nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Penis and Prepuce

The penis is the male organ of copulation and is composed of erectile tissue that encases the extrapelvic portion of the urethra . The penis of the horse is musculocavernous and can be divided into three parts: the root, the body or shaft, and the glans penis. The penis originates caudally at the root, which is fixed to the lateral aspects of the ischial arch by two crura (leg-like parts) that converge to form the shaft of the penis. The shaft constitutes the major portion of the penis and begins at the junction of the crura. It is attached caudally to the symphysis ischii of the pelvis by two short suspensory ligaments that merge with the origin of the gracilis muscles . The glans penis is the conical enlargement that caps the shaft. The urethra passes over the ischial arch between the crura and curves cranioventrally to become incorporated within erectile tissue of the penis. The mobile shaft and glans penis extend cranioventrally to the umbilical region of the abdominal wall. The body is cylindrical but compressed laterally. When quiescent, the penis is soft, compressible, and about 50 cm long. Fifteen to 20 cm lie free in the prepuce. When maximally erect, the penis is up to three times longer than when it is in a quiescent state. Erectile Bodies
Discovering General-Purpose Active Learning Strategies

We propose a general-purpose approach to discovering active learning (AL) strategies from data. These strategies are transferable from one domain to another and can be used in conjunction with many machine learning models. To this end, we formalize the annotation process as a Markov decision process, design universal state and action spaces and introduce a new reward function that precisely model the AL objective of minimizing the annotation cost We seek to find an optimal (non-myopic) AL strategy using reinforcement learning. We evaluate the learned strategies on multiple unrelated domains and show that they consistently outperform state-of-the-art baselines.
Object-Based Selective Materialization for Efficient Implementation of Spatial Data Cubes

ÐWith a huge amount of data stored in spatial databases and the introduction of spatial components to many relational or object-relational databases, it is important to study the methods for spatial data warehousing and OLAP of spatial data. In this paper, we study methods for spatial OLAP, by integration of nonspatial OLAP methods with spatial database implementation techniques. A spatial data warehouse model, which consists of both spatial and nonspatial dimensions and measures, is proposed. Methods for computation of spatial data cubes and analytical processing on such spatial data cubes are studied, with several strategies proposed, including approximation and selective materialization of the spatial objects resulted from spatial OLAP operations. The focus of our study is on a method for spatial cube construction, called object-based selective materialization, which is different from cuboid-based selective materialization proposed in previous studies of nonspatial data cube construction. Rather than using a cuboid as an atomic structure during the selective materialization, we explore granularity on a much finer level, that of a single cell of a cuboid. Several algorithms are proposed for object-based selective materialization of spatial data cubes and the performance study has demonstrated the effectiveness of these techniques. Index TermsÐData warehouse, data mining, online analytical processing (OLAP), spatial databases, spatial data analysis, spatial
American College of Gastroenterology Monograph on the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and chronic idiopathic constipation ((CIC) also referred to as functional constipation) are two of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. IBS is a global problem, with anywhere from 5 to 15 % of the general population experiencing symptoms that would satisfy a defi nition of IBS ( 1,2 ). In a systematic review on the global prevalence of IBS, Lovell and Ford ( 1 ) documented a pooled prevalence of 11 % with all regions of the world suff ering from this disorder at similar rates. Given its prevalence, the frequency of symptoms, and their associated debility for many patients and the fact that IBS typically occurs in younger adulthood, an important period for furthering education, embarking on careers, and / or raising families, the socioeconomic impact of IBS is considerable. Th ese indirect medical costs are frequently compounded by the direct medical costs related to additional medical tests and the use of various medical and nonmedical remedies that may have limited impact. CIC is equally common; in another systematic review, Suares and Ford ( 3 ) reported a pooled prevalence of 14 % , and also noted that constipation was more common in females, in older subjects, and those of lower socioeconomic status ( 3 ). Chronic constipation has also been linked to impaired quality of life ( 4 ), most notably among the elderly ( 5 ). Neither IBS nor CIC are associated with abnormal radiologic or endoscopic abnormalities, nor are they associated with a reliable biomarker; diagnosis currently rests entirely, therefore, on clinical grounds. Although a number of clinical defi nitions of both IBS and CIC have been proposed, the criteria developed through the Rome process, currently in its third iteration, have been those most widely employed in clinical trials and, therefore, most relevant to any review of the literature on the management of these disorders. According to Rome III, IBS is defi ned on the basis of the presence of: Recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least 3 days / month in the past 3 months associated with two or more of the following:
Adaptive Clustering Segmentation Based on Pixel Color

