nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
A review of the economic theories of poverty

This paper critically analyses the views of poverty adopted by different economic schools of thought which are relevant to the UK, as well as eclectic theories focused on social exclusion and social capital. We contend that each of the economic approaches has an important contribution to make to the understanding of poverty but that no theory is sufficient in itself; a selective synthesis is needed. Furthermore, economics by its nature omits important aspects of the nature and causes of poverty. The key points that follow from this analysis are:  The definitions of poverty adopted over time have reflected a shift in thinking from a focus on monetary aspects to wider issues such as political participation and social exclusion.  Classical economic traditions contend that individuals are ultimately responsible for poverty and accordingly provide a foundation for laissez faire policies. By contrast, Neoclassical (mainstream) economics is more diverse and can provide explanations for poverty, notably market failures, that are beyond individuals’ control.  Both schools centre on the role of incentives and individual productivity in generating poverty but perhaps overemphasise monetary aspects, the individual as opposed to the group, and a limited role for government. They tend to be averse to policies of redistribution.  Keynesian/neo-liberal schools, in contrast, focus on macroeconomic forces and emphasise the key role of government in providing not only economic stabilisation but also public goods. Poverty is considered largely involuntary and mainly caused by unemployment.  Marxian/radical views see the role of class and group discrimination, which are largely political issues, as central to poverty. These theories assign a central role to the state in its intervention/regulation of markets. Prominent examples of anti-poverty proposals in this vein include minimum wages and anti discriminatory laws.  Social exclusion and social capital theories recognise the role of social as well as economic factors in explaining poverty, giving them a similar weight. They offer a helpful contribution in understanding not only what the precursors of poverty are but also what underlies its persistence over time  A selective synthesis of approaches is needed to maximise the relevance of economic insights in poverty reduction; furthermore, there is a need for a broader and richer range of motivations for human behaviour beyond the key focus of economics on purely material and individualistic aspects, such as the maximisation of one’s own consumption less disutility of labour. This calls for an integrated approach that draws elements from other social disciplines such as political theory and sociology.  The analysis implies a number of policy recommendations, notably the need to focus on provision of forms of capital (including education) to aid the poor; anti discriminatory laws; community development; and policies to offset adverse incentives and market failures that underlie poverty.
Genetic, hormonal and metabolic aspects of PCOS: an update

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting 5-10 % of women of reproductive age. It generally manifests with oligo/anovulatory cycles, hirsutism and polycystic ovaries, together with a considerable prevalence of insulin resistance. Although the aetiology of the syndrome is not completely understood yet, PCOS is considered a multifactorial disorder with various genetic, endocrine and environmental abnormalities. Moreover, PCOS patients have a higher risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and their related morbidity, if compared to the general population.
Neuromorphic Computing based on Resistive RAM

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) has gained significant attentions because of its excellent characteristics which are suitable for next-generation non-volatile memory applications. It is also very attractive to build neuromorphic computing chip based on RRAM cells due to non-volatile and analog properties. Neuromorphic computing hardware technologies using analog weight storage allow the scaling-up of the system size to complete cognitive tasks such as face classification much faster while consuming much lower energy. In this paper, RRAM technology development from material selection to device structure, from small array to full chip will be discussed in detail. Neuromorphic computing using RRAM devices is demonstrated, and speed & energy consumption are compared with Xeon Phi processor.
What can head and facial movements convey about positive and negative affect?

We investigated whether the dynamics of head and facial movements apart from specific facial expressions communicate affect in infants. Age-appropriate tasks were used to elicit positive and negative affect in 28 ethnically diverse 12-month-old infants. 3D head and facial movements were tracked from 2D video. Strong effects were found for both head and facial movements. For head movement, angular velocity and angular acceleration of pitch, yaw, and roll were higher during negative relative to positive affect. For facial movement, displacement, velocity, and acceleration also increased during negative relative to positive affect. Our results suggest that the dynamics of head and facial movements communicate affect at ages as young as 12 months. These findings deepen our understanding of emotion communication and provide a basis for studying individual differences in emotion in socio-emotional development.
Transportation mode identification and real-time CO 2 emission estimation using smartphones How CO 2 GO works

