nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Ethanol fermentation technologies from sugar and starch feedstocks.

This article critically reviews some ethanol fermentation technologies from sugar and starch feedstocks, particularly those key aspects that have been neglected or misunderstood. Compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the ethanol yield and productivity of Zymomonas mobilis are higher, because less biomass is produced and a higher metabolic rate of glucose is maintained through its special Entner-Doudoroff pathway. However, due to its specific substrate spectrum as well as the undesirability of its biomass to be used as animal feed, this species cannot readily replace S. cerevisiae in ethanol production. The steady state kinetic models developed for continuous ethanol fermentations show some discrepancies, making them unsuitable for predicting and optimizing the industrial processes. The dynamic behavior of the continuous ethanol fermentation under high gravity or very high gravity conditions has been neglected, which needs to be addressed in order to further increase the final ethanol concentration and save the energy consumption. Ethanol is a typical primary metabolite whose production is tightly coupled with the growth of yeast cells, indicating yeast must be produced as a co-product. Technically, the immobilization of yeast cells by supporting materials, particularly by gel entrapments, is not desirable for ethanol production, because not only is the growth of the yeast cells restrained, but also the slowly growing yeast cells are difficult to be removed from the systems. Moreover, the additional cost from the consumption of the supporting materials, the potential contamination of some supporting materials to the quality of the co-product animal feed, and the difficulty in the microbial contamination control all make the immobilized yeast cells economically unacceptable. In contrast, the self-immobilization of yeast cells through their flocculation can effectively overcome these drawbacks.
Single Image Haze Removal Using Dark Channel Prior

In this paper, we propose a simple but effective image prior-dark channel prior to remove haze from a single input image. The dark channel prior is a kind of statistics of outdoor haze-free images. It is based on a key observation-most local patches in outdoor haze-free images contain some pixels whose intensity is very low in at least one color channel. Using this prior with the haze imaging model, we can directly estimate the thickness of the haze and recover a high-quality haze-free image. Results on a variety of hazy images demonstrate the power of the proposed prior. Moreover, a high-quality depth map can also be obtained as a byproduct of haze removal.
Low Power and High Speed Optimized 4-bit Array Multiplier Using MOD-GDI Technique

Multipliers are the most commonly used elements in today's digital devices. In order to achieve high data throughput in digital signal processing systems, hardware multiplication is the important factor. Depending on the applications which are emerging with the electronics devices, various types of multipliers are emerged. Among all the multipliers, the basic multiplier is Array Multiplier. This paper aims at design of an optimized, low power and high speed 4- bit array multiplier by proposing Modified Gate Diffusion Input (MOD-GDI) technique. With this technique the total propagation delay, power dissipation, and no. of transistors required to design are much more decreased than compared to the Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) and CMOS techniques. Simulations are carried out on mentor graphics tools with 90nm Process technology.
LCLC resonant converter as maximum power point tracker in PV systems

This paper presents the analysis and implementation of an LCLC resonant converter working as maximum power point tracker (MPPT) in a PV system. This converter must guarantee a constant DC output voltage and must vary its effective input resistance in order to extract the maximum power of the PV generator. Preliminary analysis concludes that not all resonant load topologies can achieve the design conditions for a MPPT. Only the LCLC and LLC converter are suitable for this purpose.
Fabric defect inspection based on lattice segmentation and Gabor filtering

Fabric defect inspection aims at detecting the defects presented on a patterned fabric surface to achieve high quality. However, visual inspection is challenging due to the diversity of the fabric patterns and defects. This paper presents an automatic defect inspection method which compares the similarities of semantic sub-images conformed to crystallographic groups called lattice. The lattices are automatically segmented based on morphological component analysis (MCA). The defect inspection is then formulated as a novel voting procedure depending on an ideal lattice artificially generated by investigating the distributions of responses given by convolving lattices with Gabor filters. The performance of the proposed method LSG (lattice segmentation assisted by Gabor filters) is evaluated on the databases of starand box-pattern images. By comparing the resultant and ground-truth images, an overall detection rate of 0.975 is achieved, which is comparable with the state-of-the-art methods.
Signaling during platelet adhesion and activation.