聚类算法是非常流行和通用的算法,但聚类结果 依赖于初始集和算法容易陷于局部最优解,是影响聚类 结果的两个主要因素,也是在使用聚类算法时必须要考 虑的问题。很多算法在这两个方面都作了改进,层次 聚类针对数据之间的内部联系,能为聚类提供很好的 初始集,在线聚类在聚类过程中按照某种规则将样本重 聚类,PCA等方法通过一个函数映射过程,对数据进 行线性组合,以达到降维划分。2007 年 2 月,加拿大 Toronto 大学的 Brendan J. Frey t和 Delbert Dueck 提出了 一种利用点对间的相似性进行近亲繁殖迭代,直到实现 聚类。该方法与其它聚类算法相比,具有较快的速度和 鲁棒性,有效地避免了初始集难以确定的问题[8]。在本 文算法中,针对聚类算法的两个问题提出了一个自适应 的方法,该方法不需要人工干预,根据图像自动选择初 始集,且采用颜色距离和空间距离两种尺度作为聚类准 则,避开了算法在不恰当的局部最优收敛的可能。本文 基于色彩的自适应聚类分割
Postoperative voiding criteria for ambulatory surgery patients.

The number and types of surgeries being performed in ambulatory surgery facilities have increased during the past several years. Many surgeries that were once performed on an inpatient basis routinely occur in outpatient settings today. Patients are required to meet certain discharge requirements and, occasionally, voiding is included in this criteria. Requiring patients to void postoperatively, however, can unnecessarily delay a patient's discharge and contribute to increased anxiety for the patient. This article provides a case study with discussion, a literature review regarding postoperative voiding and urinary retention in ambulatory surgery, and recommendations for future research regarding postoperative voiding criteria for low-risk outpatients.
In vitro susceptibility of Candida albicans to four disinfectants and their combinations.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of seven strains of Candida albicans to four disinfectants: iodine potassium iodide, chlorhexidine acetate, sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide. In addition, all possible pairs of the disinfectants were tested in order to compare the effect of the combination and its components.



Filter paper discs were immersed in standardized yeast suspensions and then transferred to disinfectant solutions of different concentrations and incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 s, 5 min, 1 h and 24 h. After incubation the filter paper discs were transferred to vials with PBS and glass beads that were then vigorously shaken for dispersal of the yeast cells. PBS with resuspended yeasts was serially diluted 10-fold. Droplets of 25 microL from each dilution were inoculated on TSB agar plates and incubated in air at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The number of colony-forming units was then calculated from appropriate dilutions.



C. albicans cells were highly resistant to calcium hydroxide. Sodium hypochlorite (5% and 0.5%) and iodine (2%) potassium iodide (4%) killed all yeast cells within 30 s, whilst chlorhexidine acetate (0.5%) showed complete killing after 5 min. Combinations of disinfectants were equally or less effective than the more effective component. All C. albicans strains tested showed similar susceptibility to the medicaments tested.



This study indicates that sodium hypochlorite, iodine potassium iodide and chlorhexidine acetate are more effective than calcium hydroxide against C. albicans in vitro. However, combining calcium hydroxide with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine may provide a wide-spectrum antimicrobial preparation with a long-lasting effect.
A Novel Framework for Database Security Based on Mixed Cryptography

Database security has become a vital issue in modern Web applications. Critical business data in databases is an evident target for attack. Therefore, ensuring the confidentiality, privacy and integrity of data is a major issue for the security of database systems. Recent high profile data thefts have shown that perimeter defenses are insufficient to secure sensitive data. This paper studies security of the databases shared between many parties from a cryptographic perspective. We propose Mixed Cryptography Database (MCDB), a novel framework to encrypt databases over untrusted networks in a mixed form using many keys owned by different parties. The encryption process is based on a new data classification according to the data owner. The proposed framework is very useful in strengthening the protection of sensitive data even if the database server is attacked at multiple points from the inside or outside.
Peer-to-Peer Markets

Peer-to-peer markets such as eBay, Uber, and Airbnb allow small suppliers to compete with traditional providers of goods or services. We view the primary function of these markets as making it easy for buyers to nd sellers and engage in convenient, trustworthy transactions. We discuss elements of market design that make this possible, including search and matching algorithms, pricing, and reputation systems. We then develop a simple model of how these markets enable entry by small or exible suppliers, and the resulting impact on existing rms. Finally, we consider the regulation of peer-to-peer markets, and the economic arguments for di¤erent approaches to licensing and certication, data and employment regulation. We appreciate support from the National Science Foundation, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, the Toulouse Network on Information Technology, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. yEinav and Levin: Department of Economics, Stanford University and NBER.  Email: leinav@stanford.edu, chiarafarronato@gmail.com, jdlevin@stanford.edu.
Simple Test Strategies for Cost-Sensitive Decision Trees