In a context where personal mobility accounts for about two thirds of the total transportation energy use, assessing an individual’s personal contribution to the emissions of a city becomes highly valuable. Prior efforts in this direction have resulted in web-based CO2 emissions calculators, smartphonebased applications, and wearable sensors that detect a user’s transportation modes. Yet, high energy consumption and had-hoc sensors have limited the potential adoption of these methodologies. In this technical report we outline an approach that could make it possible to assess the individual carbon footprint of an unlimited number of people. Our application can be run on standard smartphones for long periods of time and can operate transparently. Given that we make use of an existing platform (smartphones) that is widely adopted, our method has the potential of unprecedented data collection of mobility patterns. Our method estimates in real-time the CO2 emissions using inertial information gathered from mobile phone sensors. In particular, an algorithm automatically classifies the user’s transportation mode into eight classes using a decision tree. The algorithm is trained on features computed from the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) coefficients of the total acceleration measured by the mobile phone accelerometer. A working smartphone application for the Android platform has been developed and experimental data have been used to train and validate the proposed method.
Structure-Mapping in Metaphor Comprehension

Metaphor has a double life. It can be described as a directional process in which a stable, familiar base domain provides inferential structure to a less clearly specified target. But metaphor is also described as a process of finding commonalities, an inherently symmetric process. In this second view, both concepts may be altered by the metaphorical comparison. Whereas most theories of metaphor capture one of these aspects, we offer a model based on structure-mapping that captures both sides of metaphor processing. This predicts (a) an initial processing stage of symmetric alignment; and (b) a later directional phase in which inferences are projected to the target. To test these claims, we collected comprehensibility judgments for forward (e.g., "A rumor is a virus") and reversed ("A virus is a rumor") metaphors at early and late stages of processing, using a deadline procedure. We found an advantage for the forward direction late in processing, but no directional preference early in processing. Implications for metaphor theory are discussed.
Emotion and decision-making explained: Response to commentators

One of the themes of Emotion and Decision-Making Explained (Rolls, 2014c) is that there are multiple routes to emotionrelated responses, with some illustrated  Brain systems involved in decoding stimuli in terms of whether they are instrumental reinforcers so that goal directed actions may be performed to obtain or avoid the stimuli are emphasized as being important for emotional states, for an intervening state may be needed to bridge the time gap between the decoding of a goal-directed stimulus, and the actions that may need to be set into train and directed to obtain or avoid the emotionrelated stimulus. In contrast, when unconditioned or classically conditioned responses such as autonomic responses, freezing, turning away etc. are required, there is no need for intervening states such as emotional states. These points are covered in Chapters 2e4 and 10 of the book. Ono and Nishijo (2014) raise the issue of the extent to which subcortical pathways are involved in the elicitation of some of these emotion-related responses. They describe interesting research that pulvinar neurons in macaques may respond to snakes, and may provide a route that does not require cortical processing for some probably innately specified visual stimuli to produce responses. With respect to Fig. 1, the pathway is that some of the inputs labeled as primary reinforcers may reach brain regions including the amygdala by a subcortical route. LeDoux (2012) provides evidence in the same direction, in his case involving a ‘low road’ for auditory stimuli such as tones (which do not required cortical processing) to reach, via a subcortical pathway, the amygdala, where classically conditioned e.g., freezing and autonomic responses may be learned. Consistently, there is evidence (Chapter 4) that humans with damage to the primary visual cortex who describe themselves as blind do nevertheless show some responses to stimuli such as a face expression (de Gelder, Vroomen, Pourtois, & Weiskrantz, 1999; Tamietto et al., 2009; Tamietto & de Gelder, 2010). I agree that the elicitation of unconditioned and conditioned responses to these particular types of stimuli (LeDoux, 2014) is of interest (Rolls, 2014a). However, in Emotion and Decision-Making Explained, I emphasize that there aremassive cortical inputs to structures involved in emotion such as the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, and that neurons in both structures can have viewinvariant responses to visual stimuli including faces which specify face identity, and can have responses that are selective for particular emotional expressions (Leonard, Rolls, Wilson, & Baylis, 1985; Rolls, 1984, 2007, 2011, 2012; Rolls, Critchley, Browning, & Inoue, 2006) which reflect the neuronal responses found in the temporal cortical and related visual areas, as we discovered (Perrett, Rolls, & Caan, 1982; Rolls, 2007, 2008a, 2011, 2012; Sanghera, Rolls, & Roper-Hall, 1979). View invariant representations are important for
Breakthrough Silicon Scanning Discovers Backdoor in Military Chip

This paper is a short summary of the first real world detection of a backdoor in a military grade FPGA. Using an innovative patented technique we were able to detect and analyse in the first documented case of its kind, a backdoor inserted into the Actel/Microsemi ProASIC3 chips for accessing FPGA configuration. The backdoor was found amongst additional JTAG functionality and exists on the silicon itself, it was not present in any firmware loaded onto the chip. Using Pipeline Emission Analysis (PEA), our pioneered technique, we were able to extract the secret key to activate the backdoor, as well as other security keys such as the AES and the Passkey. This way an attacker can extract all the configuration data from the chip, reprogram crypto and access keys, modify low-level silicon features, access unencrypted configuration bitstream or permanently damage the device. Clearly this means the device is wide open to intellectual property (IP) theft, fraud, re-programming as well as reverse engineering of the design which allows the introduction of a new backdoor or Trojan. Most concerning, it is not possible to patch the backdoor in chips already deployed, meaning those using this family of chips have to accept the fact they can be easily compromised or will have to be physically replaced after a redesign of the silicon itself.
An Online Examination System Based on UML Modeling and MVC Design Pattern

