nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people

Most ecological processes now show responses to anthropogenic climate change. In terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, species are changing genetically, physiologically, morphologically, and phenologically and are shifting their distributions, which affects food webs and results in new interactions. Disruptions scale from the gene to the ecosystem and have documented consequences for people, including unpredictable fisheries and crop yields, loss of genetic diversity in wild crop varieties, and increasing impacts of pests and diseases. In addition to the more easily observed changes, such as shifts in flowering phenology, we argue that many hidden dynamics, such as genetic changes, are also taking place. Understanding shifts in ecological processes can guide human adaptation strategies. In addition to reducing greenhouse gases, climate action and policy must therefore focus equally on strategies that safeguard biodiversity and ecosystems.
International cyber security challenges

The opportunities provided by the information and communications technology, with a special emphasis on the Internet, have become an integral part of life. However, are we sufficiently aware and prepared as individuals, nations or the international community for the threats coming from cyberspace or for the denial of the use of that dimension of communication, commerce and even warfare? Namely, despite the growing number of users, the Internet is still beyond or below minimum regulation. Those are precisely the conditions for the organization and realization of hostile action in cyberspace. There are security issues within the cyberspace that represent a security risk and challenge of modern times. The development and application of the information and communications technology has created a new battleground. As a special challenge to international security, cyber terrorism arises. Cyber security will significantly affect international relations in the 21st century. This paper gives an overview of the concepts and principles of cyber threats that affect the safety and security in an international context.
Lambda-calculus models of programming languages.

Two aspect of programming languages, recursive definitions and type declarations are analyzed in detail. Church's %-calculus is used as a model of a programming language for purposes of the analysis. The main result on recursion is an analogue to Kleene's first recursion theorem: If A = FA for any %-expressions A and F, then A is an extension of YF in the sense that if E[YF], any expression containing YF, has a normal form then E[YF] = E[A]. Y is Curry's paradoxical combinator. The result is shown to be invariant for many different versions of Y. A system of types and type declarations is developed for the %-calculus and its semantic assumptions are identified. The system is shown to be adequate in the sense that it permits a preprocessor to check formulae prior to evaluation to prevent type errors. It is shown that any formula with a valid assignment of types to all its subexpressions must have a normal form.  John M. Wozencraft Title: Professor of Electrical Engineering
Electronic Word of Mouth : Definitions and Concepts

Because of its great impact on the consumer's behavior, electronic Word Of Mouth (eWOM) has become an important concept for the researchers and during the last decade, a great deal of attention was paid to the concept of eWOM. However, despite the growing number of studies on the subject, related literature remains fragmented, possibly affecting the long term development of the eWOM research. Fragmentation of this research can be traced back to a lack of conceptualization of the term eWOM. Therefore, this chapter proposes to highlight the great impact of eWOM on consumer's behavior and to shed light on this concept. Then, this chapter will first introduce the context in which eWOM takes place, define the concept and distinguish it from other close concepts like traditional word of mouth, buzz marketing and viral marketing. At the end, the last section will focus on the importance given by consumers to eWOM.
Dynamic Routing Between Capsules

A capsule is a group of neurons whose activity vector represents the instantiation parameters of a specific type of entity such as an object or an object part. We use the length of the activity vector to represent the probability that the entity exists and its orientation to represent the instantiation parameters. Active capsules at one level make predictions, via transformation matrices, for the instantiation parameters of higher-level capsules. When multiple predictions agree, a higher level capsule becomes active. We show that a discrimininatively trained, multi-layer capsule system achieves state-of-the-art performance on MNIST and is considerably better than a convolutional net at recognizing highly overlapping digits. To achieve these results we use an iterative routing-by-agreement mechanism: A lower-level capsule prefers to send its output to higher level capsules whose activity vectors have a big scalar product with the prediction coming from the lower-level capsule.
The influence of the informal social learning environment on information privacy policy compliance efficacy and intention