Upon vascular injury, platelets are activated by adhesion to adhesive proteins, such as von Willebrand factor and collagen, or by soluble platelet agonists, such as ADP, thrombin, and thromboxane A(2). These adhesive proteins and soluble agonists induce signal transduction via their respective receptors. The various receptor-specific platelet activation signaling pathways converge into common signaling events that stimulate platelet shape change and granule secretion and ultimately induce the "inside-out" signaling process leading to activation of the ligand-binding function of integrin α(IIb)β(3). Ligand binding to integrin α(IIb)β(3) mediates platelet adhesion and aggregation and triggers "outside-in" signaling, resulting in platelet spreading, additional granule secretion, stabilization of platelet adhesion and aggregation, and clot retraction. It has become increasingly evident that agonist-induced platelet activation signals also cross talk with integrin outside-in signals to regulate platelet responses. Platelet activation involves a series of rapid positive feedback loops that greatly amplify initial activation signals and enable robust platelet recruitment and thrombus stabilization. Recent studies have provided novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of these processes.
How readers discover content in scholarly publications

ING AND INDEXING SERVICES OR SPECIALIST BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES Major subject A&Is – e.g. Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, focus on structured access to the highest quality information within a discipline. They typically cover all the key literature but not necessarily all the literature in a discipline. Their utility flows from the perceived certainty and reassurance that they offer to users in providing the authoritative source of search results within a discipline. However, they cannot boast universal coverage of the literature – they provide good coverage of a defined subject niche, but reduce the serendipitous discovery of peripheral material. Also, many A&Is are sold at a premium, which in itself is a barrier to their use. Examples from a wide range of subjects were given in the survey questions to help surveyees understand this classification.
Harmonized authentication based on ThumbStroke dynamics on touch screen mobile phones

The pervasive and prevalent use of touch-screen mobile phones in both work and daily life has generated more and more private and sensitive information on those devices. Accordingly, there is an ever-increasing need to improve the security of mobile phones. Recent advances in mobile user authentication technologies mainly focus on entry-point authentication. Although post-login continuous authentication has attracted increasing attention from researchers, none of the previous studies addressed mobile user authentication at both stages simultaneously. In addition, extant authentication systems are subject to the common trade-off between security and usability. To address the above limitations, we propose Harmonized Authentication based on Thumb Stroke dynamics (HATS) that supports both entry-point and post-login mobile user authentication. HATS integrates password, gesture, keystroke, and touch dynamics based authentication methods to address the vulnerabilities of individual methods to certain security attacks. Moreover, HATS supports one-handed thumb stroke based interaction with touch screen mobile phones to improve the usability of authentication systems. We empirically evaluated HATS through controlled lab experiments. The results provide strong evidence that HATS improved both security and usability of mobile user authentication compared with keystroke dynamics based user authentication.
Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives.

To summarize 16 years of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) injury surveillance data for 15 sports and to identify potential modifiable risk factors to target for injury prevention initiatives.



In 1982, the NCAA began collecting standardized injury and exposure data for collegiate sports through its Injury Surveillance System (ISS). This special issue reviews 182 000 injuries and slightly more than 1 million exposure records captured over a 16-year time period (1988-1989 through 2003-2004). Game and practice injuries that required medical attention and resulted in at least 1 day of time loss were included. An exposure was defined as 1 athlete participating in 1 practice or game and is expressed as an athlete-exposure (A-E).



Combining data for all sports, injury rates were statistically significantly higher in games (13.8 injuries per 1000 A-Es) than in practices (4.0 injuries per 1000 A-Es), and preseason practice injury rates (6.6 injuries per 1000 A-Es) were significantly higher than both in-season (2.3 injuries per 1000 A-Es) and postseason (1.4 injuries per 1000 A-Es) practice rates. No significant change in game or practice injury rates was noted over the 16 years. More than 50% of all injuries were to the lower extremity. Ankle ligament sprains were the most common injury over all sports, accounting for 15% of all reported injuries. Rates of concussions and anterior cruciate ligament injuries increased significantly (average annual increases of 7.0% and 1.3%, respectively) over the sample period. These trends may reflect improvements in identification of these injuries, especially for concussion, over time. Football had the highest injury rates for both practices (9.6 injuries per 1000 A-Es) and games (35.9 injuries per 1000 A-Es), whereas men's baseball had the lowest rate in practice (1.9 injuries per 1000 A-Es) and women's softball had the lowest rate in games (4.3 injuries per 1000 A-Es).


RECOMMENDATIONS
In general, participation in college athletics is safe, but these data indicate modifiable factors that, if addressed through injury prevention initiatives, may contribute to lower injury rates in collegiate sports.
3D Map Visualization for Real Time RSSI Indoor Location Tracking System on PDA