In this paper, the design and implementation of an online examination system for medical students are introduced. The system aims to improve teaching quality, motivate students' self-learning and refresh basic and clinical knowledge for medical students and young doctors. In the design of this system, we applied Unified Modeling Language (UML) modeling, such as use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, etc. The functional requirements are traced from use case models to component model via analysis and design models, thus the components derived using this approach form the components of Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture. It's proven very helpful to smooth the communication between medical teachers and software developers, increase code reuse and speed up the development.
Security Architecture for Cloud Computing Environments

Cloud computing is becoming very popular computing paradigm for network applications in open distributed environments. In essence, the idea is to host various application servers in a virtual network environment (“cloud”) and offer their use through the concept of (Web) and other services. Contrary to classical network applications approach in the form of client–server model, in a cloud environment users do not access individual application servers, do not establish direct connections with them, do not send request messages directly to those servers, and do not receive direct replies from them. Instead, clients access those application servers through cloud access proxies, special servers that perform publishing and exporting various (usually Web) services available in a cloud.
Automatic variable frequency asymmetrical control of half-bridge series resonant inverters for low-cost domestic induction cooking

This paper presents a digital implementation of power control for induction cooking appliances with domestic low-cost vessels. The proposed control strategy is based on the asymmetrical duty-cycle with automatic switching-frequency tracking control employing a digital phase locked-loop (DPLL) control on high performance microcontroller. With the use of a phase locked-loop control, this method ensures the zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation under load parameter variation and power control at any power levels. Experimental results have shown that the proposed control method can reach the minimum output power at 15% of the rated value.
Trans-Fistula Anorectoplasty (TFARP): Our Experience in the Management of Anorectovestibular Fistula in Neonates

The purpose of the study was to observe the outcome of trans-fistula anorectoplasty (TFARP) in treating female neonates with anorectovestibular fistula (ARVF).



A prospective study was carried out on female neonates with vestibular fistula, admitted into the surgical department of a tertiary level children hospital during the period from January 2009 to June 2011. TFARP without a covering colostomy was performed for definitive correction in the neonatal period in all. Data regarding demographics, clinical presentation, associated anomalies, preoperative findings, preoperative preparations, operative technique, difficulties faced during surgery, duration of surgery, postoperative course including complications, hospital stay, bowel habits and continence was prospectively compiled and analyzed. Anorectal function was measured by the modified Wingspread scoring as, "excellent", "good", "fair" and "poor".



Thirty-nine neonates with vestibular fistula underwent single stage TFARP. Mean operation time was 81 minutes and mean hospital stay was 6 days. Three (7.7%) patients suffered vaginal tear during separation from the rectal wall. Two patients (5.1%) developed wound infection at neoanal site that resulted in anal stenosis. Eight (20.51%) children in the series are more than 3 years of age and are continent; all have attained "excellent" fecal continence score. None had constipation or soiling. Other 31 (79.5%) children less than 3 years of age have satisfactory anocutaneous reflex and anal grip on per rectal digital examination, though occasional soiling was observed in 4 patients.



Primary repair of ARVF in female neonates by TFARP without dividing the perineum is a feasible procedure with good cosmetic appearance and good anal continence. Separation of the rectum from the posterior wall of vagina is the most delicate step of the operation, takes place under direct vision. It is very important to keep the perineal body intact. With meticulous preoperative bowel preparation and post operative wound care and bowel management, single stage reconstruction is possible in neonates with satisfactory results.
A Survey on OFDM-Based Elastic Core Optical Networking

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technology that has been widely adopted in many new and emerging broadband wireless and wireline communication systems. Due to its capability to transmit a high-speed data stream using multiple spectral-overlapped lower-speed subcarriers, OFDM technology offers superior advantages of high spectrum efficiency, robustness against inter-carrier and inter-symbol interference, adaptability to server channel conditions, etc. In recent years, there have been intensive studies on optical OFDM (O-OFDM) transmission technologies, and it is considered a promising technology for future ultra-high-speed optical transmission. Based on O-OFDM technology, a novel elastic optical network architecture with immense flexibility and scalability in spectrum allocation and data rate accommodation could be built to support diverse services and the rapid growth of Internet traffic in the future. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on OFDM-based elastic optical network technologies, including basic principles of OFDM, O-OFDM technologies, the architectures of OFDM-based elastic core optical networks, and related key enabling technologies. The main advantages and issues of OFDM-based elastic core optical networks that are under research are also discussed.
Septum-Enhanced Mammaplasty in Inferocentral Pedicled Breast Reduction for Macromastia and Gigantomastia Patients

