such libraries makes Python suitable for prototyping numerical methods. We demonstrate how PyDEC is used to solve physical and topological problems through several concise examples.
A portable modula-2 operating system: SAM2S

The Stand-Alone Modula-2 System (SAM2S) is a portable, concurrent operating system and Modula-2 programming support environment. It is based on a highly modular kernel task running on single process-multiplexed microcomputers. SAM2S offers extensive network communication facilities. It provides the foundation for the locally resident portions of the MICROS distributed operating system for large netcomputers. SAM2S now supports a five-pass Modula-2 compiler, a task linker, link and load file decoders, a static symbolic debugger, a filer, and other utility tasks. SAM2S is currently running on each node of a network of DEC LSI-11/23 and Heurikon/Motorola 68000 workstations connected by an Ethernet. This paper reviews features of Modula-2 for operating system development and outlines the design of SAM2S with special emphasis on its modularity and communication flexibility. The two SAM2S implementations differ mainly in their peripheral drivers and in the large amount of memory available on the 68000 systems. Modula-2 has proved highly suitable for writing large, portable, concurrent and distributed operating systems.
RaptorX-Property: a web server for protein structure property prediction

Property (http://raptorx2.uchicago.edu/StructurePropertyPred/predict/) is a web server predicting structure property of a protein sequence without using any templates. It outperforms other servers, especially for proteins without close homologs in PDB or with very sparse sequence profile (i.e. carries little evolutionary information). This server employs a powerful in-house deep learning model DeepCNF (Deep Convolutional Neural Fields) to predict secondary structure (SS), solvent accessibility (ACC) and disorder regions (DISO). DeepCNF not only models complex sequence-structure relationship by a deep hierarchical architecture, but also interdependency between adjacent property labels. Our experimental results show that, tested on CASP10, CASP11 and the other benchmarks, this server can obtain ∼84% Q3 accuracy for 3-state SS, ∼72% Q8 accuracy for 8-state SS, ∼66% Q3 accuracy for 3-state solvent accessibility, and ∼0.89 area under the ROC curve (AUC) for disorder prediction.
Nonlinear feedback stabilization of high-speed planing vessels by a controllable transom flap

Planing vessels suffer from porpoising instability at high forward speeds. Controllable transom flaps can be used to control the heave/pitch motion of the planing craft. In this paper, a nonlinear controller is designed based on the feedback linearization method to achieve asymptotic stability of the planning boat, thus avoiding porpoising at high speeds. We first show that the full-state nonlinear dynamic model describing the ship motion is not feedback linearizable. A state transformation is then constructed to decompose the model into a linearizable subsystem and a nonlinear internal dynamic subsystem. A reduced order state feedback is shown next to stabilize the planing vessel motion around the equilibrium point. Analysis of the region of attraction is also performed to provide an assessment of the effective safe operating range around the equilibrium point.
Cruising for parking

摘要:为寻找路内停车泊位在道 路上巡游的车辆是造成交通拥堵 的原因之一。首先指出路内停车 低价与路外停车高价共同刺激驾 驶人选择巡游而非使用路外停车 场(库)。其次针对洛杉矶的巡游 开展调查,得到车辆平均巡游时耗 和距离,并得出每年由此产生的车 辆行驶里程、时间浪费、燃油消耗 及 CO2排放。然后通过分析路内 停车价格与车辆巡游的关系,提出 城市全日泊位使用率大约为 85% 时,停车泊位处于供需平衡状态, 停车价格较合理。接着以加利福 尼亚格雷伍德城停车价格制定及 停车收益使用为例,给出停车增量 融资的收益回馈方式。最后指出, 为了减少拥堵、降低温室气体排 放、改善街区环境等,城市应制定 合理的路内停车价格并将产生的 收益用于改善公共服务。  Cruising for on-street parking causes traffic congestion. This paper first points out that the combination of low prices for on-street parking and high prices for off-street parking increases the incentive for drivers to search for on-street parking spaces. Through a survey of cruising for parking in Los Angeles, the author obtains average cruising time and distance, as well as corresponding vehicle-miles traveled, waste of time, extra fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions. The author concludes that when the occupancy rate of on-street parking is about 85%, the demand and supply of parking are in balance and the price is just right. Taking the parking charges and revenue usage in Redwood City in California as an example, the paper discusses parking increment finance. Finally, the paper emphasizes that it is necessary to charge properly for on-street parking and spend the resulting revenue to improve local public services in order to reduce traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions, and improve neighborhoods. 关键词:停车管理;路内停车;车辆 巡游;停车价格;收益管理
Area Efficient ROM-Embedded SRAM Cache