We study cost-sensitive learning of decision trees that incorporate both test costs and misclassification costs. In particular, we first propose a lazy decision tree learning that minimizes the total cost of tests and misclassifications. Then assuming test examples may contain unknown attributes whose values can be obtained at a cost (the test cost), we design several novel test strategies which attempt to minimize the total cost of tests and misclassifications for each test example. We empirically evaluate our treebuilding and various test strategies, and show that they are very effective. Our results can be readily applied to real-world diagnosis tasks, such as medical diagnosis where doctors must try to determine what tests (e.g., blood tests) should be ordered for a patient to minimize the total cost of tests and misclassifications (misdiagnosis). A case study on heart disease is given throughout the paper.
Writing Meta-Analytic Reviews

This article describes what should typically be included in the introduction, method, results, and discussion sections of a meta-analytic review. Method sections include information on literature searches, criteria for inclusion of studies, and a listing of the characteristics recorded for each study. Results sections include information describing the distribution of obtained effect sizes, central tendencies, variability, tests of significance, confidence intervals, tests for heterogeneity, and contrasts (univariate or multivariate). The interpretation of meta-analytic results is often facilitated by the inclusion of the binomial effect size display procedure, the coefficient of robustness, file drawer analysis, and, where overall results are not significant, the counternull value of the obtained effect size and power analysis.
Biomedical Applications of Untethered Mobile Milli/Microrobots

Untethered robots miniaturized to the length scale of millimeter and below attract growing attention for the prospect of transforming many aspects of health care and bioengineering. As the robot size goes down to the order of a single cell, previously inaccessible body sites would become available for high-resolution in situ and in vivo manipulations. This unprecedented direct access would enable an extensive range of minimally invasive medical operations. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current advances in biomedical untethered mobile milli/microrobots. We put a special emphasis on the potential impacts of biomedical microrobots in the near future. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and emerging concepts associated with designing such a miniaturized robot for operation inside a biological environment for biomedical applications.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in the Two Major Forms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The factors involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are summarized. Intestinal antigens composed of bacterial flora along with antigen presentation and impaired mucosal barrier have an important role in the initiation of IBD. The bacterial community may be modified by the use of antibiotics and probiotics. The dentritic cells recognize the antigens by cell surface Toll like receptor and the cytoplasmic CARD/NOD system. The balance between Th1/Th2/Th17 cell populations being the source of a variety of cytokines regulates the inflammatory mechanisms and the clearance of microbes. The intracellular killing and digestion, including autophagy, are important in the protection against microbes and their toxins. The homing process determines the location and distribution of the immune cells along the gut. All these players are potential targets of pharmacological manipulation of disease status.
A Formal Game for Eliciting Story Structure from Authors

We address the problem of determining the structure of a set of plot points for an interactive narrative. To do so, we define a formal two-player game where a computer can play with an author to learn the structural representation of the story. This technique will allow for authors unfamiliar, or uncomfortable, with mathematical structures to create the inputs interactive narrative algorithms require. We include the underlying mathematical theory as a foundation of our approach, and characterize it’s effectiveness through a series of simulation experiments. Results indicate there is promise in using formal games to aid in authoring interactive narrative structures.
Development of a brief instrument to measure smartphone addiction among nursing students.

Interruptions and distractions due to smartphone use in healthcare settings pose potential risks to patient safety. Therefore, it is important to assess smartphone use at work, to encourage nursing students to review their relevant behaviors, and to recognize these potential risks. This study's aim was to develop a scale to measure smartphone addiction and test its validity and reliability. We investigated nursing students' experiences of distractions caused by smartphones in the clinical setting and their opinions about smartphone use policies. Smartphone addiction and the need for a scale to measure it were identified through a literature review and in-depth interviews with nursing students. This scale showed reliability and validity with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In testing the discriminant and convergent validity of the selected (18) items with four factors, the smartphone addiction model explained approximately 91% (goodness-of-fit index = 0.909) of the variance in the data. Pearson correlation coefficients among addiction level, distractions in the clinical setting, and attitude toward policies on smartphone use were calculated. Addiction level and attitude toward policies of smartphone use were negatively correlated. This study suggests that healthcare organizations in Korea should create practical guidelines and policies for the appropriate use of smartphones in clinical practice.
Depth map estimation using census transform for light field cameras

Depth estimation for the lense-array type cameras is a challenging problem because of sensor noise and radiometric distortion which is a global brightness change between sub-aperture images caused by a vignetting effect of the micro-lenses. We propose a depth map estimation method which has robustness against the sensor noise and the radiometric distortion. Our method first binarizes sub-aperture images by applying the census transform. Next, the binarized images are matched by computing the majority operations between corresponding bits and summing up the Hamming distance. An initial map obtained by matching has ambiguity caused by extremely short baselines among sub-aperture images. We refine an initial map by the optimization which uses the assumption that the variations of the depth values in the depth map and of the pixel values in the texture-less objects are similar. Experiments show that our method outperforms the conventional methods.
An admittance control scheme for haptic interfaces based on cable-driven parallel mechanisms