29 September 2009  19 April 2010 2nd Revision: 5 July 2010 3rd  8 December 2010  Throughout the world, sensitive personal information is now protected by regulatory requirements that have translated into significant new compliance oversight responsibilities for IT managers who have a legal mandate to ensure that individual employees are adequately prepared and motivated to observe policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance. This research project investigates the antecedents of information privacy policy compliance efficacy by individuals. Using Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance within the healthcare industry as a practical proxy for general organizational privacy policy compliance, the results of this survey of 234 healthcare professionals indicate that certain social conditions within the organizational setting (referred to as external cues and comprising situational support, verbal persuasion, and vicarious experience) contribute to an informal learning process. This process is distinct from the formal compliance training procedures and is shown to influence employee perceptions of efficacy to engage in compliance activities, which contributes to behavioural intention to comply with information privacy policies. Implications for managers and researchers are discussed.  (2011) 20, 267–284. doi:10.1057/ejis.2010.72; published online 25 January 2011
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are marked loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), which causes dopamine depletion in the striatum, and the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies in the remaining cells. It remains unclear why dopaminergic neuronal cell death and Lewy body formation occur in PD. The pathological changes in PD are seen not only in the SNc but also in the locus coeruleus, pedunculo pontine nucleus, raphe nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve, olfactory bulb, parasympathetic as well as sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons, Mynert nucleus, and the cerebral cortex (Braak et al. 2003). Widespread neuropathology in the brainstem and cortical regions are responsible for various motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Although dopamine replacement therapy improves the functional prognosis of PD, there is currently no treatment that prevents the progression of this disease. Previous studies provided possible evidence that the pathogenesis of PD involves complex interactions between environmental and multiple genetic factors. Exposure to the environmental toxin MPTP was identified as one cause of parkinsonism in 1983 (Langston & Ballard 1983). In addition to MPTP, other environmental toxins, such as the herbicide paraquat and the pesticide rotenone have been shown to contribute to dopaminergic neuronal cell loss and parkinsonism. In contrast, cigarette smoking, caffeine use, and high normal plasma urate levels are associated with lower risk of PD (Hernan et al. 2002). Recently, Braak and coworkers proposed the “Dual Hit” theory, which postulated an unknown pathogen accesses the brain through two pathways, the nose and the gut (Hawkes et al. 2007). Subsequently, a prion-like mechanism might contribute to the propagation of αsynuclein from the peripheral nerve to the central nervous system (Angot et al. 2010). Approximately 5% of patients with clinical features of PD have clear familial etiology. Therefore, genetic factors clearly contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. Over the decade, more than 16 loci and 11 causative genes have been identified, and many studies have shed light on their implication in, not only monogenic, but also sporadic forms of PD. Recent studies revealed that PD-associated genes play important roles in cellular functions, such as mitochondrial functions, the ubiquitin-proteasomal system, autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and membrane trafficking (Hatano et al. 2009). In this chapter, we review the investigations of environmental and genetic factors of PD .
Infusing Creativity and Technology in 21st Century Education: A Systemic View for Change

In this article, we explore creativity alongside educational technology, as fundamental constructs of 21st century education. Creativity has becoming increasingly important, as one of the most important and noted skills for success in the 21st century. We offer a definition of creativity; and draw upon a systems model of creativity, to suggest creativity emerges and exists within a system, rather than only at the level of individual processes. We suggest that effective infusion of creativity and technology in education must be considered in a three-fold systemic manner: at the levels of teacher education, assessment and educational policy. We provide research and practical implications with broad recommendations across these three areas, to build discourse around infusion of creative thinking and technology in 21st century educational systems.
Low Cost Smart Stick for Blind and Partially Sighted People

The paper represents a novel approach to overcome the major challenges face by blind and partially blind people to cross the road and read. The proposed voice stick used to cross the road and reach their destination without any support. It is introduced a new technique to read printed material using Android phone. Low cost able to serve as a smart blind stick being more efficient and helpful than the conventional one. This will assist the blind persons during the walk and provides an alarm if any hurdle is detected within the set range.
The Ship Movement Trajectory Prediction Algorithm Using Navigational Data Fusion

It is essential for the marine navigator conducting maneuvers of his ship at sea to know future positions of himself and target ships in a specific time span to effectively solve collision situations. This article presents an algorithm of ship movement trajectory prediction, which, through data fusion, takes into account measurements of the ship's current position from a number of doubled autonomous devices. This increases the reliability and accuracy of prediction. The algorithm has been implemented in NAVDEC, a navigation decision support system and practically used on board ships.
Main Issues in Big Data Security