Processing of location sensing information and visualization of 3D graphics on PDA either in outdoor or indoor environment had been presented as one of research issues nowadays. Famous tracking system such as GPS had gained its trust as a feasible and effective outdoor tracking system. Traditional tracking system with 2D-image standard presents only few and dull information to users. This paper aim to develop a highly accuracy real-time indoor tracking system with 3D scenes integrated on PDA to provide more useful location sensing information to user. VRML, a powerful 3D modeling tool is used for designing 3D objects in indoor environments. In order to reduce PDApsilas computing time and increases 3D objects rendering time, culling algorithm is implemented in our system. Generic RSSI-based (received signal strength indicator) location tracking method is used for indoor location tracking due to its low-cost solutions. Moreover, a reliable RSSI smoothing algorithm had been proposed to cater the reflecting and attenuating of objects in surrounding environment for RSSI ranging. Experiments had revealed an ideal result with rendering time of 3D objects in less than 1 sec and high accuracy of real-time RSSI position estimation in our system.
Parallel Overlapping Community Detection with SLPA

Social networks consist of various communities that host members sharing common characteristics. Often some members of one community are also members of other communities. Such shared membership of different communities leads to overlapping communities. Detecting such overlapping communities is a challenging and computationally intensive problem. In this paper, we investigate the usability of high performance computing in the area of social networks and community detection. We present highly scalable variants of a community detection algorithm called Speaker-listener Label Propagation Algorithm (SLPA). We show that despite of irregular data dependencies in the computation, parallel computing paradigms can significantly speed up the detection of overlapping communities of social networks which is computationally expensive. We show by experiments, how various parallel computing architectures can be utilized to analyze large social network data on both shared memory machines and distributed memory machines, such as IBM Blue Gene.
Positive and Negative Regulation of FcɛRI-Mediated Signaling by the Adaptor Protein LAB/NTAL

Linker for activation of B cells (LAB, also called NTAL; a product of wbscr5 gene) is a newly identified transmembrane adaptor protein that is expressed in B cells, NK cells, and mast cells. Upon BCR activation, LAB is phosphorylated and interacts with Grb2. LAB is capable of rescuing thymocyte development in LAT-deficient mice. To study the in vivo function of LAB, LAB-deficient mice were generated. Although disruption of the Lab gene did not affect lymphocyte development, it caused mast cells to be hyperresponsive to stimulation via the FcepsilonRI, evidenced by enhanced Erk activation, calcium mobilization, degranulation, and cytokine production. These data suggested that LAB negatively regulates mast cell function. However, mast cells that lacked both linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and LAB proteins had a more severe block in FcepsilonRI-mediated signaling than LAT(-/-) mast cells, demonstrating that LAB also shares a redundant function with LAT to play a positive role in FcepsilonRI-mediated signaling.
Line Integral Convolution on Triangulated

Line Integral Convolution (LIC), introduced by Cabral and Leedom in 1993, is a powerful technique for generating striking images of vector data. Based on local ltering of an input texture along a curved stream line segment in a vector eld, it is possible to depict directional information of the vector eld at pixel resolution. The methods suggested so far can handle structured grids only. Now we present an approach that works both on two-dimensional unstructured grids and directly on triangulated surfaces in three-dimensional space. Because unstructured meshes often occur in real applications, this feature makes LIC available for a number of new applications.
SafeMem: exploiting ECC-memory for detecting memory leaks and memory corruption during production runs

Memory leaks and memory corruption are two major forms of software bugs that severely threaten system availability and security. According to the US-CERT vulnerability notes database, 68% of all reported vulnerabilities in 2003 were caused by memory leaks or memory corruption. Dynamic monitoring tools, such as the state-of-the-art Purify, are commonly used to detect memory leaks and memory corruption. However, most of these tools suffer from high overhead, with up to a 20 times slowdown, making them infeasible to be used for production-runs. This paper proposes a tool called SafeMem to detect memory leaks and memory corruption on-the-fly during production-runs. This tool does not rely on any new hardware support. Instead, it makes a novel use of existing ECC memory technology and exploits intelligent dynamic memory usage behavior analysis to detect memory leaks and corruption. We have evaluated SafeMem with seven real-world applications that contain memory leak or memory corruption bugs. SafeMem detects all tested bugs with low overhead (only 1.6%-14.4%), 2-3 orders of magnitudes smaller than Purify. Our results also show that ECC-protection is effective in pruning false positives for memory leak detection, and in reducing the amount of memory waste (by a factor of 64-74) used for memory monitoring in memory corruption detection compared to page-protection.
Software Cost Estimation with Incomplete Data

The construction of software cost estimation models remains an active topic of research. The basic premise of cost modelling is that a historical database of software project cost data can be used to develop a quantitative model to predict the cost of future projects. One of the difficulties faced by workers in this area is that many of these historical databases contain substantial amounts of missing data. Thus far, the common practice has been to ignore observations with missing data. In principle, such a practice can lead to gross biases, and may be detrimental to the accuracy of cost estimation models. In this paper we describe an extensive simulation where we evaluate different techniques for dealing with missing data in the context of software cost modelling. Three techniques are evaluated: listwise deletion, mean imputation and eight different types of hot-deck imputation. Our results indicate that all the missing data techniques perform well, with small biases and high precision. This suggests that the simplest technique, listwise deletion, is a reasonable choice. However, this will not necessarily provide the best performance. Consistent best performance (minimal bias and highest precision) can be obtained by using hot-deck imputation with Euclidean distance and a z-score standardisation.
The Stretta procedure for the treatment of GERD: a registry of 558 patients.

