nils-herrmann/clean_scirepeval huggingface dataset:
Massive MIMO: ten myths and one critical question

Wireless communications is one of the most successful technologies in modern years, given that an exponential growth rate in wireless traffic has been sustained for over a century (known as Cooper's law). This trend will certainly continue, driven by new innovative applications; for example, augmented reality and the Internet of Things. Massive MIMO has been identified as a key technology to handle orders of magnitude more data traffic. Despite the attention it is receiving from the communication community, we have personally witnessed that Massive MIMO is subject to several widespread misunderstandings, as epitomized by following (fictional) abstract: “The Massive MIMO technology uses a nearly infinite number of high-quality antennas at the base stations. By having at least an order of magnitude more antennas than active terminals, one can exploit asymptotic behaviors that some special kinds of wireless channels have. This technology looks great at first sight, but unfortunately the signal processing complexity is off the charts and the antenna arrays would be so huge that it can only be implemented in millimeter-wave bands.” These statements are, in fact, completely false. In this overview article, we identify 10 myths and explain why they are not true. We also ask a question that is critical for the practical adoption of the technology and which will require intense future research activities to answer properly. We provide references to key technical papers that support our claims, while a further list of related overview and technical papers can be found at the Massive MIMO Info Point: http://massivemimo. eu.
Computational aspects of a branch and bound algorithm for quadratic zero-one programming

In this paper we describe computational experience in solving unconstrained quadratic zero-one problems using a branch and bound algorithm. The algorithm incorporates dynamic preprocessing techniques for forcing variables and heuristics to obtain good starting points. Computational results and comparisons with previous studies on several hundred test problems with dimensions up to 200 demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm. In dieser Arbeit beschreiben wir rechnerische Erfahrungen bei der Lösung von unbeschränkten quadratischen Null-Eins-Problemen mit einem “Branch and Bound”-Algorithmus. Der Algorithmus erlaubt dynamische Vorbereitungs-Techniken zur Erzwingung ausgewählter Variablen und Heuristiken zur Wahl von guten Startpunkten. Resultate von Berechnungen und Vergleiche mit früheren Arbeiten mit mehreren hundert Testproblemen mit Dimensionen bis 200 zeigen die Effizienz unseres Algorithmus.
Feature Extraction based Face Recognition , Gender and Age Classification

The face recognition system with large sets of training sets for personal identification normally attains good accuracy. In this paper, we proposed Feature Extraction based Face Recognition, Gender and Age Classification (FEBFRGAC) algorithm with only small training sets and it yields good results even with one image per person. This process involves three stages: Pre-processing, Feature Extraction and Classification. The geometric features of facial images like eyes, nose, mouth etc. are located by using Canny edge operator and face recognition is performed. Based on the texture and shape information gender and age classification is done using Posteriori Class Probability and Artificial Neural Network respectively. It is observed that the face recognition is 100%, the gender and age classification is around 98% and 94% respectively.
A generic fisheye camera model for robotic applications

Omnidirectional cameras have a wide field of view and are thus used in many robotic vision tasks. An omnidirectional view may be acquired by a fisheye camera which provides a full image compared to catadioptric visual sensors and do not increase the size and the weakness of the imaging system with respect to perspective cameras. We prove that the unified model for catadioptric systems can model fisheye cameras with distortions directly included in its parameters. This unified projection model consists on a projection onto a virtual unitary sphere, followed by a perspective projection onto an image plane. The validity of this assumption is discussed and compared with other existing models. Calibration and partial Euclidean reconstruction results help to confirm the validity of our approach. Finally, an application to the visual servoing of a mobile robot is presented and experimented.
Battery Energy Storage for Enabling Integration of Distributed Solar Power Generation

As solar photovoltaic power generation becomes more commonplace, the inherent intermittency of the solar resource poses one of the great challenges to those who would design and implement the next generation smart grid. Specifically, grid-tied solar power generation is a distributed resource whose output can change extremely rapidly, resulting in many issues for the distribution system operator with a large quantity of installed photovoltaic devices. Battery energy storage systems are increasingly being used to help integrate solar power into the grid. These systems are capable of absorbing and delivering both real and reactive power with sub-second response times. With these capabilities, battery energy storage systems can mitigate such issues with solar power generation as ramp rate, frequency, and voltage issues. Beyond these applications focusing on system stability, energy storage control systems can also be integrated with energy markets to make the solar resource more economical. Providing a high-level introduction to this application area, this paper presents an overview of the challenges of integrating solar power to the electricity distribution system, a technical overview of battery energy storage systems, and illustrates a variety of modes of operation for battery energy storage systems in grid-tied solar applications. The real-time control modes discussed include ramp rate control, frequency droop response, power factor correction, solar time-shifting, and output leveling.
Food prices and obesity: evidence and policy implications for taxes and subsidies.