Data is currently one of the most important assets for companies in every field. The continuous growth in the importance and volume of data has created a new problem: it cannot be handled by traditional analysis techniques. This problem was, therefore, solved through the creation of a new paradigm: Big Data. However, Big Data originated new issues related not only to the volume or the variety of the data, but also to data security and privacy. In order to obtain a full perspective of the problem, we decided to carry out an investigation with the objective of highlighting the main issues regarding Big Data security, and also the solutions proposed by the scientific community to solve them. In this paper, we explain the results obtained after applying a systematic mapping study to security in the Big Data ecosystem. It is almost impossible to carry out detailed research into the entire topic of security, and the outcome of this research is, therefore, a big picture of the main problems related to security in a Big Data system, along with the principal solutions to them proposed by the research community.
Customized logistics service and online shoppers' satisfaction: an empirical study

Customized logistics service and online shoppers’ satisfaction: an empirical study Mingyao Hu Fang Huang Hanping Hou Yong Chen Larissa Bulysheva Article information: To cite this document: Mingyao Hu Fang Huang Hanping Hou Yong Chen Larissa Bulysheva , (2016),"Customized logistics service and online shoppers’ satisfaction: an empirical study", Internet Research, Vol. 26 Iss 2 pp. Permanent link to this document:
Adversarially Regularized Autoencoders

Deep latent variable models, trained using variational autoencoders or generative adversarial networks, are now a key technique for representation learning of continuous structures. However, applying similar methods to discrete structures, such as text sequences or discretized images, has proven to be more challenging. In this work, we propose a flexible method for training deep latent variable models of discrete structures. Our approach is based on the recently-proposed Wasserstein autoencoder (WAE) which formalizes the adversarial autoencoder (AAE) as an optimal transport problem. We first extend this framework to model discrete sequences, and then further explore different learned priors targeting a controllable representation. This adversarially regularized autoencoder (ARAE) allows us to generate natural textual outputs as well as perform manipulations in the latent space to induce change in the output space. Finally we show that the latent representation can be trained to perform unaligned textual style transfer, giving improvements both in automatic/human evaluation compared to existing methods.
Combination of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 reduces post-myocardial infarction depression symptoms and restores intestinal permeability in a rat model.

Myocardial infarction (MI) in rats is accompanied by apoptosis in the limbic system and a behavioural syndrome similar to models of depression. We have already shown that probiotics can reduce post-MI apoptosis and designed the present study to determine if probiotics can also prevent post-MI depressive behaviour. We also tested the hypothesis that probiotics achieve their central effects through changes in the intestinal barrier. MI was induced in anaesthetised rats via 40-min transient occlusion of the left anterior coronary artery. Sham rats underwent the same surgical procedure without actual coronary occlusion. For 7 d before MI and between the seventh post-MI day and euthanasia, half the MI and sham rats were given one billion live bacterial cells of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 per d dissolved in water, while the remaining animals received only the vehicle (maltodextrin). Depressive behaviour was evaluated 2 weeks post-MI in social interaction, forced swimming and passive avoidance step-down tests. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by oral administration with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, 4 h before euthanasia. MI rats displayed less social interaction and impaired performance in the forced swimming and passive avoidance step-down tests compared to the sham controls (P < 0·05). Probiotics reversed the behavioural effects of MI (P < 0·05), but did not alter the behaviour of sham rats. Intestinal permeability was increased in MI rats and reversed by probiotics. In conclusion, L. helveticus R0052 and B. longum R0175 combination interferes with the development of post-MI depressive behaviour and restores intestinal barrier integrity in MI rats.
Ad Click Prediction in Sequence with Long Short-Term Memory Networks: an Externality-aware Model

Ad click prediction is a task to estimate the click-through rate (CTR) in sponsored ads, the accuracy of which impacts user search experience and businesses' revenue. State-of-the-art sponsored search systems typically model it as a classification problem and employ machine learning approaches to predict the CTR per ad. In this paper, we propose a new approach to predict ad CTR in sequence which considers user browsing behavior and the impact of top ads quality to the current one. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt in the literature to predict ad CTR by using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) cells. The proposed model is evaluated on a real dataset and we show that LSTM-RNN outperforms DNN model on both AUC and RIG. Since the RNN inference is time consuming, a simplified version is also proposed, which can achieve more than half of the gain with the overall serving cost almost unchanged.
1 Hardware Implementation of a Fuzzy Logic 2 Controller for a Hybrid Wind-Solar System in an 3 Isolated Site 4

In this paper, two main contributions are presented to manage the power flow between a 11 wind turbine and a solar power system. The first one is to use the fuzzy logic controller as an 12 objective to find the maximum power point tracking, applied to a hybrid wind-solar system, at fixed 13 atmospheric conditions. The second one is to response to real-time control system constraints and 14 to improve the generating system performance. For this, a hardware implementation of the 15 proposed algorithm is performed using the Xilinx system generator. The experimental results show 16 that the suggested system presents high accuracy and acceptable execution time performances. The 17 proposed model and its control strategy offer a proper tool for optimizing the hybrid power system 18 performance which we can use in smart house applications.
Decision Support for e-Governance: A Text Mining Approach