Inferior pedicle and free nipple grafting are commonly used as breast reduction techniques for patients with breast hypertrophy and gigantomastia. Limitations of these techniques are, respectively, possible vascular compromise and total/partial necrosis of the nipple–areola complex (NAC). The authors describe the innovative inferocentral pedicled reduction mammaplasty (ICPBR) enhanced by preservation of Würinger’s septum for severe hypertrophic breasts. Among 287 breast reductions performed between January 2001 and 2015, 83 (28.9%) macromastia and gigantomastia patients met the inclusion criteria (breast volume resection ≥400 g–sternal notch-to-nipple distance ≥33 cm) and were included in the study. Patients were stratified according to pedicle type: Group A (51 patients) underwent ICPBR with Würinger’s septum preservation; group B (32 patients) underwent IPBR. Groups were compared for NAC vascular complications, surgical revisions, wound-healing period and patient satisfaction at a minimum 6-month follow-up assessed by a five-category questionnaire (breast size, shape, symmetry, texture and scars appearance), with five Likert subscales (1 = poor to 5 = excellent). Descriptive statistics were reported, and comparisons of performance endpoints between groups were performed using Chi-squared, Fisher’s exact and Mann–Whitney U tests, with p value <0.05 considered significant. Group A and group B had, respectively, a mean age of 48.3 ± 12.4 and 50.1 ± 11.7 years, mean BMI of 23.8 and 24.6, mean weight resected of 560 ± 232 g and 590 ± 195 g, mean sternal notch-to-nipple distance of 35.1 and 34.3 cm, average nipple elevation of 9.7 and 9.5 cm. Among group A and group B, NAC complication rates were, respectively, 6.2 and 24.2% (p = 0.03), surgical revision rates were 33.3 and 60% (p = 1.00), healing time was 15.90 ± 3.2 and 19.03 ± 5.9 days (p = 0.002), and mean patient satisfaction scores were 19.9 ± 2.6 and 18.7 ± 3.4 (p = 0.07). The ICPBR technique enhanced by Würinger’s septum preservation was found to be a reproducible and effective procedure for hypertrophic breasted and gigantomastia patients, improving the reliability of the vascular supply to the inferior–central pedicle. The authors do believe this procedure should be regarded as an innovative and safe option giving optimal aesthetic outcomes in this demanding group of patients. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
THEORISING VIDEO GAME NARRATIVE

This thesis examines several aspects of narrative in video games, in order to construct a detailed image of the characteristics that separate video game narrative from other, noninteractive narrative forms. These findings are subsequently used to identify and define three basic models of video game narrative. Since it has also been argued that video games should not have narrative in the first place, the validity of this question is also examined. Overall, it is found that while the interactive nature of the video game does indeed cause some problems for the implementation of narrative, this relationship is not as problematic as has been claimed, and there seems to be no reason to argue that video games and narrative should be kept separate from each other. It is also found that the interactivity of the video game encourages the use of certain narrative tools while discouraging or disabling the author’s access to other options. Thus, video games in general allow for a much greater degree of subjectivity than is typical in non-interactive narrative forms. At the same time, the narrator’s ability to manipulate time within the story is restricted precisely because of this increased subjectivity. Another interesting trait of video game narrative is that it opens up the possibility of the game player sharing some of the author’s abilities as the narrator. Three models of video game narrative are suggested. These included the linear ‘string of pearls’ model, where the player is given a certain degree of freedom at certain times during the game, but ultimately still follows a linear storyline; the ‘branching narrative’ model, where the player helps define the course and ending of the story by selecting from narrative branches; and the ‘amusement park’ model, where the player is invited to put together a story out of a group of optional subplots. The existence of a fourth model, the ‘building blocks’ model, is also noted, but this model is not discussed in detail as it does not utilise any traditional narrative structure, instead allowing the players to define every aspect of the story.
Unsupervised Cross-Domain Image Generation

We explore the problem of general domain transfer by replicating a recent method presented at ICLR 2017. This method maps a sample from one domain to another using a generative adversarial network (GAN) in an unsupervised fashion. We attempt to replicate this method in two visual application areas digits and faces and perform additional analysis on various components of the approach. We achieve similar visual results for digits but not faces, finding that the training procedure is crucial to a successful GAN implementation.