Pricing policies have been posited as potential policy instruments to address the increasing prevalence of obesity. This article examines whether altering the cost of unhealthy, energy-dense foods, compared with healthy, less-dense foods through the use of fiscal pricing (tax or subsidy) policy instruments would, in fact, change food consumption patterns and overall diet enough to significantly reduce individuals' weight outcomes.



This article examined empirical evidence regarding the food and restaurant price sensitivity of weight outcomes based on a literature search to identify peer-reviewed English-language articles published between 1990 and 2008. Studies were identified from the Medline, PubMed, Econlit, and PAIS databases. The fifteen search combinations used the terms obesity, body mass index, and BMI each in combination with the terms price, prices, tax, taxation, and subsidy.



The studies reviewed showed that when statistically significant associations were found between food and restaurant prices (taxes) and weight outcomes, the effects were generally small in magnitude, although in some cases they were larger for low-socioeconomic status (SES) populations and for those at risk for overweight or obesity.



The limited existing evidence suggests that small taxes or subsidies are not likely to produce significant changes in BMI or obesity prevalence but that nontrivial pricing interventions may have some measurable effects on Americans' weight outcomes, particularly for children and adolescents, low-SES populations, and those most at risk for overweight. Additional research is needed to be able to draw strong policy conclusions regarding the effectiveness of fiscal-pricing interventions aimed at reducing obesity.
Making existing production systems Industry 4.0-ready

This paper presents an approach to how existing production systems that are not Industry 4.0-ready can be expanded to participate in an Industry 4.0 factory. Within this paper, a concept is presented how production systems can be discovered and included into an Industry 4.0 (I4.0) environment, even though they did not have I4.0interfaces when they have been manufactured. The concept is based on a communication gateway and an information server. Besides the concept itself, this paper presents a validation that demonstrates applicability of the developed concept.
The effect of critical success factors on IT governance performance

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of critical success factors (CSFs) on information technology (IT) governance performance in public sector organizations in a developing country such as Tanzania.  Based on a previous study and a further literature review, a research model was developed for analysing the relationship between the CSFs found for effective IT governance in this environment and their effect on IT governance performance. A survey research method was applied for data collection and sample data from Tanzanian public sector organizations (this environment) obtained. Subsequently, a second-generation structural equation modelling technique, namely partial least squares, was applied to test statistically the correlated effect.  The results indicate significant small to strong positive correlated effects on IT governance performance. The CSF with the most significant correlated effect was “involve and get support of senior management” and the one with the least “consolidate, standardize and manage IT infrastructure and application to optimize costs and information flow across the organization”. Finally, a CSF model for effective IT governance in this environment was proposed.  The findings imply that decision makers can optimize IT-related plans and use of scarce resources by concentrating on the CSFs that have a significant effect on IT governance performance that could lead to an improvement of public service delivery. This study is limited to a single developing country but future studies can involve more such countries to broaden the insights into the effect of CSFs on IT governance performance in such environments.  By establishing the correlated effects between these CSFs and the IT governance performance, this study has revealed a significant impact of CSFs on IT governance performance. It also suggests a CSFs model for effective IT governance in this less-resourced environment in which such studies have not been conducted before, yet which are vital for analysing and improving IT governance.
Enhancing S-LEACH security for wireless sensor networks

Developing effective security solutions for wireless sensor networks (WSN) are not easy due to limited resources of WSNs and the hazardous nature of wireless medium. The implementation of encryption/decryption algorithms which are the most essential part of the secure communication can be very intricate in WSNs since they incorporate routines that having very complex and intense computing procedures. A secure clustering protocol that achieves the desired security goals while keeping an acceptable level of energy consumption is a challenging problem in wireless sensor network. LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol is a basic clustering-based routing protocol for WSNs. S-LEACH is the first modified version of LEACH with cryptographic protection against outsider attacks. This paper proposes MS-LEACH to enhance the security of S-LEACH by providing data confidentiality and node to cluster head (CH) authentication using pairwise keys shared between CHs and their cluster members. The security analysis of proposed MS-LEACH shows that it has efficient security properties and achieves all WSN security goals compared to the existing secured solutions of LEACH protocol. A simulation based performance evaluation of MS-LEACH demonstrates the effectiveness of proposed MS-LEACH protocol and shows that the protocol achieves the desired security goals and outperforms other protocols in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, network throughput and normalized routing load.
Grid connected PV system using Cuk converter