To evaluate gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms, patient satisfaction, and antisecretory drug use in a large group of GERD patients treated with the Stretta procedure (endoluminal temperature-controlled radiofrequency energy for the treatment of GERD) at multiple centers since February 1999.



All subjects provided informed consent. A health care provider from each institution administered a standardized GERD survey to patients who had undergone Stretta. Subjects provided (at baseline and follow-up) (1) GERD severity (none, mild, moderate, severe), (2) percentage of GERD symptom control, (3) satisfaction, and (4) antisecretory medication use. Outcomes were compared with the McNemar test, paired t test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test.



Surveys of 558 patients were evaluated (33 institutions, mean follow-up of 8 months). Most patients (76%) were dissatisfied with baseline antisecretory therapy for GERD. After treatment, onset of GERD relief was less than 2 months (68.7%) or 2 to 6 months (14.6%). The median drug requirement improved from proton pump inhibitors twice daily to antacids as needed (P < .0001). The percentage of patients with satisfactory GERD control (absent or mild) improved from 26.3% at baseline (on drugs) to 77.0% after Stretta (P < .0001). Median baseline symptom control on drugs was 50%, compared with 90% at follow-up (P < .0001). Baseline patient satisfaction on drugs was 23.2%, compared with 86.5% at follow-up (P < .0001). Subgroup analysis (<1 year vs. >1 year of follow-up) showed a superior effect on symptom control and drug use in those patients beyond 1 year of follow-up, supporting procedure durability.



The Stretta procedure results in significant GERD symptom control and patient satisfaction, superior to that derived from drug therapy in this study group. The treatment effect is durable beyond 1 year, and most patients were off all antisecretory drugs at follow-up. These results support the use of the Stretta procedure for patients with GERD, particularly those with inadequate control of symptoms on medical therapy.
Effects of thermal increase on aerobic capacity and swim performance in a tropical inland fish.

Rising water temperature associated with climate change is increasingly recognized as a potential stressor for aquatic organisms, particularly for tropical ectotherms that are predicted to have narrow thermal windows relative to temperate ectotherms. We used intermittent flow resting and swimming respirometry to test for effects of temperature increase on aerobic capacity and swim performance in the widespread African cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae, acclimated for a week to a range of temperatures (2°C increments) between 24 and 34°C. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) increased between 24 and 32°C, but fell sharply at 34°C, suggesting either an acclimatory reorganization of metabolism or metabolic rate depression. Maximum metabolic rate (MMR) was elevated at 28 and 30°C relative to 24°C. Aerobic scope (AS) increased between 24 and 28°C, then declined to a level comparable to 24°C, but increased dramatically 34°C, the latter driven by the drop in SMR in the warmest treatment. Critical swim speed (Ucrit) was highest at intermediate temperature treatments, and was positively related to AS between 24 and 32°C; however, at 34°C, the increase in AS did not correspond to an increase in Ucrit, suggesting a performance cost at the highest temperature.
MR-NTD: Manifold Regularization Nonnegative Tucker Decomposition for Tensor Data Dimension Reduction and Representation

With the advancement of data acquisition techniques, tensor (multidimensional data) objects are increasingly accumulated and generated, for example, multichannel electroencephalographies, multiview images, and videos. In these applications, the tensor objects are usually nonnegative, since the physical signals are recorded. As the dimensionality of tensor objects is often very high, a dimension reduction technique becomes an important research topic of tensor data. From the perspective of geometry, high-dimensional objects often reside in a low-dimensional submanifold of the ambient space. In this paper, we propose a new approach to perform the dimension reduction for nonnegative tensor objects. Our idea is to use nonnegative Tucker decomposition (NTD) to obtain a set of core tensors of smaller sizes by finding a common set of projection matrices for tensor objects. To preserve geometric information in tensor data, we employ a manifold regularization term for the core tensors constructed in the Tucker decomposition. An algorithm called manifold regularization NTD (MR-NTD) is developed to solve the common projection matrices and core tensors in an alternating least squares manner. The convergence of the proposed algorithm is shown, and the computational complexity of the proposed method scales linearly with respect to the number of tensor objects and the size of the tensor objects, respectively. These theoretical results show that the proposed algorithm can be efficient. Extensive experimental results have been provided to further demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed MR-NTD algorithm.