Information and communication technology has the capability to improve the process by which governments involve citizens in formulating public policy and public projects. Even though much of government regulations may now be in digital form (and often available online), due to their complexity and diversity, identifying the ones relevant to a particular context is a non-trivial task. Similarly, with the advent of a number of electronic online forums, social networking sites and blogs, the opportunity of gathering citizens’ petitions and stakeholders’ views on government policy and proposals has increased greatly, but the volume and the complexity of analyzing unstructured data makes this difficult. On the other hand, text mining has come a long way from simple keyword search, and matured into a discipline capable of dealing with much more complex tasks. In this paper we discuss how text-mining techniques can help in retrieval of information and relationships from textual data sources, thereby assisting policy makers in discovering associations between policies and citizens’ opinions expressed in electronic public forums and blogs etc. We also present here, an integrated text mining based architecture for e-governance decision support along with a discussion on the Indian scenario.
A theory of holistic comfort for nursing.

Although the construct of comfort has been analysed, diagrammed in a two-dimensional content map, and operationalized as a holistic outcome, it has not been conceptualized within the context of a broader theory for the discipline of nursing. The theoretical work presented here utilizes an intra-actional perspective to develop a theory of comfort as a positive outcome of nursing case. A model of human press is the framework within which comfort is related to (a) interventions that enhance the state of comfort and (b) desirable subsequent outcomes of nursing care. The paper concludes with a discussion about the theory of comfort as a significant one for the discipline of nursing.
Preparation of Chitosan from Shrimp Shell and Investigation of Its Properties

Chitosan was prepared from shrimp processing waste (shell) using the same chemical process as described for the other crustacean species with minor modification in the treatment condition. The physicochemical properties, molecular weight (165394g/mole), degree of deacetylation (75%), ash content as well as yield (15%) of prepared chitosan indicated that shrimp processing waste (shell) are a good source of chitosan. The water binding capacity (502%) and fat binding capacity (370%) of prepared chitosan are good agreement with the commercial chitosan. FT-IR spectra gave characteristics bands of –NH2 at 3443cm -1 and carbonyl at 1733cm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns also indicated two characteristics crystalline peaks approximately at 10° and 20° (2θ).The surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Index Term-Shrimp waste, Chitin, Deacetylation, Chitosan,
The Insider Threat to Information Systems

In the information age, as we have become increasingly dependent upon complex information systems, there has been a focus on the vulnerability of these systems to computer crime and security attacks, exemplified by the work of the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection. Because of the high-tech nature of these systems and the technological expertise required to develop and maintain them, it is not surprising that overwhelming attention has been devoted by computer security experts to technological vulnerabilities and solutions. Yet, as captured in the title of a 1993 conference sponsored by the Defense Personnel Security Research Center, 2  A Peopleware Problem, it is people who designed the systems, people who attack the systems, and understanding the psychology of information systems criminals is crucial to protecting those systems. s A Management Information Systems (MIS) professional at a military facility learns she is going to be downsized. She decides to encrypt large parts of the organization's database and hold it hostage. She contacts the systems administrator responsible for the database and offers to decode the data for $10,000 in " severance pay " and a promise of no prosecution. He agrees to her terms before consulting with proper authorities. Prosecutors reviewing the case determine that the administrator's deal precludes them from pursuing charges. s A postcard written by an enlisted man is discovered during the arrest of several members of a well-known hacker organization by the FBI. Writing from his military base where he serves as a computer specialist, he has inquired about establishing a relationship with the group. Investigation reveals the enlisted man to be a convicted hacker and former group member who had been offered a choice between prison and enlistment. While performing computer duties for the military, he is caught breaking into local phone systems. s An engineer at an energy processing plant becomes angry with his new supervisor, a non-technical administrator. The engineer's wife is terminally ill, and he is on probation after a series of angry and disruptive episodes at work. After he is sent home, the engineering staff discovers that he has made a series of idiosyncratic modifications to plant controls and safety systems. In response to being confronted about these changes, the engineer decides to withhold the password, threatening the productivity and safety of the plant. s At the regional headquarters of an international energy company, an MIS contractor effectively " captures …