In a Grid Connected Photo-voltaic System (GCPVS) maximum power is to be drawn from the PV array and has to be injected into the Grid, using suitable maximum power point tracking algorithms, converter topologies and control algorithms. Usually converter topologies such as buck, boost, buck-boost, sepic, flyback, push pull etc. are used. Loss factors such as irradiance, temperature, shading effects etc. have zero loss in a two stage system, but additional converter used will lead to an extra loss which makes the single stage system more efficient when compared to a two stage systems, in applications like standalone and grid connected renewable energy systems. In Cuk converter the source and load side are separated via a capacitor thus energy transfer from the source side to load side occurs through this capacitor which leads to less current ripples at the load side. Thus in this paper, a Simulink model of two stage GCPVS using Cuk converter is being designed, simulated and is compared with a GCPVS using Boost Converter. For tracking the maximum power point the most common and accurate method called incremental conductance algorithm is used. And the inverter control is done using the dc bus voltage algorithm.
Legolization: optimizing LEGO designs

Building LEGO sculptures requires accounting for the target object's shape, colors, and stability. In particular, finding a good layout of LEGO bricks that prevents the sculpture from collapsing (due to its own weight) is usually challenging, and it becomes increasingly difficult as the target object becomes larger or more complex. We devise a force-based analysis for estimating physical stability of a given sculpture. Unlike previous techniques for Legolization, which typically use heuristic-based metrics for stability estimation, our force-based metric gives 1) an ordering in the strength so that we know which structure is more stable, and 2) a threshold for stability so that we know which one is stable enough. In addition, our stability analysis tells us the weak portion of the sculpture. Building atop our stability analysis, we present a layout refinement algorithm that iteratively improves the structure around the weak portion, allowing for automatic generation of a LEGO brick layout from a given 3D model, accounting for color information, required workload (in terms of the number of bricks) and physical stability. We demonstrate the success of our method with real LEGO sculptures built up from a wide variety of 3D models, and compare against previous methods.
Computing and Applying Trust in Web-based Social Networks

Title of dissertation: COMPUTING AND APPLYING TRUST IN WEB-BASED SOCIAL NETWORKS Jennifer Ann Golbeck, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation directed by: Professor James Hendler Department of Computer Science The proliferation of web-based social networks has lead to new innovations in social networking, particularly by allowing users to describe their relationships beyond a basic connection. In this dissertation, I look specifically at trust in web-based social networks, how it can be computed, and how it can be used in applications. I begin with a definition of trust and a description of several properties that affect how it is used in algorithms. This is complemented by a survey of web-based social networks to gain an understanding of their scope, the types of relationship information available, and the current state of trust. The computational problem of trust is to determine how much one person in the network should trust another person to whom they are not connected. I present two sets of algorithms for calculating these trust inferences: one for networks with binary trust ratings, and one for continuous ratings. For each rating scheme, the algorithms are built upon the defined notions of trust. Each is then analyzed theoretically and with respect to simulated and actual trust networks to determine how accurately they calculate the opinions of people in the system. I show that in both rating schemes the algorithms presented can be expected to be quite accurate. These calculations are then put to use in two applications. FilmTrust is a website that combines trust, social networks, and movie ratings and reviews. Trust is used to personalize the website for each user, displaying recommended movie ratings, and ordering reviews by relevance. I show that, in the case where the user's opinion is divergent from the average, the trust-based recommended ratings are more accurate than several other common collaborative filtering techniques. The second application is TrustMail, an email client that uses the trust rating of each sender as a score for the message. Users can then sort messages according to their trust value. I conclude with a description of other applications where trust inferences can be used, and how the lessons from this dissertation can be applied to infer information about relationships in other complex systems.
Decision-making in the adolescent brain

Adolescence is characterized by making risky decisions. Early lesion and neuroimaging studies in adults pointed to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and related structures as having a key role in decision-making. More recent studies have fractionated decision-making processes into its various components, including the representation of value, response selection (including inter-temporal choice and cognitive control), associative learning, and affective and social aspects. These different aspects of decision-making have been the focus of investigation in recent studies of the adolescent brain. Evidence points to a dissociation between the relatively slow, linear development of impulse control and response inhibition during adolescence versus the nonlinear development of the reward system, which is often hyper-responsive to rewards in adolescence. This suggests that decision-making in adolescence may be particularly modulated by emotion and social factors, for example, when adolescents are with peers or in other affective ('hot') contexts.
Modeling Relational Information in Question-Answer Pairs with Convolutional Neural Networks