There are many important applications, such as math function evaluation, digital signal processing, and built-in self-test, whose implementations can be faster and simpler if we can have large on-chip “tables” stored as read-only memories (ROMs). We show that conventional de facto standard 6T and 8T static random access memory (SRAM) bit cells can embed ROM data without area overhead or performance degradation on the bit cells. Just by adding an extra wordline (WL) and connecting the WL to selected access transistor of the bit cell (based on whether a 0 or 1 is to be stored as ROM data in that location), the bit cell can work both in the SRAM mode and in the ROM mode. In the proposed ROM-embedded SRAM, during SRAM operations, ROM data is not available. To retrieve the ROM data, special write steps associated with proper via connections load ROM data into the SRAM array. The ROM data is read by conventional load instruction with unique virtual address space assigned to the data. This allows the ROM-embedded cache (R-cache) to bypass tag arrays and translation look-aside buffers, leading to fast ROM operations. We show example applications to illustrate how the R-cache can lead to low-cost logic testing and faster evaluation of mathematical functions.
Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS).

The authors describe a new self-report instrument, the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS), which was designed to assess specific symptom dimensions of major depression and related anxiety disorders. They created the IDAS by conducting principal factor analyses in 3 large samples (college students, psychiatric patients, community adults); the authors also examined the robustness of its psychometric properties in 5 additional samples (high school students, college students, young adults, postpartum women, psychiatric patients) who were not involved in the scale development process. The IDAS contains 10 specific symptom scales: Suicidality, Lassitude, Insomnia, Appetite Loss, Appetite Gain, Ill Temper, Well-Being, Panic, Social Anxiety, and Traumatic Intrusions. It also includes 2 broader scales: General Depression (which contains items overlapping with several other IDAS scales) and Dysphoria (which does not). The scales (a) are internally consistent, (b) capture the target dimensions well, and (c) define a single underlying factor. They show strong short-term stability and display excellent convergent validity and good discriminant validity in relation to other self-report and interview-based measures of depression and anxiety.
Single Event Latchup (SEL) and Total Ionizing Dose (TID) of a 1 Mbit Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM)

A 1 Mbit MRAM, a nonvolatile memory that uses magnetic tunnel junction (MJT) storage elements, has been characterized for total ionizing dose (TID) and single event latchup (SEL). Our results indicate that these devices show no single event latchup up to an effective LET of 84 MeV-cm2/mg (where our testing ended) and no bit failures to a TID of 75 krad (Si).
New insights and clinical advancements in cellular oncology

The first joint meeting of the International Society for Cellular Oncology (ISCO) and the European Workshop on Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics of Solid Tumors (EWCMST), organized by Bauke Ylstra, Juan Cigudosa and Nick Gilbert, was held from 4 to 8 March, 2012 in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. This meeting provided a novel and unique opportunity to jointly present the latest updates on the genetics of cancer and its implications for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy, now and in the future. Various aspects were highlighted, including the identification of effective therapeutic targets, the role of cellular senescence in tumor development and therapy, chromosome translocations in leukemias and solid tumors, mechanisms underlying fragile sites and chromosome instability, tumor-associated ‘omics’ landscapes, genetic and epidemiologic risk factors, the role of tissue and cancer stem cells, angiogenesis and the tumor micro-environment, and the epigenetics of cancer. In this report, new insights and clinical advancements related to these various topics are provided, based on information presented at the meeting.
Awareness of medical radiation exposure among patients : A patient survey as a fi rst step for e ff ective communication of ionizing radiation risks

The European Directive 2013/59/EURATOM requires patient radiation dose information to be included in the medical report of radiological procedures. To provide effective communication to the patient, it is necessary to first assess the patient's level of knowledge regarding medical exposure. The goal of this work is to survey patients’ current knowledge level of both medical exposure to ionizing radiation and professional disciplines and communication means used by patients to garner information.  A questionnaire was designed comprised of thirteen questions: 737 patients participated in the survey. The data were analysed based on population age, education, and number of radiological procedures received in the three years prior to survey.  A majority of respondents (56.4%) did not know which modality uses ionizing radiation. 74.7% had never discussed with healthcare professionals the risk concerning their medical radiological procedures. 70.1% were not aware of the professionals that have expertise to discuss the use of ionizing radiation for medical purposes, and 84.7% believe it is important to have the radiation dose information stated in the medical report.  Patients agree with new regulations that it is important to know the radiation level related to the medical exposure, but there is little awareness in terms of which modalities use X-Rays and the professionals and channels that can help them to better understand the exposure information. To plan effective communication, it is essential to devise methods and adequate resources for key professionals (medical physicists, radiologists, referring physicians) to convey correct and effective information.