This paper presents a cable-driven parallel mechanism as a haptic interface and its underlying control method. This human-sized, three-degree-of-freedom mechanism has a tetrahedral architecture, four cables and evolves in three-dimensional space. A brief review of the kinematics of the mechanism is presented. Also, an admittance control law coupled with a closed-loop velocity controller is proposed. The control method is then refined by introducing adaptations for smooth surfaces and sharp edges. This control method is then validated by experimental results. Furthermore, the geometry of the mechanism is identified by a method that does not require any other sensor than the motor encoders.
Relax with CouchDB--into the non-relational DBMS era of bioinformatics.

With the proliferation of high-throughput technologies, genome-level data analysis has become common in molecular biology. Bioinformaticians are developing extensive resources to annotate and mine biological features from high-throughput data. The underlying database management systems for most bioinformatics software are based on a relational model. Modern non-relational databases offer an alternative that has flexibility, scalability, and a non-rigid design schema. Moreover, with an accelerated development pace, non-relational databases like CouchDB can be ideal tools to construct bioinformatics utilities. We describe CouchDB by presenting three new bioinformatics resources: (a) geneSmash, which collates data from bioinformatics resources and provides automated gene-centric annotations, (b) drugBase, a database of drug-target interactions with a web interface powered by geneSmash, and (c) HapMap-CN, which provides a web interface to query copy number variations from three SNP-chip HapMap datasets. In addition to the web sites, all three systems can be accessed programmatically via web services.
Large-Scale Analysis of Email Search and Organizational Strategies

Email continues to be an important form of communication as well as a way to manage tasks and archive personal information. As the volume of email grows, organizing and finding relevant email remains challenging. In this paper, we present a large-scale log analysis of the activities that people perform on email mes-sages (accessing external information via links or attachments, responding to messages, and organizing messages), their search behavior, and their organizational practices in a popular web email client.
 First, we characterize general email activities as well as activities associated with search. We find that within search sessions, peo-ple are more likely to access information and respond to messag-es but less likely to organize. Second, we examine the relation-ship between characteristics of a person's mailbox and their search and organizational practices. People with larger mailboxes tend to organize more, respond a little more, and access infor-mation less. People with larger mailboxes and folder structures search more, but the number of folders has less influence on search. Third, we extend previous work on email organization (e.g., filers vs. pilers; cleaners vs. keepers) by examining the extent to which these strategies are evident in our large-scale analysis and influence email activities and search. People who rely heavily on one organizational strategy tend to use others less. People who organize less tend to search more. Finally, we de-scribe how these insights can influence the design of email search.
Graphic user interface modelling and testing automation

A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is the most widely used method whereby information systems interact with users. According to ACM Computing Surveys, on average, more than 45% of software code in a software application is dedicated to the GUI. However, GUI testing is extremely expensive. In unit testing, 10,000 cases can often be automatically tested within a minute whereas, in GUI testing, 10,000 simple GUI test cases need more than 10 hours to complete. To facilitate GUI testing automation, the knowledge model representing the interaction between a user and a computer system is the core. The most advanced GUI testing model to date is the Event Flow Graph (EFG) model proposed by the team of Professor Atif M. Memon at the University of Maryland. The EFG model successfully enabled GUI testing automation for a range of applications. However, it has a number of flaws which prevent it from providing effective GUI testing. Firstly, the EFG model can only model knowledge for basic GUI test automation. Secondly, EFGs are not able to model events with variable follow-up event sets. Thirdly, test cases generation still involves tremendous manual work. This thesis effectively addresses the challenges of existing GUI testing methods and provides a unified solution to GUI testing automation. The three main contributions of this thesis are the proposal of the Graphic User Interface Testing Automation Model
Excess mortality in acromegaly.

Increased production of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in patients with acromegaly is associated with a twofold increase in mortality compared with the general population. The range of standardised mortality rates in various studies ranges from 1.2 to 3.6.


PREDICTORS OF MORTALITY
Multivariate analysis has indicated that post-treatment serum GH levels and, in a number of studies, serum IGF-I levels are the most powerful predictors of outcome. Normal IGF-I concentrations and random GH levels <2.5 microg/l measured by polyclonal radioimmunoassay result in optimal outcome. Other factors adversely influencing mortality include hypertension and a long interval between onset of the disorder and diagnosis.



Analysis of recent reports suggests that adoption of treatment guidelines with appropriate post-treatment target ranges for GH and IGF-I, together with the availability of newer methods to control GH oversecretion, has significantly improved patient outcomes.