In this paper, we propose convolutional neural networks for learning an optimal representation of question and answer sentences. Their main aspect is the use of relational information given by the matches between words from the two members of the pair. The matches are encoded as embeddings with additional parameters (dimensions), which are tuned by the network. These allows for better capturing interactions between questions and answers, resulting in a significant boost in accuracy. We test our models on two widely used answer sentence selection benchmarks. The results clearly show the effectiveness of our relational information, which allows our relatively simple network to approach the state of the art.
Emotion Communication System

In today’s increasingly rich material life, people are shifting their focus from the physical world to the spiritual world. In order to identify and care for people’s emotions, human-machine interaction systems have been created. The currently available human-machine interaction systems often support the interaction between human and robot under the line-of-sight (LOS) propagation environment, while most communications in terms of human-to-human and human-to-machine are non-LOS (NLOS). In order to break the limitation of the traditional human–machine interaction system, we propose the emotion communication system based on NLOS mode. Specifically, we first define the emotion as a kind of multimedia which is similar to voice and video. The information of emotion can not only be recognized, but can also be transmitted over a long distance. Then, considering the real-time requirement of the communications between the involved parties, we propose an emotion communication protocol, which provides a reliable support for the realization of emotion communications. We design a pillow robot speech emotion communication system, where the pillow robot acts as a medium for user emotion mapping. Finally, we analyze the real-time performance of the whole communication process in the scene of a long distance communication between a mother-child users’ pair, to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of emotion communications.
Lower-Limb Movement Assistance through Wearable Robots: State of the Art and Challenges

Recent technological advances made necessary the use of robots in various types of applications. Unlike traditional robot-like scenarios dedicated to industrial applications with repetitive tasks, the current focus of attention is on applications that require close human interactions. One of the main fields of such applications concerns assisting and rehabilitating of dependent/elderly persons. In this study, the state-of-the-art of the main research advances in lower-limbs human assistance is presented. This includes a review on research covering mainly lower-limb actuated exoskeletons. Some case studies related to full-limb exoskeletons are presented as well. Lower-limb movement restoration using functional electrical stimulation and treadmillbased rehabilitation devices is also investigated. In addition, the seamless integration of wearable robots in ambient intelligence spaces appears as one of the major challenges for ubiquitous environments and ambient assisted living. Some open issues related to this integration are discussed in this paper.
Thrombosis of the Dorsal Vein of the Penis (Mondor's Disease): A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Penile Mondor’s Disease (Superficial thrombophlebitis of the dorsal vein of the penis) is a rare and important disease that every clinician should be able to diagnose, which present with pain and in duration of the dorsal part of the penis. The various possible causes are trauma, excessive sexual activity neoplasms,, or abstinence. Diagnosis is mainly based on history and physical examination. Though diagnosis is mainly based on history and physical examination, Doppler ultrasound is considered as the imaging modality of choice. Sclerotizing lymphangitis and Peyronies disease must be considered in differential diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis and Propercounseling can help to relieve the anxiety experienced by the patients regarding this benign disease. We are describing the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the superficial thrombophlebitis of the dorsal vein of the penis.
Beam Tilting Antenna Using Integrated Metamaterial Loading

This communication presents a technique to re-direct the radiation beam from a planar antenna in a specific direction with the inclusion of metamaterial loading. The beam-tilting approach described here uses the phenomenon based on phase change resulting from an EM wave entering a medium of different refractive index. The metamaterial H-shaped unit-cell structure is configured to provide a high refractive index which was used to implement beam tilting in a bow-tie antenna. The fabricated unit-cell was first characterized by measuring its S-parameters. Hence, a two dimensional array was constructed using the proposed unit-cell to create a region of high refractive index which was implemented in the vicinity bow-tie structure to realize beam-tilting. The simulation and experimental results show that the main beam of the antenna in the E-plane is tilted by 17 degrees with respect to the end-fire direction at 7.3, 7.5, and 7.7 GHz. Results also show unlike conventional beam-tilting antennas, no gain drop is observed when the beam is tilted; in fact there is a gain enhancement of 2.73 dB compared to the original bow-tie antenna at 7.5 GHz. The reflection-coeflicient of the antenna remains <; - 10 dB in the frequency range of operation.